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Goodwill and Intangible Assets | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract] |
Goodwill and Intangible Assets | Goodwill and Intangible Assets Goodwill The following table presents changes in the carrying value of goodwill by segment for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 (in thousands):
| U.S. Higher Education |  | Australia / New Zealand |  | Education Technology Services |  | Total
Balance as of December 31, 2021 | $ | 632,075 |  |  | $ | 553,789 |  |  | $ | 100,000 |  |  | $ | 1,285,864 |
Additions | — |  |  | 947 |  |  | — |  |  | 947 |
Impairments | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Currency translation adjustments | — |  |  | (35,621) |  |  | — |  |  | (35,621) |
Adjustments to prior acquisitions | — |  |  | 87 |  |  | — |  |  | 87 |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 | 632,075 |  |  | 519,202 |  |  | 100,000 |  |  | 1,251,277 |
Additions | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Impairments | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Currency translation adjustments | — |  |  | 611 |  |  | — |  |  | 611 |
Adjustments to prior acquisitions | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance as of December 31, 2023 | $ | 632,075 |  |  | $ | 519,813 |  |  | $ | 100,000 |  |  | $ | 1,251,888 |
The Company assesses goodwill at least annually for impairment during the fourth quarter, or more frequently if events occur or circumstances change between annual tests that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the respective reporting unit below its carrying amount. In 2023, the Company performed a qualitative impairment assessment of goodwill assigned to all reporting units, except for the goodwill assigned to the Capella University and Strayer University reporting units, using the first day of the fourth quarter of 2023 as the assessment date. The Company evaluated the likelihood of impairment by considering qualitative factors relevant to the reporting units, such as macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, overall financial performance, and any other factors that have a significant bearing on fair value. Based on the results of its qualitative impairment analysis, the Company determined that no impairment indicators existed for these reporting units as of the assessment date. Given the length of time since the last valuation, in 2023 the Company elected to bypass a qualitative annual impairment assessment for goodwill assigned to the Capella University and Strayer University reporting units and proceeded directly to a quantitative impairment assessment using the first day of the fourth quarter of 2023 as the assessment date. The Company used an income-based approach to determine the fair value of the Capella University and Strayer University reporting units. The income approach consisted of a discounted cash flow model that included projections of future cash flows for the two reporting units, calculating a terminal value, and discounting such cash flows by a risk adjusted rate of return. The determination of fair value consists of using unobservable inputs under the fair value measurement standards. The Company believes that the most critical assumptions and estimates used in determining the estimated fair value of the Capella University and Strayer University reporting units include, but are not limited to, the amounts and timing of expected future cash flows, student enrollment growth, operating margins, the discount rate, and the terminal growth rate. The assumptions used in determining the expected future cash flows consider various factors such as historical operating trends, particularly in student enrollment and pricing, anticipated economic and regulatory conditions, reasonable expectations for planned business expansion opportunities, and long-term operating strategies and initiatives. The discount rate is based on the Company’s assumption of a prudent investor’s required rate of return for assuming the risk of investing in a particular company. The terminal growth rate reflects the sustainable operating income a reporting unit could generate in a perpetual state as a function of revenue growth, inflation, and future margin expectations. The Company believes that these assumptions are consistent with a reasonable market participant view while employing the concept of highest and best use of the asset. Based on the results of its quantitative impairment assessment, the Company concluded that the fair values of its Capella University and Strayer University reporting units exceeded their carrying values. Accordingly, no goodwill impairment charges were recorded during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022, and 2023. Intangible Assets The following table represents the balance of the Company’s intangible assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2023 (in thousands):
| December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2023
| Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net
Subject to amortization |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Student relationships | $ | 200,185 |  |  | $ | (191,125) |  |  | $ | 9,060 |  |  | $ | 200,002 |  |  | $ | (200,002) |  |  | $ | — |
Not subject to amortization |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade names | 251,481 |  |  | — |  |  | 251,481 |  |  | 251,623 |  |  | — |  |  | 251,623 |
Total | $ | 451,666 |  |  | $ | (191,125) |  |  | $ | 260,541 |  |  | $ | 451,625 |  |  | $ | (200,002) |  |  | $ | 251,623 |
The Company’s finite-lived intangible assets are comprised of student relationships, which were amortized on a straight-line basis over a three-year useful life. Straight-line amortization expense for finite-lived intangible assets reflects the pattern in which the economic benefits of the assets are consumed over their estimated useful lives. Amortization expense related to finite-lived intangible assets was $44.3 million, $11.1 million, and $8.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, all finite-lived intangible assets were fully amortized. Indefinite-lived intangible assets not subject to amortization consist of trade names. The Company assigned an indefinite useful life to its trade name intangible assets, as it is believed these assets have the ability to generate cash flows indefinitely. In addition, there are no legal, regulatory, contractual, economic, or other factors to limit the useful life of the trade name intangibles. The Company assesses indefinite-lived intangible assets at least annually for impairment during the fourth quarter, or more frequently if events occur or circumstances change between annual tests that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the respective indefinite-lived intangible asset below its carrying amount. In 2023, the Company performed a qualitative impairment assessment related to its indefinite-lived intangible assets, except for the Capella University trade name, using the first day of the fourth quarter of 2023 as the assessment date. The Company evaluated the likelihood of impairment by considering qualitative factors, such as macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, overall financial performance, and any other factors that have a significant bearing on fair value. Based on the results of its qualitative impairment analysis, the Company determined that no impairment indicators existed for these indefinite-lived intangible assets as of the assessment date. In 2023, the Company elected to perform a quantitative impairment assessment for indefinite-lived intangible assets related to the Capella University trade name using the first day of the fourth quarter of 2023 as the assessment date. The Company used an income-based approach to determine the fair value of the Capella University trade name. The income approach consisted of a discounted cash flow model, using the relief from royalty method, which included a projection of future revenues for Capella University, identifying a royalty rate, calculating a terminal value, and discounting such cash flows by a risk adjusted rate of return. The determination of fair value of the Capella University trade name primarily consists of using unobservable inputs under the fair value measurement standards. The Company believes that the most critical assumptions and estimates used in determining the estimated fair value of the Capella University trade name include, but are not limited to, the amounts and timing of future revenue growth rates, the royalty rate, the discount rate, and the terminal growth rate. The assumptions used in determining the expected future revenue growth rates consider various factors such as historical operating trends, particularly in student enrollment and pricing, anticipated economic and regulatory conditions, reasonable expectations for planned business expansion opportunities, and long-term operating strategies and initiatives. The royalty rate is based on the Company’s assumption of what a reasonable market participant would pay to license the Capella University trade name, expressed as a percentage of revenues. The discount rate is based on the Company’s assumption of a prudent investor’s required rate of return for assuming the risk of investing in a particular company. The terminal growth rate reflects the sustainable revenue growth the business could generate in a perpetual state as a function of inflationary expectations. The Company believes that these assumptions are consistent with a reasonable market participant view while employing the concept of highest and best use of the asset. Based on the results of its quantitative impairment assessment, the Company concluded that the fair value of the Capella University trade name exceeded its carrying value. Accordingly, there were no impairment charges related to indefinite-lived intangible assets recorded during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022, and 2023.

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