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Income Taxes | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2016
Income Taxes [Abstract] |
Income Taxes | 13. Income Taxes The income tax provision for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 is summarized below (in thousands):
|  | 2014 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |
Current: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | $ | 25,285 |  | $ | 25,515 |  | $ | 26,015 |
State |  |  | 4,490 |  |  | 4,538 |  |  | 4,869 |
Total current |  |  | 29,775 |  |  | 30,053 |  |  | 30,884 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  |  | 141 |  |  | (3,634) |  |  | (7,748) |
State |  |  | 344 |  |  | (311) |  |  | (646) |
Total deferred |  |  | 485 |  |  | (3,945) |  |  | (8,394) |
Total provision for income taxes |  | $ | 30,260 |  | $ | 26,108 |  | $ | 22,490 |
The tax effects of the principal temporary differences that give rise to the Company’s deferred tax assets are as follows as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 (in thousands):
|  | 2015 |  | 2016 |
Stock-based compensation |  | $ | 16,742 |  | $ | 20,477 |
Property and equipment |  |  | (9,417) |  |  | (6,059) |
Other facility-related costs |  |  | 8,535 |  |  | 5,242 |
Deferred revenue |  |  | 4,267 |  |  | 7,182 |
Tuition receivable |  |  | 3,908 |  |  | 3,922 |
Deferred leasing costs |  |  | 3,362 |  |  | 3,064 |
Prepaid compensation |  |  | — |  |  | (1,139) |
Other |  |  | (948) |  |  | (1,592) |
Net deferred tax asset |  | $ | 26,449 |  | $ | 31,097 |
As of December 31, 2015 and 2016, the Company’s liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits are included in income taxes payable in the consolidated balance sheets. Interest and penalties, including those related to uncertain tax positions, are included in the provision for income taxes in the consolidated statements of income. The Company recognized $0.1 million of expense in 2015 and 2016, related to interest and penalties. The total amount of interest and penalties included in the consolidated balance sheets was $0.2 million and $0.1 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2016, respectively. The following table summarizes changes in unrecognized tax benefits, excluding interest and penalties, for the respective periods (in thousands):
|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2015 |  | 2016 |
Beginning unrecognized tax benefits |  | $ | 2,936 |  | $ | 505 |
Reductions for tax positions taken in prior years |  |  | (2,431) |  |  | (329) |
Ending unrecognized tax benefits |  | $ | 505 |  | $ | 176 |
It is reasonably possible that approximately $0.1 million of unrecognized tax benefits will be reduced in the next twelve months due to expiration of the applicable statutes of limitations. The Company does not anticipate significant changes to other unrecognized tax benefits. As of December 31, 2016, $0.2 million of the Company’s total unrecognized tax benefits would favorably affect the Company’s effective tax rate if recognized. If amounts accrued are less than amounts ultimately assessed by taxing authorities, the Company would record additional income tax expense. A reconciliation between the Company’s statutory tax rate and the effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015, and 2016 is as follows:
|  | 2014 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2016 |  |
Statutory federal rate |  | 35.0 | % |  | 35.0 | % |  | 35.0 | % |
State income taxes, net of federal benefits |  | 4.2 |  |  | 4.2 |  |  | 4.5 |  |
Other |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | (0.2) |  |
Effective tax rate |  | 39.5 | % |  | 39.5 | % |  | 39.3 | % |
Cash payments for income taxes were $30.8 million, $28.5 million, and $31.6 million in 2014, 2015, and 2016, respectively.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for income taxes. Disclosures may include net deferred tax liability or asset recognized in an enterprise's statement of financial position, net change during the year in the total valuation allowance, approximate tax effect of each type of temporary difference and carryforward that gives rise to a significant portion of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, utilization of a tax carryback, and tax uncertainties information. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08.(h)) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=26873400&loc=d3e23780-122690 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 3 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65882285&loc=d3e32559-109319 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 15 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65882285&loc=d3e32718-109319 Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 9 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65882285&loc=d3e32639-109319 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65882285&loc=d3e32537-109319 + Details
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