10-Q 1 bkd10q09302017.htm 10-Q
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-Q

x | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2017
or

¨ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _____________ to _____________
Commission File Number: 001-32641
BROOKDALE SENIOR LIVING INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware | 20-3068069
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

111 Westwood Place, Suite 400, Brentwood, Tennessee | 37027
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

(615) 221-2250
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

| Large accelerated filer | x |  | Accelerated filer | ¨ |
| Non-accelerated filer | ¨ | (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) | Smaller reporting company | ¨ |
|  |  |  | Emerging growth company | ¨ |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).Yes ¨ No x
As of November 3, 2017, 186,391,101 shares of the registrant's common stock, $0.01 par value, were outstanding (excluding unvested restricted shares).
1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
BROOKDALE SENIOR LIVING INC.
FORM 10-Q
FOR THE QUARTER ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2017

| PAGE
PART I. | FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Financial Statements |
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets - |
| As of September 30, 2017 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2016 | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations - |
| Three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 (Unaudited) | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Statement of Equity - |
| Nine months ended September 30, 2017 (Unaudited) | 5
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - |
| Nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 (Unaudited) | 6
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 7
Item 2. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 26
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 55
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 55
PART II. | OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 56
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 56
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 56
Item 5. | Other Information | 56
Item 6. | Exhibits | 58
Signatures |  | 59

2

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
BROOKDALE SENIOR LIVING INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except stock amounts)

| September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
Assets | (Unaudited) |  |
Current assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 291,554 |  |  | $ | 216,397 |
Marketable securities | 246,376 |  |  | — |
Cash and escrow deposits – restricted | 43,724 |  |  | 32,864 |
Accounts receivable, net | 130,943 |  |  | 141,705 |
Assets held for sale | 106,435 |  |  | 97,843 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets, net | 116,820 |  |  | 130,695 |
Total current assets | 935,852 |  |  | 619,504 |
Property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles, net | 6,180,376 |  |  | 7,379,305 |
Cash and escrow deposits – restricted | 23,541 |  |  | 28,061 |
Investment in unconsolidated ventures | 185,880 |  |  | 167,826 |
Goodwill | 505,783 |  |  | 705,476 |
Other intangible assets, net | 64,877 |  |  | 83,007 |
Other assets, net | 195,857 |  |  | 234,508 |
Total assets | $ | 8,092,166 |  |  | $ | 9,217,687 |
Liabilities and Equity |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Current portion of long-term debt | $ | 553,567 |  |  | $ | 145,649 |
Current portion of capital and financing lease obligations | 92,937 |  |  | 69,606 |
Trade accounts payable | 76,977 |  |  | 77,356 |
Accrued expenses | 317,927 |  |  | 328,037 |
Refundable entrance fees and deferred revenue | 83,672 |  |  | 106,946 |
Tenant security deposits | 3,316 |  |  | 3,548 |
Total current liabilities | 1,128,396 |  |  | 731,142 |
Long-term debt, less current portion | 3,384,211 |  |  | 3,413,998 |
Capital and financing lease obligations, less current portion | 1,484,652 |  |  | 2,415,914 |
Deferred liabilities | 236,901 |  |  | 267,364 |
Deferred tax liability | 134,622 |  |  | 80,646 |
Other liabilities | 213,698 |  |  | 230,891 |
Total liabilities | 6,582,480 |  |  | 7,139,955 |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 50,000,000 shares authorized at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016; no shares issued and outstanding | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 400,000,000 shares authorized at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016; 194,716,651 and 193,224,082 shares issued and 191,538,250 and 190,045,681 shares outstanding (including 5,147,149 and 4,608,187 unvested restricted shares), respectively | 1,915 |  |  | 1,900 |
Additional paid-in-capital | 4,120,963 |  |  | 4,102,397 |
Treasury stock, at cost; 3,178,401 shares at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 | (56,440 | ) |  | (56,440 | )
Accumulated deficit | (2,556,351 | ) |  | (1,969,875 | )
Total Brookdale Senior Living Inc. stockholders' equity | 1,510,087 |  |  | 2,077,982 |
Noncontrolling interest | (401 | ) |  | (250 | )
Total equity | 1,509,686 |  |  | 2,077,732 |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 8,092,166 |  |  | $ | 9,217,687 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
3

BROOKDALE SENIOR LIVING INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Unaudited, in thousands, except per share data)

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Resident fees | $ | 922,892 |  |  | $ | 1,042,831 |  |  | $ | 2,873,889 |  |  | $ | 3,158,547 |
Management fees | 18,138 |  |  | 15,532 |  |  | 56,474 |  |  | 50,498 |
Reimbursed costs incurred on behalf of managed communities | 236,958 |  |  | 187,763 |  |  | 650,863 |  |  | 559,067 |
Total revenue | 1,177,988 |  |  | 1,246,126 |  |  | 3,581,226 |  |  | 3,768,112 |
Expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Facility operating expense (excluding depreciation and amortization of $105,424, $118,756, $325,976, and $351,667, respectively) | 650,654 |  |  | 704,221 |  |  | 1,967,601 |  |  | 2,113,226 |
General and administrative expense (including non-cash stock-based compensation expense of $7,527, $8,455, $22,547 and $27,218, respectively) | 63,779 |  |  | 63,425 |  |  | 196,429 |  |  | 246,741 |
Transaction costs | 1,992 |  |  | 659 |  |  | 12,924 |  |  | 1,950 |
Facility lease expense | 84,437 |  |  | 92,519 |  |  | 257,934 |  |  | 281,890 |
Depreciation and amortization | 117,649 |  |  | 130,783 |  |  | 366,023 |  |  | 391,314 |
Goodwill and asset impairment | 368,551 |  |  | 19,111 |  |  | 390,816 |  |  | 26,638 |
Loss on facility lease termination | 4,938 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,306 |  |  | — |
Costs incurred on behalf of managed communities | 236,958 |  |  | 187,763 |  |  | 650,863 |  |  | 559,067 |
Total operating expense | 1,528,958 |  |  | 1,198,481 |  |  | 3,853,896 |  |  | 3,620,826 |
Income (loss) from operations | (350,970 | ) |  | 47,645 |  |  | (272,670 | ) |  | 147,286 |
Interest income | 1,285 |  |  | 809 |  |  | 2,720 |  |  | 2,239 |
Interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt | (44,382 | ) |  | (43,701 | ) |  | (126,472 | ) |  | (131,422 | )
Capital and financing lease obligations | (31,999 | ) |  | (50,401 | ) |  | (114,086 | ) |  | (151,561 | )
Amortization of deferred financing costs and debt premium (discount) | (3,544 | ) |  | (2,380 | ) |  | (8,827 | ) |  | (6,978 | )
Change in fair value of derivatives | (74 | ) |  | — |  |  | (159 | ) |  | (28 | )
Debt modification and extinguishment costs | (11,129 | ) |  | (1,944 | ) |  | (11,883 | ) |  | (3,240 | )
Equity in (loss) earnings of unconsolidated ventures | (6,722 | ) |  | (878 | ) |  | (10,311 | ) |  | 478 |
(Loss) gain on sale of assets, net | (233 | ) |  | (425 | ) |  | (1,383 | ) |  | 2,126 |
Other non-operating income | 2,621 |  |  | 3,706 |  |  | 6,519 |  |  | 11,011 |
Income (loss) before income taxes | (445,147 | ) |  | (47,569 | ) |  | (536,552 | ) |  | (130,089 | )
Benefit (provision) for income taxes | 31,218 |  |  | (4,159 | ) |  | (50,075 | ) |  | (5,947 | )
Net income (loss) | (413,929 | ) |  | (51,728 | ) |  | (586,627 | ) |  | (136,036 | )
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interest | 44 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 151 |  |  | 126 |
Net income (loss) attributable to Brookdale Senior Living Inc. common stockholders | $ | (413,885 | ) |  | $ | (51,685 | ) |  | $ | (586,476 | ) |  | $ | (135,910 | )
Basic and diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to Brookdale Senior Living Inc. common stockholders | $ | (2.22 | ) |  | $ | (0.28 | ) |  | $ | (3.15 | ) |  | $ | (0.73 | )
Weighted average shares used in computing basic and diluted net income (loss) per share | 186,298 |  |  | 185,946 |  |  | 186,068 |  |  | 185,641 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
4

BROOKDALE SENIOR LIVING INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF EQUITY
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
(Unaudited, in thousands)

| Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Shares |  | Amount |  | Additional Paid-In- Capital |  | Treasury Stock |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Stockholders' Equity |  | Noncontrolling Interest |  | Total Equity
Balances at January 1, 2017 | 190,046 |  |  | $ | 1,900 |  |  | $ | 4,102,397 |  |  | $ | (56,440 | ) |  | $ | (1,969,875 | ) |  | $ | 2,077,982 |  |  | $ | (250 | ) |  | $ | 2,077,732 |
Compensation expense related to restricted stock grants | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,547 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,547 |  |  | — |  |  | 22,547 |
Net income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (586,476 | ) |  | (586,476 | ) |  | (151 | ) |  | (586,627 | )
Issuance of common stock under Associate Stock Purchase Plan | 130 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1,585 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,586 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,586 |
Restricted stock, net | 1,755 |  |  | 18 |  |  | (18 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Shares withheld for employee taxes | (393 | ) |  | (4 | ) |  | (5,662 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,666 | ) |  | — |  |  | (5,666 | )
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | 114 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 114 |  |  | — |  |  | 114 |
Balances at September 30, 2017 | 191,538 |  |  | $ | 1,915 |  |  | $ | 4,120,963 |  |  | $ | (56,440 | ) |  | $ | (2,556,351 | ) |  | $ | 1,510,087 |  |  | $ | (401 | ) |  | $ | 1,509,686 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
5

BROOKDALE SENIOR LIVING INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited, in thousands)

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016
Cash Flows from Operating Activities |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | (586,627 | ) |  | $ | (136,036 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net | 669 |  |  | 375 |
Depreciation and amortization, net | 374,850 |  |  | 398,292 |
Goodwill and asset impairment | 390,816 |  |  | 26,638 |
Equity in loss (earnings) of unconsolidated ventures | 10,311 |  |  | (478 | )
Distributions from unconsolidated ventures from cumulative share of net earnings | 1,365 |  |  | 6,400 |
Amortization of deferred gain | (3,277 | ) |  | (3,279 | )
Amortization of entrance fees | (2,457 | ) |  | (3,111 | )
Proceeds from deferred entrance fee revenue | 4,519 |  |  | 11,327 |
Deferred income tax provision | 48,669 |  |  | 3,804 |
Change in deferred lease liability | (9,204 | ) |  | 2,553 |
Change in fair value of derivatives | 159 |  |  | 28 |
Loss (gain) on sale of assets, net | 1,383 |  |  | (2,126 | )
Loss on facility lease termination | 11,306 |  |  | — |
Non-cash stock-based compensation | 22,547 |  |  | 27,218 |
Non-cash interest expense on financing lease obligations | 13,960 |  |  | 19,728 |
Amortization of (above) below market lease, net | (5,091 | ) |  | (5,165 | )
Other | (4,699 | ) |  | (6,360 | )
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net | 10,765 |  |  | 8,183 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets, net | 23,323 |  |  | (7,338 | )
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | (21,459 | ) |  | (73,892 | )
Tenant refundable fees and security deposits | (232 | ) |  | (693 | )
Deferred revenue | 1,513 |  |  | 11,213 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 283,109 |  |  | 277,281 |
Cash Flows from Investing Activities |  |  |  |  |
Change in lease security deposits and lease acquisition deposits, net | (411 | ) |  | (1,776 | )
Change in cash and escrow deposits — restricted | (6,340 | ) |  | (1,810 | )
Purchase of marketable securities | (246,376 | ) |  | — |
Additions to property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles, net | (140,044 | ) |  | (263,950 | )
Acquisition of assets, net of related payables and cash received | (400 | ) |  | (12,157 | )
Investment in unconsolidated ventures | (187,600 | ) |  | (6,071 | )
Distributions received from unconsolidated ventures | 11,491 |  |  | 4,836 |
Proceeds from sale of assets, net | 34,570 |  |  | 219,471 |
Property insurance proceeds | 4,430 |  |  | 6,360 |
Other | 962 |  |  | 723 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (529,718 | ) |  | (54,374 | )
Cash Flows from Financing Activities |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from debt | 1,293,047 |  |  | 202,132 |
Repayment of debt and capital and financing lease obligations | (958,703 | ) |  | (217,696 | )
Proceeds from line of credit | 100,000 |  |  | 1,276,500 |
Repayment of line of credit | (100,000 | ) |  | (1,486,500 | )
Payment of financing costs, net of related payables | (5,705 | ) |  | (1,414 | )
Proceeds from refundable entrance fees, net of refunds | (2,241 | ) |  | (907 | )
Payment on lease termination | (552 | ) |  | (9,250 | )
Payments of employee taxes for withheld shares | (5,666 | ) |  | (1,435 | )
Other | 1,586 |  |  | 1,818 |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 321,766 |  |  | (236,752 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 75,157 |  |  | (13,845 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 216,397 |  |  | 88,029 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 291,554 |  |  | $ | 74,184 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
6

BROOKDALE SENIOR LIVING INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
1. Description of Business
Brookdale Senior Living Inc. ("Brookdale" or the "Company") is the leading operator of senior living communities throughout the United States. The Company is committed to providing senior living solutions primarily within properties that are designed, purpose-built and operated to provide the highest quality service, care and living accommodations for residents. The Company operates independent living, assisted living and dementia-care communities and continuing care retirement centers ("CCRCs"). Through its ancillary services programs, the Company also offers a range of outpatient therapy, home health and hospice services to residents of many of its communities and to seniors living outside its communities.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") for quarterly reports on Form 10-Q. In the opinion of management, these financial statements include all adjustments necessary to present fairly the financial position, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of September 30, 2017, and for all periods presented. The condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared on the accrual basis of accounting. All adjustments made have been of a normal and recurring nature. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles have been condensed or omitted. The Company believes that the disclosures included are adequate and provide a fair presentation of interim period results. Interim financial statements are not necessarily indicative of the financial position or operating results for an entire year. It is suggested that these interim financial statements be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and the notes thereto, together with management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations, included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 filed with the SEC on February 15, 2017.
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Brookdale and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. Investments in affiliated companies that the Company does not control, but has the ability to exercise significant influence over governance and operation, are accounted for by the equity method. The ownership interest of consolidated entities not wholly-owned by the Company are presented as noncontrolling interests in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Noncontrolling interest represents the share of consolidated entities owned by third parties. Noncontrolling interest is adjusted for the noncontrolling holder's share of additional contributions, distributions and the proportionate share of the net income or loss of each respective entity.
The Company continually evaluates its potential variable interest entity ("VIE") relationships under certain criteria as provided for in Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 810, Consolidation ("ASC 810"). ASC 810 broadly defines a VIE as an entity with one or more of the following characteristics: (a) the total equity investment at risk is insufficient to finance the entity's activities without additional subordinated financial support; (b) as a group, the holders of the equity investment at risk lack (i) the ability to make decisions about the entity's activities through voting or similar rights, (ii) the obligation to absorb the expected losses of the entity, or (iii) the right to receive the expected residual returns of the entity; or (c) the equity investors have voting rights that are not proportional to their economic interests, and substantially all of the entity's activities either involve, or are conducted on behalf of, an investor that has disproportionately few voting rights. The Company performs this analysis on an ongoing basis and consolidates any VIEs for which the Company is determined to be the primary beneficiary, as determined by the Company's power to direct the VIE's activities and the obligation to absorb its losses or the right to receive its benefits, which are potentially significant to the VIE. Refer to Note 13 for more information about the Company's VIE relationships.
7

Revenue Recognition
Resident Fees
Resident fee revenue is recorded when services are rendered and consists of fees for basic housing and certain support services and fees associated with additional services such as assisted living care, skilled nursing care, ancillary services and personalized health services. Residency agreements are generally for a term of 30 days to one year, with resident fees billed monthly in advance. Revenue for certain skilled nursing services and ancillary services is recognized as services are provided, and such fees are billed monthly in arrears.
Management Fees
The Company manages certain communities under contracts which provide periodic management fee payments to the Company. Management fees are generally determined by an agreed upon percentage of gross revenues (as defined) and are recorded monthly. Certain management contracts also provide for an annual incentive fee to be paid to the Company upon achievement of certain metrics identified in the contract. Incentive fee revenue is recorded at the conclusion of the contract year at the amount due pursuant to the contractual arrangements.
Reimbursed Costs Incurred on Behalf of Managed Communities
The Company manages certain communities under contracts which provide periodic management fee payments to the Company plus reimbursements of certain operating expenses. Where the Company is the primary obligor with respect to any such operating expenses, the Company recognizes revenue when the goods have been delivered or the service has been rendered and the Company is due reimbursement. Such revenue is included in "reimbursed costs incurred on behalf of managed communities" on the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The related costs are included in "costs incurred on behalf of managed communities" on the condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Deferred Financing Costs
Third-party fees and costs incurred to obtain long-term debt are recorded as a direct adjustment to the carrying value of debt and amortized on a straight-line basis, which approximates the effective yield method, over the term of the related debt. Unamortized deferred financing fees are written-off if the associated debt is retired before the maturity date. Upon the refinancing of mortgage debt or amendment of the line of credit, unamortized deferred financing fees and additional financing costs incurred are accounted for in accordance with ASC 470-50, Debt Modifications and Extinguishments.
Income Taxes
Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability approach which requires recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the differences between the financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities. A valuation allowance reduces deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
Marketable Securities
Investments in commercial paper instruments with original maturities of greater than three months and remaining maturities of less than one year are classified as marketable securities.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements. The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. Categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels are defined as follows:
Level 1 – Inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.
Level 2 – Inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.
Level 3 – Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.
8

Cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, and cash and escrow deposits – restricted are reflected in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets at amounts considered by management to reasonably approximate fair value due to the short maturity.
The Company estimates the fair value of its debt using a discounted cash flow analysis based upon the Company's current borrowing rate for debt with similar maturities and collateral securing the indebtedness. The Company had outstanding debt (excluding capital and financing lease obligations) with a carrying value of approximately $3.9 billion and $3.6 billion as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. Fair value of the debt approximates carrying value in all periods. The Company's fair value of debt disclosure is classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.
Stock-Based Compensation
The Company follows ASC 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”) in accounting for its share-based payments. This guidance requires measurement of the cost of employee services received in exchange for stock compensation based on the grant-date fair value of the employee stock awards. This cost is recognized as compensation expense ratably over the employee’s requisite service period. Incremental compensation costs arising from subsequent modifications of awards after the grant date are recognized when incurred.
Certain of the Company’s employee stock awards vest only upon the achievement of performance targets. ASC 718 requires recognition of compensation cost only when achievement of performance conditions is considered probable. Consequently, the Company’s determination of the amount of stock compensation expense requires a significant level of judgment in estimating the probability of achievement of these performance targets.
For all share-based awards with graded vesting other than awards with performance-based vesting conditions, the Company records compensation expense for the entire award on a straight-line basis (or, if applicable, on the accelerated method) over the requisite service period. For graded-vesting awards with performance-based vesting conditions, total compensation expense is recognized over the requisite service period for each separately vesting tranche of the award as if the award is, in substance, multiple awards once the performance target is deemed probable of achievement. Performance goals are evaluated quarterly. If such goals are not ultimately met or it is not probable the goals will be achieved, no compensation expense is recognized and any previously recognized compensation expense is reversed.
On January 1, 2017, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-09, Compensation – Stock Compensation: Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting ("ASU 2016-09") and changed its policy from estimating forfeitures to recording forfeitures when they occur. The Company’s adoption of ASU 2016-09 did not have a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements.
Self-Insurance Liability Accruals
The Company is subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of its business. Although the Company maintains general liability and professional liability insurance policies for its owned, leased and managed communities under a master insurance program, the Company's current policies provide for deductibles for each and every claim. As a result, the Company is, in effect, self-insured for claims that are less than the deductible amounts. In addition, the Company maintains a high deductible workers compensation program and a self-insured employee medical program.
The Company reviews the adequacy of its accruals related to these liabilities on an ongoing basis, using historical claims, actuarial valuations, third-party administrator estimates, consultants, advice from legal counsel and industry data, and adjusts accruals periodically. Estimated costs related to these self-insurance programs are accrued based on known claims and projected claims incurred but not yet reported. Subsequent changes in actual experience are monitored, and estimates are updated as information becomes available.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016, the Company reduced its estimate for the amount of expected losses for general liability and professional liability and workers compensation claims, based on recent historical claims experience. The reduction in these accrued reserves decreased facility operating expense by $3.7 million and $9.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, and by $13.9 million and $27.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively.
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Lease Accounting
The Company, as lessee, makes a determination with respect to each of its community leases as to whether each should be accounted for as an operating lease or capital lease. The classification criteria is based on estimates regarding the fair value of the leased community, minimum lease payments, effective cost of funds, the economic life of the community and certain other terms in the lease agreements. In a business combination, the Company assumes the lease classification previously determined by the prior lessee absent a modification, as determined by ASC 840, Leases ("ASC 840"), in the assumed lease agreement. Payments made under operating leases are accounted for in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations as lease expense for actual rent paid plus or minus a straight-line adjustment for estimated minimum lease escalators and amortization of deferred gains in situations where sale-leaseback transactions have occurred.
For capital and financing lease obligation arrangements, a liability is established on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheet representing the present value of the future minimum lease payments and a residual value for financing leases and a corresponding long-term asset is recorded in property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles in the condensed consolidated balance sheet. For capital lease assets, the asset is depreciated over the remaining lease term unless there is a bargain purchase option in which case the asset is depreciated over the useful life. For financing lease assets, the asset is depreciated over the useful life of the asset. Leasehold improvements purchased during the term of the lease are amortized over the shorter of their economic life or the lease term.
All of the Company's leases contain fixed or formula-based rent escalators. To the extent that the escalator increases are tied to a fixed index or rate, lease payments are accounted for on a straight-line basis over the life of the lease. In addition, all rent-free or rent holiday periods are recognized in lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term, including the rent holiday period.
The community leases contain customary terms, which may include assignment and change of control restrictions, maintenance and capital expenditure obligations, termination provisions and financial performance covenants, such as net worth and minimum lease coverage ratios. Failure to comply with these covenants could result in an event of default and/or trigger cross-default provisions in our outstanding debt and other lease documents. Further, an event of default related to an individual property or limited number of properties within a master lease portfolio would result in a default on the entire master lease portfolio and could trigger cross-default provisions in our other outstanding debt and lease documents. Certain leases contain cure provisions generally requiring the posting of an additional lease security deposit if the required covenant is not met.
Sale-leaseback accounting is applied to transactions in which an owned community is sold and leased back from the buyer if certain continuing involvement criteria are met. Under sale-leaseback accounting, the Company removes the community and related liabilities from the condensed consolidated balance sheet. Gain on the sale is deferred and recognized as a reduction of facility lease expense for operating leases and a reduction of interest expense for capital leases.
For leases in which the Company is involved with the construction of a building, the Company accounts for the leases during the construction period under the provisions of ASC 840. If the Company concludes that it has substantively all of the risks of ownership during construction of a leased property and therefore is deemed the owner of the project for accounting purposes, it records an asset and related financing obligation for the amount of total project costs related to construction in progress. Once construction is complete, the Company considers the requirements under ASC Subtopic 840-40. If the arrangement qualifies for sale-leaseback accounting, the Company removes the assets and related liabilities from the condensed consolidated balance sheet. If the arrangement does not qualify for sale-leaseback accounting, the Company continues to amortize the financing obligation and depreciate the assets over the lease term.
New Accounting Pronouncements
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other: Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment ("ASU 2017-04"). ASU 2017-04 removes Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Under ASU 2017-04, if a reporting unit's carrying amount exceeds its fair value, an impairment charge will be recorded based on the difference, with the impairment charge limited to the amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. The Company adopted ASU 2017-04 on a prospective basis on January 1, 2017. The Company applied the adoption of ASU 2017-04 to its goodwill analysis performed in the three months ended September 30, 2017.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01, Business Combinations: Clarifying the Definition of a Business ("ASU 2017-01"). ASU 2017-01 clarifies the definition of a business to assist companies in determining whether transactions should be accounted for as an asset acquisition or a business combination. Under ASU 2017-01, if substantially all of the fair value of the assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets, the set is not a business and the transaction is accounted for as an asset acquisition. Transaction costs associated with asset acquisitions are capitalized while those associated
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with business combinations are expensed as incurred. The amendments are effective on a prospective basis for the Company's fiscal year beginning January 1, 2018 and early adoption is permitted, including within interim periods. Upon adoption, the Company anticipates that the changes to the definition of a business may result in acquisitions of real estate, communities or senior housing operating companies being accounted for as asset acquisitions.
In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows: Restricted Cash, a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force ("ASU 2016-18"). ASU 2016-18 intends to address the diversity in practice that exists in the classification and presentation of changes in restricted cash on the statement of cash flows. The amendments require that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. The amendments are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2017, and early adoption is permitted. Upon adoption, the changes required by ASU 2016-18 must be applied retrospectively to all periods presented. The Company plans to adopt ASU 2016-18 on January 1, 2018. The Company anticipates that the inclusion of the change in cash and escrow deposits restricted within the retrospective presentation of the statements of cash flows will result in a $6.3 million decrease to the amount of net cash used in investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2017.
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows – Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments ("ASU 2016-15"). ASU 2016-15 clarifies how cash receipts and cash payments in certain transactions are presented in the statement of cash flows. Among other clarifications on the classification of certain transactions within the statement of cash flows, the amendments in ASU 2016-15 provide that debt prepayment and debt extinguishment costs will be classified within financing activities within the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-15 is effective for the Company for the fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2017, and early adoption is permitted. The Company plans to adopt ASU 2016-15 on January 1, 2018. Upon adoption, the changes in classification within the statement of cash flows must be applied retrospectively to all periods presented. The Company has identified $11.2 million and $2.9 million of cash paid for debt modification and extinguishment costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, that the Company anticipates will be retrospectively classified as cash flows from financing activities upon adoption of ASU 2016-15. The Company anticipates that the retrospective application will result in an $11.2 million increase to the amount of net cash provided by operating activities and an $11.2 million decrease to the amount of net cash provided by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The Company anticipates that the retrospective application will result in a $2.9 million increase to the amount of net cash provided by operating activities and a $2.9 million increase to the amount of amount net cash used in financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2016.
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments ("ASU 2016-13"). ASU 2016-13 replaces the current incurred loss impairment methodology for credit losses with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. ASU 2016-13 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company is currently evaluating the impact the adoption of ASU 2016-13 will have on its condensed consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, which is intended to simplify the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the accounting for income taxes and forfeitures, as well as the classification of awards and classification on the statement of cash flows. The Company adopted ASU 2016-09 on January 1, 2017 and changed its accounting policy from estimating forfeitures to recording forfeitures when they occur. The Company’s adoption of ASU 2016-09 did not have a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements. There was no current impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 from the adoption of ASU 2016-09 as the Company is in a net operating loss position and any excess tax benefits require a full valuation allowance. See Note 12 for more information about the Company's deferred income taxes. The changes have been applied using a modified retrospective approach in accordance with ASU 2016-09 and prior periods have not been adjusted.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases ("ASU 2016-02"). ASU 2016-02 amends the existing accounting principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases for both lessees and lessors. ASU 2016-02 requires a lessee to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for most leases. Additionally, ASU 2016-02 makes targeted changes to lessor accounting. ASU 2016-02 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018, and early adoption is permitted. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company made cash lease payments of $275.5 million for long-term community leases accounted for as operating leases under ASC 840. The Company anticipates that the adoption of ASU 2016-02 will result in the recognition of material lease liabilities and right-of use assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet for these community operating leases. The Company continues
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to evaluate the impact that the adoption of ASU 2016-02 will have on its condensed consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASU 2014-09"). ASU 2014-09 affects any entity that either enters into contracts with customers to transfer goods or services or enters into contracts for the transfer of nonfinancial assets. The five step model defined by ASU 2014-09 requires the Company to (i) identify the contracts with the customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contact, (iii) determine the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract and (v) recognize revenue when each performance obligation is satisfied. Revenue will be recognized when promised goods or services are transferred to the customer in an amount that reflects the consideration expected in exchange for those goods or services. ASU 2014-09 may be applied retrospectively to each prior period (full retrospective) or retrospectively with the cumulative effect recognized as of the date of initial application (modified retrospective). ASU 2014-09, as amended, is effective for the Company's fiscal year beginning January 1, 2018, and, at that time, the Company expects to adopt the new standard under the modified retrospective approach for contracts with customers. Under the modified retrospective approach, the guidance is applied to the most current period presented, recognizing the cumulative effect of the adoption change as an adjustment to beginning retained earnings. The Company continues to evaluate the impact the adoption of ASU 2014-09 will have on its condensed consolidated financial statements and disclosures. The evaluation includes identifying revenue streams by like contracts to allow for ease of implementation. In addition, the Company is monitoring specific developments for the senior living industry and evaluating potential changes to our business processes, systems and controls to support the recognition and disclosure under the new standard. Preliminary conclusions based upon procedures to-date include the following:

• | Resident Fees: The Company does not anticipate that the adoption of ASU 2014-09 will result in a significant change to the amount and timing of the recognition of resident fee revenue.

• | Management Fees and Reimbursed Costs Incurred on Behalf of Managed Communities: The Company manages certain communities under contracts which provide for payment to the Company of a periodic management fee plus reimbursement of certain operating expenses. The Company does not anticipate that there will be any significant change to the amount and timing of revenue recognized for these periodic management fees. Certain management contracts also provide for an annual incentive fee to be paid to the Company upon achievement of certain metrics identified in the contract. Upon adoption of ASU 2014-09, the Company anticipates that incentive fee revenue may be recognized earlier during the annual contract period. The Company continues to evaluate the performance obligations and assessing the transfer of control for each operating service identified in the contracts, which may impact the amount of revenue recognized for reimbursed costs incurred on behalf of managed communities with no net impact to the amount of income from operations.

• | Equity in Earnings (Loss) of Unconsolidated Ventures: Certain of the Company's unconsolidated ventures accounted for under the equity method have residency agreements which require the resident to pay an upfront entrance fee prior to moving into the community and a portion of the upfront entrance fee is non-refundable. The Company's unconsolidated ventures continue to evaluate the impact of the adoption of ASU 2014-09, which may impact the recognition of equity in earnings of unconsolidated ventures.

Additionally, real estate sales are within the scope of ASU 2014-09, as amended by ASU 2017-05, Other Income – Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets ("ASU 2017-05"). ASU 2017-05 clarifies the scope of subtopic 610-20, Other Income - Gains and Losses from Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets, and adds guidance for partial sales of nonfinancial assets. Under ASU 2014-09 and ASU 2017-05 the income recognition for real estate sales is largely based on the transfer of control versus continuing involvement under the current guidance. As a result, more transactions may qualify as sales of real estate and gains or losses may be recognized sooner. Upon adoption, the Company will apply the five step revenue model to all future sales of real estate. The Company may elect to adopt ASU 2014-09 and ASU 2017-05 for contracts with noncustomers utilizing either a full retrospective approach or a modified retrospective approach. The Company has deferred gains related to sales of real estate which may be recognized as a cumulative adjustment to retained earnings upon adoption if the full retrospective approach is elected for contracts with noncustomers. The Company continues to evaluate the impact the adoption of ASU 2014-09 and ASU 2017-05 will have on its condensed consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
Reclassifications
Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current financial statement presentation, with no effect on the Company's condensed consolidated financial position or results of operations.
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3. Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per share ("EPS") is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. Diluted EPS includes the components of basic EPS and also gives effect to dilutive common stock equivalents. For purposes of calculating basic and diluted earnings per share, vested restricted stock awards are considered outstanding. Under the treasury stock method, diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other instruments that are convertible into common stock were exercised or could result in the issuance of common stock. Potentially dilutive common stock equivalents include unvested restricted stock, restricted stock units and convertible debt instruments and warrants.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016, the Company reported a consolidated net loss. As a result of the net loss, unvested restricted stock, restricted stock units and convertible debt instruments and warrants were antidilutive for each period and were not included in the computation of diluted weighted average shares. The weighted average restricted stock and restricted stock units excluded from the calculations of diluted net loss per share were 5.3 million for each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, and 4.7 million and 4.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively.
The calculation of diluted weighted average shares excludes the impact of conversion of the outstanding principal amount of $316.3 million of the Company's 2.75% convertible senior notes due June 15, 2018. As of September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016, the maximum number of shares issuable upon conversion of the notes is approximately 13.8 million (after giving effect to additional make-whole shares issuable upon conversion in connection with the occurrence of certain events); however it is the Company's current intent and policy to settle the principal amount of the notes in cash upon conversion. The maximum number of shares issuable upon conversion of the notes in excess of the amount of principal that would be settled in cash is approximately 3.0 million. In addition, the calculation of diluted weighted average shares excludes the impact of the exercise of warrants to acquire the Company's common stock. As of September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016, the number of shares issuable upon exercise of the warrants was approximately 10.8 million.
4. Acquisitions, Dispositions and Other Significant Transactions
The Company completed dispositions, through sales and lease terminations, of 139 communities during the period from January 1, 2016 through September 30, 2017, including three communities disposed of prior to June 30, 2016. The Company's condensed consolidated financial statements include resident fee revenue of $4.0 million and $115.1 million, facility operating expenses of $3.3 million and $87.4 million, and cash lease payments of $0.9 million and $27.5 million for the 136 communities for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016, respectively. The Company's condensed consolidated financial statements include resident fee revenue of $96.6 million and $361.1 million, facility operating expenses of $74.4 million and $272.6 million, and cash lease payments of $26.8 million and $82.4 million for the 139 communities for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016, respectively.
The foregoing transactions, and the Company's assets held for sale as of September 30, 2017, are described below.
Dispositions and Restructurings of Communities Leased from HCP
On November 1, 2016, the Company announced that it had entered into agreements to, among other things, terminate triple-net leases with respect to 97 communities, four of which were contributed to an existing unconsolidated venture in which the Company holds an equity interest and 64 of which were acquired by the Blackstone Venture described below. In addition to the formation of the Blackstone Venture, the transactions included the following components with respect to 33 communities:

• | The Company and HCP, Inc. ("HCP") agreed to terminate triple-net leases with respect to eight communities. HCP agreed to contribute immediately thereafter four of such communities, to an existing unconsolidated venture with HCP in which the Company has a 10% equity interest. During the three months ended December 31, 2016, the triple-net leases with respect to seven communities were terminated and HCP contributed four of the communities to the existing unconsolidated venture. The triple-net lease with respect to the remaining community was terminated during January 2017. The results of operations of the eight communities are reported in the following segments within the condensed consolidated financial statements through the respective disposition dates: Assisted Living (six communities), Retirement Centers (one community) and CCRCs-Rental (one community).

• | The Company and HCP agreed to terminate triple-net leases with respect to 25 communities. During the three months ended September 30, 2017, the triple-net leases with respect to two communities were terminated. The Company’s triple net lease obligations with respect to the remaining 23 communities either have been terminated, or are expected to be terminated, during the three months ended December 31, 2017. Following the termination of the Company’s triple net

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lease obligations for these communities, the Company will continue to operate certain of these communities on an interim basis, and such communities will be reported in the Management Services segment from and after termination of such triple net lease obligations. The Company's condensed consolidated financial statements include resident fee revenue of $18.0 million and $18.1 million, facility operating expenses of $14.8 million and $14.6 million, and cash lease payments of $2.6 million and $4.9 million for the 25 communities for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016, respectively. The Company's condensed consolidated financial statements include resident fee revenue of $54.9 million and $54.6 million, facility operating expenses of $44.7 million and $44.0 million, and cash lease payments of $8.1 million and $14.7 million for the 25 communities for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016, respectively.
Formation of Venture with Blackstone
On March 29, 2017, the Company and affiliates of Blackstone Real Estate Advisors VIII L.P. (collectively, "Blackstone") formed a venture (the “Blackstone Venture”) that acquired 64 senior housing communities for a purchase price of $1.1 billion. The Company had previously leased the 64 communities from HCP under long-term lease agreements with a remaining average lease term of approximately 12 years. At the closing, the Blackstone Venture purchased the 64-community portfolio from HCP subject to the existing leases, and the Company contributed its leasehold interests for 62 communities and a total of $179.2 million in cash to purchase a 15% equity interest in the Blackstone Venture, terminate leases, and fund its share of closing costs. As of the formation date, the Company continued to operate two of the communities under lease agreements and began managing 60 of the communities on behalf of the venture under a management agreement with the venture. The two remaining leases will be terminated, pending certain regulatory and other conditions, at which point the Company will manage the communities; however, there can be no assurance that the terminations will occur or, if they do, when the actual terminations will occur. Two of the communities are managed by a third party for the venture.
The results and financial position of the 62 communities for which leases were terminated were deconsolidated from the Company prospectively upon formation of the Blackstone Venture. The results of operations of the 62 communities for which leases were terminated were reported in the following segments within the condensed consolidated financial statements through the formation date: Assisted Living (47 communities), Retirement Centers (eight communities) and CCRCs-Rental (seven communities). The Company's interest in the venture is accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Under the terms of the venture agreement, the Company may be entitled to distributions which are less than or in excess of the Company's 15% equity interest based upon specified performance criteria.
Initially, the Company determined that the contributed carrying value of the Company's investment was $66.8 million, representing the amount by which the $179.2 million cash contribution exceeded the carrying value of the Company's liabilities under operating, capital and financing leases contributed by the Company net of the carrying value of the assets under such operating, capital and financing leases. However, the Company estimated the fair value of its 15% equity interest in the Blackstone Venture at inception to be $47.1 million. As a result, the Company recorded a $19.7 million charge within asset impairment expense for the three months ended March 31, 2017 for the amount of the contributed carrying value in excess of the estimated fair value of the Company's investment.
Additionally, these transactions related to the Blackstone Venture required the Company to record a significant increase to the Company's existing tax valuation allowance, after considering the change in the Company's future reversal of estimated timing differences resulting from these transactions, primarily due to removing the deferred positions related to the contributed leases. During the three months ended March, 31, 2017, the Company recorded a provision for income taxes to establish an additional $85.0 million of valuation allowance against its federal and state net operating loss carryforwards and tax credits as the Company anticipates these carryforwards and credits will not be utilized prior to expiration. See Note 12 for more information about the Company's deferred income taxes.
Dispositions of Owned Communities and Assets Held for Sale
The Company began 2017 with 16 of its owned communities classified as held for sale as of December 31, 2016. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company completed the sale of three communities, and during the three months ended September 30, 2017, the Company entered into an agreement to sell an additional community, which is classified as held for sale as of September 30, 2017. As of September 30, 2017, 15 communities were classified as held for sale.
As of September 30, 2017, $106.4 million was recorded as assets held for sale and $50.4 million of mortgage debt was included in the current portion of long-term debt within the condensed consolidated balance sheet with respect to the 15 communities held for sale. This debt will either be repaid with the proceeds from the sales or be assumed by the prospective purchasers. The results of operations of the 15 communities are reported in the following segments within the condensed consolidated financial statements:
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Assisted Living (12 communities) and CCRCs-Rental (three communities). The 15 communities had resident fee revenue of $12.2 million and $12.8 million and facility operating expenses of $10.9 million and $11.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016, respectively. The 15 communities had resident fee revenue of $37.6 million and $39.0 million and facility operating expenses of $33.2 million and $33.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016, respectively.
The closings of the sales of the unsold communities classified as held for sale are subject to receipt of regulatory approvals and satisfaction of other customary closing conditions and are expected to occur during the next 12 months; however, there can be no assurance that the transactions will close or, if they do, when the actual closings will occur.
Other Lease Terminations
During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company terminated leases for 14 communities otherwise than in connection with the transactions with Blackstone and HCP described above. The Company recognized $4.9 million and $11.3 million net loss on facility lease termination for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, primarily from the write-off of assets subject to terminated lease agreements. The results of operations of the 14 communities are reported in the following segments with the condensed consolidated financial statements through the respective termination dates: Retirement Centers (one community), Assisted Living (12 communities), and CCRCs-Rental (one community).
5. Stock-Based Compensation
Current year grants of restricted stock under the Company's 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan were as follows (amounts in thousands except for value per share):

| Shares Granted |  | Value Per Share |  | Total Value
Three months ended March 31, 2017 | 2,392 |  |  | $ | 14.84 |  |  | $ | 35,497 |
Three months ended June 30, 2017 | 71 |  |  | $ | 13.11 |  |  | $ | 937 |
Three months ended September 30, 2017 | 67 |  |  | $ | 13.19 |  |  | $ | 889 |

6. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, Net
The following is a summary of the carrying amount of goodwill as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 presented on an operating segment basis (in thousands):

| September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
| Gross Carrying Amount |  | Dispositions and Other Reductions |  | Net |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Dispositions and Other Reductions |  | Net
Retirement Centers | $ | 28,141 |  |  | $ | (820 | ) |  | $ | 27,321 |  |  | $ | 28,141 |  |  | $ | (820 | ) |  | $ | 27,321 |
Assisted Living | 605,469 |  |  | (253,817 | ) |  | 351,652 |  |  | 600,162 |  |  | (48,817 | ) |  | 551,345 |
Brookdale Ancillary Services | 126,810 |  |  | — |  |  | 126,810 |  |  | 126,810 |  |  | — |  |  | 126,810 |
Total | $ | 760,420 |  |  | $ | (254,637 | ) |  | $ | 505,783 |  |  | $ | 755,113 |  |  | $ | (49,637 | ) |  | $ | 705,476 |

The Company follows ASC 350, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, and tests goodwill for impairment annually during the fourth quarter or whenever indicators of impairment arise. Factors the Company considers important in its analysis of whether an indicator of impairment exists include a significant decline in the Company's stock price or market capitalization for a sustained period since the last testing date, significant underperformance relative to historical or projected future operating results and significant negative industry or economic trends. The Company first assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test. The quantitative goodwill impairment test is based upon a comparison of the estimated fair value of the reporting unit to which the goodwill has been assigned with the reporting unit's carrying value. The Company is not required to calculate the fair value of a reporting unit unless the Company determines, based on a qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that its fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. The fair values used in the quantitative goodwill impairment test are estimated based upon discounted future cash flow projections for the reporting unit. These cash flow projections are based upon a number of estimates and assumptions such as revenue and expense growth rates, capitalization rates and discount rates. If the quantitative goodwill impairment test results in a reporting unit's carrying amount exceeding its estimated fair value, an impairment charge will be recorded based on the difference in accordance with ASU 2017-04, with the impairment charge limited to the amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit.
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During the third quarter of 2017, the Company identified qualitative indicators of impairment, including a significant decline in the Company's stock price and market capitalization for a sustained period since the last testing date, significant underperformance relative to historical and projected operating results, and an increased competitive environment in the senior living industry. Based upon the Company's qualitative assessment, the Company performed a quantitative goodwill impairment test as of September 30, 2017, which included a comparison of the estimated fair value of each reporting unit to which the goodwill has been assigned with the reporting unit's carrying value.
In estimating the fair value of the reporting units for purposes of the quantitative goodwill impairment test, the Company utilized an income approach, which included future cash flow projections that are developed internally. Any estimates of future cash flow projections necessarily involve predicting unknown future circumstances and events and require significant management judgments and estimates. In arriving at the cash flow projections, the Company considered its historic operating results, approved budgets and business plans, future demographic factors, expected growth rates, and other factors. In using the income approach to estimate the fair value of reporting units for purposes of its goodwill impairment test, the Company made certain key assumptions. Those assumptions include future revenues, facility operating expenses, and cash flows, including sales proceeds that the Company would receive upon a sale of the communities using estimated capitalization rates, all of which are considered Level 3 inputs in accordance with ASC 820. The Company corroborated the estimated capitalization rates used in these calculations with capitalization rates observable from recent market transactions. Future cash flows are discounted at a rate that is consistent with a weighted average cost of capital from a market participant perspective. The weighted average cost of capital is an estimate of the overall after-tax rate of return required by equity and debt holders of a business enterprise.
Based on the results of the Company's quantitative goodwill impairment test, the Company determined that the carrying amount of the Company's Assisted Living reporting unit exceeded its estimated fair value by $205.0 million as of September 30, 2017. As a result, the Company recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $205.0 million to goodwill recorded on the Assisted Living operating segment for the three months ended September 30, 2017. Based on the results of the Company's quantitative goodwill impairment test, the Company determined that the estimated fair value of both the Company's Retirement Centers and Brookdale Ancillary Services reporting units exceeded their respective carrying values as of September 30, 2017.
Determining the fair value of the Company’s reporting units involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions, which the Company believes to be reasonable, that are unpredictable and inherently uncertain. These estimates and assumptions include revenue growth rates and operating margins used to calculate projected future cash flows and risk-adjusted discount rates. Future events may indicate differences from management's current judgments and estimates which could, in turn, result in future impairments. Future events that may result in impairment charges include increases in interest rates, which could impact capitalization and discount rates, differences in the projected occupancy rates and changes in the cost structure of existing communities. Significant adverse changes in the Company’s future revenues and/or operating margins, significant changes in the market for senior housing or the valuation of the real estate of senior living communities, as well as other events and circumstances, including but not limited to increased competition and changing economic or market conditions, including market control premiums, could result in changes in fair value and the determination that additional goodwill is impaired.
The following is a summary of other intangible assets as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 (in thousands):

| September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
| Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net
Community purchase options | $ | 4,738 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,738 |  |  | $ | 4,738 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,738 |
Health care licenses | 51,825 |  |  | — |  |  | 51,825 |  |  | 65,126 |  |  | — |  |  | 65,126 |
Trade names | 27,800 |  |  | (23,070 | ) |  | 4,730 |  |  | 27,800 |  |  | (21,135 | ) |  | 6,665 |
Management contracts | 13,531 |  |  | (9,947 | ) |  | 3,584 |  |  | 13,531 |  |  | (7,053 | ) |  | 6,478 |
Total | $ | 97,894 |  |  | $ | (33,017 | ) |  | $ | 64,877 |  |  | $ | 111,195 |  |  | $ | (28,188 | ) |  | $ | 83,007 |

Amortization expense related to definite-lived intangible assets for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016 was $0.9 million and $1.5 million, respectively, and for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016 was $4.8 million and $8.3 million, respectively. The community purchase options are not currently amortized, but will be added to the cost basis of the related communities if the option is exercised, and will then be depreciated over the estimated useful life of the community.
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Indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment annually during the fourth quarter or whenever indicators of impairment arise. The impairment test consists of a comparison of the estimated fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset with its carrying value. If the carrying amount exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized for that difference. Health care licenses were determined to be indefinite-lived intangible assets and are not subject to amortization.
During the third quarter of 2017, the Company identified indicators of impairment for the Company’s home health care licenses in Florida, including significant underperformance relative to historical and projected operating results, decreases in reimbursement rates from Medicare for home health care services, an increased competitive environment in the home health care industry, and disruption from the impact of Hurricane Irma. The Company performed a quantitative impairment test as of September 30, 2017, which included a comparison of the estimated fair value of the Company’s home health care licenses to the carrying value. In estimating the fair value of the home health licenses for purposes of the quantitative impairment test, the Company utilized an income approach, which included future cash flow projections that are developed internally. Any estimates of future cash flow projections necessarily involve predicting unknown future circumstances and events and require significant management judgments and estimates. In arriving at the cash flow projections, the Company considered its historic operating results, approved budgets and business plans, future demographic factors, expected growth rates, and other factors, all of which are considered Level 3 inputs in accordance with ASC 820.
Based on the results of the Company's quantitative impairment test, the Company determined that the carrying amount of certain of the Company's home health care licenses in Florida exceeded their estimated fair value by $13.7 million as of September 30, 2017. As a result, the Company recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $13.7 million to intangible assets within the Brookdale Ancillary Services segment for the three months ended September 30, 2017.
7. Property, Plant and Equipment and Leasehold Intangibles, Net
As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, net property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles, which include assets under capital and financing leases, consisted of the following (in thousands):

| September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
Land | $ | 449,295 |  |  | $ | 455,307 |
Buildings and improvements | 4,911,597 |  |  | 5,053,204 |
Leasehold improvements | 126,185 |  |  | 126,325 |
Furniture and equipment | 995,975 |  |  | 974,516 |
Resident and leasehold operating intangibles | 609,518 |  |  | 705,000 |
Construction in progress | 52,003 |  |  | 69,803 |
Assets under capital and financing leases | 2,038,476 |  |  | 2,879,996 |
| 9,183,049 |  |  | 10,264,151 |
Accumulated depreciation and amortization | (3,002,673 | ) |  | (2,884,846 | )
Property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles, net | $ | 6,180,376 |  |  | $ | 7,379,305 |

Long-lived assets with definite useful lives are depreciated or amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives (or, in certain cases, the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the lease term) and are tested for impairment whenever indicators of impairment arise. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company evaluated property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles for impairment and identified properties with a carrying amount of the assets in excess of the estimated future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the assets. The Company compared the estimated fair value of the assets to their carrying value for these identified properties and recorded an impairment charge for the excess of carrying value over fair value. The Company recorded property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles non-cash impairment charges in its operating results of $149.9 million and $152.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. The non-cash impairment charges reduced the carrying values of assets within the Assisted Living, CCRCs - Rental, and Retirement Centers segments by $133.7 million, $16.2 million, and $2.5 million, respectively. The fair values of the property, plant and equipment of these communities were determined utilizing a direct capitalization method considering stabilized facility operating income and market capitalization rates. These fair value measurements are considered Level 3 measurements within the fair value hierarchy. The range of capitalization rates utilized was 6.5% to 9.0%, depending upon the property type, geographical location, and the quality of the respective community. The Company corroborated the estimated fair values with a sales comparison approach with information observable from recent market transactions. These impairment charges are primarily due to lower than expected
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operating performance at these properties and reflect the amount by which the carrying values of the assets exceeded their estimated fair value.
8. Debt
Long-term Debt and Capital and Financing Lease Obligations
Long-term debt and capital and financing lease obligations consist of the following (in thousands):

| September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
Mortgage notes payable due 2017 through 2047; weighted average interest rate of 4.58% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, less debt discount and deferred financing costs of $15.6 million and $4.5 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively (weighted average interest rate of 4.50% in 2016) | $ | 3,550,927 |  |  | $ | 3,184,229 |
Capital and financing lease obligations payable through 2032; weighted average interest rate of 7.95% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 (weighted average interest rate of 8.08% in 2016) | 1,577,589 |  |  | 2,485,520 |
Convertible notes payable in aggregate principal amount of $316.3 million, less debt discount and deferred financing costs of $10.1 million and $20.9 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, interest at 2.75% per annum, due June 15, 2018 | 306,145 |  |  | 295,397 |
Construction financing (weighted average interest rate of 8.00% in 2016) | — |  |  | 3,644 |
Notes payable issued to finance insurance premiums, weighted average interest rate of 2.94% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, due 2017 | 4,347 |  |  | — |
Other notes payable, weighted average interest rate of 5.80% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 (weighted average interest rate of 5.33% in 2016) and maturity dates ranging from 2018 to 2021 | 76,359 |  |  | 76,377 |
Total long-term debt and capital and financing lease obligations | 5,515,367 |  |  | 6,045,167 |
Less current portion | 646,504 |  |  | 215,255 |
Total long-term debt and capital and financing lease obligations, less current portion | $ | 4,868,863 |  |  | $ | 5,829,912 |

Credit Facilities
On December 19, 2014, the Company entered into a Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement with General Electric Capital Corporation (which has since assigned its interest to Capital One Financial Corporation), as administrative agent, lender and swingline lender, and the other lenders from time to time parties thereto. The agreement currently provides for a total commitment amount of $400.0 million, comprised of a $400.0 million revolving credit facility (with a $50.0 million sublimit for letters of credit and a $50.0 million swingline feature to permit same day borrowing) and an option to increase the revolving credit facility by an additional $250.0 million, subject to obtaining commitments for the amount of such increase from acceptable lenders. The maturity date is January 3, 2020, and amounts drawn under the facility bear interest at 90-day LIBOR plus an applicable margin from a range of 2.50% to 3.50%. The applicable margin varies based on the percentage of the total commitment drawn, with a 2.50% margin at utilization equal to or lower than 35%, a 3.25% margin at utilization greater than 35% but less than or equal to 50%, and a 3.50% margin at utilization greater than 50%. The quarterly commitment fee on the unused portion of the facility is 0.25% per annum when the outstanding amount of obligations (including revolving credit, swingline and term loans and letter of credit obligations) is greater than or equal to 50% of the total commitment amount or 0.35% per annum when such outstanding amount is less than 50% of the total commitment amount.
Amounts drawn on the facility may be used to finance acquisitions, fund working capital and capital expenditures and for other general corporate purposes.
The facility is secured by a first priority mortgage on certain of the Company's communities. In addition, the agreement permits the Company to pledge the equity interests in subsidiaries that own other communities (rather than mortgaging such communities), provided that loan availability from pledged assets cannot exceed 10% of loan availability from mortgaged assets. The availability under the line will vary from time to time as it is based on borrowing base calculations related to the appraised value and performance of the communities securing the facility.
The agreement contains typical affirmative and negative covenants, including financial covenants with respect to minimum consolidated fixed charge coverage and minimum consolidated tangible net worth. A violation of any of these covenants could
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result in a default under the credit agreement, which would result in termination of all commitments under the agreement and all amounts owing under the agreement becoming immediately due and payable and/or could trigger cross default provisions in our other outstanding debt and lease agreements.
As of September 30, 2017, no borrowings were outstanding on the revolving credit facility and $38.5 million of letters of credit were outstanding under this credit facility. The Company also had separate letter of credit facilities of up to $64.5 million in the aggregate as of September 30, 2017. Letters of credit totaling $64.4 million had been issued under these separate facilities as of September 30, 2017.
2017 Financings
In June 2017, the Company obtained a $54.7 million non-recourse addition and borrow-up loan, secured by first mortgages on seven communities. The loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 4.69% and matures on March 1, 2022. Proceeds from the loan added to the Company's liquidity.
In July 2017, the Company completed the refinancing of two existing loan portfolios secured by the non-recourse first mortgages on 22 communities. The $221.3 million of proceeds from the refinancing were primarily utilized to repay $188.1 million and $13.6 million of mortgage debt maturing in April 2018 and January 2021, respectively. The mortgage facility has a 10 year term, and 70% of the principal amount bears interest at a fixed rate of 4.81% and the remaining 30% of the principal amount bears interest at a variable rate of 30-day LIBOR plus a margin of 244 basis points.
In August 2017, the Company obtained $975.0 million of debt secured by the non-recourse first mortgages on 51 communities. Sixty percent of the principal amount bears interest at a fixed rate, with one half of such amount bearing interest at 4.43% and maturing in 2024 and the other one half bearing interest at 4.47% and maturing in 2027. Forty percent of the principal amount bears interest at a variable rate equal to the 30-day LIBOR plus a margin of 241.5 basis points and matures in 2027. The $975.0 million of proceeds from the refinancing were primarily utilized to repay $389.9 million and $228.9 million of outstanding mortgage debt scheduled to mature in August 2018 and May 2023, respectively. The net proceeds from the refinancing activity added to the Company's liquidity.
The Company plans to repay debt maturing in the upcoming year, including the $316.3 million outstanding principal amount of convertible senior notes due June 15, 2018, through current liquidity, future operating cash flows, and normal-course refinancings.
Convertible Debt
In June 2011, the Company completed a registered offering of $316.3 million aggregate principal amount of 2.75% convertible senior notes due June 15, 2018 (the "Notes"). As of September 30, 2017, the $306.1 million carrying value of the Notes was included in the current portion of long-term debt within the condensed consolidated balance sheet. It is the Company’s current intent and policy to settle the principal amount of the Notes (or, if less, the amount of the conversion obligation) in cash upon conversion.
As of September 30, 2017, the Company is in compliance with the financial covenants of its outstanding debt and lease agreements.
9. Litigation
The Company has been and is currently involved in litigation and claims, including putative class action claims from time to time, incidental to the conduct of its business which are generally comparable to other companies in the senior living industry. Certain claims and lawsuits allege large damage amounts and may require significant costs to defend and resolve. As a result, the Company maintains general liability and professional liability insurance policies in amounts and with coverage and deductibles the Company believes are adequate, based on the nature and risks of its business, historical experience and industry standards. The Company's current policies provide for deductibles for each claim. Accordingly, the Company is, in effect, self-insured for claims that are less than the deductible amounts and for claims or portions of claims that are not covered by such policies.
Similarly, the senior living industry is continuously subject to scrutiny by governmental regulators, which could result in litigation related to regulatory compliance matters. In addition, as a result of the Company's participation in the Medicare and Medicaid programs, the Company is subject to various governmental reviews, audits and investigations, including but not limited to audits under various government programs, such as the Recovery Act Contractors (RAC) and Zone Program Integrity Contractors (ZPIC) programs. The costs to respond to and defend such reviews, audits and investigations may be significant, and an adverse determination could result in the Company's refunding amounts the Company has been paid under such programs, the imposition
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of fines, penalties and other sanctions (including payment suspensions) on the Company, the Company's loss of its right to participate in government reimbursement programs and/or damage to the Company's business and reputation.
10. Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands) | 2017 |  | 2016
Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information: |  |  |
Interest paid | $ | 223,929 |  |  | $ | 260,504 |
Income taxes paid, net of refunds | $ | 1,595 |  |  | $ | 2,195 |
Additions to property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles, net: |  |  |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles, net | $ | 139,734 |  |  | $ | 230,837 |
Accounts payable | 310 |  |  | 33,113 |
Net cash paid | $ | 140,044 |  |  | $ | 263,950 |
Acquisition of assets, net of related payables: |  |  |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles, net | $ | — |  |  | $ | 19,457 |
Other intangible assets, net | 400 |  |  | (7,300 | )
Net cash paid | $ | 400 |  |  | $ | 12,157 |
Proceeds from sale of assets, net: |  |  |  |  |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | $ | (14,387 | ) |  | $ | (1,036 | )
Assets held for sale | (20,952 | ) |  | (218,343 | )
Property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles, net | (19,184 | ) |  | — |
Investments in unconsolidated ventures | (26,301 | ) |  | — |
Long-term debt | 7,552 |  |  | — |
Capital and financing lease obligations | 7,646 |  |  | — |
Refundable entrance fees and deferred revenue | 30,771 |  |  | — |
Other liabilities | 39 |  |  | 2,034 |
Loss (gain) on sale of assets, net | 1,408 |  |  | — |
(Gain) loss on lease termination | (1,162 | ) |  | (2,126 | )
Net cash received | $ | (34,570 | ) |  | $ | (219,471 | )
Formation of the Blackstone Venture: |  |  |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | $ | (8,173 | ) |  | $ | — |
Property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles, net | (768,897 | ) |  | — |
Investments in unconsolidated ventures | 66,816 |  |  | — |
Capital and financing lease obligations | 879,959 |  |  | — |
Deferred liabilities | 7,504 |  |  | — |
Other liabilities | 1,998 |  |  | — |
Net cash paid | $ | 179,207 |  |  | $ | — |
Supplemental Schedule of Non-cash Operating, Investing and Financing Activities: |  |  |  |  |
Assets designated as held for sale: |  |  |  |  |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | $ | 199 |  |  | $ | (2,130 | )
Assets held for sale | (29,544 | ) |  | 280,604 |
Property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles, net | 29,345 |  |  | (261,639 | )
Goodwill | — |  |  | (28,568 | )
Asset impairment | — |  |  | 11,733 |
Net | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

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11. Facility Operating Leases
A summary of facility lease expense and the impact of straight-line adjustment and amortization of (above) below market rents and deferred gains are as follows (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Cash basis payment | $ | 90,303 |  |  | $ | 96,170 |  |  | $ | 275,506 |  |  | $ | 287,781 |
Straight-line (income) expense | (3,078 | ) |  | (859 | ) |  | (9,204 | ) |  | 2,553 |
Amortization of (above) below market lease, net | (1,697 | ) |  | (1,699 | ) |  | (5,091 | ) |  | (5,165 | )
Amortization of deferred gain | (1,091 | ) |  | (1,093 | ) |  | (3,277 | ) |  | (3,279 | )
Facility lease expense | $ | 84,437 |  |  | $ | 92,519 |  |  | $ | 257,934 |  |  | $ | 281,890 |

12. Income Taxes
The difference between the tax statutory rate and the Company's effective tax rates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016 was primarily due to the impact of the change in income tax valuation allowance in each period and the non-deductibility for income tax purposes of the goodwill impairment charge in 2017.
The valuation allowance during the three months ended September 30, 2017 reflects an additional allowance of $59.6 million established against the current period operating loss and is reflective of the Company's quarterly calculation of the reversal of existing tax assets and liabilities and the impact of the Company's acquisitions, dispositions, and other significant transactions.
The increase in the valuation allowance during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 is comprised of multiple components. The increase includes $85.0 million related to the removal of future timing differences as a result of the formation of the Blackstone Venture and termination of leases associated therewith. In addition, the Company increased its valuation allowance by $48.5 million upon the adoption of ASU 2016-09. The $48.5 million offsets the increase to the Company's net operating loss carryforward position previously reflected in an additional paid-in capital pool, and accordingly, does not impact the current period income tax position. The remaining change of approximately $86.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 reflects the allowance established against the current period operating loss.
The Company recorded an aggregate deferred federal, state and local tax benefit of $91.3 million and $123.0 million as a result of the operating loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, which was offset by an increase in the valuation allowance of $59.6 million and $86.6 million, respectively. The excess of the deferred federal, state and local tax benefit over the increase in the valuation allowance for the three months ended September 30, 2017 is the result of the anticipated reversal of future tax liabilities offset by future tax deductions. In addition, the Company wrote down a deferred tax liability relating to an indefinite life intangible that was established in purchase accounting. The Company recorded an aggregate deferred federal, state, and local tax benefit of $18.9 million and $37.5 million as a result of the operating loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, which was offset by an increase in the valuation allowance of $22.3 million and $39.5 million, respectively.
The Company evaluates its deferred tax assets each quarter to determine if a valuation allowance is required based on whether it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax asset would not be realized. The Company's valuation allowance as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 is $484.5 million and $264.3 million, respectively.
The Company recorded interest charges related to its tax contingency reserve for cash tax positions for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016 which are included in income tax expense or benefit for the period. Tax returns for years 2012 through 2016 are subject to future examination by tax authorities. In addition, the net operating losses from prior years are subject to adjustment under examination.
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13. Variable Interest Entities
As of September 30, 2017, the Company has equity interests in unconsolidated VIEs. The Company has determined that it does not have the power to direct the activities of the VIEs that most significantly impact the VIEs' economic performance and is not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs in accordance with ASC 810. The Company's interests in the VIEs are, therefore, accounted for under the equity method of accounting.
The Company holds a 51% equity interest, and HCP owns a 49% interest, in a venture that owns and operates entry fee CCRCs (the "CCRC Venture"). The CCRC Venture's opco has been identified as a VIE. The equity members of the CCRC Venture's opco share certain operating rights, and the Company acts as manager to the CCRC Venture opco. However, the Company does not consolidate this VIE because it does not have the ability to control the activities that most significantly impact this VIE's economic performance. The assets of the CCRC Venture opco primarily consist of the CCRCs that it owns and leases, resident fees receivable, notes receivable and cash and cash equivalents. The obligations of the CCRC Venture opco primarily consist of community lease obligations, mortgage debt, accounts payable, accrued expenses and refundable entrance fees.
The Company holds an equity ownership interest in each of the propco and opco of three ventures ("RIDEA Ventures") that operate senior housing communities in a RIDEA structure. As of September 30, 2017, the Company's equity ownership interest is 10% for each of the RIDEA Ventures. The RIDEA Ventures have been identified as VIEs. The equity members of the RIDEA Ventures share certain operating rights, and the Company acts as manager to the opcos of the RIDEA Ventures. However, the Company does not consolidate these VIEs because it does not have the ability to control the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of these VIEs. The assets of the RIDEA Ventures primarily consist of the senior housing communities that the RIDEA Ventures own, resident fees receivable, and cash and cash equivalents. The obligations of the RIDEA Ventures primarily consist of notes payable, accounts payable and accrued expenses.
The Company holds a 15% equity ownership interest in the Blackstone Venture. The Blackstone Venture has been identified as a VIE due to the Company lacking substantive participation rights in the management of the venture and the Company lacking kick-out rights over the managing member. The equity members of the Blackstone Venture share certain operating rights and the Company acts as manager to 60 communities owned by the Blackstone Venture. However, the Company does not consolidate this VIE because it does not have the ability to control the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE. The assets of the Blackstone Venture primarily consist of senior housing communities, resident fees receivable and cash and cash equivalents. The obligations of the Blackstone Venture primarily consist of long-term mortgage debt, accounts payable and accrued expenses. In addition to $636.2 million of long-term mortgage debt, the Blackstone Venture initially obtained $66.8 million of mortgage debt that was payable in 2017. In the event that refinancing proceeds for the $66.8 million of mortgage debt were insufficient to repay the debt principal amount, the Company may have been required to lend the amount of the shortfall, up to $12.0 million, to the Blackstone Venture. In June 2017, the Blackstone Venture completed the refinancing of the $66.8 million mortgage debt payable in 2017 and the Company was not required to lend any amounts to the Blackstone Venture. As of September 30, 2017, the Company leases two communities from the Blackstone Venture with annual lease payments of approximately $2.5 million. Under the terms of the lease agreements, the Company may be required to purchase the two leased communities for an amount equal to the greater of the fair market value of the communities or $33.8 million if there is an event of default under the lease agreement. See Note 4 for more information about the Company's entry into the Blackstone Venture.
The carrying value and classification of the related assets, liabilities and maximum exposure to loss as a result of the Company's involvement with these VIEs are summarized below as of September 30, 2017 (in millions):

VIE Type | Asset Type | Maximum Exposure to Loss |  | Carrying Amount
CCRC Venture opco | Investment in unconsolidated ventures | $ | 47.2 |  |  | $ | 47.2 |
RIDEA Ventures | Investment in unconsolidated ventures | $ | 73.9 |  |  | $ | 73.9 |
Blackstone Venture | Investment in unconsolidated ventures | $ | 40.4 |  |  | $ | 40.4 |

As of September 30, 2017, the Company is not required to provide financial support, through a liquidity arrangement or otherwise, to its unconsolidated VIEs.
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14. Segment Information
As of September 30, 2017, the Company has five reportable segments: Retirement Centers; Assisted Living; CCRCs-Rental; Brookdale Ancillary Services; and Management Services. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise that engage in business activities from which it may earn revenues and incur expenses; for which separate financial information is available; and whose operating results are regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker to assess the performance of the individual segment and make decisions about resources to be allocated to the segment.
During the three months ended March 31, 2017, one community moved from the CCRCs-Rental segment to the Retirement Centers segment to more accurately reflect the underlying product offering of the community in the current period given changes to the community. The movement did not change the Company's reportable segments, but it did impact the revenues, expenses and assets reported within the two segments. Revenue and expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and total assets for the period ended December 31, 2016 have not been recast.
Retirement Centers. The Company's Retirement Centers segment includes owned or leased communities that are primarily designed for middle to upper income seniors generally age 75 and older who desire an upscale residential environment providing the highest quality of service. The majority of the Company's retirement center communities consist of both independent living and assisted living units in a single community, which allows residents to "age-in-place" by providing them with a continuum of senior independent and assisted living services.
Assisted Living. The Company's Assisted Living segment includes owned or leased communities that offer housing and 24-hour assistance with activities of daily life to mid-acuity frail and elderly residents. Assisted living communities include both freestanding, multi-story communities and freestanding single story communities. The Company also operates memory care communities, which are freestanding assisted living communities specially designed for residents with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias.
CCRCs-Rental. The Company's CCRCs-Rental segment includes large owned or leased communities that offer a variety of living arrangements and services to accommodate all levels of physical ability and health. Most of the Company's CCRCs have independent living, assisted living and skilled nursing available on one campus or within the immediate market, and some also include memory care and Alzheimer's units.
Brookdale Ancillary Services. The Company's Brookdale Ancillary Services segment includes outpatient therapy, home health and hospice services, as well as education and wellness programs, provided to residents of many of the Company's communities and to seniors living outside of the Company's communities. The Brookdale Ancillary Services segment does not include the inpatient therapy services provided in the Company's skilled nursing units, which are included in the Company's CCRCs-Rental segment.
Management Services. The Company's Management Services segment includes communities operated by the Company pursuant to management agreements. In some of the cases, the controlling financial interest in the community is held by third parties and, in other cases, the community is owned in a venture structure in which the Company has an ownership interest. Under the management agreements for these communities, the Company receives management fees as well as reimbursed expenses, which represent the reimbursement of expenses it incurs on behalf of the owners.
The accounting policies of the Company's reportable segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies in Note 2.
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The following table sets forth selected segment financial and operating data (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retirement Centers (1) | $ | 161,986 |  |  | $ | 170,706 |  |  | $ | 496,854 |  |  | $ | 510,122 |
Assisted Living (1) | 542,227 |  |  | 607,345 |  |  | 1,680,194 |  |  | 1,837,632 |
CCRCs-Rental (1) | 108,075 |  |  | 147,517 |  |  | 364,075 |  |  | 448,002 |
Brookdale Ancillary Services (1) | 110,604 |  |  | 117,263 |  |  | 332,766 |  |  | 362,791 |
Management Services (2) | 255,096 |  |  | 203,295 |  |  | 707,337 |  |  | 609,565 |
| $ | 1,177,988 |  |  | $ | 1,246,126 |  |  | $ | 3,581,226 |  |  | $ | 3,768,112 |
Segment Operating Income (3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retirement Centers | $ | 65,907 |  |  | $ | 73,112 |  |  | $ | 207,206 |  |  | $ | 222,315 |
Assisted Living | 173,576 |  |  | 217,878 |  |  | 577,936 |  |  | 672,773 |
CCRCs-Rental | 22,932 |  |  | 32,996 |  |  | 82,591 |  |  | 102,059 |
Brookdale Ancillary Services | 9,823 |  |  | 14,624 |  |  | 38,555 |  |  | 48,174 |
Management Services | 18,138 |  |  | 15,532 |  |  | 56,474 |  |  | 50,498 |
| 290,376 |  |  | 354,142 |  |  | 962,762 |  |  | 1,095,819 |
General and administrative (including non-cash stock-based compensation expense) | 63,779 |  |  | 63,425 |  |  | 196,429 |  |  | 246,741 |
Transaction costs | 1,992 |  |  | 659 |  |  | 12,924 |  |  | 1,950 |
Facility lease expense | 84,437 |  |  | 92,519 |  |  | 257,934 |  |  | 281,890 |
Depreciation and amortization | 117,649 |  |  | 130,783 |  |  | 366,023 |  |  | 391,314 |
Goodwill and asset impairment | 368,551 |  |  | 19,111 |  |  | 390,816 |  |  | 26,638 |
Loss on facility lease termination | 4,938 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,306 |  |  | — |
Income (loss) from operations | $ | (350,970 | ) |  | $ | 47,645 |  |  | $ | (272,670 | ) |  | $ | 147,286 |

| As of
| September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
Total assets |  |  |
Retirement Centers | $ | 1,275,250 |  |  | $ | 1,452,546 |
Assisted Living | 4,830,074 |  |  | 5,831,434 |
CCRCs-Rental | 696,964 |  |  | 935,389 |
Brookdale Ancillary Services | 261,919 |  |  | 280,530 |
Corporate and Management Services | 1,027,959 |  |  | 717,788 |
Total assets | $ | 8,092,166 |  |  | $ | 9,217,687 |

(1) | All revenue is earned from external third parties in the United States.

(2) | Management services segment revenue includes reimbursements for which the Company is the primary obligor of costs incurred on behalf of managed communities.

(3) | Segment operating income is defined as segment revenues less segment facility operating expenses (excluding depreciation and amortization) and costs incurred on behalf of managed communities.

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15. Impact From Hurricanes
During the three months ended September 30, 2017, the Company’s operations in Texas and Florida were impacted by Hurricanes Harvey and Irma. The Company recorded $5.3 million of operating costs within facility operating expense on the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, which include incremental costs related to evacuations, repairs and maintenance, and security.
16. Subsequent Event
HCP Master Lease Transaction and RIDEA Ventures Restructuring
On November 2, 2017, the Company announced that it had entered into a definitive agreement for a multi-part transaction with HCP. As part of such transaction, the Company entered into an Amended and Restated Master Lease and Security Agreement (“Master Lease”) with HCP effective as of November 1, 2017. The components of the multi-part transaction include:

• | Master Lease Transactions. The Company and HCP amended and restated triple-net leases covering substantially all of the communities it leases from HCP into the Master Lease. The Company will acquire two communities for an aggregate purchase price of $35 million, upon which time the two communities will be removed from the Master Lease. In addition, 32 communities will be removed from the Master Lease on or before November 1, 2018. However, if HCP has not transitioned operations and/or management of such communities to a third party prior to such date, the Company will continue to operate such 32 communities on an interim basis and such communities will, from and after such time, be reported in the Management Services segment. In addition to the foregoing 34 communities, the Company continues to lease 44 communities pursuant to the terms of the Master Lease, which have the same lease rates and expiration and renewal terms as the applicable prior instruments, except that effective January 1, 2018, the Company will receive a $5 million annual rent reduction for three communities. The Master Lease also provides that the Company may engage in certain change in control and other transactions without the need to obtain HCP's consent, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions.

• | RIDEA Ventures Restructuring. Pursuant to the Company's agreement with HCP, HCP will acquire the Company's 10% ownership interest in two of the Company's existing RIDEA Ventures with HCP for $99 million. The Company provides management services to 59 communities on behalf of the two RIDEA Ventures. The Company will acquire four of such communities for an aggregate purchase price of $239 million and will retain management of 18 of such communities. The amended and restated management agreements for such 18 communities have a term set to expire in 2030, subject to certain early termination rights. In addition, HCP will be entitled to sell or transition operations and/or management of 37 of such communities.

The Company expects to fund its acquisition of the six communities with the proceeds from the sale of its RIDEA Venture interests, cash on hand and non-recourse mortgage financing on the acquired communities.
The Company expects the disposition of its ownership interest in the two RIDEA Ventures and its acquisition of the six communities to occur in the next three to six months, and expects the terminations of its triple net leases and management agreements on 69 communities to occur in stages throughout 2018.
The closings of the various transactions referenced above are subject to the satisfaction of various closing conditions, including (where applicable) the receipt of regulatory approvals. However, there can be no assurance that the transactions will close or, if they do, when the actual closings will occur.
The results of operations for the 32 communities to be disposed through lease terminations are reported within the following segments within the condensed consolidated financial statements: Retirement Centers (five communities) and Assisted Living (27 communities). With respect to such 32 communities and the 37 managed communities for which the Company's management will be terminated, the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements include resident fee revenue of $33.2 million and $35.0 million, management fees of $2.5 million and $2.6 million, facility operating expenses of $22.4 million and $21.0 million, and cash lease payments of $11.1 million and $10.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016, respectively; and include resident fee revenue of $101.3 million and $105.5 million, management fees of $7.6 million and $8.2 million, facility operating expenses of $64.6 million and $62.9 million, and cash lease payments of $33.2 million and $30.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016.
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Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
SAFE HARBOR STATEMENT UNDER THE PRIVATE SECURITIES LITIGATION REFORM ACT OF 1995
Certain statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements are subject to various risks and uncertainties and include all statements that are not historical statements of fact and those regarding our intent, belief or expectations, including, but not limited to, statements relating to the creation and enhancement of stockholder value, the evaluation of options and alternatives to create and enhance stockholder value, our strategy, our operational, sales, marketing and branding initiatives, our portfolio optimization and growth initiatives and our expectations regarding their effect on our results; our expectations regarding the economy, the senior living industry, senior housing construction, supply and competition, occupancy and pricing and the demand for senior housing; our expectations regarding our revenue, cash flow, operating income, expenses, capital expenditures, including expected levels and reimbursements and the timing thereof, development, expansion, renovation, redevelopment and repositioning opportunities, including Program Max opportunities, and their projected costs, cost savings and synergies, and our liquidity and leverage; our plans and expectations with respect to disposition, lease restructuring, financing, re-financing and venture transactions and opportunities (including assets currently held for sale and the pending transactions with HCP, Inc.), including the timing thereof and their effects on our results; our expectations regarding taxes, capital deployment and returns on invested capital, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Free Cash Flow (as those terms are defined in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q); our expectations regarding returns to stockholders, our share repurchase program and the payment of dividends; our ability to secure financing or repay, replace or extend existing debt at or prior to maturity; our ability to remain in compliance with all of our debt and lease agreements (including the financial covenants contained therein); our expectations regarding changes in government reimbursement programs and their effect on our results; our plans to expand our offering of ancillary services (therapy, home health and hospice); our plans to acquire additional operating companies, senior housing communities and ancillary services companies (including home health agencies); our expectations relating to the amount and timing of the financial impact of Hurricanes Harvey and Irma and the California wildfires; and our ability to anticipate, manage and address industry trends and their effect on our business. Forward-looking statements are generally identifiable by use of forward-looking terminology such as "may," "will," "should," "could," "would," "potential," "intend," "expect," "endeavor," "seek," "anticipate," "estimate," "overestimate," "underestimate," "believe," "project," "predict," "continue," "plan," "target" or other similar words or expressions. These forward looking statements are based on certain assumptions and expectations, and our ability to predict results or the actual effect of future plans or strategies is inherently uncertain. Although we believe that expectations reflected in any forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, we can give no assurance that our expectations will be attained and actual results and performance could differ materially from those projected. Factors which could have a material adverse effect on our operations and future prospects or which could cause events or circumstances to differ from the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the risk associated with the current global economic situation and its impact upon capital markets and liquidity; changes in governmental reimbursement programs; the risk of overbuilding and new supply; our inability to extend (or refinance) debt (including our credit and letter of credit facilities and our outstanding convertible notes) as it matures; the risk that we may not be able to satisfy the conditions precedent to exercising the extension options associated with certain of our debt agreements; events which adversely affect the ability of seniors to afford our monthly resident fees or entrance fees; the conditions of housing markets in certain geographic areas; our ability to generate sufficient cash flow to cover required interest and long-term lease payments; the effect of our indebtedness and long-term leases on our liquidity; the risk of loss of property pursuant to our mortgage debt and long-term lease obligations; the possibilities that changes in the capital markets, including changes in interest rates and/or credit spreads, or other factors could make financing more expensive or unavailable to us; our determination from time to time to purchase any shares under our share repurchase program; our ability to fund any repurchases; our ability to effectively manage our growth; our ability to maintain consistent quality control; delays in obtaining regulatory approvals; the risk that we may not be able to expand, redevelop and reposition our communities in accordance with our plans; our ability to complete acquisition, disposition, lease restructuring, financing, re-financing and venture transactions (including assets currently held for sale and the pending transactions with HCP, Inc.) on agreed upon terms or at all, including in respect of the satisfaction of closing conditions, the risk that regulatory approvals are not obtained or are subject to unanticipated conditions, and uncertainties as to the timing of closing; our ability to successfully integrate acquisitions; competition for the acquisition of assets; our ability to obtain additional capital on terms acceptable to us; a decrease in the overall demand for senior housing; our vulnerability to economic downturns; acts of nature in certain geographic areas; terminations of our resident agreements and vacancies in the living spaces we lease; early terminations or non-renewal of management agreements; increased competition for skilled personnel; increased wage pressure and union activity; departure of our key officers; increases in market interest rates; environmental contamination at any of our communities; failure to comply with existing environmental laws; an adverse determination or resolution of complaints filed against us; the cost and difficulty of complying with increasing and evolving regulation; the risk that we could incur additional costs and experience other financial impacts related to Hurricanes Harvey and Irma and the California wildfires; as well as other risks detailed from time to time in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including those set forth under "Item 1A. Risk Factors" contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016 and Part II, "Item 1A. Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. When considering forward-looking statements, you should
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keep in mind the risk factors and other cautionary statements in such SEC filings. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any of these forward-looking statements, which reflect our management's views as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements, and we expressly disclaim any obligation to release publicly any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto or change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any statement is based.
Executive Overview
As of September 30, 2017, we are the largest operator of senior living communities in the United States based on total capacity, with 1,031 communities in 46 states and the ability to serve approximately 101,000 residents. We offer our residents access to a full continuum of services across the most attractive sectors of the senior living industry. We operate independent living, assisted living and dementia-care communities and continuing care retirement centers ("CCRCs"). Through our ancillary services programs, we also offer a range of outpatient therapy, home health and hospice services to residents of many of our communities and to seniors living outside of our communities.
We intend to be the leading provider of senior living solutions, and we believe that we are positioned to take advantage of favorable demographic trends over time. We also believe that we operate in the most attractive sectors of the senior living industry with opportunities to increase our revenues through providing a combination of housing, hospitality services, ancillary services and health care services. Our senior living communities offer residents a supportive home-like setting, assistance with activities of daily living (such as eating, bathing, dressing, toileting and transferring/walking) and, in certain communities, licensed skilled nursing services. We also provide ancillary services, including outpatient therapy, home health services and hospice services, to our residents. By providing residents with a range of service options as their needs change, we provide greater continuity of care, enabling seniors to "age-in-place" and thereby maintain residency with us for a longer period of time. The ability of residents to age-in-place is also beneficial to our residents and their families who are concerned with care decisions for their elderly relatives.
Our strategy is to achieve consistent operational excellence in our core businesses. Execution on our strategy is intended to maximize the value of our existing platform and to build the foundation for further growth. We have identified five key priorities for which we have developed initiatives and are developing initiatives to support our strategy and have created a transformation process to develop cross-functional initiatives directly tied to key priorities. These five priorities include enhancing our customer and associate experience, improving our marketing and sales processes, simplifying our organization, optimizing our portfolio and leveraging our scale, and innovating for growth. While our focus will be on executing on this strategy, we plan to continue to evaluate and, where opportunities arise, selectively purchase existing operating companies, senior living communities, including those that we currently lease or manage, and ancillary services companies. Such acquisitions may be pursued on our own, or through our investments in ventures. We believe that successful execution upon our strategy and the initiatives supporting our strategy will enable us to grow stockholder value and better fulfill our mission by satisfying more customers, building improved relationships between us, our associates and our customers, and by improving our occupancy, revenue, expenses, and liquidity, by increasing the quality and durability of our cash flow, and by reducing our debt and lease leverage.
Portfolio Optimization Update
We continue to actively explore opportunities to optimize our portfolio through disposing of owned and leased communities, restructuring leases and investing in our Program Max initiative. As of September 30, 2017, we owned 360 communities (32,721 units), leased 460 communities (36,954 units) and provided management services with respect to 211 communities (31,527 units) for third parties or unconsolidated ventures in which we have an ownership interest.
We completed dispositions, through sales and lease terminations, of 139 communities during the period from January 1, 2016 through September 30, 2017, including three communities disposed of prior to June 30, 2016. Our condensed consolidated financial statements include resident fee revenue of $4.0 million and $115.1 million, facility operating expenses of $3.3 million and $87.4 million, and cash lease payments of $0.9 million and $27.5 million for the 136 communities for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016, respectively. Our condensed consolidated financial statements include resident fee revenue of $96.6 million and $361.1 million, facility operating expenses of $74.4 million and $272.6 million, and cash lease payments of $26.8 million and $82.4 million for the 139 communities for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016, respectively.
The foregoing transactions, and updates on our pending transactions and assets held for sale as of September 30, 2017, are described below.
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HCP Master Lease Transaction and RIDEA Ventures Restructuring
On November 2, 2017, we announced that we had entered into a definitive agreement for a multi-part transaction with HCP, Inc. (“HCP”). As part of such transaction, we entered into an Amended and Restated Master Lease and Security Agreement (“Master Lease”) with HCP effective as of November 1, 2017. The components of the multi-part transaction include:

• | Master Lease Transactions. We and HCP amended and restated triple-net leases covering substantially all of the communities we lease from HCP into the Master Lease. We will acquire two communities (208 units) for an aggregate purchase price of $35 million, upon which time the two communities will be removed from the Master Lease. In addition, 32 communities (2,962 units) will be removed from the Master Lease on or before November 1, 2018. However, if HCP has not transitioned operations and/or management of such communities to a third party prior to such date, we will continue to operate the foregoing 32 communities on an interim basis and such communities will, from and after such time, be reported in the Management Services segment. In addition to such 34 communities, we continue to lease 44 communities pursuant to the terms of the Master Lease, which have the same lease rates and expiration and renewal terms as the applicable prior instruments, except that effective January 1, 2018, we will receive a $5 million annual rent reduction for three communities. The Master Lease also provides that we may engage in certain change in control and other transactions without the need to obtain HCP's consent, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions.

• | RIDEA Ventures Restructuring. Pursuant to the Company's agreement with HCP, HCP will acquire our 10% ownership interest in two of our existing RIDEA Ventures with HCP for $99 million. We provide management services to 59 communities (9,585 units) on behalf of the two RIDEA Ventures. We will acquire four of such communities (787 units) for an aggregate purchase price of $239 million and will retain management of 18 of such communities (3,276 units). The amended and restated management agreements for such 18 communities have a term set to expire in 2030, subject to certain early termination rights. In addition, HCP will be entitled to sell or transition operations and/or management of 37 of such communities (5,522 units).

We expect to fund our acquisition of the six communities with the proceeds from the sale of our RIDEA Venture interests, cash on hand and non-recourse mortgage financing on the acquired communities.
We expect the disposition of our ownership interest in the two RIDEA Ventures and our acquisition of the six communities to occur in the next three to six months, and expect the terminations of our triple net leases and management agreements on 69 communities to occur in stages throughout 2018.
The closings of the various transactions referenced above are subject to the satisfaction of various closing conditions, including (where applicable) the receipt of regulatory approvals. However, there can be no assurance that the transactions will close or, if they do, when the actual closings will occur.
The results of operations for the 32 communities to be disposed through lease terminations are reported within the following segments within the condensed consolidated financial statements: Retirement Centers (five communities; 783 units) and Assisted Living (27 communities; 2,179 units). With respect to such 32 communities and the 37 managed communities for which our management will be terminated, our condensed consolidated financial statements include resident fee revenue of $33.2 million and $35.0 million, management fees of $2.5 million and $2.6 million, facility operating expenses of $22.4 million and $21.0 million, and cash lease payments of $11.1 million and $10.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016, respectively; and include resident fee revenue of $101.3 million and $105.5 million, management fees of $7.6 million and $8.2 million, facility operating expenses of $64.6 million and $62.9 million, and cash lease payments of $33.2 million and $30.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016.
Dispositions and Restructurings of Communities Leased from HCP
On November 1, 2016, we announced that we had entered into agreements to, among other things, terminate triple-net leases with respect to 97 communities, four of which were contributed to an existing unconsolidated venture in which we hold an equity interest and 64 of which were acquired by the Blackstone Venture described below. In addition to the formation of the Blackstone Venture, the transactions included the following components with respect to 33 communities:

• | We and HCP agreed to terminate triple-net leases with respect to eight communities (867 units). HCP agreed to contribute immediately thereafter four of such communities, consisting of 527 units, to an existing unconsolidated venture with HCP in which we have a 10% equity interest. During the three months ended December 31, 2016, the triple-net leases with respect to seven communities (773 units) were terminated and HCP contributed four of the communities to the existing unconsolidated venture. The triple-net lease with respect to the remaining community was terminated during January 2017. The results of operations of the eight communities are reported in the following segments within the

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condensed consolidated financial statements through the respective disposition dates: Assisted Living (six communities; 514 units), Retirement Centers (one community; 109 units) and CCRCs-Rental (one community; 244 units).

• | We and HCP agreed to terminate triple-net leases with respect to 25 communities (2,031 units). During the three months ended September 30, 2017, the triple-net leases with respect to two communities were terminated. Our triple net lease obligations with respect to the remaining 23 communities either have been terminated, or are expected to be terminated, during the three months ended December 31, 2017. Following the termination of our triple net lease obligations for these communities, we will continue to operate certain of these communities on an interim basis, and such communities will be reported in the Management Services segment from and after termination of such triple net lease obligations. Our condensed consolidated financial statements include resident fee revenue of $18.0 million and $18.1 million, facility operating expenses of $14.8 million and $14.6 million, and cash lease payments of $2.6 million and $4.9 million for the 25 communities for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016, respectively. Our condensed consolidated financial statements include resident fee revenue of $54.9 million and $54.6 million, facility operating expenses of $44.7 million and $44.0 million, and cash lease payments of $8.1 million and $14.7 million for the 25 communities for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016, respectively.

Formation of Venture with Blackstone
On March 29, 2017, we and affiliates of Blackstone Real Estate Advisors VIII L.P. (collectively, "Blackstone") formed a venture (the "Blackstone Venture") that acquired 64 senior housing communities for a purchase price of $1.1 billion. We had previously leased the 64 communities from HCP under long-term lease agreements with a remaining average lease term of approximately 12 years. At the closing, the Blackstone Venture purchased the 64-community portfolio from HCP subject to the existing leases, and we contributed our leasehold interests for 62 communities and a total of $179.2 million in cash to purchase a 15% equity interest in the Blackstone Venture, terminate leases, and fund our share of closing costs. As of the formation date, we continued to operate two of the communities under lease agreements and began managing 60 of the communities on behalf of the venture under a management agreement with the venture. The two remaining leases will be terminated, pending certain regulatory and other conditions, at which point we will manage the communities; however, there can be no assurance that the terminations will occur or, if they do, when the actual terminations will occur. Two of the communities are managed by a third party for the venture.
The results and financial position of the 62 communities for which leases were terminated were deconsolidated from our financial statements prospectively upon formation of the Blackstone Venture. The results of operations of the 62 communities for which leases were terminated were reported in the following segments within the condensed consolidated financial statements through the formation date: Assisted Living (47 communities; 3,322 units), Retirement Centers (eight communities; 1,072 units) and CCRCs-Rental (seven communities; 1,416 units). Our interest in the venture is accounted for under the equity method of accounting.
As a result of this transaction, our total payment obligations for capital and financing leases and operating leases due during the twelve months ending March 31, 2018 decreased by $75.4 million and $16.6 million, respectively. Additionally, our capital and financing lease obligations within the condensed consolidated balance sheet were reduced by $880.0 million on the closing date. See Note 4 and Note 10 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for more information about the formation of the Blackstone Venture.
Dispositions of Owned Communities and Assets Held for Sale
We began 2017 with 16 of our owned communities (1,423 units) classified as held for sale as of December 31, 2016. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we completed the sale of three communities and during the three months ended September 30, 2017, we entered into an agreement to sell one additional community, which is classified as held for sale as of September 30, 2017. As of September 30, 2017, 15 communities were classified as held for sale.
As of September 30, 2017, $106.4 million was recorded as assets held for sale and $50.4 million of mortgage debt was included in the current portion of long-term debt within the condensed consolidated balance sheet with respect to the 15 communities held for sale as of such date. This debt will either be repaid with the proceeds from the sales or be assumed by the prospective purchasers. The results of operations of the 15 communities are reported in the following segments within the condensed consolidated financial statements: Assisted Living (12 communities; 1,050 units) and CCRCs-Rental (three communities; 458 units). The 15 communities had resident fee revenue of $12.2 million and $12.8 million and facility operating expenses of $10.9 million and $11.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016, respectively. The 15 communities had resident fee revenue of $37.6 million and $39.0 million and facility operating expenses of $33.2 million and $33.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016, respectively.
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The closings of the sales of the unsold communities classified as held for sale are subject to receipt of regulatory approvals and satisfaction of other customary closing conditions and are expected to occur during the next 12 months; however, there can be no assurance that the transactions will close or, if they do, when the actual closings will occur.
Other Lease Terminations
During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we terminated leases for 14 communities otherwise than in connection with the transactions with Blackstone and HCP described above. The results of operations of the 14 communities are reported in the following segments within the condensed consolidated financial statements through the respective disposition dates: Retirement Centers (one community; 103 units), Assisted Living (12 communities; 556 units), and CCRCs-Rental (one community; 466 units).
Program Max Initiative
During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we also made progress on our Program Max initiative under which we expand, renovate, redevelop and reposition certain of our existing communities where economically advantageous. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we invested $7.2 million on Program Max projects, net of $5.7 million of third party lessor reimbursements. We currently have 8 Program Max projects that have been approved, most of which have begun construction and are expected to generate 27 new units.
Competitive Developments
In the third quarter of fiscal 2016, we began experiencing an elevated rate of new openings, with significant new competition opening in several of our markets. We continue to address such competition through more sophisticated pricing tools and pricing initiatives based on the competitive market, current in-place rents and occupancy; focusing on operations, including ensuring high customer satisfaction, protecting key leadership positions and actively engaging district and regional management in community operations; additional marketing efforts, including leveraging our industry leading name through enhanced digital, direct mail and local community outreach; and community segmentation through which we evaluate current community position relative to competition and reposition if necessary (e.g., price, services, amenities and programming). We expect the elevated rate of new openings and pressures on our occupancy and rate growth to continue through 2018.
Impacts of Hurricanes Harvey and Irma
During the three months ended September 30, 2017, Hurricanes Harvey and Irma made landfall in Texas and Florida, respectively. We operate 171 communities, serving approximately 19,000 residents, in areas impacted by these hurricanes. All but one of the impacted communities have returned to operation, though seven communities will experience some continuing disruption as storm damage is remediated. During the three months ended September 30, 2017, we incurred $5.3 million of operating expenses related to hurricane response and issued $0.4 million in rent credits. In addition, based on our preliminary assessments, we expect additional operating expense related to the hurricane response of $1.5 million for the three months ended December 31, 2017. We also estimate that our ancillary services revenue was negatively impacted by approximately $3.4 million during the three months ended September 30, 2017 and will be negatively impacted by approximately $1.5 million during the three months ended December 31, 2017. We estimate that we will incur an additional approximately $13.0 million to $14.0 million of capitalized costs for physical plant remediation, approximately $5.0 million to $6.0 million of which we expect to incur during the three months ended December 31, 2017 and the remainder of which we expect to incur during 2018. In addition, as a result of Hurricane Irma, the State of Florida issued an emergency order requiring skilled nursing homes and assisted living communities to obtain generators and fuel necessary to sustain operations and maintain comfortable temperatures in the event of a power outage. The emergency order has been overturned, and that decision has been appealed. There are legislative and regulatory rulemaking actions in process to address generator requirements. We estimate we will incur $2.0 million to $3.0 million of costs during the three months ended December 31, 2017 as a result of the emergency order, and we are closely monitoring developments to determine what additional costs may be incurred to meet any new generator requirements. The foregoing estimates are presented net of expected reimbursement from our property and casualty and business interruption insurance policies and are preliminary estimates derived by management from the information available at this time. The actual amounts and timing of amounts may differ.
Impact of Wildfires
The Company continues to monitor the wildfires in California. Approximately 20 of the Company's California communities have been affected by the wildfires. The Company evacuated the residents of six communities, all of which have returned to full operation, and others hosted residents who were evacuated. So far, none of the communities have suffered major structural damage from the wildfires.
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Summary of Operating Results
The tables below present a summary of our operating results and certain other financial metrics for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016 and the amount and percentage of increase or decrease of each applicable item (dollars in millions).

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease)
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | Amount |  | Percent (2)
Total revenues | $ | 1,178.0 |  |  | $ | 1,246.1 |  |  | $ | (68.1 | ) |  | (5.5 | )%
Facility operating expense | $ | 650.7 |  |  | $ | 704.2 |  |  | $ | (53.6 | ) |  | (7.6 | )%
Net income (loss) | $ | (413.9 | ) |  | $ | (51.7 | ) |  | $ | 362.2 |  |  | NM |
Net income (loss) attributable to Brookdale Senior Living Inc. common stockholders | $ | (413.9 | ) |  | $ | (51.7 | ) |  | $ | 362.2 |  |  | NM |
Adjusted EBITDA(1) | $ | 141.8 |  |  | $ | 202.3 |  |  | $ | (60.5 | ) |  | (29.9 | )%
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 83.2 |  |  | $ | 99.4 |  |  | $ | (16.2 | ) |  | (16.3 | )%
Adjusted Free Cash Flow(1) | $ | 5.8 |  |  | $ | 47.8 |  |  | $ | (42.0 | ) |  | (87.9 | )%

| Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease)
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | Amount |  | Percent (2)
Total revenues | $ | 3,581.2 |  |  | $ | 3,768.1 |  |  | $ | (186.9 | ) |  | (5.0 | )%
Facility operating expense | $ | 1,967.6 |  |  | $ | 2,113.2 |  |  | $ | (145.6 | ) |  | (6.9 | )%
Net income (loss) | $ | (586.6 | ) |  | $ | (136.0 | ) |  | $ | 450.6 |  |  | NM |
Net income (loss) attributable to Brookdale Senior Living Inc. common stockholders | $ | (586.5 | ) |  | $ | (135.9 | ) |  | $ | 450.6 |  |  | NM |
Adjusted EBITDA(1) | $ | 500.5 |  |  | $ | 586.6 |  |  | $ | (86.1 | ) |  | (14.7 | )%
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 283.1 |  |  | $ | 277.3 |  |  | $ | 5.8 |  |  | 2.1 | %
Adjusted Free Cash Flow(1) | $ | 109.2 |  |  | $ | 120.6 |  |  | $ | (11.4 | ) |  | (9.4 | )%

(1) | Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Free Cash Flow are non-GAAP financial measures we use to assess our operating performance and liquidity. We changed our definition and calculation of Adjusted EBITDA when we reported results for the second quarter of 2016. Prior period amounts of Adjusted EBITDA included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q have been recast to conform to the new definition. See "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" below for important information regarding both measures, including a description of the changes to the definition of Adjusted EBITDA.

(2) | NM - Not meaningful

During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, total revenues were $3.6 billion, a decrease of $186.9 million, or 5.0%, over our total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. Resident fees for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 decreased $284.7 million, or 9.0%, from the nine months ended September 30, 2016. Management fees increased $6.0 million, or 11.8%, from the nine months ended September 30, 2016, and reimbursed costs incurred on behalf of managed communities increased $91.8 million, or 16.4%. The decrease in resident fees during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was primarily due to disposition activity, through sales and lease terminations, since the beginning of the prior year period. Weighted average occupancy at the 800 communities we owned or leased during both full nine-month periods decreased 130 basis points. The decrease in resident fees at the 800 communities we owned or leased during both full nine-month periods was partially offset by a 1.8% increase in senior housing average monthly revenue per occupied unit (RevPOR) compared to the prior year nine-month period.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, facility operating expenses were $2.0 billion, a decrease of $145.6 million, or 6.9%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The decrease in facility operating expenses was primarily due to the impact of disposition activity, through sales and lease terminations, since the beginning of the prior year period. Facility operating expenses increased $51.0 million, or 3.5%, at the 800 communities we owned or leased during both full nine-month
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periods. The increase in facility operating expenses was primarily due to an increase in salaries and wages arising from wage rate increases and an increase in insurance expense related to positive changes in the nine months ended September 30, 2016 to estimates in general liability and professional liability and workers compensation expenses.
Net income (loss) attributable to Brookdale Senior Living Inc. common stockholders for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was $(586.5) million, compared to net income (loss) attributable to Brookdale Senior Living Inc. common stockholders of $(135.9) million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. Net income (loss) for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was $(586.6) million as compared to net income (loss) of ($136.0) million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, our Adjusted EBITDA was $500.5 million, a decrease of 14.7% compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The decrease in Adjusted EBITDA is primarily due to disposition activity, through asset sales and lease terminations, since the beginning of the prior year period. Additionally, increases in community labor expenses and insurance expense at the communities operated during both full periods contributed to the decline in Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA includes transaction and strategic project costs of $14.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and integration, transaction, transaction-related and strategic project costs of $44.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, net cash provided by operating activities was $283.1 million, an increase of $5.8 million, or 2.1%, over our net cash provided by operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, our Adjusted Free Cash Flow was $109.2 million, a decrease of 9.4% when compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The decrease in Adjusted Free Cash Flow is primarily due to increases in community labor expenses and insurance expense at the communities operated during both full periods. The decrease was partially offset by a decrease in non-development capital expenditures, net of lessor reimbursements, of $56.8 million and a decrease in integration, transaction, transaction-related and strategic project costs of $21.3 million compared to the prior year period.
Consolidated Results of Operations
Comparison of Three Months Ended September 30, 2017 to September 30, 2016
The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, statement of operations items and the amount and percentage of change of these items. The results of operations for any particular period are not necessarily indicative of results for any future period. The following data should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes, which are included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
During the three months ended March 31, 2017, one community moved from the CCRCs-Rental segment to the Retirement Centers segment to more accurately reflect the underlying product offering of the community given changes to the community. The movement did not change our reportable segments, but it did impact the revenues, expenses and operating data reported within the two segments. Revenue, expenses and operating data for the three months ended September 30, 2016 have not been recast.
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As of September 30, 2017 our total operations included 1,031 communities with a capacity to serve 101,202 residents.

(dollars in thousands, except Total RevPAR, RevPAR and RevPOR) | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease)
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | Amount |  | Percent (6)
Statement of Operations Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Resident fees |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retirement Centers | $ | 161,986 |  |  | $ | 170,706 |  |  | $ | (8,720 | ) |  | (5.1 | )%
Assisted Living | 542,227 |  |  | 607,345 |  |  | (65,118 | ) |  | (10.7 | )%
CCRCs-Rental | 108,075 |  |  | 147,517 |  |  | (39,442 | ) |  | (26.7 | )%
Brookdale Ancillary Services | 110,604 |  |  | 117,263 |  |  | (6,659 | ) |  | (5.7 | )%
Total resident fees | 922,892 |  |  | 1,042,831 |  |  | (119,939 | ) |  | (11.5 | )%
Management services (1) | 255,096 |  |  | 203,295 |  |  | 51,801 |  |  | 25.5 | %
Total revenue | 1,177,988 |  |  | 1,246,126 |  |  | (68,138 | ) |  | (5.5 | )%
Expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Facility operating expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retirement Centers | 96,079 |  |  | 97,594 |  |  | (1,515 | ) |  | (1.6 | )%
Assisted Living | 368,651 |  |  | 389,467 |  |  | (20,816 | ) |  | (5.3 | )%
CCRCs-Rental | 85,143 |  |  | 114,521 |  |  | (29,378 | ) |  | (25.7 | )%
Brookdale Ancillary Services | 100,781 |  |  | 102,639 |  |  | (1,858 | ) |  | (1.8 | )%
Total facility operating expense | 650,654 |  |  | 704,221 |  |  | (53,567 | ) |  | (7.6 | )%
General and administrative expense | 63,779 |  |  | 63,425 |  |  | 354 |  |  | 0.6 | %
Transaction costs | 1,992 |  |  | 659 |  |  | 1,333 |  |  | NM |
Facility lease expense | 84,437 |  |  | 92,519 |  |  | (8,082 | ) |  | (8.7 | )%
Depreciation and amortization | 117,649 |  |  | 130,783 |  |  | (13,134 | ) |  | (10.0 | )%
Goodwill and asset impairment | 368,551 |  |  | 19,111 |  |  | 349,440 |  |  | NM |
Loss on facility lease termination | 4,938 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,938 |  |  | NM |
Costs incurred on behalf of managed communities | 236,958 |  |  | 187,763 |  |  | 49,195 |  |  | 26.2 | %
Total operating expense | 1,528,958 |  |  | 1,198,481 |  |  | 330,477 |  |  | 27.6 | %
Income from operations | (350,970 | ) |  | 47,645 |  |  | (398,615 | ) |  | NM |
Interest income | 1,285 |  |  | 809 |  |  | 476 |  |  | 58.8 | %
Interest expense | (79,999 | ) |  | (96,482 | ) |  | (16,483 | ) |  | (17.1 | )%
Debt modification and extinguishment costs | (11,129 | ) |  | (1,944 | ) |  | 9,185 |  |  | NM |
Equity in (loss) earnings of unconsolidated ventures | (6,722 | ) |  | (878 | ) |  | 5,844 |  |  | NM |
(Loss) gain on sale of assets, net | (233 | ) |  | (425 | ) |  | (192 | ) |  | (45.2 | )%
Other non-operating income | 2,621 |  |  | 3,706 |  |  | (1,085 | ) |  | (29.3 | )%
Income (loss) before income taxes | (445,147 | ) |  | (47,569 | ) |  | 397,578 |  |  | NM |
Benefit (provision) for income taxes | 31,218 |  |  | (4,159 | ) |  | 35,377 |  |  | NM |
Net income (loss) | (413,929 | ) |  | (51,728 | ) |  | 362,201 |  |  | NM |
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interest | 44 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2.3 | %
Net income (loss) attributable to Brookdale Senior Living Inc. common stockholders | $ | (413,885 | ) |  | $ | (51,685 | ) |  | $ | 362,200 |  |  | NM |

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| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease)
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | Amount |  | Percent (6)
Selected Operating and Other Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total number of communities (period end) | 1,031 |  |  | 1,077 |  |  | (46 | ) |  | (4.3 | )%
Total units operated (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Period end | 101,202 |  |  | 104,545 |  |  | (3,343 | ) |  | (3.2 | )%
Weighted average | 101,529 |  |  | 106,147 |  |  | (4,618 | ) |  | (4.4 | )%
Owned/leased communities units (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Period end | 69,675 |  |  | 78,562 |  |  | (8,887 | ) |  | (11.3 | )%
Weighted average | 70,112 |  |  | 80,059 |  |  | (9,947 | ) |  | (12.4 | )%
Total RevPAR (3) | $ | 4,386 |  |  | $ | 4,337 |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  | 1.1 | %
RevPAR (4) | $ | 3,860 |  |  | $ | 3,849 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | 0.3 | %
Owned/leased communities occupancy rate (weighted average) | 84.8 | % |  | 86.2 | % |  | (1.4 | )% |  | (1.6 | )%
RevPOR (5) | $ | 4,552 |  |  | $ | 4,465 |  |  | $ | 87 |  |  | 1.9 | %
Selected Segment Operating and Other Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retirement Centers |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Number of communities (period end) | 85 |  |  | 95 |  |  | (10 | ) |  | (10.5 | )%
Total units (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Period end | 15,961 |  |  | 17,105 |  |  | (1,144 | ) |  | (6.7 | )%
Weighted average | 16,061 |  |  | 17,105 |  |  | (1,044 | ) |  | (6.1 | )%
RevPAR (4) | $ | 3,362 |  |  | $ | 3,327 |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | 1.1 | %
Occupancy rate (weighted average) | 87.6 | % |  | 89.3 | % |  | (1.7 | )% |  | (1.9 | )%
RevPOR (5) | $ | 3,836 |  |  | $ | 3,727 |  |  | $ | 109 |  |  | 2.9 | %
Assisted Living |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Number of communities (period end) | 705 |  |  | 783 |  |  | (78 | ) |  | (10.0 | )%
Total units (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Period end | 46,520 |  |  | 51,494 |  |  | (4,974 | ) |  | (9.7 | )%
Weighted average | 46,858 |  |  | 52,991 |  |  | (6,133 | ) |  | (11.6 | )%
RevPAR (4) | $ | 3,857 |  |  | $ | 3,820 |  |  | $ | 37 |  |  | 1.0 | %
Occupancy rate (weighted average) | 84.2 | % |  | 85.6 | % |  | (1.4 | )% |  | (1.6 | )%
RevPOR (5) | $ | 4,582 |  |  | $ | 4,461 |  |  | $ | 121 |  |  | 2.7 | %
CCRCs-Rental |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Number of communities (period end) | 30 |  |  | 43 |  |  | (13 | ) |  | (30.2 | )%
Total units (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Period end | 7,194 |  |  | 9,963 |  |  | (2,769 | ) |  | (27.8 | )%
Weighted average | 7,193 |  |  | 9,963 |  |  | (2,770 | ) |  | (27.8 | )%
RevPAR (4) | $ | 4,989 |  |  | $ | 4,896 |  |  | $ | 93 |  |  | 1.9 | %
Occupancy rate (weighted average) | 82.6 | % |  | 84.0 | % |  | (1.4 | )% |  | (1.7 | )%
RevPOR (5) | $ | 6,046 |  |  | $ | 5,833 |  |  | $ | 213 |  |  | 3.7 | %
Management Services |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Number of communities (period end) | 211 |  |  | 156 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 35.3 | %
Total units (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Period end | 31,527 |  |  | 25,983 |  |  | 5,544 |  |  | 21.3 | %
Weighted average | 31,417 |  |  | 26,088 |  |  | 5,329 |  |  | 20.4 | %
Occupancy rate (weighted average) | 84.5 | % |  | 87.2 | % |  | (2.7 | )% |  | (3.1 | )%

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Brookdale Ancillary Services |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outpatient Therapy treatment codes | 178,851 |  |  | 419,619 |  |  | (240,768 | ) |  | (57.4 | )%
Home Health average daily census | 14,844 |  |  | 14,457 |  |  | 387 |  |  | 2.7 | %
Hospice average daily census | 1,169 |  |  | 813 |  |  | 356 |  |  | 43.8 | %

(1) | Management services segment revenue includes management fees and reimbursements for which we are the primary obligor of costs incurred on behalf of managed communities.

(2) | Weighted average units operated represents the average units operated during the period.

(3) | Total RevPAR, or average monthly resident fee revenues per available unit, is defined by the Company as resident fee revenues, excluding entrance fee amortization, for the corresponding portfolio for the period, divided by the weighted average number of available units in the corresponding portfolio for the period, divided by the number of months in the period.

(4) | RevPAR, or average monthly senior housing resident fee revenues per available unit, is defined by the Company as resident fee revenues, excluding Brookdale Ancillary Services segment revenue and entrance fee amortization, for the corresponding portfolio for the period, divided by the weighted average number of available units in the corresponding portfolio for the period, divided by the number of months in the period.

(5) | RevPOR, or average monthly senior housing resident fee revenues per occupied unit, is defined by the Company as resident fee revenues, excluding Brookdale Ancillary Services segment revenue and entrance fee amortization, for the corresponding portfolio for the period, divided by the weighted average number of occupied units in the corresponding portfolio for the period, divided by the number of months in the period.

(6) | NM - Not meaningful

Resident Fees
Resident fee revenue decreased $119.9 million, or 11.5%, compared to the prior year period primarily due to disposition activity, through sales and lease terminations, since the beginning of the prior year period. Weighted average occupancy decreased 160 basis points at the 809 communities we owned or leased during both full periods, primarily due to the impact of new competition in our markets. Additionally, Brookdale Ancillary Services segment revenue decreased $6.7 million, or 5.7%, primarily due to a decrease in volume for outpatient therapy services and a decrease in reimbursement rates for home health services. The 136 communities disposed of subsequent to the beginning of the prior year period (including the 62 communities for which the financial results were deconsolidated from our financial statements prospectively upon formation of the Blackstone Venture on March 29, 2017) generated $4.0 million of revenue during the current year period compared to $115.1 million of revenue in the prior year period. The decrease in resident fee revenue was partially offset by a 1.4% increase in RevPOR at the 809 communities we owned or operated during both full periods compared to the prior year period. Total RevPAR for the consolidated portfolio also increased by 1.1% compared to the prior year period.
Retirement Centers segment revenue decreased $8.7 million, or 5.1%, primarily due to the impact of dispositions of 11 communities since the beginning of the prior year period, which generated $0.7 million of revenue during the current year period compared to $11.1 million of revenue in the prior year period. This decrease was partially offset by the impact of the reclassification of one community from the CCRCs-Rental segment into this segment subsequent to the prior year period. Retirement Centers segment revenue at the communities we operated during both full periods was $154.2 million during the current year period, a decrease of $0.2 million, or 0.1%, over the prior year period, primarily due to a 140 basis point decrease in occupancy at these communities, partially offset by a 1.6% increase in RevPOR at these communities.
Assisted Living segment revenue decreased $65.1 million, or 10.7%, primarily due to the impact of dispositions of 113 communities since the beginning of the prior year period, which generated $3.3 million of revenue during the current year period compared to $66.2 million of revenue in the prior year period. Assisted Living segment revenue at the communities we operated during both full periods was $530.3 million during the current year period, a decrease of $2.5 million, or 0.5%, over the prior year period, primarily due to a 150 basis point decrease in occupancy at these communities, partially offset by a 1.4% increase in RevPOR at these communities.
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CCRCs-Rental segment revenue decreased $39.4 million, or 26.7%, primarily due to the impact of dispositions of 12 communities since the beginning of the prior year period, which generated $0.1 million of revenue during the current year period compared to $37.8 million of revenue in the prior year period. Additionally, revenue decreased due to the impact of the reclassification of one community out of this segment and into the Retirement Centers segment subsequent to the prior year period. CCRCs-Rental segment revenue at the communities we operated during both full periods was $108.0 million during the current year period, a decrease of $0.4 million, or 0.4%, over the prior year period, primarily due to a 180 basis point decrease in occupancy at these communities, partially offset by a 1.8% increase in RevPOR at these communities.
Brookdale Ancillary Services segment revenue decreased $6.7 million, or 5.7%, primarily due to a decrease in volume for outpatient therapy services and a decrease in reimbursement rates for home health services. During the three months ended December 31, 2016, we significantly reduced the number of outpatient therapy clinics located in our communities as lower reimbursement rates and lower utilization made the business less attractive. For home health in 2017, CMS has implemented a net 0.7% reimbursement reduction, consisting of a 2.8% market basket inflation increase, less a 0.3% productivity reduction, a 2.3% rebasing adjustment, and a 0.9% reduction to account for industry wide case-mix growth. As a result, our home health reimbursement has been reduced by approximately 3.0% compared to the prior year period, which is consistent with our expectations for the remainder of 2017. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in volume for hospice services.
Management Services Revenue
Management Services segment revenue, including management fees and reimbursed costs incurred on behalf of managed communities, increased $51.8 million, or 25.5%, over the prior year period primarily due to our entry into management agreements with the Blackstone Venture subsequent to the prior year period.
Facility Operating Expense
Facility operating expense decreased $53.6 million, or 7.6%, over the prior year period. For the three months ended September 30, 2017, facility operating expense includes $5.3 million of costs related to our response to Hurricanes Harvey and Irma. The decrease in facility operating expense is primarily due to disposition activity, through sales and lease terminations, of 136 communities since the beginning of the prior year period, which incurred $3.3 million of facility operating expenses during the current year period compared to $87.4 million of facility operating expenses in the prior year period. Additionally, Brookdale Ancillary Services segment facility operating expenses decreased $1.9 million, or 1.8%, primarily due to a decrease in volume for outpatient therapy services. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in salaries and wages arising from wage rate increases at the communities we operated during both full periods and an $8.1 million increase in insurance expense related to positive changes in the three months ended September 30, 2016 to estimates in general liability and professional liability and workers compensation expenses.
Retirement Centers segment facility operating expenses decreased $1.5 million, or 1.6%, primarily due to the impact of dispositions of 11 communities since the beginning of the prior year period, which incurred $0.5 million of expenses during the current year period compared to $6.8 million in the prior year period. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in salaries and wages arising from wage rate increases at the communities we operated during both full periods and the impact of the reclassification of one community from the CCRCs-Rental segment into this segment subsequent to the prior year period. Retirement Centers segment facility operating expenses, excluding costs related to hurricanes, at the communities we operated during both full periods were $89.6 million, an increase of $2.2 million, or 2.5%, over the prior year period.
Assisted Living segment facility operating expenses decreased $20.8 million, or 5.3%, primarily driven by the impact of dispositions of 113 communities since the beginning of the prior year period, which incurred $2.8 million of expenses during the current year period compared to $49.1 million in the prior year period. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in salaries and wages arising from wage rate increases at the communities we operated during both full periods and a $6.9 million increase in insurance expense related to positive changes in the three months ended September 30, 2016 to estimates in general liability and professional liability and workers compensation expenses. Assisted Living segment facility operating expenses, excluding costs related to hurricanes, at the communities we operated during both full periods were $354.9 million, an increase of $19.5 million, or 5.8%, over the prior year period.
CCRCs-Rental segment facility operating expenses decreased $29.4 million, or 25.7%, primarily driven by the impact of dispositions of 12 communities since the beginning of the prior year period, which incurred $0.1 million of expenses during the current year period compared to $31.5 million in the prior year period. Additionally, facility operating expenses decreased due to the impact of the reclassification of one community out of this segment and into the Retirement Centers segment subsequent to the prior year period. CCRCs-Rental segment facility operating expenses, excluding costs related to hurricanes, at the
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communities we operated during both full periods were $83.9 million, an increase of $1.6 million, or 2.0%, over the prior year period.
Brookdale Ancillary Services segment operating expenses decreased $1.9 million, or 1.8%, primarily due to decreases in volume for outpatient therapy services. During the three months ended December 31, 2016, we significantly reduced the number of outpatient therapy clinics located in our communities as lower reimbursement rates and lower utilization made the business less attractive.
General and Administrative Expense
General and administrative expense increased $0.4 million, or 0.6%, over the prior year period primarily due to increased legal fees. This increase was partially offset by a $5.6 million decrease in integration, transaction-related and strategic project costs. Integration, transaction-related and strategic project costs were $0.8 million during the current period compared to $6.4 million in the prior year period. Integration costs for 2016 include transition costs associated with organizational restructuring (such as severance and retention payments and recruiting expenses), third party consulting expenses directly related to the integration of acquired communities (in areas such as cost savings and synergy realization, branding and technology and systems work), and internal costs such as training, travel and labor, reflecting time spent by Company personnel on integration activities and projects. Transaction-related costs for 2016 include third party costs directly related to acquisition and disposition activity, community financing and leasing activity and corporate capital structure assessment activities (including shareholder relations advisory matters), and are primarily comprised of legal, finance, consulting, professional fees and other third party costs. Strategic project costs for 2016 include costs associated with strategic projects related to refining our strategy, building out enterprise-wide capabilities (including EMR roll-out project) and reducing costs and achieving synergies by capitalizing on scale.
Transaction Costs
Transaction costs increased $1.3 million to $2.0 million. Transaction costs in the current year period were primarily related to direct costs related to our ongoing assessment of options and alternatives to enhance stockholder value. Transaction costs in the prior year period were primarily related to direct costs related to community disposition activity.
Facility Lease Expense
Facility lease expense decreased $8.1 million, or 8.7%, primarily due to lease termination activity since the beginning of the prior year period.
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization expense decreased $13.1 million, or 10.0%, primarily due to disposition activity, through sales and lease terminations, since the beginning of the prior year period.
Goodwill and Asset Impairment
During the current year period, we recorded $368.6 million of non-cash impairment charges. The impairment charges consisted of $205.0 million of goodwill within the Assisted Living segment, $149.9 million of property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles for certain communities, primarily in the Assisted Living segment, and $13.7 million of intangible assets for health care licenses within the Brookdale Ancillary Services segment. Asset impairment expense in the prior year period was primarily related to decreases in the estimated selling price of assets held for sale during the prior year period.
During the third quarter of 2017, we identified qualitative indicators of impairment of our goodwill, including a significant decline in our stock price and market capitalization for a sustained period since the last testing date, significant underperformance relative to historical and projected operating results, and an increased competitive environment in the senior living industry. As a result, we performed an interim quantitative goodwill impairment test as of September 30, 2017, which included a comparison of the estimated fair value of each reporting unit to which the goodwill has been assigned with the reporting unit's carrying value. In estimating the fair value of the reporting units for purposes of the quantitative goodwill impairment test, we utilized an income approach, which included future cash flow projections that are developed internally. Based on the results of the quantitative goodwill impairment test, we determined that the carrying amount of our Assisted Living segment exceeded its estimated fair value by $205.0 million as of September 30, 2017. As a result, we recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $205.0 million to goodwill within the Assisted Living segment for the three months ended September 30, 2017.
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During the three months ended September 30, 2017, we evaluated property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles for impairment and identified properties with a carrying amount of the assets in excess of the estimated future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the assets. We compared the estimated fair value of the assets to their carrying value for these identified properties and recorded an impairment charge for the excess of carrying value over fair value. As a result, we recorded property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles non-cash impairment charges of $149.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, including $131.2 million within the Assisted Living segment.
Additionally, during the third quarter of 2017, we identified indicators of impairment for our home health care licenses in Florida, including significant underperformance relative to historical and projected operating results, decreases in reimbursement rates from Medicare for home health care services, an increased competitive environment in the home health care industry, and disruption from the impact of Hurricane Irma. We performed an interim quantitative impairment test as of September 30, 2017 on the health care licenses. Based on the results of the quantitative impairment test, we determined that the carrying amount of certain of our home health care licenses in Florida exceeded their estimated fair value by $13.7 million as of September 30, 2017. As a result, we recorded $13.7 million of impairment charges for health care licenses within the Brookdale Ancillary Services segment for the three months ended September 30, 2017.
Estimating the fair values of our goodwill and other assets requires management to use significant estimates, assumptions and judgments regarding future circumstances and events that are unpredictable and inherently uncertain. Future circumstances and events may result in outcomes that are different from these estimates, assumptions and judgments, which could result in future impairments to our goodwill and other assets. See Note 6 and Note 7 to the condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for more information about our evaluations of goodwill and other assets for impairment and the related impairment charges.
Loss on Facility Lease Termination
A loss on facility lease termination of $4.9 million was recognized during the current year period for lease termination activity.
Costs Incurred on Behalf of Managed Communities
Costs incurred on behalf of managed communities increased $49.2 million, or 26.2%, primarily due to our entry into management agreements with the Blackstone Venture.
Interest Expense
Interest expense decreased by $16.5 million, or 17.1%, primarily due to lease termination activity since the beginning of the prior year period.
Equity in Loss of Unconsolidated Ventures
Equity in loss of unconsolidated ventures increased by $5.8 million over the prior year period. Equity in loss of unconsolidated ventures of $6.7 million in the current year period includes losses for the Blackstone Venture, which was formed subsequent to the prior year period, and the impact of additional interest expense incurred as a result of non-recourse mortgage financing obtained by the CCRC Venture subsequent to the prior year period.
Income Taxes
The difference between our effective tax rates for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016 was due to an increase in the valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets and the non-deductible write-off of goodwill during the quarter ended September 30, 2017. We recorded an aggregate deferred federal, state and local tax benefit of $91.3 million as a result of the operating loss for the three months ended September 30, 2017, which was offset by an increase in the valuation allowance of $59.6 million. The excess of the deferred federal, state and local benefit over the increase in the valuation allowance for the three months ended September 30, 2017 is the result of the reversal of future tax liabilities offset by future tax deductions. We evaluate our deferred tax assets each quarter to determine if a valuation allowance is required based on whether it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax asset would not be realized. Our valuation allowance as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 was $484.5 million and $264.3 million, respectively. As described in Note 4 to the condensed consolidated financial statements, we recorded a significant increase to the valuation allowance in connection with the transactions related to the formation of the Blackstone Venture. We do not expect that we will become a federal cash taxpayer until 2021, at the earliest.
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We recorded interest charges related to our tax contingency reserve for cash tax positions for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016 which are included in provision for income tax for the period. Tax returns for years 2012 through 2016 are subject to future examination by tax authorities. In addition, the net operating losses from prior years are subject to adjustment under examination.
Comparison of Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 to September 30, 2016
The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, statement of operations items and the amount and percentage of change of these items. The results of operations for any particular period are not necessarily indicative of results for any future period. The following data should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes, which are included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
During the three months ended March 31, 2017, one community moved from the CCRCs-Rental segment to the Retirement Centers segment to more accurately reflect the underlying product offering of the community in the current period given changes to the community. The movement did not change our reportable segments, but it did impact the revenues, expenses and operating data reported within the two segments. Revenue, expenses and operating data for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 have not been recast.
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As of September 30, 2017 our total operations included 1,031 communities with a capacity to serve 101,202 residents.

(dollars in thousands, except Total RevPAR, RevPAR and RevPOR) | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease)
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | Amount |  | Percent (6)
Statement of Operations Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Resident fees |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retirement Centers | $ | 496,854 |  |  | $ | 510,122 |  |  | $ | (13,268 | ) |  | (2.6 | )%
Assisted Living | 1,680,194 |  |  | 1,837,632 |  |  | (157,438 | ) |  | (8.6 | )%
CCRCs-Rental | 364,075 |  |  | 448,002 |  |  | (83,927 | ) |  | (18.7 | )%
Brookdale Ancillary Services | 332,766 |  |  | 362,791 |  |  | (30,025 | ) |  | (8.3 | )%
Total resident fees | 2,873,889 |  |  | 3,158,547 |  |  | (284,658 | ) |  | (9.0 | )%
Management services (1) | 707,337 |  |  | 609,565 |  |  | 97,772 |  |  | 16.0 | %
Total revenue | 3,581,226 |  |  | 3,768,112 |  |  | (186,886 | ) |  | (5.0 | )%
Expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Facility operating expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retirement Centers | 289,648 |  |  | 287,807 |  |  | 1,841 |  |  | 0.6 | %
Assisted Living | 1,102,258 |  |  | 1,164,859 |  |  | (62,601 | ) |  | (5.4 | )%
CCRCs-Rental | 281,484 |  |  | 345,943 |  |  | (64,459 | ) |  | (18.6 | )%
Brookdale Ancillary Services | 294,211 |  |  | 314,617 |  |  | (20,406 | ) |  | (6.5 | )%
Total facility operating expense | 1,967,601 |  |  | 2,113,226 |  |  | (145,625 | ) |  | (6.9 | )%
General and administrative expense | 196,429 |  |  | 246,741 |  |  | (50,312 | ) |  | (20.4 | )%
Transaction costs | 12,924 |  |  | 1,950 |  |  | 10,974 |  |  | NM |
Facility lease expense | 257,934 |  |  | 281,890 |  |  | (23,956 | ) |  | (8.5 | )%
Depreciation and amortization | 366,023 |  |  | 391,314 |  |  | (25,291 | ) |  | (6.5 | )%
Goodwill and asset impairment | 390,816 |  |  | 26,638 |  |  | 364,178 |  |  | NM |
Loss on facility lease termination | 11,306 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,306 |  |  | NM |
Costs incurred on behalf of managed communities | 650,863 |  |  | 559,067 |  |  | 91,796 |  |  | 16.4 | %
Total operating expense | 3,853,896 |  |  | 3,620,826 |  |  | 233,070 |  |  | 6.4 | %
Income (loss) from operations | (272,670 | ) |  | 147,286 |  |  | (419,956 | ) |  | NM |
Interest income | 2,720 |  |  | 2,239 |  |  | 481 |  |  | 21.5 | %
Interest expense | (249,544 | ) |  | (289,989 | ) |  | (40,445 | ) |  | (13.9 | )%
Debt modification and extinguishment costs | (11,883 | ) |  | (3,240 | ) |  | 8,643 |  |  | NM |
Equity in (loss) earnings of unconsolidated ventures | (10,311 | ) |  | 478 |  |  | (10,789 | ) |  | NM |
(Loss) gain on sale of assets, net | (1,383 | ) |  | 2,126 |  |  | (3,509 | ) |  | NM |
Other non-operating income | 6,519 |  |  | 11,011 |  |  | (4,492 | ) |  | (40.8 | )%
Income (loss) before income taxes | (536,552 | ) |  | (130,089 | ) |  | 406,463 |  |  | NM |
Provision for income taxes | (50,075 | ) |  | (5,947 | ) |  | 44,128 |  |  | NM |
Net income (loss) | (586,627 | ) |  | (136,036 | ) |  | 450,591 |  |  | NM |
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interest | 151 |  |  | 126 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 19.8 | %
Net income (loss) attributable to Brookdale Senior Living Inc. common stockholders | $ | (586,476 | ) |  | $ | (135,910 | ) |  | $ | 450,616 |  |  | NM |

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| Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease)
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | Amount |  | Percent (6)
Selected Operating and Other Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total number of communities (period end) | 1,031 |  |  | 1,077 |  |  | (46 | ) |  | (4.3 | )%
Total units operated (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Period end | 101,202 |  |  | 104,545 |  |  | (3,343 | ) |  | (3.2 | )%
Weighted average | 102,096 |  |  | 106,945 |  |  | (4,849 | ) |  | (4.5 | )%
Owned/leased communities units (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Period end | 69,675 |  |  | 78,562 |  |  | (8,887 | ) |  | (11.3 | )%
Weighted average | 72,603 |  |  | 80,566 |  |  | (7,963 | ) |  | (9.9 | )%
Total RevPAR (3) | $ | 4,394 |  |  | $ | 4,352 |  |  | $ | 42 |  |  | 1.0 | %
RevPAR (4) | $ | 3,885 |  |  | $ | 3,851 |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  | 0.9 | %
Owned/leased communities occupancy rate (weighted average) | 84.9 | % |  | 86.1 | % |  | (1.2 | )% |  | (1.4 | )%
RevPOR (5) | $ | 4,577 |  |  | $ | 4,475 |  |  | $ | 102 |  |  | 2.3 | %
Selected Segment Operating and Other Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retirement Centers |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Number of communities (period end) | 85 |  |  | 95 |  |  | (10 | ) |  | (10.5 | )%
Total units (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Period end | 15,961 |  |  | 17,105 |  |  | (1,144 | ) |  | (6.7 | )%
Weighted average | 16,413 |  |  | 17,099 |  |  | (686 | ) |  | (4.0 | )%
RevPAR (4) | $ | 3,364 |  |  | $ | 3,315 |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  | 1.5 | %
Occupancy rate (weighted average) | 87.6 | % |  | 89.0 | % |  | (1.4 | )% |  | (1.6 | )%
RevPOR (5) | $ | 3,838 |  |  | $ | 3,723 |  |  | $ | 115 |  |  | 3.1 | %
Assisted Living |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Number of communities (period end) | 705 |  |  | 783 |  |  | (78 | ) |  | (10.0 | )%
Total units (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Period end | 46,520 |  |  | 51,494 |  |  | (4,974 | ) |  | (9.7 | )%
Weighted average | 48,215 |  |  | 53,340 |  |  | (5,125 | ) |  | (9.6 | )%
RevPAR (4) | $ | 3,872 |  |  | $ | 3,828 |  |  | $ | 44 |  |  | 1.1 | %
Occupancy rate (weighted average) | 84.3 | % |  | 85.5 | % |  | (1.2 | )% |  | (1.4 | )%
RevPOR (5) | $ | 4,595 |  |  | $ | 4,477 |  |  | $ | 118 |  |  | 2.6 | %
CCRCs-Rental |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Number of communities (period end) | 30 |  |  | 43 |  |  | (13 | ) |  | (30.2 | )%
Total units (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Period end | 7,194 |  |  | 9,963 |  |  | (2,769 | ) |  | (27.8 | )%
Weighted average | 7,975 |  |  | 10,127 |  |  | (2,152 | ) |  | (21.3 | )%
RevPAR (4) | $ | 5,038 |  |  | $ | 4,881 |  |  | $ | 157 |  |  | 3.2 | %
Occupancy rate (weighted average) | 83.1 | % |  | 84.0 | % |  | (0.9 | )% |  | (1.1 | )%
RevPOR (5) | $ | 6,069 |  |  | $ | 5,812 |  |  | $ | 257 |  |  | 4.4 | %
Management Services |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Number of communities (period end) | 211 |  |  | 156 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 35.3 | %
Total units (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Period end | 31,527 |  |  | 25,983 |  |  | 5,544 |  |  | 21.3 | %
Weighted average | 29,493 |  |  | 26,379 |  |  | 3,114 |  |  | 11.8 | %
Occupancy rate (weighted average) | 85.1 | % |  | 87.0 | % |  | (1.9 | )% |  | (2.2 | )%

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Brookdale Ancillary Services |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outpatient Therapy treatment codes | 563,322 |  |  | 1,405,800 |  |  | (842,478 | ) |  | (59.9 | )%
Home Health average daily census | 15,010 |  |  | 15,223 |  |  | (213 | ) |  | (1.4 | )%
Hospice average daily census | 1,042 |  |  | 735 |  |  | 307 |  |  | 41.8 | %

(1) | Management services segment revenue includes management fees and reimbursements for which we are the primary obligor of costs incurred on behalf of managed communities.

(2) | Weighted average units operated represents the average units operated during the period.

(3) | Total RevPAR, or average monthly resident fee revenues per available unit, is defined by the Company as resident fee revenues, excluding entrance fee amortization, for the corresponding portfolio for the period, divided by the weighted average number of available units in the corresponding portfolio for the period, divided by the number of months in the period.

(4) | RevPAR, or average monthly senior housing resident fee revenues per available unit, is defined by the Company as resident fee revenues, excluding Brookdale Ancillary Services segment revenue and entrance fee amortization, for the corresponding portfolio for the period, divided by the weighted average number of available units in the corresponding portfolio for the period, divided by the number of months in the period.

(5) | RevPOR, or average monthly senior housing resident fee revenues per occupied unit, is defined by the Company as resident fee revenues, excluding Brookdale Ancillary Services segment revenue and entrance fee amortization, for the corresponding portfolio for the period, divided by the weighted average number of occupied units in the corresponding portfolio for the period, divided by the number of months in the period.

(6) | NM - Not meaningful

Resident Fees
Resident fee revenue decreased $284.7 million, or 9.0%, compared to the prior year period primarily due to disposition activity, through sales and lease terminations, since the beginning of the prior year period. Weighted average occupancy decreased 130 basis points at the 800 communities we owned or leased during both full periods, primarily due to the impact of new competition in our markets. Additionally, Brookdale Ancillary Services segment revenue decreased $30.0 million, or 8.3%, primarily due to a decrease in volume for outpatient therapy services and a decrease in reimbursement rates for home health services. The 139 communities disposed of subsequent to the beginning of the prior year period (including the 62 communities for which the financial results were deconsolidated from our financial statements prospectively upon formation of the Blackstone Venture on March 29, 2017) generated $96.6 million of revenue during the current year period compared to $361.1 million of revenue in the prior year period. The decrease in resident fee revenue was partially offset by a 1.8% increase in RevPOR at the 800 communities we owned or operated during both full periods compared to the prior year period. Total RevPAR for the consolidated portfolio also increased by 1.0% compared to the prior year period.
Retirement Centers segment revenue decreased $13.3 million, or 2.6%, primarily due to the impact of dispositions of 11 communities since the beginning of the prior year period, which generated $10.1 million of revenue during the current year period compared to $33.1 million of revenue in the prior year period. This decrease was partially offset by the impact of the reclassification of one community from the CCRCs-Rental segment into this segment during the current period. Retirement Centers segment revenue at the communities we operated during both full periods was $446.9 million during the current year period, an increase of $2.1 million, or 0.5%, over the prior year period, primarily due to a 2.0% increase in RevPOR at these communities, partially offset by a 130 basis point decrease in occupancy at these communities.
Assisted Living segment revenue decreased $157.4 million, or 8.6%, primarily due to the impact of dispositions of 115 communities since the beginning of the prior year period, which generated $51.1 million of revenue during the current year period compared to $209.5 million of revenue in the prior year period. Assisted Living segment revenue at the communities we operated during both full periods was $1,588.5 million during the current year period, a decrease of $3.2 million, or 0.2%, over the prior year period, primarily due to a 140 basis point decrease in occupancy at these communities, partially offset by a 1.7% increase in RevPOR at these communities.
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CCRCs-Rental segment revenue decreased $83.9 million, or 18.7%, primarily due to the impact of dispositions of 13 communities since the beginning of the prior year period, which generated $35.5 million of revenue during the current year period compared to $118.5 million of revenue in the prior year period. Additionally, revenue decreased due to the impact of the reclassification of one community out of this segment and into the Retirement Centers segment during the current period. CCRCs-Rental segment revenue at the communities we operated during both full periods was $320.5 million during the current year period, an increase of $2.9 million, or 0.9%, over the prior year period, primarily due to a 2.1% increase in RevPOR at these communities, partially offset by a 110 basis point decrease in occupancy at these communities.
Brookdale Ancillary Services segment revenue decreased $30.0 million, or 8.3%, primarily due to a decrease in volume for outpatient therapy services and a decrease in reimbursement rates for home health services. During the three months ended December 31, 2016, we significantly reduced the number of outpatient therapy clinics located in our communities as lower reimbursement rates and lower utilization made the business less attractive. For home health in 2017, CMS has implemented a net 0.7% reimbursement reduction, consisting of a 2.8% market basket inflation increase, less a 0.3% productivity reduction, a 2.3% rebasing adjustment, and a 0.9% reduction to account for industry wide case-mix growth. As a result, our home health reimbursement has been reduced by approximately 3.0% compared to the prior year period, which is consistent with our expectations for the remainder of 2017. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in volume for hospice services.
Management Services Revenue
Management Services segment revenue, including management fees and reimbursed costs incurred on behalf of managed communities, increased $97.8 million, or 16.0%, over the prior year period primarily due to our entry into management agreements with the Blackstone Venture.
Facility Operating Expense
Facility operating expense decreased $145.6 million, or 6.9%, over the prior year period. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, facility operating expense includes $5.3 million of costs related to our response to Hurricanes Harvey and Irma. The decrease in facility operating expense is primarily due to disposition activity, through sales and lease terminations, of 139 communities since the beginning of the prior year period, which incurred $74.4 million of facility operating expenses during the current year period compared to $272.6 million of facility operating expenses in prior year period. Additionally, Brookdale Ancillary Services segment facility operating expenses decreased $20.4 million, or 6.5%, primarily due to a decrease in volume for outpatient therapy services. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in salaries and wages arising from wage rate increases at the communities we operated during both full periods and a $19.2 million increase in insurance expense related to positive changes in the nine months ended September 30, 2016 to estimates in general liability and professional liability and workers compensation expenses.
Retirement Centers segment facility operating expenses increased $1.8 million, or 0.6%, primarily driven by an increase in salaries and wages arising from wage rate increases and the impact of the reclassification of one community from the CCRCs-Rental segment into this segment during the current year period. The increase was partially offset by dispositions of 11 communities since the beginning of the prior year period, which incurred $6.5 million of expenses during the current year period compared to $20.1 million in the prior year period. Retirement Centers segment facility operating expenses, excluding costs related to hurricanes, at the communities we operated during both full periods were $257.2 million, an increase of $7.8 million, or 3.1%, over the prior year period.
Assisted Living segment facility operating expenses decreased $62.6 million, or 5.4%, primarily driven by the impact of dispositions of 115 communities since the beginning of the prior year period, which incurred $38.6 million of expenses during the current year period compared to $154.4 million in the prior year period. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in salaries and wages arising from wage rate increases at the communities we operated during both full periods and a $17.6 million increase in insurance expense related to positive changes in the nine months ended September 30, 2016 to estimates in general liability and professional liability and workers compensation expenses. Assisted Living segment facility operating expenses, excluding costs related to hurricanes, at the communities we operated during both full periods were $1,030.5 million, an increase of $39.6 million, or 4.0%, over the prior year period.
CCRCs-Rental segment facility operating expenses decreased $64.5 million, or 18.6%, primarily driven by the impact of dispositions of 13 communities since the beginning of the prior year period, which incurred $29.2 million of expenses during the current year period compared to $98.1 million in the prior year period. Additionally, facility operating expenses decreased due to the impact of the reclassification of one community out of this segment and into the Retirement Centers segment during the current year period. CCRCs-Rental segment facility operating expenses, excluding costs related to hurricanes, at the communities we operated during both full periods were $242.6 million, an increase of $3.6 million, or 1.5%, over the prior year period.
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Brookdale Ancillary Services segment operating expenses decreased $20.4 million, or 6.5%, primarily due to a decrease in volume for outpatient therapy services. During the three months ended December 31, 2016, we significantly reduced the number of outpatient therapy clinics located in our communities as lower reimbursement rates and lower utilization made the business less attractive.
General and Administrative Expense
General and administrative expense decreased $50.3 million, or 20.4%, over the prior year period primarily due to a $40.7 million decrease in integration, transaction-related and strategic project costs. Integration, transaction-related and strategic project costs were $1.6 million during the current period compared to $42.2 million in the prior year period. Integration costs for 2016 include transition costs associated with organizational restructuring (such as severance and retention payments and recruiting expenses), third party consulting expenses directly related to the integration of acquired communities (in areas such as cost savings and synergy realization, branding and technology and systems work), and internal costs such as training, travel and labor, reflecting time spent by Company personnel on integration activities and projects. Transaction-related costs for 2016 include third party costs directly related to acquisition and disposition activity, community financing and leasing activity and corporate capital structure assessment activities (including shareholder relations advisory matters), and are primarily comprised of legal, finance, consulting, professional fees and other third party costs. Strategic project costs for 2016 include costs associated with strategic projects related to refining our strategy, building out enterprise-wide capabilities (including EMR roll-out project) and reducing costs and achieving synergies by capitalizing on scale. Additionally, a reduction in corporate associate headcount resulted in decreased salaries and wages for the nine months ended September 30, 2017.
Transaction Costs
Transaction costs increased $11.0 million to $12.9 million. Transaction costs in the current year period were primarily related to direct costs related to the formation of the Blackstone Venture and our ongoing assessment of options and alternatives to enhance stockholder value. Transaction costs in the prior year period were primarily related to direct costs related to community disposition activity.
Facility Lease Expense
Facility lease expense decreased $24.0 million, or 8.5%, primarily due to lease termination activity since the beginning of the prior year period.
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization expense decreased $25.3 million, or 6.5%, primarily due to disposition activity, through sales and lease terminations, since the beginning of the prior year period.
Goodwill and Asset Impairment
During the current year period, we recorded $390.8 million of non-cash impairment charges. The impairment charges consisted of $205.0 million of goodwill within the Assisted Living segment, $152.4 million of property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles for certain communities, primarily in the Assisted Living segment, $19.7 million related to the formation of the Blackstone Venture and termination of leases related thereto, and $13.7 million of intangible assets for health care licenses within the Brookdale Ancillary Services segment. Asset impairment expense in the prior year period was primarily related to decreases in the estimated selling price of assets held for sale during the prior year period.
During the third quarter of 2017, we identified qualitative indicators of impairment of our goodwill, including a significant decline in our stock price and market capitalization for a sustained period since the last testing date, significant underperformance relative to historical and projected operating results, and an increased competitive environment in the senior living industry. As a result, we performed an interim quantitative goodwill impairment test as of September 30, 2017, which included a comparison of the estimated fair value of each reporting unit to which the goodwill has been assigned with the reporting unit's carrying value. In estimating the fair value of the reporting units for purposes of the quantitative goodwill impairment test, we utilized an income approach, which included future cash flow projections that are developed internally. Based on the results of the quantitative goodwill impairment test, we determined that the carrying amount of our Assisted Living segment exceeded its estimated fair value by $205.0 million as of September 30, 2017. As a result, we recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $205.0 million to goodwill within the Assisted Living segment for the nine months ended September 30, 2017.
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During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we evaluated property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles for impairment and identified properties with a carrying amount of the assets in excess of the estimated future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the assets. We compared the estimated fair value of the assets to their carrying value for these identified properties and recorded an impairment charge for the excess of carrying value over fair value. As a result, we recorded property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles non-cash impairment charges of $152.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, including $133.7 million within the Assisted Living segment.
Additionally, during the third quarter of 2017, we identified indicators of impairment for our home health care licenses in Florida, including significant underperformance relative to historical and projected operating results, decreases in reimbursement rates from Medicare for home health care services, an increased competitive environment in the home health care industry, and disruption from the impact of Hurricane Irma. We performed an interim quantitative impairment test as of September 30, 2017 on the health care licenses. Based on the results of the quantitative impairment test, we determined that the carrying amount of certain of our home health care licenses in Florida exceeded their estimated fair value by $13.7 million as of September 30, 2017. As a result, we recorded $13.7 million of impairment charges for health care licenses within the Brookdale Ancillary Services segment for the three months ended September 30, 2017.
Estimating the fair values of our goodwill and other assets requires management to use significant estimates, assumptions and judgments regarding future circumstances and events that are unpredictable and inherently uncertain. Future circumstances and events may result in outcomes that are different from these estimates, assumptions and judgments, which could result in future impairments to our goodwill and other assets. See Note 6 and Note 7 to the condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for more information about our evaluations of goodwill and other assets for impairment and the related impairment charges.
Loss on Facility Lease Termination
A loss on facility lease termination of $11.3 million was recognized during the current year period for lease termination activity.
Costs Incurred on Behalf of Managed Communities
Costs incurred on behalf of managed communities increased $91.8 million, or 16.4%, primarily due to our entry into management agreements with the Blackstone Venture subsequent to the prior year period.
Interest Expense
Interest expense decreased by $40.4 million, or 13.9%, primarily due to lease termination activity and the repayment of long-term debt and our secured credit facility since the beginning of the prior year period.
Equity in Earnings (Loss) of Unconsolidated Ventures
Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated ventures decreased by $10.8 million over the prior year period. Equity in loss of unconsolidated ventures of $10.3 million in the current year period includes losses for the Blackstone Venture, which was formed subsequent to the prior year period, and the impact of additional interest expense incurred as a result of non-recourse mortgage financing obtained by the CCRC Venture subsequent to the prior year period.
Income Taxes
The difference between our effective tax rates for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016 was primarily due to recording an additional valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets and an increase in the non-deductible write-off of goodwill during the nine months ended September 30, 2017. We recorded an aggregate deferred federal, state and local tax benefit of $123.0 million as a result of the operating loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, which was offset by an increase in the valuation allowance of $171.6 million, of which $85.0 million was recorded as a result of the Blackstone Venture. We evaluate our deferred tax assets each quarter to determine if a valuation allowance is required based on whether it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax asset would not be realized. Our valuation allowance as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 was $484.5 million and $264.3 million, respectively. As described in Note 4 to the condensed consolidated financial statements, we recorded a significant increase to the valuation allowance in connection with the transactions related to the formation of the Blackstone Venture. We do not expect that we will become a federal cash taxpayer until 2021, at the earliest.
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We recorded interest charges related to our tax contingency reserve for cash tax positions for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016 which are included in provision for income tax for the period. Tax returns for years 2012 through 2016 are subject to future examination by tax authorities. In addition, the net operating losses from prior years are subject to adjustment under examination.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
The following is a summary of cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities, as reflected in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (in thousands):

| Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  |
| 2017 |  | 2016 | Increase (Decrease) |  | % Increase (Decrease)
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 283,109 |  |  | $ | 277,281 |  | $ | 5,828 |  |  | 2.1 | %
Net cash used in investing activities | (529,718 | ) |  | (54,374 | ) | 475,344 |  |  | 874.2 | %
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 321,766 |  |  | (236,752 | ) | 558,518 |  |  | 235.9 | %
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 75,157 |  |  | (13,845 | ) | 89,002 |  |  | 642.8 | %
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 216,397 |  |  | 88,029 |  | 128,368 |  |  | 145.8 | %
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 291,554 |  |  | $ | 74,184 |  | $ | 217,370 |  |  | 293.0 | %

The increase in net cash provided by operating activities of $5.8 million was attributable primarily to a $21.3 million decrease in integration, transaction, transaction-related and strategic project costs compared to the prior year period. The increase was partially offset by the impact of disposition activity, through sales and lease terminations, since the beginning of the prior year period and an increase in facility operating expenses at the communities operated during both full periods.
The increase in net cash used in investing activities of $475.3 million was primarily attributable to purchases of marketable of securities during the current year period, our contribution of $179.2 million in connection with the formation of the Blackstone Venture during the current year period, and a decrease in net proceeds from the sale of assets. These increases were partially offset by reduced acquisition and capital expenditure activity.
The change in net cash provided by (used in) financing activities was primarily attributable to $430.4 million of net proceeds from refinancing activities completed during the current year period. Additionally, cash used in financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 included $210.0 million of net repayments on our secured credit facility.
Our principal sources of liquidity have historically been from:

• | cash balances on hand, cash equivalents and marketable securities;

• | cash flows from operations;

• | proceeds from our credit facilities;

• | funds generated through unconsolidated venture arrangements;

• | proceeds from mortgage financing, refinancing of various assets or sale-leaseback transactions;

• | funds raised in the debt or equity markets; and

• | proceeds from the disposition of assets.

Over the longer-term, we expect to continue to fund our business through these principal sources of liquidity.
Our liquidity requirements have historically arisen from:

• | working capital;

• | operating costs such as employee compensation and related benefits, general and administrative expense and supply costs;

• | debt service and lease payments;

• | acquisition consideration and transaction and integration costs;

• | capital expenditures and improvements, including the expansion, renovation, redevelopment and repositioning of our current communities and the development of new communities;

• | cash collateral required to be posted in connection with our financial instruments and insurance programs;

46

• | purchases of common stock under our share repurchase authorizations;

• | other corporate initiatives (including integration, information systems, branding and other strategic projects); and

• | prior to 2009, dividend payments.

Over the near-term, we expect that our liquidity requirements will primarily arise from:

• | working capital;

• | operating costs such as employee compensation and related benefits, general and administrative expense and supply costs;

• | debt service, including repayment of the $316.3 million outstanding principal amount of our 2.75% convertible senior notes due June 15, 2018, and lease payments;

• | capital expenditures and improvements, including the expansion, renovation, redevelopment and repositioning of our existing communities;

• | acquisition consideration and transaction costs;

• | cash funding needs of our unconsolidated ventures for operating, capital expenditure and financing needs;

• | cash collateral required to be posted in connection with our financial instruments and insurance programs;

• | purchases of common stock under our share repurchase authorization; and

• | other corporate initiatives (including information systems and other strategic projects).

We are highly leveraged and have significant debt and lease obligations. As of September 30, 2017, we have three principal corporate-level debt obligations: our $400.0 million secured credit facility, our $316.3 million outstanding principal amount of 2.75% convertible senior notes due June 15, 2018, and our separate letter of credit facilities providing for up to $64.5 million of letters of credit in the aggregate. The remainder of our indebtedness is generally comprised of approximately $3.6 billion of non-recourse property-level mortgage financings as of September 30, 2017.
As of September 30, 2017, we had $3.9 billion of debt outstanding excluding capital and financing lease obligations, at a weighted-average interest rate of 4.8% (calculated using an imputed interest rate of 7.5% for our 2.75% convertible senior notes due June 15, 2018). No balance was drawn on our secured credit facility as of September 30, 2017. As of September 30, 2017, we had $1.6 billion of capital and financing lease obligations and $102.9 million of letters of credit had been issued under our secured credit facility and separate letter of credit facilities. For the twelve months ending September 30, 2018 we will be required to make approximately $164.2 million and $366.2 million of cash payments in connection with our existing capital and financing leases and our operating leases, respectively.
Total liquidity of $899.4 million as of September 30, 2017 included $291.6 million of unrestricted cash and cash equivalents (excluding cash and escrow deposits-restricted and lease security deposits of $67.3 million in the aggregate), $246.4 million of marketable securities, and $361.5 million of availability on our secured credit facility.
In June 2017, we obtained a $54.7 million non-recourse addition and borrow-up loan, secured by first mortgages on seven communities. The loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 4.69% and matures on March 1, 2022. Proceeds from the loan added to our liquidity.
In July 2017, we completed the refinancing of two existing loan portfolios secured by the non-recourse first mortgage on 22 communities. The $221.3 million of proceeds from the refinancing were primarily utilized to repay $188.1 million and $13.6 million of mortgage debt maturing in April 2018 and January 2021, respectively. The mortgage facility has a 10 year term, and 70% of the principal amount bears interest at a fixed rate of 4.81% and the remaining 30% of the principal amount bears interest at a variable rate of 30-day LIBOR plus a margin of 244 basis points.
In August 2017, we obtained $975.0 million of loans secured by the non-recourse first mortgages on 51 communities. Sixty percent of the principal amount bears interest at a fixed rate, with one half of such amount bearing interest at 4.43% and maturing in 2024 and the other one half bearing interest at 4.47% and maturing in 2027. Forty percent of the principal amount bears interest at a variable rate equal to the 30-day LIBOR plus a margin of 241.5 basis points and matures in 2027. The $975.0 million of proceeds from the refinancing were primarily utilized to repay $389.9 million and $228.9 million of outstanding mortgage debt scheduled to mature in August 2018 and May 2023, respectively. The net proceeds from the refinancing activity added to our liquidity.
As of September 30, 2017, we had $192.5 million of negative working capital. Due to the nature of our business, it is not unusual to operate in the position of negative working capital because we collect revenues much more quickly, often in advance, than we are required to pay obligations, and we have historically refinanced or extended maturities of debt obligations as they become current liabilities. Our operations result in a very low level of current assets primarily stemming from our deployment of cash to pay down long-term liabilities in connection with our ongoing portfolio optimization initiative, and to pursue strategic business
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development opportunities. As of September 30, 2017, the current portion of long-term debt was $553.6 million, which includes the carrying amount of our 2.75% convertible senior notes due June 15, 2018, the carrying amount of $67.2 million of mortgage debt due in May 2018 and $50.4 million of mortgage debt related to 15 communities classified as held for sale as of September 30, 2017. We estimate that we will have sufficient liquidity to settle the outstanding principal amount of $316.3 million of the convertible notes in cash at maturity.
Our capital expenditures are comprised of community-level, corporate and development capital expenditures. Community-level capital expenditures include recurring expenditures (routine maintenance of communities over $1,500 per occurrence, including for unit turnovers (subject to a $500 floor)) and community renovations, apartment upgrades and other major building infrastructure projects. Corporate capital expenditures include those for information technology systems and equipment, the expansion of our support platform and ancillary services programs, and the remediation or replacement of assets as a result of casualty losses. Development capital expenditures include community expansions and major community redevelopment and repositioning projects, including our Program Max initiative, and the development of new communities.
Through our Program Max initiative, we intend to expand, renovate, redevelop and reposition certain of our communities where economically advantageous. Certain of our communities may benefit from additions and expansions or from adding a new level of service for residents to meet the evolving needs of our customers. These Program Max projects include converting space from one level of care to another, reconfiguration of existing units, the addition of services that are not currently present or physical plant modifications. We currently have 8 Program Max projects that have been approved, most of which have begun construction and are expected to generate 27 net new units.
The following table summarizes our actual capital expenditures for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 as well as our anticipated capital expenditures for the year ended December 31, 2017 for our consolidated communities (in millions):

| Actual Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 |  | Anticipated 2017 Range
Community-level capital expenditures, net (1) | $ | 93.1 |  |  | $ | 140.0 - 145.0
Corporate (2) | 21.5 |  |  |  | 40.0 - 45.0
Non-development capital expenditures, net (3) | 114.6 |  |  |  | 180.0 - 190.0
Development capital expenditures, net (4) | 7.2 |  |  |  | 10.0 - 20.0
Total capital expenditures, net | $ | 121.8 |  |  | $ | 190.0 - 210.0

(1) | Amount shown for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 is the amount invested, net of lessor reimbursements of $12.3 million. Anticipated amounts shown for 2017 are amounts invested or anticipated to be invested, net of approximately $14.0 million of lessor reimbursements received or anticipated to be received.

(2) | Amount includes capitalized costs for physical plant remediation and acquisition of generators resulting from the impact of the hurricanes. Anticipated total additional costs of approximately $10.0 million to $12.0 million are expected to be incurred during the fourth quarter of 2017. Amounts exclude the impact of expected reimbursement from our property and casualty insurance policies of approximately $2.0 million to $3.0 million for the fourth quarter of 2017.

(3) | Amounts are included in Adjusted Free Cash Flow.

(4) | Amount shown for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 is the amount invested, net of lessor reimbursements of $5.7 million. Anticipated amounts shown for 2017 are amounts invested or anticipated to be invested, net of approximately $7.0 million to $9.0 million of lessor reimbursements received or anticipated to be received.

For the three months ended December 31, 2017, we anticipate that our capital expenditures will be funded from cash on hand, cash flows from operations, and lessor reimbursements in the amount of approximately $3.0 million to $5.0 million.
Execution on our portfolio optimization and growth initiatives will require additional capital, particularly if we were to accelerate our lease restructuring, development and acquisition plans. We expect to continue to assess our financing alternatives periodically and access the capital markets opportunistically. If our existing resources are insufficient to satisfy our liquidity requirements, or if we enter into an acquisition or strategic arrangement with another company, we may need to sell additional equity or debt securities. Any such sale of additional equity securities will dilute the percentage ownership of our existing stockholders, and we cannot be certain that additional public or private financing will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all.
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Any newly issued equity securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of our common stock. If we are unable to raise additional funds or obtain them on terms acceptable to us, we may have to delay or abandon some or all of our plans to restructure leases and grow our business.
We currently estimate that our existing cash flows from operations, together with cash on hand, amounts available under our secured credit facility and, to a lesser extent, proceeds from anticipated dispositions of owned communities and financings and refinancings of various assets, will be sufficient to fund our liquidity needs for at least the next 12 months, assuming a relatively stable macroeconomic environment.
Our actual liquidity and capital funding requirements depend on numerous factors, including our operating results, the actual level of capital expenditures, our portfolio optimization efforts, development and acquisition activity, general economic conditions and the cost of capital. Shortfalls in cash flows from operating results or other principal sources of liquidity may have an adverse impact on our ability to execute our business and growth strategies. Volatility in the credit and financial markets may also have an adverse impact on our liquidity by making it more difficult for us to obtain financing or refinancing. As a result, this may impact our ability to execute on our portfolio optimization and growth initiatives, maintain capital spending levels, or execute other aspects of our business strategy. In order to continue some of these activities at historical or planned levels, we may incur additional indebtedness or lease financing to provide additional funding. There can be no assurance that any such additional financing will be available or on terms that are acceptable to us.
Credit Facilities
On December 19, 2014, we entered into a Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement with General Electric Capital Corporation (which has since assigned its interest to Capital One Financial Corporation), as administrative agent, lender and swingline lender, and the other lenders from time to time parties thereto. The agreement currently provides for a total commitment amount of $400.0 million, comprised of a $400.0 million revolving credit facility (with a $50.0 million sublimit for letters of credit and a $50.0 million swingline feature to permit same day borrowing) and an option to increase the revolving credit facility by an additional $250.0 million, subject to obtaining commitments for the amount of such increase from acceptable lenders. The maturity date is January 3, 2020 and amounts drawn under the facility bear interest at 90-day LIBOR plus an applicable margin from a range of 2.50% to 3.50%. The applicable margin varies based on the percentage of the total commitment drawn, with a 2.50% margin at utilization equal to or lower than 35%, a 3.25% margin at utilization greater than 35% but less than or equal to 50%, and a 3.50% margin at utilization greater than 50%. The quarterly commitment fee on the unused portion of the facility is 0.25% per annum when the outstanding amount of obligations (including revolving credit, swingline and term loans and letter of credit obligations) is greater than or equal to 50% of the total commitment amount or 0.35% per annum when such outstanding amount is less than 50% of the total commitment amount.
Amounts drawn on the facility may be used to finance acquisitions, fund working capital and capital expenditures and for other general corporate purposes.
The facility is secured by first priority mortgages on certain of our communities. In addition, the agreement permits us to pledge the equity interests in subsidiaries that own other communities (rather than mortgaging such communities), provided that loan availability from pledged assets cannot exceed 10% of loan availability from mortgaged assets. The availability under the line will vary from time to time as it is based on borrowing base calculations related to the appraised value and performance of the communities securing the facility.
The agreement contains typical affirmative and negative covenants, including financial covenants with respect to minimum consolidated fixed charge coverage and minimum consolidated tangible net worth. A violation of any of these covenants could result in a default under the amended credit agreement, which would result in termination of all commitments under the agreement and all amounts owing under the agreement becoming immediately due and payable and/or could trigger cross-default provisions in our other outstanding debt and lease documents.
As of September 30, 2017, no borrowings were outstanding on the revolving credit facility and $38.5 million of letters of credit were outstanding, resulting in $361.5 million of availability on our secured credit facility. We also had separate letter of credit facilities of up to $64.5 million in the aggregate as of September 30, 2017. Letters of credit totaling $64.4 million had been issued under these separate facilities as of that date.
As of September 30, 2017, we are in compliance with the financial covenants of our outstanding debt agreements.
Long-Term Leases
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As of September 30, 2017, we have 460 communities operated under long-term leases. The substantial majority of our lease arrangements are structured as master leases. Under a master lease, numerous communities are leased through an indivisible lease. The Company typically guarantees its performance and the lease payments under the master lease.
The community leases contain customary terms, which may include assignment and change of control restrictions, maintenance and capital expenditure obligations, termination provisions and financial performance covenants, such as net worth and minimum lease coverage ratios. Failure to comply with these covenants could result in an event of default and/or trigger cross-default provisions in our outstanding debt and other lease documents. Further, an event of default related to an individual property or limited number of properties within a master lease portfolio would result in a default on the entire master lease portfolio and could trigger cross-default provisions in our other outstanding debt and lease documents. Certain leases contain cure provisions generally requiring the posting of an additional lease security deposit if the required covenant is not met.
The leases relating to these communities are generally fixed rate leases with annual escalators that are either fixed or tied to changes in leased property revenue or the consumer price index. We are responsible for all operating costs, including repairs, property taxes and insurance. The initial lease terms primarily vary from 10 to 20 years and generally include renewal options ranging from 5 to 20 years. The remaining base lease terms vary from less than one year to 15 years and generally provide for renewal or extension options and in some instances, purchase options.
For the three months ended September 30, 2017, our cash lease payments for our capital and financing leases and our operating leases were $42.7 million and $90.3 million, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, our cash lease payments for our capital and financing leases and our operating leases were $146.4 million and $275.5 million, respectively. For the twelve months ending September 30, 2018, we will be required to make approximately $164.2 million and $366.2 million of cash lease payments in connection with our existing capital and financing leases and our operating leases, respectively.
As of September 30, 2017, we are in compliance with the financial covenants of our long-term leases.
Contractual Commitments
Significant ongoing commitments consist primarily of leases, debt, purchase commitments and certain other long-term liabilities. For a summary and complete presentation and description of our ongoing commitments and contractual obligations, see the "Contractual Commitments" section of Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 filed with the SEC on February 15, 2017.
In connection with forming the Blackstone Venture on March 29, 2017, operating and capital and financing leases of 62 communities were terminated. As a result of the terminations, our total payment obligations for capital and financing leases due during the twelve months ending March 31, 2018 decreased by $75.4 million, and our total future payment obligations for capital and financing leases decreased by $1,713.2 million, in each case including interest and lease payments and the residual value for financing lease obligations, as applicable. Additionally, our total payment obligations for operating leases for the twelve months ending March 31, 2018 decreased by $16.6 million, and our total future payment obligations for operating leases decreased by $128.2 million as a result of these completed transactions. See Note 4 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for more information about our formation of the Blackstone Venture.
As described in Note 8 to the condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, during the second quarter of 2017 we obtained a $54.7 million non-recourse addition and borrow-up loan, and during the third quarter of 2017 we completed the refinancings of several existing loan portfolios. The aggregate $1,196.3 million of proceeds from these refinancings were primarily utilized to repay outstanding principal amounts of mortgage debt of $188.1 million scheduled to mature in April 2018, $389.9 million scheduled to mature in August 2018, $13.6 million scheduled to mature in January 2021 and $228.9 million scheduled to mature in May 2023. As a result of the foregoing loan and refinancing activity, our total payment obligations for our mortgage debt during the twelve months ending September 30, 2018 decreased by $133.7 million, and our total future payment obligations for mortgage debt increased by $810.5 million, in each case including interest and principal payments. For purposes of the foregoing, interest is calculated using contractual interest for all fixed-rate obligations and is calculated at the September 30, 2017 rate for all variable rate instruments.
There have been no other material changes outside the ordinary course of business in our contractual commitments during the nine months ended September 30, 2017.
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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As of September 30, 2017, we do not have an interest in any "off-balance sheet arrangements" (as defined in Item 303(a)(4) of Regulation S-K) that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that is material to investors.
We own interests in certain unconsolidated ventures as described under Note 13 to the condensed consolidated financial statements. Except in limited circumstances, our risk of loss is limited to our investment in each venture. We also own interests in certain other unconsolidated ventures that are not considered variable interest entities. The equity method of accounting has been applied in the accompanying financial statements with respect to our investment in unconsolidated ventures.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains financial measures utilized by management to evaluate our operating performance and liquidity that are not calculated in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). Each of these measures, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Free Cash Flow, should not be considered in isolation from or as superior to or as a substitute for net income (loss), income (loss) from operations, net cash provided by (used in) operating activities, or other financial measures determined in accordance with GAAP. We use these non-GAAP financial measures to supplement our GAAP results in order to provide a more complete understanding of the factors and trends affecting our business.
We strongly urge you to review the reconciliations of Adjusted EBITDA from our net income (loss), our Adjusted Free Cash Flow from our net cash provided by (used in) operating activities, and our proportionate share of Adjusted Free Cash Flow of unconsolidated ventures from such ventures' net cash provided by (used in) operating activities, along with our consolidated financial statements included herein. We also strongly urge you not to rely on any single financial measure to evaluate our business. We caution investors that amounts presented in accordance with our definitions of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Free Cash Flow may not be comparable to similar measures disclosed by other companies, because not all companies calculate these non-GAAP measures in the same manner.
Adjusted EBITDA
Definition of Adjusted EBITDA
We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) before: provision (benefit) for income taxes; non-operating (income) expense items; depreciation and amortization (including non-cash impairment charges); (gain) loss on sale or acquisition of communities (including gain (loss) on facility lease termination); straight-line lease expense (income), net of amortization of (above) below market rents; amortization of deferred gain; non-cash stock-based compensation expense; and change in future service obligation.
We changed our definition and calculation of Adjusted EBITDA when we reported results for the second quarter of 2016, including our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 9, 2016. Prior period amounts of Adjusted EBITDA presented herein have been recast to conform to the new definition. The current definition of Adjusted EBITDA reflects the removal of the following adjustments to our net income (loss) that were used in the former definition: the addition of our proportionate share of CFFO of unconsolidated ventures and our entrance fee receipts, net of refunds, and the subtraction of our amortization of entrance fees.
Management's Use of Adjusted EBITDA
We use Adjusted EBITDA to assess our overall operating performance. We believe this non-GAAP measure, as we have defined it, is helpful in identifying trends in our day-to-day performance because the items excluded have little or no significance on our day-to-day operations. This measure provides an assessment of controllable expenses and affords management the ability to make decisions which are expected to facilitate meeting current operating goals as well as achieve optimal operating performance. It provides an indicator for management to determine if adjustments to current spending decisions are needed.
Adjusted EBITDA provides us with a measure of operating performance, independent of items that are beyond the control of management in the short-term, such as the change in the liability for the obligation to provide future services under existing lifecare contracts, depreciation and amortization (including non-cash impairment charges), straight-line lease expense (income), taxation and interest expense associated with our capital structure. This metric measures our operating performance based on operational factors that management can impact in the short-term, namely revenues and the cost structure or expenses of the organization. Adjusted EBITDA is one of the metrics used by senior management and the board of directors to review the operating performance of the business on a regular basis. We believe that Adjusted EBITDA is also used by research analysts and investors to evaluate the performance of and value companies in our industry.
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Limitations of Adjusted EBITDA
Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool. Material limitations in making the adjustments to our net income (loss) to calculate Adjusted EBITDA, and using this non-GAAP financial measure as compared to GAAP net income (loss), include:

• | the cash portion of interest expense, income tax (benefit) provision and non-recurring charges related to gain (loss) on sale of communities (or facility lease termination) and extinguishment of debt activities generally represent charges (gains), which may significantly affect our operating results; and

• | depreciation and amortization and asset impairment represent the wear and tear and/or reduction in value of our communities and other assets, which affects the services we provide to residents and may be indicative of future needs for capital expenditures.

We believe Adjusted EBITDA is useful to investors in evaluating our operating performance because it is helpful in identifying trends in our day-to-day performance since the items excluded have little or no significance to our day-to-day operations and it provides an assessment of our revenue and expense management.
The table below reconciles Adjusted EBITDA from net income (loss) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016 (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, (1) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, (1)
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Net income (loss) | $ | (413,929 | ) |  | $ | (51,728 | ) |  | $ | (586,627 | ) |  | $ | (136,036 | )
(Benefit) provision for income taxes | (31,218 | ) |  | 4,159 |  |  | 50,075 |  |  | 5,947 |
Equity in loss (earnings) of unconsolidated ventures | 6,722 |  |  | 878 |  |  | 10,311 |  |  | (478 | )
Debt modification and extinguishment costs | 11,129 |  |  | 1,944 |  |  | 11,883 |  |  | 3,240 |
Loss (gain) on sale of assets, net | 233 |  |  | 425 |  |  | 1,383 |  |  | (2,126 | )
Other non-operating income | (2,621 | ) |  | (3,706 | ) |  | (6,519 | ) |  | (11,011 | )
Interest expense | 79,999 |  |  | 96,482 |  |  | 249,544 |  |  | 289,989 |
Interest income | (1,285 | ) |  | (809 | ) |  | (2,720 | ) |  | (2,239 | )
Income (loss) from operations | (350,970 | ) |  | 47,645 |  |  | (272,670 | ) |  | 147,286 |
Depreciation and amortization | 117,649 |  |  | 130,783 |  |  | 366,023 |  |  | 391,314 |
Goodwill and asset impairment | 368,551 |  |  | 19,111 |  |  | 390,816 |  |  | 26,638 |
Loss on facility lease termination | 4,938 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,306 |  |  | — |
Straight-line lease (income) expense | (3,078 | ) |  | (859 | ) |  | (9,204 | ) |  | 2,553 |
Amortization of (above) below market lease, net | (1,697 | ) |  | (1,699 | ) |  | (5,091 | ) |  | (5,165 | )
Amortization of deferred gain | (1,091 | ) |  | (1,093 | ) |  | (3,277 | ) |  | (3,279 | )
Non-cash stock-based compensation | 7,527 |  |  | 8,455 |  |  | 22,547 |  |  | 27,218 |
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 141,829 |  |  | $ | 202,343 |  |  | $ | 500,450 |  |  | $ | 586,565 |

(1) | For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the calculation of Adjusted EBITDA includes $2.8 million and $14.5 million of transaction and strategic project costs, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, the calculation of Adjusted EBITDA includes $7.1 million and $44.2 million of integration, transaction, transaction-related and strategic project costs, respectively. Integration costs include transition costs associated with organizational restructuring (such as severance and retention payments and recruiting expenses), third party consulting expenses directly related to the integration of acquired communities (in areas such as cost savings and synergy realization, branding and technology and systems work), and internal costs such as training, travel and labor, reflecting time spent by Company personnel on integration activities and projects. Transaction and transaction-related costs include third party costs directly related to acquisition and disposition activity, community financing and leasing activity, our ongoing assessment of options and alternatives to enhance stockholder value, and corporate capital structure assessment activities (including stockholder relations advisory matters), and are primarily comprised of legal, finance, consulting, professional fees and other third party costs. Strategic project costs

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include costs associated with certain strategic projects related to refining our strategy, building out enterprise-wide capabilities (including the EMR roll-out project) and reducing costs and achieving synergies by capitalizing on scale.
Adjusted Free Cash Flow
Definition of Adjusted Free Cash Flow
We define Adjusted Free Cash Flow as net cash provided by (used in) operating activities before: changes in operating assets and liabilities; gain (loss) on facility lease termination; and distributions from unconsolidated ventures from cumulative share of net earnings; plus: proceeds from refundable entrance fees, net of refunds; and property insurance proceeds; less: lease financing debt amortization and Non-Development CapEx. Non-Development CapEx is comprised of corporate and community-level capital expenditures, including those related to maintenance, renovations, upgrades and other major building infrastructure projects for our communities. Non-Development CapEx does not include capital expenditures for community expansions and major community redevelopment and repositioning projects, including our Program Max initiative, and the development of new communities. Amounts of Non-Development CapEx are presented net of lessor reimbursements received or anticipated to be received in the calculation of Adjusted Free Cash Flow.
Our proportionate share of Adjusted Free Cash Flow of unconsolidated ventures is calculated based on our equity ownership percentage and in a manner consistent with the definition of Adjusted Free Cash Flow for our consolidated entities. Our investments in our unconsolidated ventures are accounted for under the equity method of accounting and, therefore, our proportionate share of Adjusted Free Cash Flow of unconsolidated ventures does not represent cash available to our consolidated business except to the extent it is distributed to us.
We plan to adopt ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows - Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments ("ASU 2016-15") on January 1, 2018, which will be applied retrospectively for all periods presented. Among other things, ASU 2016-15 provides that debt prepayment and debt extinguishment costs, which are currently classified within operating activities, will be classified within financing activities. We have identified cash paid for debt modification and extinguishment costs of $11.2 million and $2.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016, respectively, included in net cash provided by operating activities that we anticipate will be retrospectively classified as cash flows from financing activities upon adoption of ASU 2016-15. We do not anticipate changing our definition of Adjusted Free Cash Flow upon our adoption of ASU 2016-15. Following our adoption of ASU 2016-15, we expect the amount of Adjusted Free Cash Flow for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016 to reflect an increase of $11.2 million and $2.9 million, respectively. See Note 2 to the condensed consolidated financial statements contained in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for more information about ASU 2016-15.
Management's Use of Adjusted Free Cash Flow
We use Adjusted Free Cash Flow to assess our overall liquidity. This measure provides an assessment of controllable expenses and affords management the ability to make decisions which are expected to facilitate meeting current financial and liquidity goals as well as to achieve optimal financial performance. It provides an indicator for management to determine if adjustments to current spending decisions are needed.
Adjusted Free Cash Flow measures our liquidity based on operational factors that management can impact in the short-term, namely the cost structure or expenses of the organization. Adjusted Free Cash Flow is one of the metrics used by our senior management and board of directors (i) to review our ability to service our outstanding indebtedness, including our credit facilities, (ii) to review our ability to pay dividends to stockholders or engage in share repurchases, (iii) to review our ability to make capital expenditures, (iv) for other corporate planning purposes and/or (v) in making compensation determinations for certain of our associates (including our named executive officers).
Limitations of Adjusted Free Cash Flow
Adjusted Free Cash Flow has limitations as an analytical tool. Material limitations in making the adjustments to our net cash provided by (used in) operating activities to calculate Adjusted Free Cash Flow, and using this non-GAAP financial measure as compared to GAAP net cash provided by (used in) operating activities, include:

• | Adjusted Free Cash Flow does not represent cash available for dividends or discretionary expenditures, since we have mandatory debt service requirements and other non-discretionary expenditures not reflected in this measure; and

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• | the cash portion of non-recurring charges related to gain (loss) on lease termination and extinguishment of debt activities generally represent charges (gains), which may significantly affect our financial results.

In addition, our proportionate share of Adjusted Free Cash Flow of unconsolidated ventures has limitations as an analytical tool because such measure does not represent cash available directly for use by our consolidated business except to the extent actually distributed to us, and we do not have control, or we share control in determining, the timing and amount of distributions from our unconsolidated ventures and, therefore, we may never receive such cash.
We believe Adjusted Free Cash Flow is useful to investors because it assists their ability to meaningfully evaluate (1) our ability to service our outstanding indebtedness, including our credit facilities and capital and financing leases, (2) our ability to pay dividends to stockholders or engage in share repurchases, (3) our ability to make capital expenditures, and (4) the underlying value of our assets, including our interests in real estate.
We believe presentation of our proportionate share of Adjusted Free Cash Flow of unconsolidated ventures is useful to investors since such measure reflects the cash generated by the operating activities of the unconsolidated ventures for the reporting period and, to the extent such cash is not distributed to us, it generally represents cash used or to be used by the ventures for the repayment of debt, investing in expansions or acquisitions, reserve requirements, or other corporate uses by such ventures, and such uses reduce our potential need to make capital contributions to the ventures of our proportionate share of cash needed for such items.
The table below reconciles our Adjusted Free Cash Flow from our net cash provided by (used in) operating activities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016 (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 83,235 |  |  | $ | 99,442 |  |  | $ | 283,109 |  |  | $ | 277,281 |
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities | (268,503 | ) |  | 102,362 |  |  | (529,718 | ) |  | (54,374 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 325,294 |  |  | (166,673 | ) |  | 321,766 |  |  | (236,752 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | $ | 140,026 |  |  | $ | 35,131 |  |  | $ | 75,157 |  |  | $ | (13,845 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 83,235 |  |  | $ | 99,442 |  |  | $ | 283,109 |  |  | $ | 277,281 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities | (22,101 | ) |  | 23,967 |  |  | (13,910 | ) |  | 62,527 |
Proceeds from refundable entrance fees, net of refunds | (687 | ) |  | (308 | ) |  | (2,241 | ) |  | (907 | )
Lease financing debt amortization | (14,626 | ) |  | (16,024 | ) |  | (46,256 | ) |  | (46,858 | )
Distributions from unconsolidated ventures from cumulative share of net earnings | (473 | ) |  | (6,400 | ) |  | (1,365 | ) |  | (6,400 | )
Non-development capital expenditures, net | (41,005 | ) |  | (55,611 | ) |  | (114,559 | ) |  | (171,404 | )
Property insurance proceeds | 1,461 |  |  | 2,763 |  |  | 4,430 |  |  | 6,360 |
Adjusted Free Cash Flow | $ | 5,804 |  |  | $ | 47,829 |  |  | $ | 109,208 |  |  | $ | 120,599 |

The table below reconciles our proportionate share of Adjusted Free Cash Flow of unconsolidated ventures from net cash provided by (used in) operating activities of such unconsolidated ventures for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016 (in thousands). For purposes of this presentation, amounts for each line item represent the aggregate amounts of such line items for all of our unconsolidated ventures.
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| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 62,054 |  |  | $ | 47,095 |  |  | $ | 207,845 |  |  | $ | 157,530 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (20,267 | ) |  | (40,885 | ) |  | (1,238,932 | ) |  | (124,491 | )
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | (32,514 | ) |  | (12,073 | ) |  | 1,083,379 |  |  | (32,708 | )
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents | $ | 9,273 |  |  | $ | (5,863 | ) |  | $ | 52,292 |  |  | $ | 331 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 62,054 |  |  | $ | 47,095 |  |  | $ | 207,845 |  |  | $ | 157,530 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities | (5,615 | ) |  | (3,600 | ) |  | (20,088 | ) |  | (11,125 | )
Proceeds from refundable entrance fees, net of refunds | (6,309 | ) |  | 32 |  |  | (15,702 | ) |  | (2,744 | )
Non-development capital expenditures, net | (28,659 | ) |  | (25,761 | ) |  | (69,425 | ) |  | (72,073 | )
Property insurance proceeds | 614 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,841 |  |  | — |
Adjusted Free Cash Flow of unconsolidated ventures | $ | 22,085 |  |  | $ | 17,766 |  |  | $ | 104,471 |  |  | $ | 71,588 |
Brookdale weighted average ownership percentage | 30.4 | % |  | 42.2 | % |  | 22.4 | % |  | 36.1 | %
Brookdale's proportionate share of Adjusted Free Cash Flow of unconsolidated ventures | $ | 6,709 |  |  | $ | 7,502 |  |  | $ | 23,379 |  |  | $ | 25,867 |

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
We are subject to market risks from changes in interest rates charged on our credit facilities, other floating-rate indebtedness and lease payments subject to floating rates. The impact on earnings and the value of our long-term debt and lease payments are subject to change as a result of movements in market rates and prices. As of September 30, 2017, we had approximately $2.6 billion of long-term fixed rate debt, $1.4 billion of long-term variable rate debt, including our secured credit facility, and $1.6 billion of capital and financing lease obligations. As of September 30, 2017, our total fixed-rate debt and variable-rate debt outstanding had a weighted-average interest rate of 4.83% (calculated using an imputed interest rate of 7.5% for our $316.3 million outstanding principal amount of 2.75% convertible senior notes due June 15, 2018).
We enter into certain interest rate cap agreements with major financial institutions to effectively manage our risk above certain interest rates on variable rate debt. As of September 30, 2017, $2.6 billion, or 65.1%, of our long-term debt, excluding our capital and financing lease obligations, has fixed rates. As of September 30, 2017, $543.8 million, or 13.8%, of our long-term debt, excluding capital and financing lease obligations, is subject to interest rate cap agreements. The remaining $828.6 million, or 21.1%, of our debt is variable rate debt not subject to any interest rate cap or swap agreements. A change in interest rates would have impacted our annual interest expense related to all outstanding variable rate debt, excluding our capital and financing lease obligations, as follows (after consideration of hedging instruments currently in place): a 100 basis point increase in interest rates would have an impact of $14.1 million, a 500 basis point increase in interest rates would have an impact of $60.8 million and a 1,000 basis point increase in interest rates would have an impact of $103.6 million.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, under the supervision of and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined under Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer each concluded that, as of September 30, 2017, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There has not been any change in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2017 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
The information contained in Note 9 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q is incorporated herein by this reference.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes to the risk factors set forth in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

(a) | Not applicable.

(b) | Not applicable.

(c) | The following table contains information regarding purchases of our common stock made during the three months ended September 30, 2017 by or on behalf of the Company or any ''affiliated purchaser,'' as defined by Rule 10b-18(a)(3) of the Exchange Act:

Period | Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs ($ in thousands) (2)
7/1/2017 - 7/31/2017 | 81 |  |  | 13.08 |  |  | — |  |  | 90,360 |
8/1/2017 - 8/31/2017 | 19,706 |  |  | $ | 12.00 |  |  | — |  |  | 90,360 |
9/1/2017 - 9/30/2017 | 9,305 |  |  | 11.71 |  |  | — |  |  | 90,360 |
Total | 29,092 |  |  | $ | 11.97 |  |  | — |  |  |

(1) | Consists entirely of shares withheld to satisfy tax liabilities due upon the vesting of restricted stock. The average price paid per share for such share withholding is based on the closing price per share on the vesting date of the restricted stock or, if such date is not a trading day, the trading day immediately prior to such vesting date.

(2) | On November 1, 2016, the Company announced that its Board of Directors had approved a share repurchase program that authorizes the Company to purchase up to $100.0 million in the aggregate of its common stock. The share repurchase program is intended to be implemented through purchases made from time to time using a variety of methods, which may include open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or block trades, or by any combination of such methods, in accordance with applicable insider trading and other securities laws and regulations. The size, scope and timing of any purchases will be based on business, market and other conditions and factors, including price, regulatory and contractual requirements, and capital availability. The repurchase program does not obligate the Company to acquire any particular amount of common stock and the program may be suspended, modified or discontinued at any time at the Company's discretion without prior notice. Shares of stock repurchased under the program will be held as treasury shares. No shares were purchased pursuant to the repurchase program during the three months ended September 30, 2017, and approximately $90.4 million remained available under the repurchase program as of September 30, 2017.

Item 5. Other Information
On November 1, 2017, the Company entered into a definitive agreement for a multi-part transaction with HCP, Inc. (“HCP”). As part of such transaction, the Company and certain of its affiliates and HCP and certain of its affiliates entered into an Amended
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and Restated Master Lease and Security Agreement (“Master Lease”) effective as of November 1, 2017. The Master Lease amended and restated leases covering substantially all of the communities that were subject to triple-net leases between the Company and HCP.
Pursuant to the Master Lease, two communities will be removed from the Master Lease upon the Company’s purchase of such communities. In addition, 32 communities will be removed from the Master Lease on or before November 1, 2018. However, if HCP has not transitioned operations and/or management of such 32 communities to a third party prior to such date, the Company will continue to operate such communities on an interim basis and such communities will, from and after such time, be reported in the Company’s Management Services segment. In addition to the foregoing 34 communities, the Company will continue to lease 44 communities pursuant to the terms of the Master Lease, which have the same lease rates and expiration and renewal terms as the applicable prior instruments, except that effective January 1, 2018, the Company will receive a $5 million annual rent reduction for three communities. The Master Lease also provides that the Company may engage in certain change in control and other transactions without the need to obtain HCP's consent, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions.
The closings of the various transactions referenced above are subject to the satisfaction of various closing conditions, including (where applicable) the receipt of regulatory approvals. However, there can be no assurance that the transactions will close or, if they do, when the actual closings will occur.
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Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit No. |  | Description
3.1 |  | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 26, 2010 (File No. 001-32641)).
3.2 |  | Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, dated July 30, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 5, 2014 (File No. 001-32641)).
3.3 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 6, 2017 (File No. 001-32641)).
4.1 |  | Form of Certificate for common stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Amendment No. 3) filed on November 7, 2005 (File No. 333-127372)).
4.2 |  | Indenture, dated as of June 14, 2011, between the Company and American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 14, 2011 (File No. 001-32641)).
4.3 |  | Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 14, 2011, between the Company and American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 14, 2011 (File No. 001-32641)).
4.4 |  | Form of 2.75% Convertible Senior Note due 2018 (included as part of Exhibit 4.3).
10.1 |  | Agreement dated as of July 25, 2017 by and among the Company, Land & Buildings Investment Management, LLC, Land & Buildings Capital Growth Fund LP and Jonathan Litt (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 26, 2017 (File No. 001-32641)).
10.2 |  | Amended and Restated Brookdale Senior Living Inc. 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 28, 2017 (File No. 001-32641)).
10.3 |  | Master Credit Facility Agreement (Senior Housing) dated as of August 31, 2017, by and between Jones Lang LaSalle Multifamily, LLC and the Company's subsidiaries named as borrowers therein.
31.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| BROOKDALE SENIOR LIVING INC. |
| (Registrant) |
| By: | /s/ Lucinda M. Baier |
| Name: | Lucinda M. Baier |
| Title: | Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) |
| Date: | November 7, 2017 |

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