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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission File Number: 001-36383

Five9, Inc.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Delaware |  | 94-3394123
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

3001 Bishop Drive, Suite 350
San Ramon, CA 94583
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)
(925) 201-2000
(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)
_______________________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common stock, par value $0.001 per share | FIVN | The NASDAQ Global Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes: ☒ No: ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes: ☒ No: ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer | ☒ |  |  | Accelerated Filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | (Do not check if a smaller reporting Company) |  | Smaller Reporting Company | ☐
|  |  |  | Emerging Growth Company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. Yes: ☐ No: ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes: ☐ No: ☒
As of October 27, 2023, there were 72,695,935 shares of the Registrant’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share, outstanding.

Table of Contents
FIVE9, INC.
FORM 10-Q
TABLE OF CONTENTS

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS |  | 2
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. Financial Statements |  | 4
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) |  | 4
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss (Unaudited) |  | 5
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholder’ Equity (Unaudited) |  | 6
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) |  | 8
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) |  | 9
ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |  | 27
Overview |  | 27
Key Operating and Non-GAAP Financial Performance Metrics |  | 28
Key Components of Our Results of Operations |  | 30
Results of Operations for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 |  | 31
Liquidity and Capital Resources |  | 34
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates |  | 36
Recent Accounting Pronouncements |  | 36
Contractual and Other Obligations |  | 36
ITEM 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk |  | 39
ITEM 4. Controls and Procedures |  | 40
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. Legal Proceedings |  | 41
ITEM 1A. Risk Factors |  | 41
ITEM 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds |  | 42
ITEM 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities |  | 42
ITEM 4. Mine Safety Disclosures |  | 42
ITEM 5. Other Information |  | 42
ITEM 6. Exhibits |  | 43
SIGNATURES |  | 44

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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, which involve substantial risks and uncertainties. These statements reflect the current views of our senior management with respect to our future events, strategies and financial trends and performance. These forward-looking statements include statements with respect to our business, expenses, strategies, losses, growth plans, product and client initiatives, market growth projections, and our industry. Statements that include the words “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “project,” “forecast,” “estimate,” “may,” “should,” “anticipate” and similar statements of a future or forward-looking nature identify forward-looking statements for purposes of the federal securities laws or otherwise.
Forward-looking statements address matters that involve risks and uncertainties. Accordingly, there are or will be important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those indicated in these statements. These factors include the information under the caption "Risk Factors" set forth in Part 1, Item 1A, of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 and Part II, Item 1A, of this Quarterly Report, which we encourage you to carefully read, and include the following:
•adverse economic conditions, including the impact of macroeconomic deterioration, including continuing inflation, increased interest rates, supply chain disruptions, decreased economic output and fluctuations in currency rates, the impact of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, the impact of the conflict in Israel, and other factors, that may continue to harm our business;
•if we are unable to attract new clients or sell additional services and functionality to our existing clients, our revenue and revenue growth will be harmed;
•if our existing clients terminate their subscriptions or reduce their subscriptions and related usage, or fail to grow subscriptions at the rate they have in the past or that we might expect, our revenues and gross margins will be harmed, and we will be required to spend more money to grow our client base;
•because a significant percentage of our revenue is derived from existing clients, downturns or upturns in new sales will not be immediately reflected in our operating results and may be difficult to discern;
•we have established, and are continuing to increase, our network of technology solution brokers and resellers to sell our solution; our failure to effectively develop, manage, and maintain this network could materially harm our revenues;
•our quarterly and annual results may fluctuate significantly, including as a result of the timing and success of new product and feature introductions by us, may not fully reflect the underlying performance of our business and may result in decreases in the price of our common stock;
•our recent rapid growth may not be indicative of our future growth, and even if we continue to grow rapidly, we may fail to manage our growth effectively;
•failure to adequately retain and expand our sales force will impede our growth;
•if we fail to manage our technical operations infrastructure, our existing clients may experience service outages, our new clients may experience delays in the deployment of our solution and we could be subject to, among other things, claims for credits or damages;
•further development of our AI solutions may not be successful and may result in reputational harm and our future operating results could be materially harmed;
•the AI technology and features incorporated into our solution include new and evolving technologies that may present both legal and business risks;
•the use of AI by our workforce may present risks to our business;
•our growth depends in part on the success of our strategic relationships with third parties and our failure to successfully maintain, grow and manage these relationships could harm our business;
•the markets in which we participate involve a high number of competitors that are continuing to increase, and if we do not compete effectively, our operating results could be harmed;
•we continue to expand our international operations, which exposes us to significant macroeconomic and other risks;
•security breaches and improper access to or disclosure of our data or our clients’ data, or other cyber attacks on our systems, could result in litigation and regulatory risk, harm our reputation, our business or financial results;
•we may acquire other companies, or technologies or be the target of strategic transactions, or be impacted by transactions by other companies, which could divert our management’s attention, result in additional
2

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dilution to our stockholders or use a significant amount of our cash resources and otherwise disrupt our operations and harm our operating results;
•we sell our solution to larger organizations that require longer sales and implementation cycles and often demand more configuration and integration services or customized features and functions that we may not offer, any of which could delay or prevent these sales and harm our growth rates, business and operating results;
•we rely on third-party telecommunications and internet service providers to provide our clients and their customers with telecommunication services and connectivity to our cloud contact center software and any failure by these service providers to provide reliable services could cause us to lose clients and subject us to claims for credits or damages, among other things;
•we have a history of losses and we may be unable to achieve or sustain profitability;
•the contact center software solutions market is subject to rapid technological change, and we must develop and sell incremental and new cloud contact center solutions, which we refer to as our solution, in order to maintain and grow our business;
•our stock price has been volatile, may continue to be volatile and may decline, including due to factors beyond our control;
•we may not be able to secure additional financing on favorable terms, or at all, to meet our future capital needs;
•failure to comply with laws and regulations could harm our business and our reputation; and
•we may not have sufficient cash to service our convertible senior notes and repay such notes, if required.
The foregoing factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read together with the other cautionary statements included in, or incorporated into, this report. If one or more of these or other risks or uncertainties materialize, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, our actual results may differ materially from what we anticipate. You should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statements you read in this report reflect our views only as of the date of this report with respect to future events and are subject to these and other risks, uncertainties and assumptions relating to our operations, results of operations, growth strategy and liquidity. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements made in this report to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this report or to reflect new information or the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law.
3

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. Financial Statements
FIVE9, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except per share data)

|  | September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
|  | (Unaudited) |  |
ASSETS |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 127,828 |  |  | $ | 180,520 |
Marketable investments |  | 572,462 |  |  | 433,743 |
Accounts receivable, net |  | 94,436 |  |  | 87,494 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | 37,627 |  |  | 29,711 |
Deferred contract acquisition costs, net |  | 58,320 |  |  | 47,242 |
Total current assets |  | 890,673 |  |  | 778,710 |
Property and equipment, net |  | 102,029 |  |  | 101,221 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | 41,522 |  |  | 44,120 |
Finance lease right-of-use assets |  | 4,612 |  |  | — |
Intangible assets, net |  | 41,469 |  |  | 28,192 |
Goodwill |  | 227,412 |  |  | 165,420 |
Marketable investments |  | — |  |  | 885 |
Other assets |  | 16,603 |  |  | 11,057 |
Deferred contract acquisition costs, net — less current portion |  | 132,124 |  |  | 114,880 |
Total assets |  | $ | 1,456,444 |  |  | $ | 1,244,485 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 28,528 |  |  | $ | 23,629 |
Accrued and other current liabilities |  | 59,511 |  |  | 53,092 |
Operating lease liabilities |  | 11,454 |  |  | 10,626 |
Finance lease liabilities |  | 1,617 |  |  | — |
Accrued federal fees |  | 3,336 |  |  | 2,471 |
Sales tax liabilities |  | 2,965 |  |  | 2,973 |
Deferred revenue |  | 64,565 |  |  | 57,816 |
Convertible senior notes |  | — |  |  | 169 |
Total current liabilities |  | 171,976 |  |  | 150,776 |
Convertible senior notes — less current portion |  | 741,169 |  |  | 738,376 |
Sales tax liabilities — less current portion |  | 919 |  |  | 899 |
Operating lease liabilities — less current portion |  | 38,336 |  |  | 41,389 |
Finance lease liabilities — less current portion |  | 3,048 |  |  | — |
Other long-term liabilities |  | 7,126 |  |  | 3,080 |
Total liabilities |  | 962,574 |  |  | 934,520 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 10) |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |
Common stock |  | 73 |  |  | 71 |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 887,087 |  |  | 635,668 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | (798) |  |  | (2,688) |
Accumulated deficit |  | (392,492) |  |  | (323,086) |
Total stockholders’ equity |  | 493,870 |  |  | 309,965 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 1,456,444 |  |  | $ | 1,244,485 |

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
4

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FIVE9, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(Unaudited, in thousands, except per share data)

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022 |  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022
Revenue |  | $ | 230,105 |  |  | $ | 198,342 |  |  | $ | 671,426 |  |  | $ | 570,501 |
Cost of revenue |  | 111,080 |  |  | 94,111 |  |  | 320,197 |  |  | 271,207 |
Gross profit |  | 119,025 |  |  | 104,231 |  |  | 351,229 |  |  | 299,294 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development |  | 40,391 |  |  | 34,113 |  |  | 117,709 |  |  | 104,929 |
Sales and marketing |  | 73,366 |  |  | 67,353 |  |  | 223,757 |  |  | 196,062 |
General and administrative |  | 31,006 |  |  | 24,496 |  |  | 89,741 |  |  | 72,634 |
Total operating expenses |  | 144,763 |  |  | 125,962 |  |  | 431,207 |  |  | 373,625 |
Loss from operations |  | (25,738) |  |  | (21,731) |  |  | (79,978) |  |  | (74,331) |
Other income (expense), net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  | (1,972) |  |  | (1,879) |  |  | (5,683) |  |  | (5,606) |
Interest income and other |  | 8,233 |  |  | 982 |  |  | 18,477 |  |  | 2,107 |
Total other income (expense), net |  | 6,261 |  |  | (897) |  |  | 12,794 |  |  | (3,499) |
Loss before income taxes |  | (19,477) |  |  | (22,628) |  |  | (67,184) |  |  | (77,830) |
Provision for income taxes |  | 942 |  |  | 579 |  |  | 2,222 |  |  | 3,167 |
Net loss |  | $ | (20,419) |  |  | $ | (23,207) |  |  | $ | (69,406) |  |  | $ | (80,997) |
Net loss per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic and diluted |  | $ | (0.28) |  |  | $ | (0.33) |  |  | $ | (0.97) |  |  | $ | (1.16) |
Shares used in computing net loss per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic and diluted |  | 72,356 |  |  | 70,232 |  |  | 71,751 |  |  | 69,656 |
Comprehensive Loss: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (20,419) |  |  | $ | (23,207) |  |  | $ | (69,406) |  |  | $ | (80,997) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  | 599 |  |  | 433 |  |  | 1,890 |  |  | (3,814) |
Comprehensive loss |  | $ | (19,820) |  |  | $ | (22,774) |  |  | $ | (67,516) |  |  | $ | (84,811) |

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
5

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FIVE9, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(Unaudited, in thousands)

|  |  |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity |
|  |  |  |  |  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of June 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  | 70,090 |  |  | $ | 70 |  |  | $ | 535,592 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (4,534) |  |  | $ | (286,226) |  |  | $ | 244,902 |  |
Issuance of common stock upon partial conversion of the 2023 convertible senior notes |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16) |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16) |  |
Partial unwind of capped calls and retirement of common stock related to the 2023 convertible senior notes |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options |  |  |  |  |  | 68 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,353 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,353 |  |
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock units |  |  |  |  |  | 345 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 44,974 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 44,974 |  |
Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 433 |  |  | — |  |  | 433 |  |
Net loss |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (23,207) |  |  | (23,207) |  |
Balance as of September 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  | 70,503 |  |  | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | 582,908 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (4,101) |  |  | $ | (309,433) |  |  | $ | 269,445 |  |
Balance as of June 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  | 72,180 |  |  | $ | 72 |  |  | $ | 832,197 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (1,397) |  |  | $ | (372,073) |  |  | $ | 458,799 |  |
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options |  |  |  |  |  | 57 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,334 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,334 |  |
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock units |  |  |  |  |  | 459 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
Issuance of common stock under ESPP |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 53,557 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 53,557 |  |
Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 599 |  |  | — |  |  | 599 |  |
Net loss |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (20,419) |  |  | (20,419) |  |
Balance as of September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  | 72,696 |  |  | $ | 73 |  |  | $ | 887,087 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (798) |  |  | $ | (392,492) |  |  | $ | 493,870 |  |

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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FIVE9, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(Unaudited, in thousands)

|  |  |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity |
|  |  |  |  |  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  | 68,488 |  |  | $ | 68 |  |  | $ | 439,787 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (287) |  |  | $ | (228,436) |  |  | $ | 211,132 |  |
Issuance of common stock upon partial conversion of the 2023 convertible senior notes |  |  |  |  |  | 574 |  |  | — |  |  | (275) |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (275) |  |
Partial unwind of capped calls and retirement of common stock related to the 2023 convertible senior notes |  |  |  |  |  | (119) |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options |  |  |  |  |  | 419 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 5,357 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,358 |  |
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock units |  |  |  |  |  | 1,044 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |
Issuance of common stock under ESPP |  |  |  |  |  | 97 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,338 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,338 |  |
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 129,693 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 129,693 |  |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,814) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,814) |  |
Net loss |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (80,997) |  |  | (80,997) |  |
Balance as of September 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  | 70,503 |  |  | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | 582,908 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (4,101) |  |  | $ | (309,433) |  |  | $ | 269,445 |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  | 71,047 |  |  | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | 635,668 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (2,688) |  |  | $ | (323,086) |  |  | $ | 309,965 |  |
Issuance of common stock upon partial conversion of the 2023 convertible senior notes |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
Settlement at maturity of the outstanding capped calls and retirement of common stock related to the 2023 convertible senior notes |  |  |  |  |  | (371) |  |  | — |  |  | 74,453 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 74,453 |  |
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options |  |  |  |  |  | 436 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,315 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,315 |  |
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock units |  |  |  |  |  | 1,378 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |
Issuance of common stock under ESPP |  |  |  |  |  | 204 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,444 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,444 |  |
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 159,208 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 159,208 |  |
Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,890 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,890 |  |
Net loss |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (69,406) |  |  | (69,406) |  |
Balance as of September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  | 72,696 |  |  | $ | 73 |  |  | $ | 887,087 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (798) |  |  | $ | (392,492) |  |  | $ | 493,870 |  |

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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FIVE9, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited, in thousands)

|  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (69,406) |  |  | $ | (80,997) |
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 35,553 |  |  | 33,650 |
Amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets |  | 9,234 |  |  | 7,491 |
Amortization of deferred contract acquisition costs |  | 40,088 |  |  | 29,245 |
(Accretion of discount) amortization of premium on marketable investments |  | (7,684) |  |  | 1,006 |
Provision for credit losses |  | 795 |  |  | 812 |
Stock-based compensation |  | 156,721 |  |  | 128,682 |
Amortization of discount and issuance costs on convertible senior notes |  | 2,793 |  |  | 2,796 |
Deferred taxes |  | 438 |  |  | 2,076 |
Change in fair of value of contingent consideration |  | — |  |  | 260 |
Payment of contingent consideration liability in excess of acquisition-date fair value |  | — |  |  | (5,900) |
Other |  | 669 |  |  | 503 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  | (6,661) |  |  | (5,337) |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | (6,537) |  |  | (2,228) |
Deferred contract acquisition costs |  | (68,410) |  |  | (62,835) |
Other assets |  | (4,892) |  |  | (213) |
Accounts payable |  | 5,562 |  |  | 1,008 |
Accrued and other current liabilities |  | (2,006) |  |  | 796 |
Accrued federal fees and sales tax liabilities |  | 877 |  |  | (2,001) |
Deferred revenue |  | 1,544 |  |  | 9,519 |
Other liabilities |  | 3,616 |  |  | (2,208) |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 92,294 |  |  | 56,125 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |
Purchases of marketable investments |  | (544,713) |  |  | (250,278) |
Proceeds from sales of marketable investments |  | 971 |  |  | 600 |
Proceeds from maturities of marketable investments |  | 415,117 |  |  | 321,311 |
Purchases of property and equipment |  | (19,941) |  |  | (46,028) |
Capitalization of software development costs |  | (5,820) |  |  | (2,420) |
Cash paid to acquire Aceyus |  | (80,588) |  |  | — |
Payments of initial direct costs |  | — |  |  | (282) |
Cash paid for an equity investment in a privately-held company |  | — |  |  | (2,000) |
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities |  | (234,974) |  |  | 20,903 |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |
Repayment of outstanding 2023 convertible senior notes at maturity |  | (169) |  |  | — |
Cash received from the settlement at maturity of the outstanding capped calls associated with the 2023 convertible senior notes |  | 74,453 |  |  | — |
Repurchase of a portion of 2023 convertible senior notes, net of costs |  | — |  |  | (34,057) |
Proceeds from exercise of common stock options |  | 8,315 |  |  | 5,358 |
Proceeds from sale of common stock under ESPP |  | 9,444 |  |  | 8,338 |
Payment of contingent consideration liability up to acquisition-date fair value |  | — |  |  | (18,100) |
Payment of holdback related to an acquisition |  | (500) |  |  | — |
Payments of finance leases |  | (496) |  |  | — |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  | 91,047 |  |  | (38,461) |
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | (51,633) |  |  | 38,567 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash: |  |  |  |
Beginning of period |  | 180,987 |  |  | 91,391 |
End of period |  | $ | 129,354 |  |  | $ | 129,958 |
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow data: |  |  |  |
Cash paid for interest |  | $ | 1,956 |  |  | $ | 1,870 |
Cash paid for income taxes |  | $ | 1,124 |  |  | $ | 932 |
Non-cash investing and financing activities: |  |  |  |
Equipment and software purchased and unpaid at period-end |  | $ | 11,419 |  |  | $ | 13,372 |
Capitalization of leasehold improvements and furniture and fixtures through non-cash lease incentive |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 109 |
Acquisition and related transaction costs accrued at period-end |  | $ | 330 |  |  | $ | — |
Stock-based compensation included in capitalized software development costs |  | $ | 2,487 |  |  | $ | 1,011 |
Reconciliation of Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash to the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets - Beginning of Period: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 180,520 |  |  | $ | 90,878 |
Restricted cash in other assets |  | 467 |  |  | 513 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | $ | 180,987 |  |  | $ | 91,391 |
Reconciliation of Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash to the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets - End of Period: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 127,828 |  |  | $ | 129,492 |
Restricted cash in other assets |  | 1,526 |  |  | 466 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | $ | 129,354 |  |  | $ | 129,958 |

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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FIVE9, INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
1. Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Five9, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries (the “Company”) is a provider of cloud software for contact centers. The Company was incorporated in Delaware in 2001 and is headquartered in San Ramon, California. The Company has offices in Europe, Asia and Australia, which primarily provide research, development, sales, marketing, and client support services.
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”) and applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) regarding interim financial reporting. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. Therefore, these condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. In the opinion of management, the condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, which are normal and recurring in nature, necessary for fair financial statement presentation. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. The significant estimates made by management affect revenue and related reserves, as well as the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed through business combinations. Management periodically evaluates such estimates and they are adjusted prospectively based upon such periodic evaluation. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Significant Accounting Policies
There have been no material changes from the significant accounting policies previously disclosed in Part II, Item 8, of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 as filed with the SEC on February 24, 2023.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Effective
The Company has reviewed or is in the process of evaluating all issued, but not yet effective, accounting pronouncements and does not believe the future adoption of any such accounting pronouncements will cause a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial position, operating results or statements of cash flows.
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2. Revenue
Contract Balances
The following table provides information about accounts receivable, net, deferred contract acquisition costs, net, contract assets and contract liabilities from contracts with customers (in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Accounts receivable, net |  | $ | 94,436 |  |  | $ | 87,494 |
Deferred contract acquisition costs, net: |  |  |  |
Current |  | $ | 58,320 |  |  | $ | 47,242 |
Non-current |  | 132,124 |  |  | 114,880 |
Total deferred contract acquisition costs, net |  | $ | 190,444 |  |  | $ | 162,122 |
Contract assets and contract liabilities: |  |  |  |
Contract assets (included in prepaid expenses and other current assets) |  | $ | 2,878 |  |  | $ | 3,401 |
Contract liabilities (deferred revenue) |  | (64,565) |  |  | (57,816) |
Noncurrent contract liabilities (deferred revenue) (included in other long-term liabilities) |  | (1,558) |  |  | (1,178) |
Net contract liabilities |  | $ | (63,245) |  |  | $ | (55,593) |

The Company receives payments from customers based upon billing cycles. Invoice payment terms are usually 30 days or less. Accounts receivable are recorded when the right to consideration becomes unconditional.
Deferred contract acquisition costs are recorded when incurred and are amortized over an estimated customer benefit period of five years.
The Company’s contract assets consist of unbilled amounts typically resulting from professional services revenue recognition when it exceeds the total amounts billed to the customer. The Company’s contract liabilities consist of advance payments and billings in excess of revenue recognized.
In the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized revenue of $4.3 million and $45.8 million, respectively, related to its contract liabilities at December 31, 2022.
Remaining Performance Obligations
As of September 30, 2023, the aggregate amount of the total transaction price allocated in contracts with original duration of greater than one year to the remaining performance obligations was $1,046.3 million. The Company expects to recognize revenue on approximately three-fourths of the remaining performance obligations over the next 24 months, with the balance recognized thereafter. The Company excludes amounts for remaining performance obligations that are part of contracts with an original expected duration of one year or less. Such remaining performance obligations represent unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied performance obligations.
3. Investments and Fair Value Measurements
Marketable Investments
The Company’s marketable investments have been classified and accounted for as available-for-sale. The Company’s intent is that all marketable investments are available for use in its current operations, including marketable investments with maturity dates greater than one year from September 30, 2023. The Company’s
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marketable investments as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows (in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2023
Short-Term Marketable Investments |  | Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
Certificates of deposit |  | $ | 1,206 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,206 |
U.S. treasury securities |  | 263,979 |  |  | 10 |  |  | (903) |  |  | 263,086 |
U.S. agency securities |  | 267,458 |  |  | — |  |  | (659) |  |  | 266,799 |
Commercial paper |  | 31,412 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (10) |  |  | 31,403 |
Corporate bonds |  | 10,056 |  |  | — |  |  | (88) |  |  | 9,968 |
Total |  | $ | 574,111 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | (1,660) |  |  | $ | 572,462 |

|  | December 31, 2022
Short-Term Marketable Investments |  | Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
Certificates of deposit |  | $ | 747 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (13) |  |  | $ | 734 |
U.S. treasury securities |  | 186,776 |  |  | 8 |  |  | (1,382) |  |  | 185,402 |
U.S. agency and government-sponsored securities |  | 197,597 |  |  | 29 |  |  | (1,660) |  |  | 195,966 |
Commercial paper |  | 25,386 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25,386 |
Municipal bonds |  | 22,764 |  |  | — |  |  | (145) |  |  | 22,619 |
Corporate bonds |  | 3,658 |  |  | — |  |  | (22) |  |  | 3,636 |
Total |  | $ | 436,928 |  |  | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | (3,222) |  |  | $ | 433,743 |
|  | December 31, 2022
Long-term Marketable Investments |  | Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
U.S. agency securities |  | $ | 885 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 885 |
Total |  | $ | 885 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 885 |

The following table presents the gross unrealized losses and the fair value for those marketable investments that were in an unrealized loss position for less than 12 months as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
|  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
Certificates of deposit |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (13) |  |  | $ | 734 |
U.S. treasury securities |  | (903) |  |  | 123,889 |  |  | (1,382) |  |  | 126,534 |
U.S. agency securities |  | (659) |  |  | 266,183 |  |  | (1,660) |  |  | 172,458 |
Commercial paper |  | (10) |  |  | 28,284 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Municipal bonds |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (145) |  |  | 12,623 |
Corporate bonds |  | (88) |  |  | 9,969 |  |  | (22) |  |  | 3,636 |
Total |  | $ | (1,660) |  |  | $ | 428,325 |  |  | $ | (3,222) |  |  | $ | 315,985 |

Although the Company had certain available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position as of September 30, 2023, no impairment loss was recorded since it did not intend to sell them, did not anticipate a need to sell them, and the decline in fair value was not due to any credit-related factors.
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The amortized cost and fair value of the Company’s marketable investments by contractual maturity as of September 30, 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

| Cost |  | Fair Value
Due within one year | $ | 456,826 |  |  | $ | 456,282 |
Due after one year through two years | 117,285 |  |  | 116,180 |
Total | $ | 574,111 |  |  | $ | 572,462 |

Fair Value Measurements
The Company carries cash equivalents and marketable investments at fair value. Fair value is based on the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is estimated by applying the following hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value into three levels and bases the categorization within the hierarchy upon the lowest level of input that is available and significant to the fair value measurement:
Level 1 — Observable inputs, which include unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 — Observable inputs other than Level 1 inputs, such as quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are based on management’s assumptions, including fair value measurements determined by using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies or similar techniques.
The Company determined the fair value of its Level 1 financial instruments, which are traded in active markets, using quoted market prices for identical instruments.
Marketable investments classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy are valued based on other observable inputs, including broker or dealer quotations or alternative pricing sources. When quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities are not available, the Company relies on non-binding quotes from its investment managers, which are based on proprietary valuation models of independent pricing services. These models generally use inputs such as observable market data, quoted market prices for similar instruments, historical pricing trends of a security as relative to its peers. To validate the fair value determination provided by its investment managers, the Company reviews the pricing movement in the context of overall market trends and trading information from its investment managers. The Company performs routine procedures such as comparing prices obtained from independent source to ensure that appropriate fair values are recorded.
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The following tables set forth the Company’s assets measured at fair value by level within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

| September 30, 2023
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds | $ | 34,026 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 34,026 |
Certificates of deposit | — |  |  | 249 |  |  | — |  |  | 249 |
U.S. treasury securities | 11,970 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,970 |
Total cash equivalents | $ | 45,996 |  |  | $ | 249 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 46,245 |
Marketable investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Certificates of deposit | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,206 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,206 |
U.S. treasury securities | 263,086 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 263,086 |
U.S. agency securities and government sponsored securities | — |  |  | 266,799 |  |  | — |  |  | 266,799 |
Commercial paper | — |  |  | 31,403 |  |  | — |  |  | 31,403 |
Corporate bonds | — |  |  | 9,968 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,968 |
Total marketable investments | $ | 263,086 |  |  | $ | 309,376 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 572,462 |

| December 31, 2022
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds | $ | 37,560 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 37,560 |
U.S. treasury securities | 19,700 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19,700 |
Total cash equivalents | $ | 57,260 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 57,260 |
Marketable investments (short and long-term) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Certificates of deposit | $ | — |  |  | $ | 734 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 734 |
U.S. treasury securities | 185,402 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 185,402 |
U.S. agency and government-sponsored securities | — |  |  | 196,851 |  |  | — |  |  | 196,851 |
Commercial paper | — |  |  | 25,386 |  |  | — |  |  | 25,386 |
Municipal bonds | — |  |  | 22,619 |  |  | — |  |  | 22,619 |
Corporate bonds | — |  |  | 3,636 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,636 |
Total marketable investments | $ | 185,402 |  |  | $ | 249,226 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 434,628 |

As of December 31, 2022, the estimated fair value of the Company’s outstanding 2023 convertible senior notes was $0.3 million. The 2023 convertible senior notes matured on May 1, 2023. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the estimated fair value of the Company's outstanding 2025 convertible senior notes was $698.5 million and $687.1 million, respectively. The fair values were determined based on the quoted price of the convertible senior notes in an inactive market on the last trading day of the reporting period and have been classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. See Note 6 for further information on the Company’s convertible senior notes.
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In February 2022, the Company made a $2.0 million equity investment in a privately-held company that it does not have the ability to exercise significant influence over. The Company elected the measurement alternative for an equity security without a readily determinable fair value. Accordingly, this investment is accounted for at its cost minus impairment, if any, and is classified within Level 3. If the Company identifies observable price changes in orderly transactions for such investment or a similar investment, it will measure the investment at fair value as of the date that the observable transactions or events occurred.
Except for the $2.0 million equity investment described above, there were no assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
The fair value of the Company’s other financial instruments, including accounts receivable, accounts payable and other current liabilities, approximate their carrying value due to the relatively short maturity of those instruments. The carrying amounts of the Company’s operating and finance leases approximate their fair value, which is the present value of expected future cash payments based on assumptions about current interest rates and the creditworthiness of the Company.
4. Financial Statement Components
Cash and cash equivalents consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Cash |  | $ | 81,583 |  |  | $ | 123,260 |
Certificates of deposit |  | 249 |  |  | — |
Money market funds |  | 34,026 |  |  | 37,560 |
U.S. treasury securities |  | 11,970 |  |  | 19,700 |
Total cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 127,828 |  |  | $ | 180,520 |

Accounts receivable, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Trade accounts receivable |  | $ | 83,122 |  |  | $ | 77,621 |
Unbilled trade accounts receivable, net of advance client deposits |  | 11,567 |  |  | 10,135 |
Allowance for credit losses |  | (253) |  |  | (262) |
Accounts receivable, net |  | $ | 94,436 |  |  | $ | 87,494 |

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Prepaid expenses |  | $ | 26,325 |  |  | $ | 17,151 |
Other current assets |  | 8,424 |  |  | 9,159 |
Contract assets |  | 2,878 |  |  | 3,401 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | $ | 37,627 |  |  | $ | 29,711 |

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Property and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Computer and network equipment |  | $ | 149,051 |  |  | $ | 148,789 |
Computer software |  | 56,498 |  |  | 50,955 |
Internal-use software development costs |  | 14,419 |  |  | 6,111 |
Furniture and fixtures |  | 4,690 |  |  | 3,326 |
Leasehold improvements |  | 6,042 |  |  | 6,574 |
Property and equipment |  | 230,700 |  |  | 215,755 |
Accumulated depreciation and amortization |  | (128,671) |  |  | (114,534) |
Property and equipment, net |  | $ | 102,029 |  |  | $ | 101,221 |

Depreciation and amortization expense associated with property and equipment was $9.3 million and $26.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. Depreciation and amortization expense associated with property and equipment was $8.3 million and $24.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively.
Property and equipment capitalized under finance lease obligations consists primarily of computer and network equipment and was immaterial as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
Other assets consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Other assets |  | $ | 11,069 |  |  | $ | 5,081 |
Equity investment in a privately-held company |  | 2,000 |  |  | 2,000 |
Deferred tax assets |  | 3,534 |  |  | 3,976 |
Total |  | $ | 16,603 |  |  | $ | 11,057 |

Accrued and other current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Accrued expenses |  | $ | 20,051 |  |  | $ | 19,343 |
Accrued compensation and benefits |  | 39,460 |  |  | 33,749 |
Accrued and other current liabilities |  | $ | 59,511 |  |  | $ | 53,092 |

Other long-term liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

| September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Deferred revenue | $ | 1,558 |  |  | $ | 1,178 |
Deferred tax liabilities | 463 |  |  | 157 |
Other long-term liabilities | 5,105 |  |  | 1,745 |
Other long-term liabilities | $ | 7,126 |  |  | $ | 3,080 |

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5. Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill of $62.6 million and intangible assets of $22.0 million were recorded as a result of the Company's acquisition of Aceyus, Inc. ("Aceyus") in August 2023. See Note 13 for further details. The following table summarizes the activity in the Company's goodwill and intangible asset balances during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 (in thousands):

|  | Goodwill |  | Intangible Assets |  |
Beginning of the period, December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 165,420 |  |  | $ | 28,192 |  |  |
Addition (Aceyus) |  | 61,992 |  |  | 22,150 |  |  |
Amortization |  | — |  |  | (8,873) |  |  |
End of the period, September 30, 2023 |  | $ | 227,412 |  |  | $ | 41,469 |  |  |

The components of intangible assets were as follows (in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
|  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount |  | Weighted Average Remaining Amortization period (Years) |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount |  | Weighted Average Remaining Amortization period (Years)
Developed technology |  | $ | 75,314 |  |  | $ | (37,472) |  |  | $ | 37,842 |  |  | 5.3 |  | $ | 56,214 |  |  | $ | (28,881) |  |  | $ | 27,333 |  |  | 3.2
Acquired workforce |  | 470 |  |  | (470) |  |  | — |  |  | 0.0 |  | 470 |  |  | (470) |  |  | — |  |  | 0.0
Customer relationships |  | 4,150 |  |  | (1,002) |  |  | 3,148 |  |  | 4.3 |  | 1,600 |  |  | (741) |  |  | 859 |  |  | 2.7
Trademarks |  | 1,000 |  |  | (521) |  |  | 479 |  |  | 2.9 |  | 500 |  |  | (500) |  |  | — |  |  | 0.0
Total |  | $ | 80,934 |  |  | $ | (39,465) |  |  | $ | 41,469 |  |  | 5.2 |  | $ | 58,784 |  |  | $ | (30,592) |  |  | $ | 28,192 |  |  | 3.2

Amortization expense related to intangible assets was $3.2 million and $8.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. Amortization expense related to intangible assets was $2.9 million and $8.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively.
As of September 30, 2023, the expected future amortization expense for intangible assets was as follows (in thousands):

Period |  | Expected Future Amortization Expense
Remaining 2023 |  | $ | 3,143 |
2024 |  | 10,591 |
2025 |  | 8,660 |
2026 |  | 7,201 |
2027 |  | 2,898 |
Thereafter |  | 8,976 |
Total |  | $ | 41,469 |

6. Debt
2025 Convertible Senior Notes and Related Capped Call Transactions
In May and June 2020, the Company issued $747.5 million aggregate principal amount of 2025 convertible senior notes in a private offering, which aggregate principal amount included the exercise in full of the initial purchasers’ option to purchase up to an additional $97.5 million principal amount of the 2025 convertible senior notes. The 2025 convertible senior notes mature on June 1, 2025 and bear interest at a fixed rate of 0.500% per
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annum, payable semiannually in arrears on June 1 and December 1 of each year, beginning on December 1, 2020. The total net proceeds from the issuance of the 2025 convertible senior notes, after deducting initial purchasers' discounts and commissions and estimated debt issuance costs, were approximately $728.8 million.
Each $1,000 principal amount of the 2025 convertible senior notes is initially convertible into 7.4437 shares of the Company’s common stock (the “2025 Conversion Option”), which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $134.34 per share of common stock, subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of specified events. The initial conversion price represents a premium of approximately 30% to the $103.34 per share closing price of the Company’s common stock on The Nasdaq Global Market on May 21, 2020. The 2025 convertible senior notes are convertible, in multiples of $1,000 principal amount, at the option of the holders prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding March 1, 2025, only under the following circumstances: (1) during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on September 30, 2020 (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price on each applicable trading day; (2) during the five business day period after any five consecutive trading day period (the “2025 Measurement Period”) in which the trading price (as defined in the 2025 Indenture governing the 2025 convertible senior notes) per $1,000 principal amount of the 2025 convertible senior notes for each trading day of the 2025 Measurement Period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock and the conversion rate in effect on each such trading day; (3) if the Company calls any or all of the 2025 convertible senior notes for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the redemption date; or (4) upon the occurrence of specified corporate events. On or after March 1, 2025 until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date, holders may convert all or any portion of their 2025 convertible senior notes, in multiples of $1,000 principal amount, at the option of the holder regardless of the foregoing circumstances.
Upon conversion, the Company will pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of the Company’s common stock or a combination of cash and shares of the Company’s common stock, at the Company’s election. If the Company undergoes a fundamental change (as defined in the indenture governing the 2025 convertible senior notes), subject to certain conditions, holders may require the Company to repurchase for cash all or any portion of their 2025 convertible senior notes, in principal amounts of $1,000 or a multiple thereof, at a fundamental change repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2025 convertible senior notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date. In addition, following certain corporate events or if the Company issues a notice of redemption, it will, under certain circumstances, increase the conversion rate for holders who elect to convert their notes in connection with such corporate event or during the relevant redemption period.
There have been no changes to the initial conversion price of the 2025 convertible senior notes since issuance. The closing market price of the Company's common stock of $64.30 per share on September 29, 2023, the last trading day during the three months ended September 30, 2023, was below $174.64 per share, which represents 130% of the initial conversion price of $134.34 per share. Additionally, the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day, September 29, 2023, was not greater than or equal to 130% of the initial conversion price. As such, during the three months ended September 30, 2023, the conditions allowing holders of the 2025 convertible senior notes to convert were not met. The 2025 convertible senior notes are therefore not convertible during the three months ending December 31, 2023.
The 2025 convertible senior notes became redeemable at the Company's option on June 6, 2023. The Company may redeem for cash all or any portion of the 2025 convertible senior notes, at its option, prior to March 1, 2025, if the last reported sale price of its common stock has been at least 130% of the conversion price then in effect for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during any 30 consecutive trading day period (including the last trading day of such period) ending not more than two trading days immediately preceding the date on which the Company provides notice of redemption at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2025 convertible senior notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date. No sinking fund is provided for the 2025 convertible senior notes. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the conditions allowing the Company to redeem for cash all or any portion of the 2025 convertible senior notes were not met.
The 2025 convertible senior notes are the Company’s senior unsecured obligations and rank senior in right of payment to any of the Company’s indebtedness that is expressly subordinated in right of payment to the 2025 convertible senior notes; equal in right of payment to any of the Company’s unsecured indebtedness that is not so subordinated; effectively junior in right of payment to any of the Company’s secured indebtedness to the extent of
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the value of the assets securing such indebtedness; and structurally junior to all indebtedness and other liabilities (including trade payables) of the Company’s subsidiaries.
The net carrying amount of the 2025 convertible senior notes as of September 30, 2023 and as of December 31, 2022 was as follows (in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Principal |  | $ | 747,500 |  |  | $ | 747,500 |
Unamortized issuance costs |  | (6,331) |  |  | (9,124) |
Net carrying amount |  | $ | 741,169 |  |  | $ | 738,376 |

Interest expense related to the 2025 convertible senior notes was as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022 |  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022
Contractual interest expense |  | $ | 934 |  |  | $ | 935 |  |  | $ | 2,803 |  |  | $ | 2,804 |
Amortization of issuance costs |  | 954 |  |  | 944 |  |  | 2,793 |  |  | 2,765 |
Total interest expense |  | $ | 1,888 |  |  | $ | 1,879 |  |  | $ | 5,596 |  |  | $ | 5,569 |

In connection with the issuance of the 2025 convertible senior notes, the Company entered into privately negotiated capped call transactions (the “2025 Capped Call Transactions”) with certain financial institutions. The initial cap price of the 2025 Capped Call Transactions was $206.68 per share and is subject to certain adjustments under the terms of the 2025 Capped Call Transactions. The 2025 Capped Call Transactions cover, subject to anti-dilution adjustments, approximately 5.6 million shares of the Company’s common stock.
2023 Convertible Senior Notes and Related Capped Call Transactions
In May 2018, the Company issued $258.8 million aggregate principal amount of the 2023 convertible senior notes in a private offering. The total net proceeds from the offering, after deducting initial purchasers' discounts and commissions and estimated debt issuance costs, was approximately $250.8 million.
In May 2020, the Company used part of the net proceeds from the issuance of the 2025 convertible senior notes to repurchase, exchange or otherwise retire approximately $181.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2023 convertible senior notes in privately-negotiated transactions for aggregate consideration of $449.6 million, consisting of $181.0 million in cash and 2,723,581 shares of the Company’s common stock (the "2023 Note Repurchase Transactions").
The 2023 convertible senior notes matured on May 1, 2023, and were settled in a combination of cash and shares of the Company’s common stock. Prior to maturity, the 2023 convertible senior notes bore interest at a fixed rate of 0.125% per annum, payable semiannually in arrears on May 1 and November 1 of each year. There were no changes to the 2023 convertible senior notes’ initial conversion price of approximately $40.82 per share of common stock since issuance.
The net carrying amount of the 2023 convertible senior notes as of December 31, 2022 was $0.2 million. There were no 2023 convertible senior notes outstanding as of September 30, 2023. Interest expense related to the 2023 convertible senior notes was immaterial for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022.
In connection with the issuance of the 2023 convertible senior notes, the Company entered into privately negotiated capped call transactions (the “2023 Capped Call Transactions”) with certain financial institutions. The initial cap price of the 2023 Capped Call Transactions was $62.80 per share. The 2023 Capped Call Transactions covered approximately 6.3 million shares of the Company’s common stock. Upon maturity, the outstanding capped calls associated with the repurchase, early settlements and settlements at maturity of $194.7 million of the 2023 convertible senior notes were settled, which resulted in the Company receiving 370,877 shares of the Company’s common stock and $74.5 million.
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7. Stockholders’ Equity
Capital Structure
Common Stock
The Company is authorized to issue 450,000,000 shares of common stock with a par value of $0.001 per share. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had 72,695,935 and 71,047,179 shares of common stock issued and outstanding, respectively.
Preferred Stock
The Company is authorized to designate and issue up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock with a par value of $0.001 per share in one or more series without stockholder approval and to fix the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions thereof. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were no shares of preferred stock issued and outstanding.
Common Stock Reserved for Future Issuance
Shares of common stock reserved for future issuance related to outstanding equity awards and employee equity incentive plans as of September 30, 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2023
Stock options outstanding |  | 973
RSUs (including PRSUs) outstanding |  | 4,378
Shares available for future grant under 2014 Plan |  | 15,816
Shares available for future issuance under ESPP |  | 4,076
Total shares of common stock reserved |  | 25,243

Stock Options
A summary of the Company’s stock option activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 is as follows (in thousands, except per share data):

|  | Number of Shares |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022 |  | 1,481 |  |  | $ | 47.75 |  |  |  |  |
Options granted |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Options exercised |  | (436) |  |  | 19.07 |  |  |  |  |
Options forfeited or expired |  | (72) |  |  | 141.71 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding as of September 30, 2023 |  | 973 |  |  | $ | 53.66 |  |  | 4.8 |  | $ | 27,290 |

The aggregate intrinsic value amounts are computed based on the difference between the exercise price of the stock options and the fair market value of the Company’s common stock of $64.30 per share as of September 30, 2023 for all in-the-money stock options outstanding.
Restricted Stock Units (including Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units)
A summary of the Company’s restricted stock unit ("RSU") activity (including Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units "PRSUs") during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 is as follows (in thousands, except per
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share data):

|  | Number of Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022 |  | 3,718 |  |  | $ | 103.55 |
RSUs granted(1) |  | 2,388 |  |  | 68.25 |
RSUs vested and released |  | (1,378) |  |  | 101.30 |
RSUs forfeited or canceled |  | (350) |  |  | 103.11 |
Outstanding as of September 30, 2023 |  | 4,378 |  |  | 85.06 |

(1) Includes 35,921 PRSUs granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.
PRSUs with Market and Service Conditions In 2022, the Company granted 284,282 PRSUs subject to market and service conditions (“market-based PRSUs”) with a grant date fair value of $30.6 million as part of its annual grant of equity incentive awards to certain executives and in connection with the appointment of Michael Burkland as its new Chief Executive Officer. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company granted an additional 35,921 market-based PRSUs with a grant date fair value of $3.1 million. The amount that may be earned pursuant to the market-based PRSUs ranges from 0% to 200% of the target number based on the Company’s relative total shareholder return (“RTSR”) performance as compared to the companies in the S&P Software and Services Select Index during three one-year performance periods. One-third of the total market-based PRSUs may be earned and settled in shares following the end of each one-year performance period based on RTSR performance and subject to continued employment through the payment date, but the amount initially paid for the first two one-year performance periods is limited to 100% of the target amount for such years, and any market-based PRSUs resulting from above-target performance in those first two years will be paid following the end of the final one-year performance period, subject to the executive’s continued employment through the payment date. If the Company’s absolute total shareholder return for any performance period is negative, then no more than 100% of the target amount of market-based PRSUs for such period may be earned. If an executive's employment with the Company terminates before the end of the final one-year performance period due to death or disability, 100% (if due to death) or 50% (if due to disability) of the unvested market-based PRSUs may be earned subject to ultimate RTSR performance in each remaining performance period. Upon a qualifying termination of employment in connection with a change in control of the Company, the unvested market-based PRSUs will vest on a double-trigger basis (i) at the target level for the market-based PRSUs granted to certain executives, excluding Michael Burkland, subject to the 2022-2024 performance period, and (ii) for the market-based PRSUs granted to certain executives, including Michael Burkland, subject to the 2023-2025 performance period, (a) at the target level for the uncompleted portions of the performance periods and (b) at the actual level of performance measured through the date of the change in control of the Company, based on the price per share paid in such change in control. The fair value of the market-based PRSUs is determined on their grant date using a Monte Carlo Simulation model based upon assumptions presented below. The Company recognizes the fair value of the market-based PRSUs ratably over their requisite service period.
During the first quarter of 2023, the Company certified the performance results for the 2022 measurement period for the market-based PRSUs subject to the 2022-2024 performance period. Under the market-based PRSU agreements, the TSR payout percentage ranges from 0% to 200%, with a 50% payout at the 25th TSR percentile (threshold), 100% payout at the 55th TSR percentile (target), 200% payout at the 90th percentile or greater (maximum) and no payout below the threshold performance level. The Company determined that its actual total shareholder return was -52.64% for 2022, and that its relative total shareholder return ranking was in the 30.2 percentile relative to companies in the S&P Software & Services Select Index, which resulted in a payout percentage of 58.7% of target.
PRSUs with Revenue and Service Conditions In 2022, the Company granted 66,167 PRSUs subject to revenue-based performance and service conditions (“revenue-based PRSUs”) with a grant date fair value of $6.6 million. The amount of revenue-based PRSUs that may be earned will be determined based on achievement of two quarterly revenue goals. One third of the revenue-based PRSUs may be earned based on achievement of the first revenue target and, if achieved, will vest in four quarterly installments, with the first installment occurring on the date such achievement is certified, subject to the executive's continuous service through the applicable vesting dates. Two thirds of the revenue-based PRSUs may be earned based on achievement of the second revenue target and, if achieved, will vest in eight quarterly installments, with the first installment occurring on the date such achievement is certified, subject to the executive's continuous service through the applicable vesting dates. The revenue-based PRSUs are otherwise on the Company's standard award terms for its market-based PRSUs. The Company certified that the first revenue target was achieved at September 30, 2023, and thus recognized the related stock-based compensation expense through this period. The Company, however, concluded that, as of September 30, 2023, the second revenue target was not probable of achievement, and thus did not recognize related stock-based
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compensation expense through this period. The Company will reassess the probability of the achievement of the performance conditions at each reporting period and a cumulative catch-up adjustment will be recorded to stock-based compensation cost for any change in the probability assessment.
Stock-Based Compensation
Stock-based compensation expense was as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022 |  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 9,856 |  |  | $ | 8,329 |  |  | $ | 29,077 |  |  | $ | 24,659 |
Research and development |  | 12,980 |  |  | 10,603 |  |  | 38,375 |  |  | 32,567 |
Sales and marketing |  | 16,404 |  |  | 15,761 |  |  | 50,840 |  |  | 44,148 |
General and administrative |  | 13,371 |  |  | 9,810 |  |  | 38,429 |  |  | 27,308 |
Total stock-based compensation expense |  | $ | 52,611 |  |  | $ | 44,503 |  |  | 156,721 |  |  | 128,682 |

As of September 30, 2023, unrecognized stock-based compensation expense by award type and expected weighted-average recognition periods are summarized in the following table (in thousands, except years).

|  | Stock Option |  | RSU (excluding PRSUs) |  | PRSU |  | ESPP
Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense |  | $ | 5,781 |  |  | $ | 315,047 |  |  | $ | 16,228 |  |  | $ | 557 |
Weighted-average amortization period |  | 1.7 years |  | 2.7 years |  | 1.9 years |  | 0.1 years

The weighted-average assumptions used to value stock options granted during the periods presented were as follows:

Stock Options |  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022 |  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022
Expected term (years) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6.0
Volatility |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 46.0 | %
Risk-free interest rate |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.8 | %
Dividend yield (1) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |

The weighted-average assumptions used to value PRSUs with market conditions granted during the periods presented were as follows:

PRSUs (Market Conditions) |  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022 |  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022
Closing price of common stock as of grant date |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 68.15 |  |  | $110.00
Expected term (years) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2.84 |  | 2.84
Volatility |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 51.1 | % |  | 48.8 | %
Risk-free interest rate |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4.5 | % |  | 1.6 | %
Dividend yield (1) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |

(1)The Company has not paid, and does not anticipate paying, cash dividends on its shares of common stock. Accordingly, the expected dividend yield is zero.
8. Net Loss Per Share
Basic net loss per share is calculated by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, and excludes any dilutive effects of employee stock-based awards and potential shares upon conversion of the convertible senior notes. Diluted net loss per share is computed giving effect
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to all potentially dilutive shares of common stock, including common stock issuable upon exercise of stock options, vesting of RSUs and PRSUs, and shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of convertible senior notes. As the Company had net losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, all potentially issuable shares of common stock were determined to be anti-dilutive.
The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share (in thousands, except per share data):

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022 |  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022
Net loss | $ | (20,419) |  |  | $ | (23,207) |  |  | $ | (69,406) |  |  | $ | (80,997) |
Weighted-average shares used in computing basic and diluted net loss per share | 72,356 |  |  | 70,232 |  |  | 71,751 |  |  | 69,656 |
Basic and diluted net loss per share | $ | (0.28) |  |  | $ | (0.33) |  |  | $ | (0.97) |  |  | $ | (1.16) |

The following securities were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share because their effect would have been anti-dilutive (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022 |  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022
Stock options |  | 973 |  |  | 1,626 |  |  | 973 |  |  | 1,626 |
RSUs (includes PRSUs) |  | 4,378 |  |  | 2,879 |  |  | 4,378 |  |  | 2,879 |
Convertible senior notes |  | 5,564 |  |  | 5,569 |  |  | 5,566 |  |  | 5,725 |
Total |  | 10,915 |  |  | 10,074 |  |  | 10,917 |  |  | 10,230 |

The Company used the if-converted method for calculating any potential dilutive effect of its convertible senior notes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. Under this method, the Company calculates diluted earnings per share under both the cash and share settlement assumptions to determine which is more dilutive. If share settlement is more dilutive, the Company calculates diluted earnings per share assuming that all of the convertible senior notes were converted solely into shares of common stock at the beginning of the reporting period. The potential impact upon the conversion of the convertible senior notes were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 because the effect would have been anti-dilutive.
9. Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 was approximately $0.9 million and $2.2 million, respectively. The provision for income taxes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 was approximately $0.6 million and $3.2 million, respectively.
The provision for income taxes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 consisted primarily of current U.S. state tax expense due to the lack of available net operating losses to offset the taxable income generated and foreign income tax expense due to the Company's intercompany cost-plus operating model. The provision for income taxes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 consisted primarily of foreign deferred income tax expense from the intercompany sale of the Company's Australian intellectual property to the United States, U.S. state current income tax expense and foreign current income tax expense.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the provision for income taxes differed from the statutory amount primarily due to domestic state income taxes, foreign income taxes and the Company realizing no benefit for current year domestic losses due to maintaining a full valuation allowance against its domestic net deferred tax assets. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the provision for income taxes differed from the statutory amount primarily due to state and foreign income taxes and the Company realizing no benefit for current year domestic losses due to maintaining a full valuation allowance against its domestic net deferred tax assets.
The realization of tax benefits from deferred tax assets is dependent upon future levels of taxable income, of an appropriate character, in the periods the items are expected to be deductible or taxable. Based on the available objective evidence, the Company does not believe it is more likely than not that the domestic net deferred tax assets
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will be realizable. Accordingly, the Company has provided a full valuation allowance against the domestic net deferred tax assets as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The Company intends to maintain the remaining valuation allowance until sufficient positive evidence exists to support a reversal of, or decrease in, the valuation allowance. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, there were no material changes to the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits.
10. Commitments and Contingencies
Commitments
The Company’s principal commitments consist of future payment obligations under its convertible senior notes, finance leases to finance data centers and other computer and networking equipment, operating leases for office facilities, cloud services and software and maintenance agreements, and agreements with third parties to provide co-location hosting and telecommunication services. These commitments as of December 31, 2022 are disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, and material updates to these commitments during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 are disclosed herein, including in this Note 10 and in Note 12.
As of September 30, 2023, the Company’s commitments under various co-location hosting and telecommunications agreements totaled $17.0 million for terms ranging up to 57 months. These agreements require the Company to make monthly payments over the service term in exchange for certain network services.
As of September 30, 2023, the Company had outstanding cloud services and software and maintenance agreement commitments totaling $72.0 million, of which $10.9 million is expected to be paid in the remainder of 2023, $40.7 million is expected to be paid in 2024, $19.9 million is expected to be paid in 2025, and the remaining $0.5 million is expected to be paid in 2026.
As of September 30, 2023, $747.5 million of aggregate principal of the 2025 convertible senior notes was outstanding and is due on June 1, 2025. As of September 30, 2023, no 2023 convertible senior notes were outstanding. See Note 6 for more information concerning the convertible senior notes.
Legal Matters
The Company is involved in various legal and regulatory matters arising in the normal course of business. In management’s opinion, resolution of these matters is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated results of operations, cash flows, or its financial position. However, due to the uncertain nature of legal matters, an unfavorable resolution of a matter could materially affect the Company’s future consolidated results of operations, cash flows or financial position in a particular period. The Company expenses legal fees as incurred.
Indemnification Agreements
In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into agreements of varying scope and terms pursuant to which it agrees to indemnify clients, vendors, lessors, business partners and other parties with respect to certain matters, including, but not limited to, losses arising out of breach of such agreements, including breach of security, services to be provided by the Company or from intellectual property infringement claims made by third parties. In addition, the Company has entered into indemnification agreements with its directors, officers and certain employees that requires it, among other things, to indemnify them against certain liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors, officers or employees. There are no claims that the Company is aware of that could have a material effect on the consolidated balance sheets, consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, or consolidated statements of cash flows.
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11. Geographical Information
The following table summarizes revenues by geographic region based on client billing address (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022 |  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022
United States |  | $ | 205,679 |  |  | $ | 179,306 |  |  | $ | 599,259 |  |  | $ | 517,537 |
International |  | 24,426 |  |  | 19,036 |  |  | 72,167 |  |  | 52,964 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 230,105 |  |  | $ | 198,342 |  |  | $ | 671,426 |  |  | $ | 570,501 |

The following table summarizes total property and equipment, net in the respective locations (in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
United States |  | $ | 95,175 |  |  | $ | 92,659 |
International |  | 6,854 |  |  | 8,562 |
Property and equipment, net |  | $ | 102,029 |  |  | $ | 101,221 |

12. Leases
The Company has leases for offices, data centers and computer and networking equipment that expire at various dates through 2031. The Company’s leases have remaining terms of one to eight years, some of the leases include a Company option to extend the leases for up to one to five years, and some of the leases include the option to terminate the leases upon 30-days' notice. The Company does not separate lease and non-lease components for real estate operating leases.
The components of lease expenses were as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022 |  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022
Operating lease cost |  | $ | 3,360 |  |  | $ | 2,969 |  |  | $ | 10,112 |  |  | $ | 8,738 |
Finance lease cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of right-of-use assets |  | $ | 491 |  |  | $ | 141 |  |  | $ | 570 |  |  | $ | 609 |
Interest on finance lease liabilities |  | 83 |  |  | — |  |  | 83 |  |  | — |
Total finance lease cost |  | $ | 574 |  |  | $ | 141 |  |  | $ | 653 |  |  | $ | 609 |

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022 |  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating cash used in operating leases |  | $ | (3,001) |  |  | $ | (2,951) |  |  | $ | (8,319) |  |  | $ | (8,489) |
Financing cash used in finance leases |  | (496) |  |  | — |  |  | (496) |  |  | — |
Right of use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  | 795 |  |  | 3,899 |  |  | 6,273 |  |  | 4,483 |
Finance leases |  | 2,936 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,103 |  |  | — |

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Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows (in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Operating leases |  |  |  |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | $ | 41,522 |  |  | $ | 44,120 |
Operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 11,454 |  |  | $ | 10,626 |
Operating lease liabilities — less current portion |  | 38,336 |  |  | 41,389 |
Total operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 49,790 |  |  | $ | 52,015 |
Finance leases |  |  |  |
Finance lease right-of-use assets |  | $ | 4,612 |  |  | $ | — |
Property and equipment, gross |  | $ | 29,974 |  |  | $ | 36,282 |
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization |  | (29,974) |  |  | (36,203) |
Property and equipment, net |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 79 |
Finance lease liabilities |  | $ | 1,617 |  |  | $ | — |
Finance lease liabilities — less current portion |  | 3,048 |  |  | — |
Total finance lease liabilities |  | $ | 4,665 |  |  | $ | — |

Weighted average remaining terms were as follows (in years):

|  | September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Weighted average remaining lease term |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  | 5.8 |  | 6.4
Finance leases |  | 2.8 |  | — |

Weighted average discount rates were as follows:

|  | September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Weighted average discount rate |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  | 3.7 | % |  | 3.4 | %
Finance leases |  | 6.0 | % |  | — | %

Maturities of lease liabilities were as follows (in thousands):

Year Ending December 31, |  | Operating Leases |  | Finance Leases |  |
Remaining 2023 |  | $ | 3,709 |  |  | $ | 452 |  |  |
2024 |  | 11,997 |  |  | 1,848 |  |  |
2025 |  | 9,171 |  |  | 1,848 |  |  |
2026 |  | 6,987 |  |  | 898 |  |  |
2027 |  | 5,929 |  |  | — |  |  |
Thereafter |  | 17,281 |  |  | — |  |  |
Total future minimum lease payments |  | 55,074 |  |  | 5,046 |  |  |
Less: imputed interest |  | (5,284) |  |  | (381) |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 49,790 |  |  | $ | 4,665 |  |  |

13. Acquisition
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Aceyus
On August 14, 2023, the Company acquired all of the issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of Aceyus for total cash consideration of approximately $82.0 million. This acquisition, which was accounted for as a business combination, is intended to accelerate the Company's ability to capitalize on two business opportunities, namely facilitating the migration of large enterprise customers from on-premise to cloud and leveraging contextual data to deliver personalized experiences throughout the customer journey, including using this contextual data in the Company's AI & Automation solutions.
The excess of the purchase price over identifiable intangible assets and net tangible assets in the amount of $62.0 million was allocated to goodwill, which is not deductible for tax purposes. The fair values assigned to assets acquired and liabilities assumed are based on management’s best estimates and assumptions as of the acquisition date and are considered preliminary pending finalization of valuation analyses pertaining to intangible assets acquired, liabilities assumed and tax liabilities assumed. During the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, the Company may record adjustments to the fair value of these tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the corresponding offset to goodwill. The following table presents the preliminary allocation of the purchase price at the acquisition date (in thousands):

Cash | $ | 1,424 |
Tangible assets acquired | 383 |
Other assets acquired | 3,002 |
Acquired technology | 19,100 |
Customer relationships | 2,550 |
Trademarks | 500 |
Goodwill | 61,992 |
Total assets acquired | 88,951 |
Liabilities assumed | (6,939) |
Total | $ | 82,012 |

The acquired technology, customer relationships, and trademarks will be amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives of eight years, five years, and three years, respectively. The Company used the income approach to estimate the fair value of intangible assets acquired.
In connection with this acquisition, the Company incurred total acquisition-related transaction costs of $0.7 million and $1.6 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, that have been expensed as incurred and included in general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
The results of operations of this acquisition are included in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss from the date of acquisition and are not material to the Company's consolidated financial statements.
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ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
You should read the following discussion in conjunction with the condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Overview
We are a pioneer and leading provider of intelligent cloud contact centers with more than 2,500 clients. We believe we achieved this leadership position through our expertise and technology, which has empowered us to help organizations of all sizes transition from legacy on-premise contact center systems to our cloud solution. Our solution, comprised of our Virtual Contact Center, or VCC, cloud platform and applications, allows simultaneous management and optimization of customer interactions across voice, chat, email, web, social media and mobile channels, either directly or through our application programming interfaces, or APIs. Our VCC cloud platform matches each customer interaction with an appropriate agent resource and delivers relevant customer data to the agent in real-time through integrations with adjacent enterprise applications, such as customer relationship management, or CRM, software, to optimize the customer experience and improve agent productivity. Unlike legacy on-premise contact center systems, our solution requires minimal up-front investment, can be rapidly deployed and adjusted depending on our client’s requirements.
Since founding our business in 2001, we have focused exclusively on delivering cloud contact center software. We initially targeted smaller contact center opportunities with our telesales team and, over time, invested in expanding the breadth and depth of the functionality of our cloud platform to meet the evolving requirements of our clients. In 2009, we made a strategic decision to expand our market opportunity to include larger contact centers. This decision drove further investments in research and development and the establishment of our field sales team to meet the requirements of these larger contact centers. We believe this shift has helped us diversify our client base, while significantly enhancing our opportunity for future revenue growth. To complement these efforts, we have also focused on building client awareness and driving adoption of our solution through marketing activities, which include internet advertising, digital marketing campaigns, social media, trade shows, industry events, telemarketing and out of home campaigns.
We provide our solution through a SaaS business model with recurring subscriptions. We offer a comprehensive suite of applications delivered on our VCC cloud platform that are designed to enable our clients to manage and optimize interactions across inbound and outbound contact centers. We primarily generate revenue by selling subscriptions and related usage of our VCC cloud platform. We charge our clients monthly subscription fees for access to our solution, primarily based on the number of agent seats, as well as the specific functionalities and applications our clients deploy. We define agent seats as the maximum number of named agents allowed to concurrently access our solution. Our clients typically have more named agents than agent seats, and multiple named agents may use an agent seat, though not simultaneously. Substantially all of our clients purchase both subscriptions and related telephony usage from us. A small percentage of our clients subscribe to our platform but purchase telephony usage directly from wholesale telecommunications service providers. We do not sell telephony usage on a stand-alone basis to any client. The related usage fees are based on the volume of minutes for inbound and outbound interactions. We also offer bundled plans, generally for smaller deployments, where the client is charged a single monthly fixed fee per agent seat that includes both subscription and unlimited usage in the contiguous 48 states and, in some cases, Canada. We offer monthly, annual and multiple-year contracts to our clients, generally with 30 days’ notice required for reductions in the number of agent seats. Increases in the number of agent seats can be provisioned almost immediately. Our clients, therefore, are able to adjust the number of agent seats used to meet their changing contact center volume needs. Our larger clients typically choose annual contracts, which generally include an implementation and ramp period of several months. Fixed subscription fees, including bundled plans, are generally billed monthly in advance, while related usage fees are billed in arrears. For each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, subscription and related usage fees accounted for 92% of our revenue. For each the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, subscription and related usage fees accounted for 90% and 91% of our revenue, respectively. The remainder was comprised of professional services revenue from the implementation and optimization of our solution.
Macroeconomic and Other Factors
We are subject to risks and exposures, including those caused by adverse economic conditions, including macroeconomic deterioration, the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the conflict in Israel.
Macroeconomic factors include the global economic slowdown, continuing inflation, increased interest rates, supply chain disruptions, decreased economic output and fluctuations in currency exchange rates. We continuously
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monitor the direct and indirect impacts of these circumstances on our business and financial results, as well as the overall global economy and geopolitical landscape. While the implications of macroeconomic events on our business, results of operations and overall financial position remain uncertain over the long term, we expect that adverse economic conditions will continue to have an adverse impact on our revenue in future periods. For example, our installed base business, which typically contributes approximately half of our annual revenue growth, continues to experience macroeconomic headwinds.
In March 2022 we decided to close our Russia office and to establish a new European development center in Portugal, in part due to the growing uncertainty arising from the Russia-Ukraine conflict. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, we incurred approximately $0.9 million and $2.7 million in costs related to the closure and relocation of our Russian operations, of which $0.0 million and $0.1 million was recorded in cost of revenue, $0.5 million and $1.5 million was recorded in research and development expense, $0.2 million and $0.5 million was recorded in general and administrative expense, and $0.2 million and $0.6 million was recorded in interest income and other in our condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, we incurred approximately $0.7 million and $4.6 million in costs related to the closure and relocation of our Russian operations, of which $0.1 million and $0.5 million was recorded in cost of revenue, $0.6 million and $3.2 million was recorded in research and development expense, $0.1 million and $1.3 million was recorded in general and administrative expense, and $(0.1) million and $(0.4) million was recorded in interest income and other in our condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. We currently do not believe that this decision will have a material effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.
Key GAAP Operating Results
Our revenue increased to $230.1 million and $671.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 from $198.3 million and $570.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022. Revenue growth was primarily attributable to our larger clients, driven by an increase in our sales and marketing activities and our improved brand awareness. For each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, no single client accounted for more than 10% of our total revenue. As of September 30, 2023, we had over 2,500 clients across multiple industries with a wide range of seat sizes. We had a net loss of $20.4 million and $69.4 million in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to a net loss of $23.2 million and $81.0 million in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022.
We have continued to make significant expenditures and investments, including in sales and marketing, research and development and infrastructure. We primarily evaluate the success of our business based on revenue growth and the efficiency and effectiveness of our investments. The growth of our business and our future success depend on many factors, including our ability to continue to expand our base of larger clients, grow revenue from our existing clients, innovate and expand internationally. While these areas represent significant opportunities for us, they also pose risks and challenges that we must successfully address, including the impact of macroeconomic deterioration, the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the conflict in Israel, in order to successfully grow our business and improve our operating results.
Key Operating and Non-GAAP Financial Performance Metrics
In addition to measures of financial performance presented in our condensed consolidated financial statements, we monitor the key metrics set forth below to help us evaluate growth trends, establish budgets, measure the effectiveness of our sales and marketing efforts and assess operational efficiencies.
Annual Dollar-Based Retention Rate
We believe that our Annual Dollar-Based Retention Rate provides insight into our ability to retain and grow revenue from our clients, and is a measure of the long-term value of our client relationships. Our Annual Dollar-Based Retention Rate is calculated by dividing our Retained Net Revenue by our Retention Base Net Revenue on a monthly basis, which we then average using the rates for the trailing twelve months for the period presented. We define Retention Base Net Revenue as recurring net revenue from all clients in the comparable prior year period, and we define Retained Net Revenue as recurring net revenue from that same group of clients in the current period. We define recurring net revenue as net subscription and related usage revenue.
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The following table shows our Annual Dollar-Based Retention Rate based on Net Revenue for the periods presented:

|  | Twelve Months Ended
|  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022
Annual Dollar-Based Retention Rate |  | 110% |  | 118%

Our Dollar-Based Retention Rate decreased year-over-year primarily due to the macroeconomic headwinds we started experiencing in 2022 and continued to experience through the third quarter of 2023.
Adjusted EBITDA
We monitor adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP financial measure, to analyze our financial results and believe that it is useful to investors, as a supplement to U.S. GAAP measures, in evaluating our ongoing operational performance and enhancing an overall understanding of our past financial performance. We believe that adjusted EBITDA helps illustrate underlying trends in our business that could otherwise be masked by the effect of the income or expenses that we exclude from adjusted EBITDA. Furthermore, we use this measure to establish budgets and operational goals for managing our business and evaluating our performance. We also believe that adjusted EBITDA provides an additional tool for investors to use in comparing our recurring core business operating results over multiple periods with other companies in our industry.
Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for, financial information prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and our calculation of adjusted EBITDA may differ from that of other companies in our industry. We compensate for the inherent limitations associated with using adjusted EBITDA through disclosure of these limitations, presentation of our financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP and reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA to the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure, net loss. We calculate adjusted EBITDA as net loss before (1) depreciation and amortization, (2) stock-based compensation, (3) interest expense, (4) interest (income) and other, (5) exit costs related to the closure and relocation of Russian operations, (6) acquisition-related transaction and one-time integration costs, (7) contingent consideration expense, (8) refund for prior year overpayment of USF fees, (9) lease amortization for finance leases, (10) provision for income taxes, and (11) other items that do not directly affect what we consider to be our core operating performance.
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The following table shows a reconciliation of net loss to adjusted EBITDA for the periods presented (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022 |  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022
Net loss |  | $ | (20,419) |  |  | $ | (23,207) |  |  | $ | (69,406) |  |  | $ | (80,997) |
Non-GAAP adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization (1) |  | 12,482 |  |  | 11,215 |  |  | 35,553 |  |  | 33,650 |
Stock-based compensation (2) |  | 52,611 |  |  | 44,503 |  |  | 156,721 |  |  | 128,682 |
Interest expense |  | 1,972 |  |  | 1,879 |  |  | 5,683 |  |  | 5,606 |
Interest (income) and other |  | (8,233) |  |  | (982) |  |  | (18,477) |  |  | (2,107) |
Exit costs related to closure and relocation of Russian operations (3) |  | 659 |  |  | 774 |  |  | 2,070 |  |  | 4,215 |
Acquisition-related transaction and one-time integration costs |  | 778 |  |  | 1,944 |  |  | 3,110 |  |  | 5,296 |
Contingent consideration expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 260 |
Refund for prior year overpayment of USF fees |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,511) |
Lease amortization for finance leases |  | 492 |  |  | — |  |  | 492 |  |  | — |
Provision for income taxes |  | 942 |  |  | 579 |  |  | 2,222 |  |  | 3,167 |
Adjusted EBITDA |  | $ | 41,284 |  |  | $ | 36,705 |  |  | $ | 117,968 |  |  | $ | 94,261 |

(1)Depreciation and amortization expenses included in our results of operations for the periods presented are as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022 |  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 10,075 |  |  | $ | 8,904 |  |  | $ | 28,251 |  |  | $ | 26,152 |
Research and development |  | 831 |  |  | 768 |  |  | 2,571 |  |  | 2,396 |
Sales and marketing |  | 36 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 3 |
General and administrative |  | 1,540 |  |  | 1,542 |  |  | 4,693 |  |  | 5,099 |
Total depreciation and amortization |  | $ | 12,482 |  |  | $ | 11,215 |  |  | $ | 35,553 |  |  | $ | 33,650 |

(2)See Note 7 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for stock-based compensation expense included in our results of operations for the periods presented.
(3)Exit costs related to the closure and relocation of our Russian operations were $0.9 million and $2.7 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023. The $0.7 million and $2.1 million adjustments presented above were net of $0.2 million and $0.6 million included in “Interest (income) and other.” Exit costs related to the closure and relocation of our Russian operations were $0.7 million and $4.6 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022. The $0.8 million and $4.2 million adjustments presented above were net of $0.0 million and $0.8 million included in “Depreciation and amortization” and $(0.1) million and $(0.4) million included in “Interest (income) and other.”
Key Components of Our Results of Operations
Revenue
Our revenue consists of subscription and related usage as well as professional services. We consider our subscription and related usage to be recurring revenue. This recurring revenue includes fixed subscription fees for the delivery and support of our VCC cloud platform, as well as related usage fees. The related usage fees are generally based on the volume of minutes for inbound and outbound client interactions. We also offer bundled plans, generally for smaller deployments, where the client is charged a single monthly fixed fee per agent seat that includes both subscription and unlimited usage in the contiguous 48 states and, in some cases, Canada. We offer monthly, annual and multiple-year contracts for our clients, generally with 30 days’ notice required for reductions in the number of agent seats. Increases in the number of agent seats can be provisioned almost immediately. Our clients, therefore, are able to adjust the number of agent seats used to meet their changing contact center volume needs. Our larger clients typically choose annual contracts, which generally include an implementation and ramp period of several months.
Fixed subscription fees, including plans with bundled usage, are generally billed monthly in advance, while variable usage fees are billed in arrears. Fixed subscription fees are recognized on a straight-line basis over the applicable term, which is predominantly the monthly contractual billing period. Support activities include technical assistance for our solution and upgrades and enhancements on a when and if available basis, which are not billed
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separately. Variable subscription related usage fees for non-bundled plans are billed in arrears based on client-specific per minute rate plans and are recognized as actual usage occurs. We generally require advance deposits from clients based on estimated usage. All fees, except usage deposits, are non-refundable.
In addition, we generate professional services revenue from assisting clients in implementing our solution and optimizing use. These services include application configuration, system integration and education and training services. Professional services are primarily billed on a fixed-fee basis and are typically performed by us directly. In limited cases, our clients choose to perform these services themselves or engage their own third-party service providers to perform such services. Professional services are recognized as the services are performed using the proportional performance method, with performance measured based on labor hours, provided all other criteria for revenue recognition are met.
While the implications of macroeconomic events on our business, results of operations and overall financial position remain uncertain over the long term, we expect that adverse economic conditions will continue to have an adverse impact on our revenue in future periods. For example, our installed base business, which typically contributes approximately half of our annual revenue growth, continues to experience macroeconomic headwinds.
Cost of Revenue
Our cost of revenue consists primarily of personnel costs, including stock-based compensation, fees that we pay to telecommunications providers for usage, Universal Service Fund, or USF, contributions and other regulatory costs, depreciation and related expenses of our servers and equipment, costs to build out and maintain co-location data centers, costs of public cloud-based data centers, allocated office and facility costs, amortization of acquired technology and amortization of internal-use software costs. Cost of revenue can fluctuate based on a number of factors, including the fees we pay to telecommunications providers, which vary depending on our clients’ usage of our VCC cloud platform, the timing of capital expenditures and related depreciation charges and changes in headcount. We expect to continue investing in professional services, public cloud, cloud operations, client support and network infrastructure to maintain high quality and availability of services, which we believe will result in absolute dollar increases in cost of revenue but percentage of revenue declines in the long-term through economies of scale.
Operating Expenses
We classify our operating expenses as research and development, sales and marketing, and general and administrative expenses.
Research and Development. Our research and development expenses consist primarily of salary and related expenses, including stock-based compensation, for personnel related to the development of improvements and expanded features for our services, as well as quality assurance, testing, product management and allocated overhead. We expense research and development expenses as they are incurred except for internal use software development costs that qualify for capitalization. We believe that continued investment in our solution is important for our future growth, and we expect our research and development expenses to increase in absolute dollars and fluctuate as a percentage of revenue in the near and longer term.
Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of salaries and related expenses, including stock-based compensation, for personnel in sales and marketing, sales commissions, as well as advertising, marketing, corporate communications, travel costs and allocated overhead. We believe it is important to continue investing in sales and marketing to continue to generate revenue growth, and we expect sales and marketing expenses to increase in absolute dollars and fluctuate as a percentage of revenue in the near and longer term as we continue to support our growth initiatives.
General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salary and related expenses, including stock-based compensation, for management, finance and accounting, legal, information systems and human resources personnel, professional fees, compliance costs, other corporate expenses and allocated overhead. We expect that general and administrative expenses will fluctuate in absolute dollars and as a percentage of revenue in the near term, but to increase in absolute dollars and decline as a percentage of revenue in the longer term.
Results of Operations for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022
Based on the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss set forth in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the following table sets forth our operating results as a percentage of revenue for
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the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022 |  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022
Revenue |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | %
Cost of revenue |  | 48 | % |  | 47 | % |  | 48 | % |  | 48 | %
Gross profit |  | 52 | % |  | 53 | % |  | 52 | % |  | 52 | %
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development |  | 18 | % |  | 17 | % |  | 18 | % |  | 18 | %
Sales and marketing |  | 32 | % |  | 34 | % |  | 33 | % |  | 34 | %
General and administrative |  | 13 | % |  | 13 | % |  | 13 | % |  | 13 | %
Total operating expenses |  | 63 | % |  | 64 | % |  | 64 | % |  | 65 | %
Loss from operations |  | (11) | % |  | (11) | % |  | (12) | % |  | (13) | %
Other income (expense), net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  | (1) | % |  | (1) | % |  | (1) | % |  | (1) | %
Interest income and other |  | 4 | % |  | — | % |  | 3 | % |  | — | %
Total other income (expense), net |  | 3 | % |  | (1) | % |  | 2 | % |  | (1) | %
Loss before income taxes |  | (8) | % |  | (12) | % |  | (10) | % |  | (14) | %
Provision for income taxes |  | 1 | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | %
Net loss |  | (9) | % |  | (12) | % |  | (10) | % |  | (14) | %

Revenue

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022 |  | $ Change |  | % Change |  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
|  | (in thousands, except percentages)
Revenue |  | $ | 230,105 |  |  | $ | 198,342 |  |  | $ | 31,763 |  |  | 16 | % |  | $ | 671,426 |  |  | $ | 570,501 |  |  | $ | 100,925 |  |  | 18 | %

The increase in revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the same periods of 2022 was primarily attributable to our larger clients, driven by an increase in our sales and marketing activities and our improved brand awareness.
Cost of Revenue

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022 |  | $ Change |  | % Change |  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
|  | (in thousands, except percentages)
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 111,080 |  |  | $ | 94,111 |  |  | $ | 16,969 |  |  | 18 | % |  | $ | 320,197 |  |  | $ | 271,207 |  |  | $ | 48,990 |  |  | 18 | %
% of Revenue |  | 48 | % |  | 47 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 48% |  | 48% |  |  |  |

The increase in cost of revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the same period of 2022 was primarily due to a $5.4 million increase in personnel costs driven mainly by increased headcount, higher salaries and increased stock-based compensation costs, a $5.1 million increase in third-party hosted software costs driven by increased client activities, a $4.6 million increase in depreciation, data center and public cloud costs to support our growing capacity needs, $0.8 million increase in office, facilities and related costs, a $0.7 million increase in amortization of intangibles mainly due to our acquisition of intangibles from Aceyus, and a $0.5 million increase in usage and carrier costs due to increased volume offset in part by a rate reduction, partially offset by $0.3 million decrease in staff augmentation costs related to implementation of our solution.
The increase in cost of revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the same period of 2022 was primarily due to a $15.3 million increase in third-party hosted software costs driven by increased client activities, a $13.4 million increase in depreciation, data center and public cloud costs to support our growing capacity needs, a $13.3 million increase in personnel costs driven mainly by increased headcount, higher salaries
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and increased stock-based compensation costs, a $6.9 million increase in USF contributions and other federal telecommunication service fees due to increased client usage and a change in methodology in the prior year, which resulted in a $3.5 million refund for 2020 that was received in the nine months ended September 30, 2022, offset in part by a decrease in the USF contribution rate, a $1.2 million increase in office, facilities and related costs, and a $0.5 million increase in amortization of intangibles mainly due to our acquisition of intangibles from Aceyus, partially offset by a $1.4 million decrease in staff augmentation costs related to implementation of our solutions, and a $1.0 million decrease in usage and carrier costs due to a rate reduction offset in part by increased volume.
Gross Profit

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022 |  | $ Change |  | % Change |  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
|  | (in thousands, except percentages)
Gross profit |  | $ | 119,025 |  |  | $ | 104,231 |  |  | $ | 14,794 |  |  | 14 | % |  | $351,229 |  | $299,294 |  | $51,935 |  | 17%
% of Revenue |  | 52 | % |  | 53 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 52% |  | 52% |  |  |  |

The increase in gross profit for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the same periods of 2022 was primarily due to increases in subscription and related revenues. The decrease in gross margin for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the same period of 2022 was primarily due to our revenue growing at a slower rate than our increase in cost of revenue as described above. We expect gross margin to increase in the long term despite continued investments in professional services, public cloud, cloud operations, client support and network infrastructure, as we expect revenue growth in the long term to more than offset these increases.
Operating Expenses
Research and Development

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022 |  | $ Change |  | % Change |  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
|  | (in thousands, except percentages)
Research and development |  | $ | 40,391 |  |  | $ | 34,113 |  |  | $ | 6,278 |  |  | 18 | % |  | $117,709 |  | $104,929 |  | $12,780 |  | 12%
% of Revenue |  | 18 | % |  | 17 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 18% |  | 18% |  |  |  |

The increase in research and development expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the same periods of 2022 was primarily due to a $7.6 million and $16.1 million increase in personnel-related costs driven mainly by an increase in stock-based compensation costs, increased headcount and higher salaries, and a $0.5 million and $0.8 million increase in office, facilities and related costs, offset in part by a $1.7 million and $4.9 million increase in research and development costs that qualified for capitalization and a $1.0 million and $0.5 million decrease in one-time integration costs.
Sales and Marketing

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022 |  | $ Change |  | % Change |  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
|  | (in thousands, except percentages)
Sales and marketing |  | $ | 73,366 |  |  | $ | 67,353 |  |  | $ | 6,013 |  |  | 9 | % |  | $223,757 |  | $196,062 |  | $27,695 |  | 14%
% of Revenue |  | 32 | % |  | 34 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 33% |  | 34% |  |  |  |

The increase in sales and marketing expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the same periods of 2022 was primarily due to a $3.3 million and $10.4 million increase in sales commission expenses driven by the growth in sales and bookings of our solution, a $2.0 million and $12.1 million increase in personnel costs driven by increased stock-based compensation costs, increased headcount and higher salaries, and a $0.8 million and $1.6 million increase in travel costs as a result of an increase in business travel. The increases in sales and marketing expenses were primarily due to the execution of our growth strategy to acquire new
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clients, increase the number of agent seats within our existing client base, and increased advertising and other marketing expenses to increase our brand awareness.
General and Administrative

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022 |  | $ Change |  | % Change |  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
|  | (in thousands, except percentages)
General and administrative |  | $ | 31,006 |  |  | $ | 24,496 |  |  | $ | 6,510 |  |  | 27 | % |  | $89,741 |  | $72,634 |  | $17,107 |  | 24%
% of Revenue |  | 13 | % |  | 13 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 13% |  | 13% |  |  |  |

The increase in general and administrative expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the same periods of 2022 was primarily due to a $5.5 million and $15.9 million increase in personnel costs driven by increased stock-based compensation costs, increased headcount and higher salaries, and a $1.2 million and $1.5 million increase in legal and other professional service costs primarily as a result of the legal expenses incurred in connection with the Aceyus acquisition.
Other Income (Expense), Net

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022 |  | $ Change |  | % Change |  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
|  | (in thousands, except percentages)
Interest expense |  | $ | (1,972) |  |  | $ | (1,879) |  |  | $ | (93) |  |  | 5 | % |  | $ | (5,683) |  |  | $ | (5,606) |  |  | $ | (77) |  |  | 1 | %
Interest income and other |  | 8,233 |  |  | 982 |  |  | 7,251 |  |  | 738 | % |  | 18,477 |  |  | 2,107 |  |  | 16,370 |  |  | 777 | %
Total other income (expense), net |  | $ | 6,261 |  |  | $ | (897) |  |  | $ | 7,158 |  |  | (798) | % |  | $ | 12,794 |  |  | $ | (3,499) |  |  | $ | 16,293 |  |  | (466) | %
% of Revenue |  | 3 | % |  | (1) | % |  |  |  |  |  | 2 | % |  | (1) | % |  |  |  |

Interest expense remained consistent for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the same periods of 2022 since it primarily related to our 2025 convertible senior notes for which the aggregate outstanding principal amount remained the same during these periods. See Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements for further details.
The increase in interest income and other for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the same periods of 2022 was primarily due to higher interest income on our marketable investments, offset in part by an increase in foreign currency transaction losses during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
To date, we have financed our operations primarily through sales of our solution, net proceeds from our equity and debt financings, including the issuance of our 2025 convertible senior notes in May and June 2020 and of our 2023 convertible senior notes in May 2018, and lease facilities. As of September 30, 2023, we had $718.7 million in working capital, which included $127.8 million in cash and cash equivalents and $572.5 million in marketable investments. The Company’s intent is that all marketable investments are available for use in its current operations, including marketable investments with maturity dates greater than one year from September 30, 2023. The 2023 convertible senior notes matured on May 1, 2023 and were settled in a combination of cash and shares of our common stock. Upon maturity, the outstanding capped calls associated with the repurchase and early settlements of $194.7 million 2023 convertible senior notes were settled, which resulted in us receiving 370,877 shares and $74.5 million. We believe our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditure needs for at least the next 12 months.
We plan to continue to finance our operations in the future primarily through sales of our solution, net proceeds from equity and debt financings, and lease facilities. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors including our growth rate, continuing market acceptance of our solution, the strength of the global economy,
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client retention, growth within our installed base, our ability to gain new clients, the timing and extent of spending to support research and development efforts, the outcome of any pending or future litigation or other claims by third parties or governmental entities, the expansion of sales and marketing activities and personnel, the introduction of new and enhanced offerings, expenses incurred in closing our Russia operations and expanding our operations in Portugal and any operational disruptions due to this transition, and the effect of the length and severity of the current economic downturn, the Russia-Ukraine conflict, and the conflict in Israel on these or other factors. We may also acquire or invest in complementary businesses, technologies and intellectual property rights, such as our recent acquisition of Aceyus in August 2023, which may increase our use of cash and future capital requirements, both to pay acquisition costs and to support our combined operations. We may raise additional capital through equity or debt financings at any time to fund these or other requirements. However, we may not be able to raise additional capital through equity or debt financings when needed on terms acceptable to us or at all, depending on our financial performance, economic and market conditions, the trading price of our common stock, and other factors, including the length and severity of the current economic downturn and fluctuations in the financial markets, including due to the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the conflict in Israel. If we are unable to raise additional capital as needed, our business, operating results and financial condition could be harmed. In addition, if our operating performance during the next twelve months is below our expectations, our liquidity and ability to operate our business also could be harmed.
If we raise additional funds by issuing equity or equity-linked securities, the ownership of our existing stockholders would be diluted. If we raise additional funds through the incurrence of additional indebtedness, we will be subject to increased debt service obligations and could also be subject to restrictive covenants and other operating restrictions that could negatively impact our ability to operate our business.
Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented (in thousands):

|  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022 |  |  |  |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | $ | 92,294 |  |  | $ | 56,125 |  |  |  |  |
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities |  | (234,974) |  |  | 20,903 |  |  |  |  |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  | 91,047 |  |  | (38,461) |  |  |  |  |
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | $ | (51,633) |  |  | $ | 38,567 |  |  |  |  |

Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Cash provided by operating activities is primarily influenced by our personnel-related expenditures, data center and telecommunications carrier costs, office and facility related costs, USF contributions and other regulatory costs and the amount and timing of client payments. If we continue to improve our financial results, we expect net cash provided by operating activities to increase. Our largest source of operating cash inflows is cash collections from our clients for subscription and related usage services. Payments from clients for these services are typically received monthly.
Net cash provided by operating activities was $92.3 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Net cash provided by operating activities resulted from our net loss of $69.4 million, adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities of $238.6 million, primarily consisting of $156.7 million of stock-based compensation, $35.6 million of depreciation and amortization, $40.1 million of amortization of commission costs, $9.2 million of amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets and $2.8 million of amortization of issuance costs on our convertible senior notes, partially offset by use of cash for operating assets and liabilities of $(76.9) million primarily due to the timing of cash payments to vendors and cash receipts from customers.
Net cash provided by operating activities was $56.1 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Net cash provided by operating activities resulted from our net loss of $81.0 million, adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities of $200.6 million, primarily consisting of $128.7 million of stock-based compensation, $33.7 million of depreciation and amortization, $29.2 million of amortization of commission costs, $2.8 million of amortization of issuance costs on our convertible senior notes, and $(5.9) million adjustment for the Inference contingent consideration in excess of its acquisition-date fair value, offset by use of
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cash for operating assets and liabilities of $(63.5) million primarily due to the timing of cash payments to vendors and cash receipts from customers.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities of $(235.0) million in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was comprised of $544.7 million related to purchases of marketable investments, $80.6 million, net of cash acquired in connection with the acquisition of Aceyus, $19.9 million in capital expenditures and $5.8 million in capitalized software development costs, offset in part by $416.1 million related to cash proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable investments.
Net cash provided by investing activities of $20.9 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was comprised of $321.9 million related to cash proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable investments, offset in part by $250.3 million related to purchases of marketable investments, $46.0 million in capital expenditures, $2.0 million in connection with an equity investment in a privately-held company and $2.4 million in capitalized software development costs.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities of $91.0 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was related to $74.5 million of cash received from the settlement at maturity of the outstanding capped calls associated with the repurchase and early settlements of the 2023 convertible senior notes, $9.4 million from the sale of common stock under our employee stock purchase plan, and cash proceeds of $8.3 million from the exercise of stock options, offset in part by $0.5 million of holdback payment related to an acquisition, $0.5 million of payments related to finance leases and $0.2 million of cash paid in connection with 2023 convertible senior note settlements.
Net cash used in financing activities of $(38.5) million in the nine months ended September 30, 2022 related to $34.1 million of cash paid in connection with 2023 convertible senior note settlements and $24.0 million of cash paid in connection with the contingent consideration payment related to the Inference acquisition, of which $18.1 million represented the acquisition-date fair value and was disclosed as a financing activity and $5.9 million represented the amount of payment in excess of the acquisition-date fair value and was disclosed as an adjustment to
operating activity, partially offset by $8.3 million from the sale of common stock under our employee stock purchase plan, and cash proceeds of $5.4 million from exercise of stock options.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses and related disclosures. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and assumptions. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates from those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 filed with the SEC on February 24, 2023.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Refer to Note 1 of the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements included in this report.
Contractual and Other Obligations
Our material cash requirements include the following contractual and other obligations.
Convertible Senior Notes
In May and June 2020, we issued $747.5 million aggregate principal amount of our 2025 convertible senior notes in a private offering. The 2025 convertible senior notes mature on June 1, 2025 and are our senior unsecured obligations. The 2025 convertible senior notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 0.50% per annum, payable semiannually in arrears on June 1 and December 1 of each year, beginning December 1, 2020. The total net proceeds from the offering, after deducting initial purchasers’ discounts and commissions and estimated debt issuance costs,
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were approximately $728.8 million. As of September 30, 2023, the aggregate principal amount outstanding of our 2025 convertible senior notes was $747.5 million.
In May 2018, we issued $258.8 million aggregate principal amount of our 2023 convertible senior notes in a private offering. As of March 31, 2023, after giving effect to the 2023 Note Repurchase Transactions and other settlements upon conversion requests, approximately $0.2 million aggregate principal amount of 2023 convertible senior notes remained outstanding. The 2023 convertible senior notes matured on May 1, 2023 and the remaining principle amounts were settled in a combination of cash and shares of our common stock.
For additional information regarding the convertible senior notes, see Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements included in this report.
Leases
We have leases for offices, data centers and computer and networking equipment that expire at various dates through 2031. Our leases have remaining terms of one to eight years. Some of the leases include an option to extend the leases for up to one to five years, and some of the leases include the option to terminate the leases upon 30-days' notice. We had outstanding operating lease obligations of $55.1 million as of September 30, 2023, with $3.7 million payable in the remainder of 2023, $21.2 million payable in 2024 and 2025, $12.9 million payable in 2026 and 2027, and $17.3 million after 2027. We also had outstanding finance lease obligations of $5.0 million as of September 30, 2023, with $0.4 million payable in the remainder of 2023, $3.7 million payable in 2024 and 2025, and $0.9 million payable in 2026. See Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements included in this report for further details.
Cloud Services and Software and Maintenance
As of September 30, 2023, we had outstanding cloud services and software and maintenance agreement commitments totaling $72.0 million, of which $10.9 million is expected to be paid in the remainder of 2023, $40.7 million is expected to be paid in 2024, $19.9 million is expected to be paid in 2025, and the remaining $0.5 million is expected to be paid in 2026.
Hosting and Telecommunication Usage Services
We have agreements with third parties to provide co-location hosting and telecommunication services. The agreements require payments per month for a fixed period of time in exchange for certain guarantees of network and telecommunication availability. As of September 30, 2023, we had outstanding co-location hosting and telecommunication obligations of $17.0 million, with $2.1 million payable in the remainder of 2023, $11.3 million payable in 2024 and 2025, $3.2 million payable in 2026 and 2027, and $0.4 million payable in 2028.
Indemnification Agreements
In the ordinary course of business, we enter into agreements of varying scope and terms pursuant to which we agree to indemnify clients, vendors, lessors, business partners and other parties with respect to certain matters, including, but not limited to, losses arising out of breach of such agreements, services to be provided by us or from intellectual property infringement claims made by third parties. In addition, we have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors, officers and certain employees that will require us, among other things, to indemnify them against certain liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors, officers or employees. There are no claims that we are aware of that could have a material effect on our consolidated balance sheet, consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, or consolidated statements of cash flows.
Contingencies — Legal and Regulatory
We are subject to certain legal and regulatory proceedings, and from time to time may be involved in a variety of claims, lawsuits, investigations, and proceedings relating to contractual disputes, intellectual property rights, employment matters, regulatory compliance matters, and other litigation matters relating to various claims that arise in the normal course of business. We determine whether an estimated loss from a contingency should be accrued by assessing whether a loss is deemed probable and can be reasonably estimated. We assess our potential liability by analyzing specific litigation and regulatory matters using reasonably available information. We develop our views on estimated losses in consultation with inside and outside counsel, which involves a subjective analysis of potential results and outcomes, assuming various combinations of appropriate litigation and settlement strategies. Legal fees are expensed in the period in which they are incurred. See Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements for more details.
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ITEM 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
We are exposed to market risk in the ordinary course of our business. Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. Our market risk exposure is primarily a result of fluctuations in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. We do not hold or issue financial instruments for trading purposes. For a discussion of market risk, see “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk” in Item 7A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. Our exposure to market risk has not changed materially since December 31, 2022.
Interest Rate Sensitivity
We had cash and cash equivalents, and marketable securities totaling $700.3 million as of September 30, 2023. Cash equivalents and marketable securities were invested primarily in U.S. agency and government sponsored securities, U.S. treasury securities, municipal bonds, commercial paper, corporate bonds, certificates of deposit and money market funds. Our investment policy is focused on the preservation of capital and supporting our liquidity needs. Under this policy, we invest in highly rated securities, while limiting the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer other than the U.S. government. We do not invest in financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes, nor do we use leveraged financial instruments. We utilize external investment managers who adhere to the guidelines of our investment policy. A hypothetical 100 basis point change in interest rates would not have a material impact on the value of our cash and cash equivalents or marketable investments.
As of September 30, 2023, aggregate principal amount outstanding of our 2025 convertible senior notes was $747.5 million. The fair value of the convertible senior notes are subject to interest rate risk, market risk and other factors due to their conversion features. The fair value of the convertible senior notes will generally increase as our common stock price increases and will generally decrease as our common stock price declines. The interest and market value changes affect the fair value of the convertible senior notes but do not impact our financial position, cash flows or results of operations due to the fixed nature of the debt obligations. Additionally, we carry the convertible senior notes at face value less unamortized discount on our condensed consolidated balance sheets, and we present the fair value for required disclosure purposes only.
Our 2025 convertible senior notes bear fixed interest rates and, therefore, are not subject to interest rate risk. We have not utilized derivative financial instruments, derivative commodity instruments or other market risk sensitive instruments, positions or transactions in any material fashion, except for the privately negotiated capped call transactions entered into in May and June 2020 related to the issuance of our 2025 convertible senior notes.
Foreign Currency Risk
The functional currency of our foreign subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar. Our sales are primarily denominated in U.S. dollars and, therefore, our revenue is not directly subject to foreign currency risk. However, we are indirectly exposed to foreign currency risk. A stronger U.S. dollar makes our solution more expensive outside the United States and therefore can reduce demand. A weaker U.S. dollar could have the opposite effects. Such economic exposure to currency fluctuations is difficult to measure or predict because our sales are influenced by many factors in addition to the impact of currency fluctuations. Our operating expenses are generally denominated in the currencies of the countries in which our operations are located, except for Russia where compensation of our employees was primarily denominated in the U.S. dollar. In March 2022, we made a decision to close our Russia office in June 2022 and to establish a new European development center in Portugal.
Our consolidated results of operations and cash flows are, therefore, subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and may be adversely affected in the future due to changes in foreign exchange rates. To date, we have not entered into any hedging arrangements with respect to foreign currency risk or other derivative financial instruments. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the effect of a hypothetical 10% change in foreign currency exchange rates applicable to our business would have a maximum impact of $5.9 million on our operating expenses.
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ITEM 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, as of September 30, 2023.
Based on management’s evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of September 30, 2023, our disclosure controls and procedures were designed, and were effective, to provide assurance at a reasonable level that the information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.
In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
During the three months ended September 30, 2023, there was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. Legal Proceedings
Information with respect to this Item may be found under the heading “Legal Matters” in Note 10 to the condensed consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, which information is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 1A. Risk Factors
Except for the below risk factors, which update those previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed with the SEC on February 24, 2023, there have been no material changes from the Risk Factors previously disclosed in Part 1, Item 1A, of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. In addition to the other information set forth in this report, including the below update to Risk Factors, you should carefully consider the Risk Factors discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K as they could materially affect our business, financial condition and future results of operation.
Further development of our AI solutions may not be successful and may result in reputational harm and our future operating results could be materially harmed.
We plan to continue to further develop and enhance our AI-powered features. While we aim for our AI-powered features to make agents more efficient and improve customer experience, our AI features may not achieve sufficient levels of accuracy or may not otherwise meet the needs of our clients. In addition, we may not be able to incorporate sufficient customer training data and such data may contain biased or otherwise inaccurate information. Furthermore, our competitors or other organizations may incorporate AI features into their products more quickly or more successfully and their AI features may achieve higher market acceptance than ours, which may result in us failing to recoup our investments in developing AI-powered features and result in lost business. Should any of these factors or others occur, our ability to compete, our reputation and operating results may be materially and adversely affected.
The AI technology and features incorporated into our solution include new and evolving technologies that may present both legal and business risks.
We have incorporated a number of AI-powered features into our solution, and are making investments in expanding our AI capabilities. AI technologies are complex and rapidly evolving, and we face significant competition from other companies as well as an evolving legal and regulatory landscape. The incorporation of AI-powered features into our solution may subject us to new or enhanced governmental or regulatory scrutiny, litigation, confidentiality or security risks, ethical concerns, or other complications that could harm our business, reputation, financial condition or results of operations. Intellectual property ownership and license rights, including copyright, surrounding AI technologies has not been fully addressed by federal or state laws or by U.S. courts, and the manner in which we configure and use AI technologies may expose us to claims of copyright infringement or other intellectual property misappropriation. It is possible that new laws and regulations will be adopted in the United States and in other countries, or that existing laws and regulations will be interpreted in ways that would affect the operation of our solution and the way in which we use AI. Further, the cost to comply with such laws or regulations could be significant and would increase our operating expenses, which could harm our business, reputation, financial condition and results of operations.
Uncertainty around new and emerging AI technologies, such as generative AI, may require additional investment, development of new approaches and processes, which will be costly and increase our expenses. Large language models, or LLMs, can generate written content which contains bias, factual errors, misrepresentations, offensive language, or inappropriate statements. While we seek to use LLMs in a way that is designed to minimize these risks, there are still risks of such events occurring. Our failure to address these risks could harm our business, reputation, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the use of AI involves significant technical complexity and requires specialized expertise, and competition for specialized personnel in the AI industry is intense. Any disruption or failure in our AI systems or infrastructure could result in delays or errors in our operations, which could harm our business, reputation, financial condition and results of operations.
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The use of AI by our workforce may present risks to our business.
Our workforce is exposed to and uses AI technologies for certain tasks related to our business. We have guidelines specifically directed at the use of AI tools in the workplace, including our code of conduct, confidentiality obligations, IT internal use policies and other corporate policies. Nevertheless, our workforce may use these authorized or unauthorized tools, which poses potential risks relating to the protection of data, including cybersecurity risk, exposure of our proprietary confidential information to unauthorized recipients and the misuse of our or third-party intellectual property. Use of AI technology by our workforce even when used consistent with our guidelines, may result in allegations or claims against us related to violation of third-party intellectual property rights, unauthorized access to or use of proprietary information and failure to comply with open source software requirements. AI technology may also produce inaccurate responses that could lead to errors in our decision-making, solution development or other business activities, which could have a negative impact on our business, operating results and financial condition. Our ability to mitigate these risks will depend on our continued effective training, monitoring and enforcement of appropriate policies, guidelines and procedures governing the use of AI technology, and compliance by our workforce.
ITEM 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Not applicable.
ITEM 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
None.
ITEM 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
ITEM 5. Other Information
Rule 10b5-1 Plans
During the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2023, the following Company’s directors and officers adopted, modified, or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or a non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement:

Name | Title | Adoption Date | Expiration Date | Aggregate # of securities to be sold | Aggregate # of securities to be purchased | Type of Arrangement
Leena Mansharamani | Chief Accounting Officer | Sept. 13, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Not determinable (1) | 0 | Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (2)

______________________
(1) Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement provides for sales of securities in order to satisfy tax obligations upon vesting of restricted stock units held by Ms. Mansharamani.
(2) The Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c).
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ITEM 6. Exhibits

Exhibit Number |  | Description
3.1.(1) |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of Five9, Inc.
31.1* |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer of Five9, Inc. Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2* |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer of Five9, Inc. Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1** |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of Five9, Inc. Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS* |  | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH* |  | XBRL Taxonomy Schema Linkbase Document
101.CAL* |  | XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF* |  | XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB* |  | XBRL Taxonomy Labels Linkbase Document
101.PRE* |  | XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File. Formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101.

* Filed herewith.
** Furnished herewith.
(1) Filed here to included updated contact information in the Amended and Restated Bylaws of Five9, Inc. filed as Exhibit 3.1. to the Company's Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on August 7, 2023.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  | Five9, Inc.
Date: | November 2, 2023 | By: | /s/ Michael Burkland
|  |  | Michael Burkland
|  |  | Chief Executive Officer
|  |  | (Principal Executive Officer)
|  |  | /s/ Barry Zwarenstein
|  |  | Barry Zwarenstein
|  |  | Chief Financial Officer
|  |  | (Principal Financial Officer)
|  |  | /s/ Leena Mansharamani
|  |  | Leena Mansharamani
|  |  | Chief Accounting Officer
|  |  | (Principal Accounting Officer)

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