10-Q 1 bkdq3201810q.htm 10-Q
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-Q

x | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018
or

¨ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _____________ to _____________
Commission File Number: 001-32641
BROOKDALE SENIOR LIVING INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware | 20-3068069
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

111 Westwood Place, Suite 400, Brentwood, Tennessee | 37027
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

(615) 221-2250
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

| Large accelerated filer | x |  | Accelerated filer | ¨ |
| Non-accelerated filer | ¨ |  | Smaller reporting company | ¨ |
|  |  |  | Emerging growth company | ¨ |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).Yes ¨ No x
As of November 2, 2018, 187,742,979 shares of the registrant's common stock, $0.01 par value, were outstanding (excluding unvested restricted shares).
1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
BROOKDALE SENIOR LIVING INC.
FORM 10-Q
FOR THE QUARTER ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2018

| PAGE
PART I. | FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Financial Statements |
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets - |
| As of September 30, 2018 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2017 | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations - |
| Three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (Unaudited) | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Statement of Equity - |
| Nine months ended September 30, 2018 (Unaudited) | 5
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - |
| Nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (Unaudited) | 6
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 7
Item 2. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 31
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 64
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 64
PART II. | OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 64
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 64
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 64
Item 6. | Exhibits | 66
Signatures |  | 67

2

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
BROOKDALE SENIOR LIVING INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except stock amounts)

| September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Assets | (Unaudited) |  |
Current assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 133,664 |  |  | $ | 222,647 |
Marketable securities | — |  |  | 291,796 |
Restricted cash | 41,676 |  |  | 37,189 |
Accounts receivable, net | 130,088 |  |  | 128,961 |
Assets held for sale | 241,854 |  |  | 106,435 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets, net | 89,432 |  |  | 114,844 |
Total current assets | 636,714 |  |  | 901,872 |
Property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles, net | 5,407,130 |  |  | 5,852,145 |
Restricted cash | 24,758 |  |  | 22,710 |
Investment in unconsolidated ventures | 29,984 |  |  | 129,794 |
Goodwill | 154,131 |  |  | 505,783 |
Other intangible assets, net | 59,653 |  |  | 67,977 |
Other assets, net | 182,267 |  |  | 195,168 |
Total assets | $ | 6,494,637 |  |  | $ | 7,675,449 |
Liabilities and Equity |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Current portion of long-term debt | $ | 487,755 |  |  | $ | 495,413 |
Current portion of capital and financing lease obligations | 15,932 |  |  | 107,088 |
Trade accounts payable | 79,573 |  |  | 91,825 |
Accrued expenses | 320,863 |  |  | 329,966 |
Refundable entrance fees and deferred revenue | 55,892 |  |  | 68,358 |
Tenant security deposits | 2,785 |  |  | 3,126 |
Total current liabilities | 962,800 |  |  | 1,095,776 |
Long-term debt, less current portion | 3,212,286 |  |  | 3,375,324 |
Capital and financing lease obligations, less current portion | 916,986 |  |  | 1,164,466 |
Deferred liabilities | 258,045 |  |  | 224,304 |
Deferred tax liability | 51,560 |  |  | 70,644 |
Other liabilities | 203,112 |  |  | 214,644 |
Total liabilities | 5,604,789 |  |  | 6,145,158 |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 50,000,000 shares authorized at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017; no shares issued and outstanding | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 400,000,000 shares authorized at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017; 197,107,650 and 194,454,329 shares issued and 193,929,249 and 191,275,928 shares outstanding (including 6,188,595 and 4,770,097 unvested restricted shares), respectively | 1,939 |  |  | 1,913 |
Additional paid-in-capital | 4,145,683 |  |  | 4,126,549 |
Treasury stock, at cost; 3,178,401 shares at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 | (56,440 | ) |  | (56,440 | )
Accumulated deficit | (3,200,811 | ) |  | (2,541,294 | )
Total Brookdale Senior Living Inc. stockholders' equity | 890,371 |  |  | 1,530,728 |
Noncontrolling interest | (523 | ) |  | (437 | )
Total equity | 889,848 |  |  | 1,530,291 |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 6,494,637 |  |  | $ | 7,675,449 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
3

BROOKDALE SENIOR LIVING INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Unaudited, in thousands, except per share data)

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Resident fees | $ | 840,179 |  |  | $ | 922,892 |  |  | $ | 2,642,414 |  |  | $ | 2,873,889 |
Management fees | 18,528 |  |  | 18,138 |  |  | 54,280 |  |  | 56,474 |
Reimbursed costs incurred on behalf of managed communities | 261,355 |  |  | 236,958 |  |  | 765,802 |  |  | 650,863 |
Total revenue | 1,120,062 |  |  | 1,177,988 |  |  | 3,462,496 |  |  | 3,581,226 |
Expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Facility operating expense (excluding depreciation and amortization of $101,527, $105,424, $310,011, and $325,976, respectively) | 607,076 |  |  | 650,654 |  |  | 1,866,477 |  |  | 1,967,601 |
General and administrative expense (including non-cash stock-based compensation expense of $6,035, $7,527, $20,710, and $22,547, respectively) | 57,309 |  |  | 63,779 |  |  | 194,333 |  |  | 196,429 |
Transaction costs | 1,487 |  |  | 1,992 |  |  | 8,805 |  |  | 12,924 |
Facility lease expense | 70,392 |  |  | 84,437 |  |  | 232,752 |  |  | 257,934 |
Depreciation and amortization | 110,980 |  |  | 117,649 |  |  | 341,351 |  |  | 366,023 |
Goodwill and asset impairment | 5,500 |  |  | 368,551 |  |  | 451,966 |  |  | 390,816 |
Loss on facility lease termination and modification, net | 2,337 |  |  | 4,938 |  |  | 148,804 |  |  | 11,306 |
Costs incurred on behalf of managed communities | 261,355 |  |  | 236,958 |  |  | 765,802 |  |  | 650,863 |
Total operating expense | 1,116,436 |  |  | 1,528,958 |  |  | 4,010,290 |  |  | 3,853,896 |
Income (loss) from operations | 3,626 |  |  | (350,970 | ) |  | (547,794 | ) |  | (272,670 | )
Interest income | 1,654 |  |  | 1,285 |  |  | 7,578 |  |  | 2,720 |
Interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt | (46,891 | ) |  | (44,382 | ) |  | (141,585 | ) |  | (126,472 | )
Capital and financing lease obligations | (20,896 | ) |  | (31,999 | ) |  | (66,216 | ) |  | (114,086 | )
Amortization of deferred financing costs and debt premium (discount) | (829 | ) |  | (3,544 | ) |  | (7,113 | ) |  | (8,827 | )
Change in fair value of derivatives | (10 | ) |  | (74 | ) |  | (153 | ) |  | (159 | )
Debt modification and extinguishment costs | (33 | ) |  | (11,129 | ) |  | (77 | ) |  | (11,883 | )
Equity in loss of unconsolidated ventures | (1,340 | ) |  | (6,722 | ) |  | (6,907 | ) |  | (10,311 | )
Gain (loss) on sale of assets, net | 9,833 |  |  | (233 | ) |  | 76,586 |  |  | (1,383 | )
Other non-operating income (expense) | (17 | ) |  | 2,621 |  |  | 8,074 |  |  | 6,519 |
Income (loss) before income taxes | (54,903 | ) |  | (445,147 | ) |  | (677,607 | ) |  | (536,552 | )
Benefit (provision) for income taxes | 17,763 |  |  | 31,218 |  |  | 17,724 |  |  | (50,075 | )
Net income (loss) | (37,140 | ) |  | (413,929 | ) |  | (659,883 | ) |  | (586,627 | )
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interest | 19 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 86 |  |  | 151 |
Net income (loss) attributable to Brookdale Senior Living Inc. common stockholders | $ | (37,121 | ) |  | $ | (413,885 | ) |  | $ | (659,797 | ) |  | $ | (586,476 | )
Basic and diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to Brookdale Senior Living Inc. common stockholders | $ | (0.20 | ) |  | $ | (2.22 | ) |  | $ | (3.52 | ) |  | $ | (3.15 | )
Weighted average shares used in computing basic and diluted net income (loss) per share | 187,675 |  |  | 186,298 |  |  | 187,383 |  |  | 186,068 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
4

BROOKDALE SENIOR LIVING INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF EQUITY
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
(Unaudited, in thousands)

| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In- Capital |  | Treasury Stock |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Stockholders' Equity |  | Noncontrolling Interest |  | Total Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |  |
Balances at January 1, 2018 | 191,276 |  |  | $ | 1,913 |  |  | $ | 4,126,549 |  |  | $ | (56,440 | ) |  | $ | (2,541,294 | ) |  | $ | 1,530,728 |  |  | $ | (437 | ) |  | $ | 1,530,291 |
Compensation expense related to restricted stock grants | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20,710 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20,710 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,710 |
Net income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (659,797 | ) |  | (659,797 | ) |  | (86 | ) |  | (659,883 | )
Issuance of common stock under Associate Stock Purchase Plan | 153 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1,146 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,147 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,147 |
Restricted stock, net | 2,910 |  |  | 29 |  |  | (29 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Shares withheld for employee taxes | (410 | ) |  | (4 | ) |  | (2,840 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,844 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,844 | )
Other, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | 147 |  |  | — |  |  | 280 |  |  | 427 |  |  | — |  |  | 427 |
Balances at September 30, 2018 | 193,929 |  |  | $ | 1,939 |  |  | $ | 4,145,683 |  |  | $ | (56,440 | ) |  | $ | (3,200,811 | ) |  | $ | 890,371 |  |  | $ | (523 | ) |  | $ | 889,848 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
5

BROOKDALE SENIOR LIVING INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited, in thousands)

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2017
Cash Flows from Operating Activities |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | (659,883 | ) |  | $ | (586,627 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Debt modification and extinguishment costs | 77 |  |  | 11,883 |
Depreciation and amortization, net | 348,464 |  |  | 374,850 |
Goodwill and asset impairment | 451,966 |  |  | 390,816 |
Equity in loss of unconsolidated ventures | 6,907 |  |  | 10,311 |
Distributions from unconsolidated ventures from cumulative share of net earnings | 2,159 |  |  | 1,365 |
Amortization of deferred gain | (3,269 | ) |  | (3,277 | )
Amortization of entrance fees | (1,220 | ) |  | (2,457 | )
Proceeds from deferred entrance fee revenue | 2,507 |  |  | 4,519 |
Deferred income tax (benefit) provision | (19,180 | ) |  | 48,669 |
Straight-line lease (income) expense | (10,410 | ) |  | (9,204 | )
Change in fair value of derivatives | 153 |  |  | 159 |
(Gain) loss on sale of assets, net | (76,586 | ) |  | 1,383 |
Loss on facility lease termination and modification, net | 135,760 |  |  | 11,306 |
Non-cash stock-based compensation expense | 20,710 |  |  | 22,547 |
Non-cash interest expense on financing lease obligations | 9,151 |  |  | 13,960 |
Amortization of (above) below market lease, net | (4,246 | ) |  | (5,091 | )
Non-cash management contract termination fee | (5,649 | ) |  | — |
Other | (154 | ) |  | (4,699 | )
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net | (1,127 | ) |  | 10,765 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets, net | 21,874 |  |  | 23,323 |
Trade accounts payable and accrued expenses | (43,257 | ) |  | (21,459 | )
Tenant refundable fees and security deposits | (341 | ) |  | (232 | )
Deferred revenue | (3,898 | ) |  | 1,513 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 170,508 |  |  | 294,323 |
Cash Flows from Investing Activities |  |  |  |  |
Change in lease security deposits and lease acquisition deposits, net | (664 | ) |  | (411 | )
Sale (purchase) of marketable securities, net | 293,273 |  |  | (246,376 | )
Additions to property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles, net | (169,349 | ) |  | (140,044 | )
Acquisition of assets, net of related payables and cash received | (271,771 | ) |  | (400 | )
Investment in unconsolidated ventures | (8,946 | ) |  | (187,600 | )
Distributions received from unconsolidated ventures | 10,782 |  |  | 11,491 |
Proceeds from sale of assets, net | 131,912 |  |  | 34,570 |
Property insurance proceeds | 156 |  |  | 4,430 |
Other | 1,580 |  |  | 962 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (13,027 | ) |  | (523,378 | )
Cash Flows from Financing Activities |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from debt | 279,919 |  |  | 1,293,047 |
Repayment of debt and capital and financing lease obligations | (501,946 | ) |  | (958,703 | )
Proceeds from line of credit | 200,000 |  |  | 100,000 |
Repayment of line of credit | (200,000 | ) |  | (100,000 | )
Payment of financing costs, net of related payables | (3,341 | ) |  | (16,919 | )
Proceeds from refundable entrance fees, net of refunds | (316 | ) |  | (2,241 | )
Payments for lease termination | (12,548 | ) |  | (552 | )
Payments of employee taxes for withheld shares | (2,844 | ) |  | (5,666 | )
Other | 1,147 |  |  | 1,586 |
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | (239,929 | ) |  | 310,552 |
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (82,448 | ) |  | 81,497 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period | 282,546 |  |  | 277,322 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period | $ | 200,098 |  |  | $ | 358,819 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
6

BROOKDALE SENIOR LIVING INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
1. Description of Business
Brookdale Senior Living Inc. ("Brookdale" or the "Company") is the leading operator of senior living communities throughout the United States. The Company is committed to providing senior living solutions primarily within properties that are designed, purpose-built and operated to provide quality service, care and living accommodations for residents. The Company operates independent living, assisted living and dementia-care communities and continuing care retirement centers ("CCRCs"). Through its ancillary services programs, the Company also offers a range of home health, hospice, and outpatient therapy services to residents of many of its communities and to seniors living outside its communities.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("US GAAP") for interim financial information pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") for quarterly reports on Form 10-Q. In the opinion of management, these financial statements include all adjustments necessary to present fairly the financial position, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of September 30, 2018, and for all periods presented. The condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared on the accrual basis of accounting. All adjustments made have been of a normal and recurring nature. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles have been condensed or omitted. The Company believes that the disclosures included are adequate and provide a fair presentation of interim period results. Interim financial statements are not necessarily indicative of the financial position or operating results for an entire year. It is suggested that these interim financial statements be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and the notes thereto, together with management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations, included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 filed with the SEC on February 22, 2018.
Except for the changes for the impact of the recently adopted accounting pronouncements discussed in this Note, the Company has consistently applied its accounting policies to all periods presented in these condensed consolidated financial statements.
Principles of Consolidation
The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Brookdale and its consolidated subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. Investments in affiliated companies that the Company does not control, but has the ability to exercise significant influence over governance and operation, are accounted for by the equity method. The ownership interest of consolidated entities not wholly-owned by the Company are presented as noncontrolling interests in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements. Noncontrolling interest represents the share of consolidated entities owned by third parties. Noncontrolling interest is adjusted for the noncontrolling holder's share of additional contributions, distributions and the proportionate share of the net income or loss of each respective entity.
The Company continually evaluates its potential variable interest entity ("VIE") relationships under certain criteria as provided for in Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 810, Consolidation ("ASC 810"). ASC 810 broadly defines a VIE as an entity with one or more of the following characteristics: (a) the total equity investment at risk is insufficient to finance the entity's activities without additional subordinated financial support; (b) as a group, the holders of the equity investment at risk lack (i) the ability to make decisions about the entity's activities through voting or similar rights, (ii) the obligation to absorb the expected losses of the entity, or (iii) the right to receive the expected residual returns of the entity; or (c) the equity investors have voting rights that are not proportional to their economic interests, and substantially all of the entity's activities either involve, or are conducted on behalf of, an investor that has disproportionately few voting rights. The Company performs this analysis on an ongoing basis and consolidates any VIEs for which the Company is determined to be the primary beneficiary, as determined by the Company's power to direct the VIE's activities and the obligation to absorb its losses or the right to receive its benefits, which are potentially significant to the VIE. Refer to Note 14 for more information about the Company's VIE relationships.
7

Revenue Recognition
Resident Fees
Resident fee revenue is reported at the amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for the services provided. These amounts are due from residents or third-party payors and include variable consideration for retroactive adjustments, if any, under reimbursement programs. Performance obligations are determined based on the nature of the services provided. Resident fee revenue is recognized as performance obligations are satisfied.
Under the Company's senior living residency agreements, which are generally for a term of 30 days to one year, the Company provides senior living services to residents for a stated daily or monthly fee. The Company recognizes revenue for housing services under residency agreements for independent living and assisted living services in accordance with the provisions of ASC 840, Leases ("ASC 840"). The Company recognizes revenue for assisted living care, skilled nursing residency and inpatient therapy services, ancillary services, and personalized health services in accordance with the provisions of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC 606"). The Company has determined that the senior living services included under the daily or monthly fee have the same timing and pattern of transfer and are a series of distinct services that are considered one performance obligation which is satisfied over time.
Through its ancillary services programs, the Company enters into contracts to provide home health, hospice, and outpatient therapy services. The Company recognizes revenue for home health, hospice, and outpatient therapy services in accordance with the provisions of ASC 606. Each service provided under the contract is capable of being distinct, and thus, the services are considered individual and separate performance obligations which are satisfied as services are provided and revenue is recognized as services are provided.
The Company receives revenue for services under various third-party payor programs which include Medicare, Medicaid, and other third-party payors. Settlements with third-party payors for retroactive adjustments due to audits, reviews or investigations are included in the determination of the estimated transaction price for providing services. The Company estimates the transaction price based on the terms of the contract with the payor, correspondence with the payor and historical payment trends, and retroactive adjustments are recognized in future periods as final settlements are determined.
Management Services
The Company manages certain communities under contracts which provide periodic management fee payments to the Company. Management fees are generally determined by an agreed upon percentage of gross revenues (as defined in the management agreement). Certain management contracts also provide for an annual incentive fee to be paid to the Company upon achievement of certain metrics identified in the contract. The Company recognizes revenue for community management services in accordance with the provisions of ASC 606. Although there are various management and operational activities performed by the Company under the contracts, the Company has determined that all community operations management activities are a single performance obligation, which is satisfied over time as the services are rendered. The Company estimates the amount of incentive fee revenue expected to be earned, if any, during the annual contract period and revenue is recognized as services are provided to the owners of the communities. The Company’s estimate of the transaction price for management services also includes the amount of reimbursement due from the owners of the communities for services provided and related costs incurred. Such revenue is included in "reimbursed costs incurred on behalf of managed communities" on the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The related costs are included in "costs incurred on behalf of managed communities" on the condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Gain on Sale of Assets
The Company regularly enters into real estate transactions which may include the disposal of certain communities, including the associated real estate. The Company recognizes income from real estate sales under ASC 610-20, Other Income - Gains and Losses from Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets ("ASC 610-20"). Under ASC 610-20, income is recognized when the transfer of control occurs and the Company applies the five-step model for recognition to determine the amount and timing of income to recognize for all real estate sales.
The Company accounts for the sale of equity method investments under ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing ("ASC 860"). Under ASC 860, income is recognized when the transfer of control occurs and the Company has no continuing involvement with the transferred financial assets.
8

Stock-Based Compensation
The Company follows ASC 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation ("ASC 718") in accounting for its share-based payments. This guidance requires measurement of the cost of employee services received in exchange for stock compensation based on the grant-date fair value of the employee stock awards. This cost is recognized as compensation expense ratably over the employee’s requisite service period. Incremental compensation costs arising from subsequent modifications of awards after the grant date are recognized when incurred.
Certain of the Company’s employee stock awards vest only upon the achievement of performance targets. ASC 718 requires recognition of compensation cost only when achievement of performance conditions is considered probable. Consequently, the Company’s determination of the amount of stock compensation expense requires judgment in estimating the probability of achievement of these performance targets.
For all share-based awards with graded or cliff vesting other than awards with performance-based vesting conditions, the Company records compensation expense for the entire award on a straight-line basis (or, if applicable, on the accelerated method) over the requisite service period. For graded-vesting awards with performance-based vesting conditions, total compensation expense is recognized over the requisite service period for each separately vesting tranche of the award as if the award is, in substance, multiple awards once the performance target is deemed probable of achievement. Performance goals are evaluated quarterly. If such goals are not ultimately met or it is not probable the goals will be achieved, no compensation expense is recognized and any previously recognized compensation expense is reversed.
Income Taxes
Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability approach which requires recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the differences between the financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities. A valuation allowance reduces deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements. The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. Categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels are defined as follows:
Level 1 – Inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.
Level 2 – Inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.
Level 3 – Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.
Cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, and restricted cash are reflected in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets at amounts considered by management to reasonably approximate fair value due to the short maturity.
Marketable Securities
Investments in commercial paper and corporate bond instruments with original maturities of greater than three months are classified as marketable securities.
Goodwill and Intangible Assets
The Company follows ASC 350, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, and tests goodwill for impairment annually during the fourth quarter or whenever indicators of impairment arise. Factors the Company considers important in its analysis of whether an indicator of impairment exists include a significant decline in the Company's stock price or market capitalization for a sustained period since the last testing date, significant underperformance relative to historical or projected future operating results and significant negative industry or economic trends. The Company first assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test. The quantitative goodwill impairment test is based upon a comparison of the estimated fair value of the reporting unit to which the goodwill has been assigned with the reporting unit's carrying value. The Company is not required to calculate the fair value of a reporting unit unless the Company determines, based on a qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that its fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. The fair values used in the quantitative goodwill impairment test are estimated based upon discounted future cash flow projections for the reporting
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unit. These cash flow projections are based upon a number of estimates and assumptions such as revenue and expense growth rates, capitalization rates and discount rates. The Company also considers market based measures such as earnings multiples in its analysis of estimated fair values of its reporting units. If the quantitative goodwill impairment test results in a reporting unit's carrying value exceeding its estimated fair value, an impairment charge will be recorded based on the difference in accordance with ASU 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other, with the impairment charge limited to the amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit.
Acquired intangible assets are initially valued at fair market value using generally accepted valuation methods appropriate for the type of intangible asset. Intangible assets with definite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives and all intangible assets are reviewed for impairment if indicators of impairment arise. The evaluation of impairment for definite-lived intangibles is based upon a comparison of the carrying value of the asset to the estimated future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If estimated future undiscounted net cash flows are less than the carrying value of the asset, then the fair value of the asset is estimated. The impairment expense is determined by comparing the estimated fair value of the intangible asset to its carrying value, with any shortfall from fair value recognized as an expense in the current period.
Indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized but are tested for impairment annually during the fourth quarter or more frequently as required. The impairment test consists of a comparison of the estimated fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset with its carrying value. If the carrying value exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized for that difference.
Amortization of the Company's definite-lived intangible assets is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which are as follows:

Asset Category |  | Estimated Useful Life (in years)
Trade names |  | 2 – 5
Management contracts |  | 3 – 9

Self-Insurance Liability Accruals
The Company is subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of its business. Although the Company maintains general liability and professional liability insurance policies for its owned, leased and managed communities under a master insurance program, the Company's current policies provide for deductibles for each and every claim. As a result, the Company is, in effect, self-insured for claims that are less than the deductible amounts. In addition, the Company maintains a high deductible workers compensation program and a self-insured employee medical program.
The Company reviews the adequacy of its accruals related to these liabilities on an ongoing basis, using historical claims, actuarial valuations, third-party administrator estimates, consultants, advice from legal counsel and industry data, and adjusts accruals periodically. Estimated costs related to these self-insurance programs are accrued based on known claims and projected claims incurred but not yet reported. Subsequent changes in actual experience are monitored, and estimates are updated as information becomes available.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company reduced its estimate for the amount of expected losses for general liability and professional liability and workers compensation claims, based on recent historical claims experience. The reduction in these accrued reserves decreased facility operating expense by $1.8 million and $9.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, and by $3.7 million and $9.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively.
Lease Accounting
The Company, as lessee, makes a determination with respect to each of its community leases as to whether each should be accounted for as an operating lease or capital lease. The classification criteria is based on estimates regarding the fair value of the leased community, minimum lease payments, effective cost of funds, the economic life of the community and certain other terms in the lease agreements. In a business combination, the Company assumes the lease classification previously determined by the prior lessee absent a modification, as determined by ASC 840 in the assumed lease agreement. Payments made under operating leases are accounted for in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations as lease expense for actual rent paid plus or minus a straight-line adjustment for estimated minimum lease escalators and amortization of deferred gains in situations where sale-leaseback transactions have occurred.
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For capital and financing lease obligation arrangements, a liability is established on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheet representing the present value of the future minimum lease payments and a residual value for financing leases and a corresponding long-term asset is recorded in property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles in the condensed consolidated balance sheet. For capital lease assets, the asset is depreciated over the remaining lease term unless there is a bargain purchase option in which case the asset is depreciated over the useful life. For financing lease assets, the asset is depreciated over the useful life of the asset. Leasehold improvements purchased during the term of the lease are amortized over the shorter of their economic life or the lease term.
All of the Company's leases contain fixed or formula-based rent escalators. To the extent that the escalator increases are tied to a fixed index or rate, lease payments are accounted for on a straight-line basis over the life of the lease. In addition, all rent-free or rent holiday periods are recognized in lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term, including the rent holiday period.
Sale-leaseback accounting is applied to transactions in which an owned community is sold and leased back from the buyer if certain continuing involvement criteria are met. Under sale-leaseback accounting, the Company removes the community and related liabilities from the condensed consolidated balance sheet. Gain on the sale is deferred and recognized as a reduction of facility lease expense for operating leases and a reduction of interest expense for capital leases. In cases of sale-leaseback transactions in which the Company has continuing involvement, other than normal leasing activities, the Company does not record the sale until such involvement terminates.
For leases in which the Company is involved with the construction of a building, the Company accounts for the leases during the construction period under the provisions of ASC 840. If the Company concludes that it has substantively all of the risks of ownership during construction of a leased property and therefore is deemed the owner of the project for accounting purposes, it records an asset and related financing obligation for the amount of total project costs related to construction in progress. Once construction is complete, the Company considers the requirements under ASC subtopic 840-40. If the arrangement qualifies for sale-leaseback accounting, the Company removes the assets and related liabilities from the condensed consolidated balance sheet. If the arrangement does not qualify for sale-leaseback accounting, the Company continues to amortize the financing obligation and depreciate the assets over the lease term.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
In January 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2017-01, Business Combinations: Clarifying the Definition of a Business ("ASU 2017-01"). ASU 2017-01 clarifies the definition of a business to assist companies in determining whether transactions should be accounted for as an asset acquisition or a business combination. Under ASU 2017-01, if substantially all of the fair value of the assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets, the set is not a business and the transaction is accounted for as an asset acquisition. Transaction costs associated with asset acquisitions are capitalized while those associated with business combinations are expensed as incurred. The Company adopted ASU 2017-01 on a prospective basis on January 1, 2018. The Company anticipates that the changes to the definition of a business may result in future acquisitions of real estate, communities or senior housing operating companies being accounted for as asset acquisitions.
In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows: Restricted Cash, a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force ("ASU 2016-18"). ASU 2016-18 intends to address the diversity in practice that exists in the classification and presentation of changes in restricted cash on the statement of cash flows. The amendments require that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. The amendments are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company adopted ASU 2016-18 on January 1, 2018 and the changes required by ASU 2016-18 were applied retrospectively to all periods presented. The Company has identified that the inclusion of the change in restricted cash within the retrospective presentation of the statements of cash flows resulted in a $4.6 million and $6.3 million decrease to the amount of net cash used in investing activities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively.
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows - Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments ("ASU 2016-15"). ASU 2016-15 clarifies how cash receipts and cash payments in certain transactions are presented in the statement of cash flows. Among other clarifications on the classification of certain transactions within the statement of cash flows, the amendments in ASU 2016-15 provide that debt prepayment and extinguishment costs will be classified within financing activities within the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-15 is effective for the Company for the fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company adopted ASU 2016-15 on January 1, 2018 and the changes in classification within the statement of cash flows were applied retrospectively to all periods presented. The Company's retrospective application resulted in a $10.6 million and $11.2 million increase to the amount of net cash provided by operating
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activities and a $10.6 million and $11.2 million decrease to the amount of net cash used in financing activities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively.
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASU 2014-09"). ASU 2014-09 affects any entity that either enters into contracts with customers to transfer goods or services or enters into contracts for the transfer of nonfinancial assets. The five step model defined by ASU 2014-09 requires the Company to (i) identify the contracts with the customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract and (v) recognize revenue when each performance obligation is satisfied. Revenue is recognized when promised goods or services are transferred to the customer in an amount that reflects the consideration expected in exchange for those goods or services. Additionally, ASU 2014-09 requires enhanced disclosure of revenue arrangements. ASU 2014-09 may be applied retrospectively to each prior period (full retrospective) or retrospectively with the cumulative effect recognized as of the date of initial application (modified retrospective). ASU 2014-09, as amended, is effective for the Company's fiscal year beginning January 1, 2018, and the Company adopted the new standard under the modified retrospective approach. Under the modified retrospective approach, the guidance is applied to the most current period presented, recognizing the cumulative effect of the adoption change as an adjustment to beginning retained earnings. The Company has determined that the adoption of ASU 2014-09 did not result in an adjustment to retained earnings as of January 1, 2018.
The Company has determined that there will be a change to the amounts of resident fee revenue and facility operating expense with no net impact to the amount of income from operations, for the impact of implicit price concessions on the estimation of the transaction price. The Company recognized $840.2 million and $2,642.4 million of resident fee revenue and $607.1 million and $1,866.5 million of facility operating expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. The impact to resident fee revenue and facility operating expense as a result of applying ASC 606 was a decrease of $2.1 million and $5.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively.
The Company has determined that there will not be any significant change to the annual amount of revenue recognized for management fees under the Company’s community management agreements; however, the Company will recognize an estimated amount of incentive fee revenue earlier during the annual contract period. The Company has determined that there will be a change to the amounts presented for revenue recognized for reimbursed costs incurred on behalf of managed communities and reimbursed costs incurred on behalf of managed communities with no net impact to the amount of income from operations, as a result of the combination of all community operations management activities as a single performance obligation for each contract. The Company recognized $261.4 million and $765.8 million of revenue for reimbursed costs incurred on behalf of managed communities and $261.4 million and $765.8 million of reimbursed costs incurred on behalf of managed communities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, in accordance with ASU 2014-09. The impact to revenue for reimbursed costs incurred on behalf of managed communities and reimbursed costs incurred on behalf of managed communities as a result of applying ASC 606 was an increase of $11.2 million and $34.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively.
Additionally, real estate sales are within the scope of ASU 2014-09, as amended by ASU 2017-05, Other Income - Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets ("ASU 2017-05"). ASU 2017-05 clarifies the scope of subtopic 610-20 and adds guidance for partial sales of nonfinancial assets. Under ASU 2014-09 and ASU 2017-05, the income recognition for real estate sales is largely based on the transfer of control versus continuing involvement under the former guidance. As a result, more transactions may qualify as sales of real estate and gains or losses may be recognized sooner. The Company adopted ASU 2014-09, as amended by ASU 2017-5, under the modified retrospective approach as of January 1, 2018 and will apply the five step revenue model to all subsequent sales of real estate.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments ("ASU 2016-13"). ASU 2016-13 replaces the current incurred loss impairment methodology for credit losses with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. ASU 2016-13 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company is currently evaluating the impact the adoption of ASU 2016-13 will have on its condensed consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases ("ASU 2016-02"). ASU 2016-02 amends the existing accounting principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases for both lessees and lessors. ASU 2016-02 requires a lessee to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for most leases. Additionally, ASU 2016-02 makes targeted changes to lessor accounting and requires enhanced disclosure of lease arrangements. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-11, Leases, Targeted Improvements ("ASU 2018-11"). ASU 2018-11 provides entities with a transition
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method option to not restate comparative periods presented, but to recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. In addition, ASU 2018-11 provides entities with a practical expedient allowing lessors to not separate nonlease components from the associated lease components when certain criteria are met. ASU 2016-02 and ASU 2018-11 are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018, and early adoption is permitted. The Company plans to adopt these lease accounting standards effective January 1, 2019 utilizing a modified retrospective transition method with no adjustments to comparative periods presented. The Company anticipates that the adoption of ASU 2016-02 will result in the recognition of material lease liabilities and right-of use assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet for its community operating leases, and any previously unrecognized right-of use assets will be reviewed for impairment effective January 1, 2019. The Company is unable to reasonably estimate such amounts at this time.
Upon adoption of ASU 2016-02 and ASU 2018-11, the Company anticipates that it will elect the lessor practical expedient within ASU 2018-11 and will recognize the revenue under the Company's senior living residency agreements based upon the predominant component, either the lease or nonlease component, of the contracts rather than allocating the consideration and separately recognizing it under ASC 842 and ASC 606. The Company is currently evaluating the impact the adoption of ASU 2018-11 will have on its condensed consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
The Company is monitoring recent accounting standard setting activities of the FASB, and the Company continues to evaluate the impact that the adoption of ASU 2016-02 and ASU 2018-11 will have on its condensed consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
Reclassifications
Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current financial statement presentation, with no effect on the Company's condensed consolidated financial position or results of operations.
3. Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per share ("EPS") is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. Diluted EPS includes the components of basic EPS and also gives effect to dilutive common stock equivalents. For purposes of calculating basic and diluted earnings per share, vested restricted stock awards are considered outstanding. Under the treasury stock method, diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other instruments that are convertible into common stock were exercised or could result in the issuance of common stock. Potentially dilutive common stock equivalents include unvested restricted stock, restricted stock units and convertible debt instruments and warrants.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company reported a consolidated net loss. As a result of the net loss, unvested restricted stock, restricted stock units and convertible debt instruments and warrants were antidilutive for each period and were not included in the computation of diluted weighted average shares. The weighted average restricted stock and restricted stock units excluded from the calculations of diluted net loss per share were 6.2 million and 5.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and 6.5 million and 5.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the calculation of diluted weighted average shares excludes the impact of conversion of the principal amount of $316.3 million of the Company's 2.75% convertible senior notes which were repaid in cash at their maturity on June 15, 2018. Refer to Note 9 for more information about the Company's former convertible notes. As of September 30, 2017, the maximum number of shares issuable upon conversion of the notes was approximately 13.8 million (after giving effect to additional make-whole shares issuable upon conversion in connection with the occurrence of certain events). As of September 30, 2017, the maximum number of shares issuable upon conversion of the notes in excess of the amount of principal that would be settled in cash was approximately 3.0 million. In addition, the calculation of diluted weighted average shares excludes the impact of the exercise of warrants to acquire the Company's common stock. As of September 30, 2018 and 2017, the number of shares issuable upon exercise of the warrants was approximately 9.2 million and 10.8 million, respectively.
4. Acquisitions, Dispositions and Other Significant Transactions
The Company completed sales of six communities and termination of leases on 171 communities during the period from January 1, 2017 through September 30, 2018. For the 104 communities that the Company disposed through sales and lease terminations during the period from July 1, 2017 through September 30, 2018, the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements include resident fee revenue of $15.0 million and $106.9 million, facility operating expenses of $11.2 million and $75.6 million, and cash lease payments of $4.8 million and $30.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. For the 177 communities that the Company disposed through sales and lease terminations during the period from January 1, 2017
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through September 30, 2018, the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements include resident fee revenue of $164.3 million and $408.8 million, facility operating expenses of $110.7 million and $287.7 million, and cash lease payments of $55.2 million and $115.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The results of operations of the 177 communities were reported in the following segments within the condensed consolidated financial statements prior to their disposition dates: Assisted Living (143 communities), Retirement Centers (20 communities) and CCRCs-Rental (14 communities). Additionally, the Company completed the acquisition of six communities during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and the results of operations of these communities are reported in the following segments within the condensed consolidated financial statements: Assisted Living (three communities), Retirement Centers (two communities) and CCRCs-Rental (one community).
The closings of the various pending transactions and expected sales of assets described below are subject to the satisfaction of various conditions, including (where applicable) the receipt of regulatory approvals. However, there can be no assurance that the transactions will close, or, if they do, when the actual closings will occur.
HCP Master Lease Transaction and RIDEA Ventures Restructuring
On November 2, 2017, the Company announced that it had entered into a definitive agreement for a multi-part transaction with HCP, Inc. ("HCP"). As part of such transaction, the Company entered into an Amended and Restated Master Lease and Security Agreement ("HCP Master Lease") with HCP effective as of November 1, 2017. The components of the multi-part transaction include:

• | Master Lease Transactions. The Company and HCP amended and restated triple-net leases covering substantially all of the communities the Company leased from HCP as of November 1, 2017 into the HCP Master Lease. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company acquired two communities formerly leased for an aggregate purchase price of $35.4 million and leases with respect to 16 communities were terminated, and such communities were removed from the HCP Master Lease. Leases with respect to 17 additional communities were terminated subsequent to September 30, 2018, and such communities were removed from the HCP Master Lease, which completed the terminations of leases on a total of 33 communities as provided in the HCP Master Lease. For communities for which HCP has not transitioned operations and/or management of such communities to a third party, the Company continues to manage such communities on an interim basis. The Company continues to lease 43 communities pursuant to the terms of the HCP Master Lease, which have the same lease rates and expiration and renewal terms as the applicable prior instruments, except that effective January 1, 2018, the Company received a $2.5 million annual rent reduction for two communities. The HCP Master Lease also provides that the Company may engage in certain change in control and other transactions without the need to obtain HCP's consent, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions.

• | RIDEA Ventures Restructuring. Pursuant to the multi-part transaction agreement, HCP acquired the Company's 10% ownership interest in one of the Company's RIDEA ventures with HCP in December 2017 for $32.1 million (for which the Company recognized a $7.2 million gain on sale) and the Company's 10% ownership interest in the remaining RIDEA venture with HCP in March 2018 for $62.3 million (for which the Company recognized a $41.7 million gain on sale). The Company provided management services to 59 communities on behalf of the two RIDEA ventures as of November 1, 2017. Pursuant to the multi-part transaction agreement, the Company acquired one community for an aggregate purchase price of $32.1 million in January 2018 and three communities for an aggregate purchase price of $207.4 million in April 2018 and retained management of 18 of such communities. The amended and restated management agreements for such 18 communities have a term set to expire in 2030, subject to certain early termination rights. In addition, HCP will be entitled to sell or transition operations and/or management of 37 of such communities. Management agreements for three and 20 such communities were terminated by HCP during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively (for which the Company recognized a $0.6 million and $5.6 million non-cash management contract termination gain, respectively), and the Company expects the termination of management agreements on the remaining 17 communities to occur in stages throughout the next six months.

The Company financed the foregoing community acquisitions with non-recourse mortgage financing and proceeds from the sales of its ownership interest in the unconsolidated ventures. See Note 9 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for more information regarding the non-recourse mortgage financing.
In addition, the Company obtained future annual cash rent reductions and waived management termination fees in the multi-part transaction. As a result of the multi-part transaction, the Company reduced its lease liabilities by $9.7 million for the future annual cash rent reductions and recognized a $9.7 million deferred liability for the consideration received from HCP in advance of the termination of the management agreements for the 37 communities.
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As a result of the modification of the remaining lease term for communities subject to capital leases, the Company reduced the carrying value of capital lease obligations and assets under capital leases by $145.6 million in 2017. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the results and financial position of the 16 communities for which leases were terminated were deconsolidated from the Company prospectively upon termination of the lease obligations. The Company derecognized the $147.8 million carrying value of the assets under financing leases and the $160.8 million carrying value of financing lease obligations for six communities which were previously subject to sale-leaseback transactions in which the Company was deemed to have continuing involvement. The Company recognized a sale for these six communities and recorded a non-cash gain on sale of assets of $6.1 million and $12.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. Additionally, the Company recognized a non-cash gain on lease termination of $1.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, for the derecognition of the net carrying value of the Company's assets and liabilities under operating and capital leases at the lease termination date. The terminations of leases for the 17 communities subsequent to September 30, 2018 are anticipated to result in the Company recording a non-cash gain in fiscal 2018 for the amount by which the carrying value of the operating and capital and financing lease obligations for the 17 communities exceed the carrying value of the Company's assets under operating and capital and financing leases at the lease termination date. As of September 30, 2018, the $217.9 million carrying value of the lease obligations for the 17 communities exceed the $185.1 million carrying value of the assets under operating and capital and financing leases by approximately $32.8 million, primarily for 14 communities which were previously subject to sale-leaseback transactions in which the Company was deemed to have continuing involvement for accounting purposes.
The results of operations for the 17 communities that were disposed through lease terminations subsequent to September 30, 2018
are reported within the following segments within the condensed consolidated financial statements: Retirement Centers (three communities), Assisted Living (13 communities), and CCRCs-Rental (one community). With respect to such 17 communities, the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements include resident fee revenue of $14.8 million and $15.1 million, facility operating expenses of $10.7 million and $10.6 million, and cash lease payments of $4.9 million and $5.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The Company's condensed consolidated financial statements include resident fee revenue of $44.7 million and $46.0 million, facility operating expenses of $32.1 million and $30.7 million, and cash lease payments of $14.6 million and $16.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
For the 17 managed communities for which the Company's management may be terminated, the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements include management fees of $1.2 million and $1.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The Company's condensed consolidated financial statements include management fees of $3.5 million for each of the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017.
Ventas Lease Portfolio Restructuring
On April 26, 2018, the Company entered into several agreements to restructure a portfolio of 128 communities it leased from Ventas, Inc. and certain of its subsidiaries (collectively, "Ventas") as of such date, including a Master Lease and Security Agreement (the "Ventas Master Lease"). The Ventas Master Lease amended and restated prior leases comprising an aggregate portfolio of 107 communities into the Ventas Master Lease. Under the Ventas Master Lease and other agreements entered into on April 26, 2018, the 21 additional communities leased by the Company from Ventas pursuant to separate lease agreements have been or will be combined automatically into the Ventas Master Lease upon the first to occur of Ventas' election or the repayment of, or receipt of lender consent with respect to, mortgage debt underlying such communities. During the three months ended September 30, 2018, the community leases for 17 of such communities were combined into the Ventas Master Lease. The Company and Ventas agreed to observe, perform and enforce such separate leases as if they had been combined into the Ventas Master Lease effective April 26, 2018, to the extent not in conflict with any mortgage debt underlying such communities. The transaction agreements with Ventas further provide that the Ventas Master Lease and certain other agreements between the Company and Ventas will be cross-defaulted.
The initial term of the Ventas Master Lease ends December 31, 2025, with two 10-year extension options available to the Company. In the event of the consummation of a change of control transaction of the Company on or before December 31, 2025, the initial term of the Ventas Master Lease will be extended automatically through December 31, 2029. The Ventas Master Lease and separate lease agreements with Ventas, which are guaranteed at the parent level by the Company, provide for total rent in 2018 of $175.0 million for the 128 communities, including the pro-rata portion of an $8.0 million annual rent credit for 2018. The Company will receive an annual rent credit of $8.0 million in 2019, $7.0 million in 2020 and $5.0 million thereafter; provided, that if a change of control of the Company occurs prior to 2021, the annual rent credit will be reduced to $5.0 million. Effective on January 1, 2019, the annual minimum rent will be subject to an escalator equal to the lesser of 2.25% or four times the Consumer Price Index ("CPI") increase for the prior year (or zero if there was a CPI decrease).
The Ventas Master Lease requires the Company to spend (or escrow with Ventas) a minimum of $2,000 per unit per 24-month period commencing with the 24-month period ending December 31, 2019 and thereafter each 24-month period ending December
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31 during the lease term, subject to annual increases commensurate with the escalator beginning with the second lease year of the first extension term (if any). If a change of control of the Company occurs, the Company will be required, within 36 months following the closing of such transaction, to invest (or escrow with Ventas) an aggregate of $30.0 million in the communities for revenue-enhancing capital projects.
Under the definitive agreements with Ventas, the Company, at the parent level, must satisfy certain financial covenants (including tangible net worth and leverage ratios) and may consummate a change of control transaction without the need for consent of Ventas so long as certain objective conditions are satisfied, including the post-transaction guarantor's satisfying certain enhanced minimum tangible net worth and maximum leverage ratio, having minimum levels of operational experience and reputation in the senior living industry, and paying a change of control fee of $25.0 million to Ventas.
At the Company's option, which must be exercised on or before April 26, 2019, the Company may provide notice to Ventas of the Company's election to direct Ventas to market for sale one or more communities with up to approximately $30.0 million of annual minimum rent. Upon receipt of such notice, Ventas will be obligated to use commercially reasonable, diligent efforts to sell such communities on or before December 31, 2020 (subject to extension for regulatory purposes); provided, that Ventas' obligation to sell any such community will be subject to Ventas' receiving a purchase price in excess of a minimum sale price to be mutually agreed by the Company and Ventas and to certain other customary closing conditions. Upon any such sale, such communities will be removed from the Ventas Master Lease, and the annual minimum rent under the Ventas Master Lease will be reduced by the amount of the net sale proceeds received by Ventas multiplied by 6.25%.
The Company estimated the fair value of each of the elements of the restructuring transactions. The fair value of the future lease payments is based upon historical and forecasted community cash flows and market data, including a management fee rate of 5% of revenue and a market supported lease coverage ratio. These assumptions are supported by independent market data and considered to be Level 3 measurements within the fair value hierarchy. The Company recognized a $125.7 million non-cash loss on lease modification in the nine months ended September 30, 2018, primarily for the extensions of the triple-net lease obligations for communities with lease terms that are unfavorable to the Company given current market conditions on the amendment date in exchange for modifications to the change of control provisions and financial covenant provisions of the community leases.
Welltower Lease and RIDEA Venture Restructuring
On June 27, 2018 the Company announced that it had entered into definitive agreements with Welltower Inc. ("Welltower"). The components of the agreements include:

• | Lease Terminations. The Company and Welltower agreed to early termination of the Company's triple-net lease obligations on 37 communities effective June 30, 2018. The two lease portfolios were due to mature in 2028 (27 communities) and 2020 (10 communities). The Company paid Welltower an aggregate lease termination fee of $58.0 million. The Company will continue to manage the foregoing 37 communities on an interim basis until the communities are transitioned to new managers and such communities will be reported in the Management Services segment during such interim period. The Company recognized a $22.6 million loss on lease termination in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 for the amount by which the aggregate lease termination fee exceeded the net carrying value of the Company's assets and liabilities under operating and capital leases at the lease termination date.

• | Future Lease Terminations. The parties separately agreed to allow the Company to terminate leases with respect to, and to remove from the remaining Welltower leased portfolio, a number of communities with annual aggregate base rent up to $5.0 million upon Welltower's sale of such communities, with the Company to receive a corresponding 6.25% rent credit on Welltower's disposition proceeds.

• | RIDEA Restructuring. The Company agreed to sell its 20% equity interest in its existing Welltower RIDEA venture to Welltower, effective June 30, 2018, for net proceeds of $33.5 million (for which the Company recognized a $14.7 million gain on sale during the nine months ended September 30, 2018). As of September 30, 2018, the Company provided management services to the 15 venture communities and will continue to manage the communities until the communities are transitioned by Welltower to new managers.

The Company also elected not to renew two master leases with Welltower which matured on September 30, 2018 (11 communities). After conclusion of the foregoing lease expirations, the Company continues to operate 74 communities under triple-net leases with Welltower, and the Company's remaining lease agreements with Welltower contain a change of control standard that allows the Company to engage in certain change of control and other transactions without the need to obtain Welltower's consent, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions.
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The results of operations for the 48 communities that have been disposed through lease terminations are reported within the following segments within the condensed consolidated financial statements: Retirement Centers (eight communities), Assisted Living (39 communities) and CCRCs-Rental (one community). With respect to such 48 communities, the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements include resident fee revenue of $12.0 million and $54.7 million, facility operating expenses of $8.8 million and $35.4 million, and cash lease payments of $3.7 million and $18.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The Company's condensed consolidated financial statements include resident fee revenue of $123.5 million and $166.6 million, facility operating expenses of $80.8 million and $104.6 million, and cash lease payments of $41.4 million and $55.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. For the 15 former venture communities for which the Company's management may be terminated, the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements include management fees of $1.1 million for each of the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017. The Company's condensed consolidated financial statements include management fees of $3.3 million for each of the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017.
Blackstone Venture
On March 29, 2017, the Company and affiliates of Blackstone Real Estate Advisors VIII L.P. (collectively, "Blackstone") formed a venture (the "Blackstone Venture") that acquired 64 senior housing communities for a purchase price of $1.1 billion. The Company had previously leased the 64 communities from HCP under long-term lease agreements with a remaining average lease term of approximately 12 years. At the closing, the Blackstone Venture purchased the 64-community portfolio from HCP subject to the existing leases, and the Company contributed its leasehold interests for 62 communities and a total of $179.2 million in cash to purchase a 15% equity interest in the Blackstone Venture, terminate leases, and fund its share of closing costs. As of the formation date, the Company continued to operate two of the communities under lease agreements and began managing 60 of the communities on behalf of the venture under a management agreement with the venture. Two of the communities are managed by a third party for the venture. The results and financial position of the 62 communities for which leases were terminated were deconsolidated from the Company prospectively upon formation of the Blackstone Venture. The Company accounted for the venture under the equity method of accounting.
Initially, the Company determined that the contributed carrying value of the Company's investment was $66.8 million, representing the amount by which the $179.2 million cash contribution exceeded the carrying value of the Company's liabilities under operating, capital and financing leases contributed by the Company net of the carrying value of the assets under such operating, capital and financing leases. However, the Company estimated the fair value of its 15% equity interest in the Blackstone Venture at inception to be $47.1 million. As a result, the Company recorded a $19.7 million charge within goodwill and asset impairment expense for the three months ended March 31, 2017 for the amount of the contributed carrying value in excess of the estimated fair value of the Company's investment. During the three months ended March 31, 2018, the Company recorded a $33.4 million non-cash impairment charge within goodwill and asset impairment expense to reflect the amount by which the carrying value of the investment exceeded the estimated fair value.
Additionally, these transactions related to the Blackstone Venture required the Company to record a significant increase to the Company's existing tax valuation allowance, after considering the change in the Company's future reversal of estimated timing differences resulting from these transactions, primarily due to removing the deferred positions related to the contributed leases. During the three months ended March 31, 2017, the Company recorded a provision for income taxes to establish an additional $85.0 million of valuation allowance against its federal and state net operating loss carryforwards and tax credits as the Company anticipates these carryforwards and credits will not be utilized prior to expiration. See Note 13 for more information about the Company's deferred income taxes.
During the third quarter of 2018, leases for the two communities owned by the Blackstone Venture were terminated and the Company sold its 15% equity interest in the Blackstone Venture to Blackstone. The Company paid Blackstone an aggregate fee of $2.0 million to complete the multi-part transaction and recognized a $3.8 million gain on sale of assets during the three months ended September 30, 2018 for the amount by which the net carrying value of the Company's assets and liabilities disposed of exceeded the aggregate transaction cost.
Dispositions of Owned Communities During 2018 and Assets Held for Sale
The Company began 2018 with 15 of its owned communities classified as held for sale as of December 31, 2017. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company completed the sale of three communities, two of which were not previously included in assets held for sale, for net cash proceeds of $12.8 million and recognized a net gain on sale of assets of $1.9 million. During the three months ended September 30, 2018, the Company entered into agreements to sell 18 additional communities, which are classified as held for sale as of September 30, 2018. The Company completed the disposition of one community on November 1, 2018 and received proceeds of approximately $144 million, net of associated debt and transaction costs. During the
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three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recognized $3.0 million and $15.0 million, respectively, of impairment charges related to communities identified as held for sale, primarily due to changes in the estimated fair values.
As of September 30, 2018, 32 communities were classified as held for sale, resulting in $241.9 million being recorded as assets held for sale and $158.6 million of mortgage debt being included in the current portion of long-term debt within the condensed consolidated balance sheet with respect to such communities. This debt will either be repaid with the proceeds from the sales or be assumed by the prospective purchasers. The results of operations of the 32 communities are reported in the following segments within the condensed consolidated financial statements: Retirement Centers (four communities), Assisted Living (26 communities) and CCRCs-Rental (two communities). The 32 communities had resident fee revenue of $26.4 million and $27.0 million and facility operating expenses of $20.0 million and $19.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The 32 communities had resident fee revenue of $81.1 million and $81.7 million and facility operating expenses of $58.9 million and $56.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Dispositions of Owned Communities and Other Lease Terminations During 2017
During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company completed the sale of three communities for net cash proceeds of $8.2 million, and the Company terminated leases for 43 communities otherwise than in connection with the transactions with HCP and Blackstone described above (including terminations of leases for 26 communities pursuant to the transactions with HCP announced in November 2016).
5. Fair Value Measurements
Marketable Securities
During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company sold $293.3 million of marketable securities. The Company recognized gains of $0.2 million for marketable securities within interest income on the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three months ended September 30, 2017. The Company recognized gains of $1.4 million and $0.2 million for marketable securities within interest income on the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Debt
The Company estimates the fair value of its debt using a discounted cash flow analysis based upon the Company's current borrowing rate for debt with similar maturities and collateral securing the indebtedness. The Company had outstanding debt (excluding capital and financing lease obligations) with a carrying value of approximately $3.7 billion and $3.9 billion as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Fair value of the debt approximates carrying value in all periods. The Company's fair value of debt disclosure is classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.
Goodwill and Asset Impairment Expense
The following is a summary of goodwill and asset impairment expense.

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Goodwill | $ | — |  |  | $ | 205.0 |  |  | $ | 351.7 |  |  | $ | 205.0 |
Property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles, net | 2.5 |  |  | 149.9 |  |  | 50.2 |  |  | 152.4 |
Investment in unconsolidated ventures | — |  |  | — |  |  | 33.4 |  |  | 19.7 |
Other intangible assets, net | — |  |  | 13.7 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | 13.7 |
Assets held for sale (Note 4) | 3.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 15.0 |  |  | — |
Goodwill and asset impairment | $ | 5.5 |  |  | $ | 368.6 |  |  | $ | 452.0 |  |  | $ | 390.8 |

Goodwill
During the three months ended March 31, 2018, the Company identified qualitative indicators of impairment, including a significant decline in the Company's stock price and market capitalization for a sustained period during the three months ended March 31,
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2018. Based upon the Company's qualitative assessment, the Company performed a quantitative goodwill impairment test as of March 31, 2018, which included a comparison of the estimated fair value of each reporting unit to which the goodwill has been assigned with the reporting unit's carrying value.
In estimating the fair value of the reporting units for purposes of the quantitative goodwill impairment test, the Company utilized an income approach, which included future cash flow projections that are developed internally. Any estimates of future cash flow projections necessarily involve predicting unknown future circumstances and events and require significant management judgments and estimates. In arriving at the cash flow projections, the Company considered its historic operating results, approved budgets and business plans, future demographic factors, expected growth rates, and other factors. In using the income approach to estimate the fair value of reporting units for purposes of its goodwill impairment test, the Company made certain key assumptions. Those assumptions include future revenues, facility operating expenses, and cash flows, including sales proceeds that the Company would receive upon a sale of the communities using estimated capitalization rates, all of which are considered Level 3 inputs in accordance with ASC 820. The Company corroborated the estimated capitalization rates used in these calculations with capitalization rates observable from recent market transactions. Future cash flows are discounted at a rate that is consistent with a weighted average cost of capital from a market participant perspective. The weighted average cost of capital is an estimate of the overall after-tax rate of return required by equity and debt holders of a business enterprise. The Company also considered market based measures such as earnings multiples in its analysis of estimated fair values of its reporting units.
Based on the results of the Company's quantitative goodwill impairment test, the Company determined that the carrying value of the Company's Assisted Living reporting unit exceeded its estimated fair value by more than the $351.7 million carrying value of goodwill as of March 31, 2018. As a result, the Company recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $351.7 million to goodwill and asset impairment within the Assisted Living operating segment for the three months ended March 31, 2018. Based on the results of the Company's quantitative goodwill impairment test, the Company determined that the estimated fair value of both the Company's Retirement Centers and Brookdale Ancillary Services reporting units exceeded their respective carrying values as of March 31, 2018.
Determining the fair value of the Company's reporting units involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions, which the Company believes to be reasonable, that are unpredictable and inherently uncertain. These estimates and assumptions include revenue growth rates and operating margins used to calculate projected future cash flows and risk-adjusted discount rates. Future events may indicate differences from management's current judgments and estimates which could, in turn, result in future impairments. Future events that may result in impairment charges include increases in interest rates, which could impact capitalization and discount rates, differences in the projected occupancy rates and changes in the cost structure of existing communities. Significant adverse changes in the Company’s future revenues and/or operating margins, significant changes in the market for senior housing or the valuation of the real estate of senior living communities, as well as other events and circumstances, including but not limited to increased competition and changing economic or market conditions, including market control premiums, could result in changes in fair value and the determination that additional goodwill is impaired.
Property, Plant and Equipment and Leasehold Intangibles
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company evaluated property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles for impairment and identified properties with a carrying value of the assets in excess of the estimated future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the assets primarily due to an expectation that certain communities will be disposed of prior to their previously intended holding periods. As a result of this change in intent, the Company compared the estimated fair value of the assets to their carrying value for these identified properties and recorded an impairment charge for the excess of carrying value over estimated fair value. The estimates of fair values of the property, plant and equipment of these communities were determined based on valuations provided by third-party pricing services and are classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. The Company recorded property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles non-cash impairment charges in its operating results of $2.5 million and $149.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The Company recorded property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles non-cash impairment charges in its operating results of $50.2 million and $152.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, primarily within the Assisted Living segment.
Investment in Unconsolidated Ventures
The Company evaluates realization of its investment in ventures accounted for using the equity method if circumstances indicate that the Company's investment is other than temporarily impaired. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company recorded non-cash impairment charges related to investments in unconsolidated ventures of $33.4 million and $19.7 million, respectively. These impairment charges reflect the amount by which the carrying values of the investments exceeded their
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estimated fair value. Refer to Note 4 for more information about the formation and impairment of the Blackstone Venture during 2017.
6. Stock-Based Compensation
Grants of restricted shares under the Company's 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan were as follows:

(share amounts in thousands, except for per share amounts) | Shares Granted |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |  | Total Value
Three months ended March 31, 2018 | 3,387 |  |  | $ | 9.10 |  |  | $ | 30,823 |
Three months ended June 30, 2018 | 169 |  |  | $ | 7.19 |  |  | $ | 1,214 |
Three months ended September 30, 2018 | 263 |  |  | $ | 8.99 |  |  | $ | 2,361 |

7. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, Net
The following is a summary of the carrying value of goodwill by operating segment.

(in thousands) | Retirement Centers |  | Assisted Living |  | Brookdale Ancillary Services |  | Total
Balance at January 1, 2018 | $ | 27,321 |  |  | $ | 351,652 |  |  | $ | 126,810 |  |  | $ | 505,783 |
Impairment | — |  |  | (351,652 | ) |  | — |  |  | (351,652 | )
Balance at September 30, 2018 | $ | 27,321 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 126,810 |  |  | $ | 154,131 |

Goodwill is tested for impairment annually with a test date of October 1 or sooner if indicators of impairment are present. The Company determined no impairment was necessary for the three months ended September 30, 2018. Factors the Company considers important in its analysis, which could trigger an impairment of such assets, include significant underperformance relative to historical or projected future operating results, significant negative industry or economic trends, a significant decline in the Company's stock price for a sustained period and a decline in its market capitalization below net book value. A change in anticipated operating results or the other metrics indicated above could necessitate further analysis of potential impairment at an interval prior to the Company's annual measurement date. Refer to Note 5 for information on impairment expense for goodwill.
The following is a summary of other intangible assets.

| September 30, 2018
(in thousands) | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net
Community purchase options | $ | 4,738 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,738 |
Health care licenses | 49,701 |  |  | — |  |  | 49,701 |
Trade names | 27,800 |  |  | (25,650 | ) |  | 2,150 |
Management contracts | 9,610 |  |  | (6,546 | ) |  | 3,064 |
Total | $ | 91,849 |  |  | $ | (32,196 | ) |  | $ | 59,653 |

| December 31, 2017
(in thousands) | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net
Community purchase options | $ | 9,533 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,533 |
Health care licenses | 50,927 |  |  | — |  |  | 50,927 |
Trade names | 27,800 |  |  | (23,714 | ) |  | 4,086 |
Management contracts | 11,360 |  |  | (7,929 | ) |  | 3,431 |
Total | $ | 99,620 |  |  | $ | (31,643 | ) |  | $ | 67,977 |

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Amortization expense related to definite-lived intangible assets for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 was $0.6 million and $0.9 million, respectively, and for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 was $2.3 million and $4.8 million, respectively.
Health care licenses were determined to be indefinite-lived intangible assets and are not subject to amortization. The community purchase options are not currently amortized, but will be added to the cost basis of the related communities if the option is exercised, and will then be depreciated over the estimated useful life of the community.
8. Property, Plant and Equipment and Leasehold Intangibles, Net
As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, net property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles, which include assets under capital and financing leases, consisted of the following:

(in thousands) | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Land | $ | 461,734 |  |  | $ | 449,295 |
Buildings and improvements | 4,952,807 |  |  | 4,923,621 |
Leasehold improvements | 123,765 |  |  | 124,850 |
Furniture and equipment | 1,037,947 |  |  | 1,006,889 |
Resident and leasehold operating intangibles | 522,851 |  |  | 594,748 |
Construction in progress | 47,325 |  |  | 74,678 |
Assets under capital and financing leases | 1,312,908 |  |  | 1,742,384 |
Property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles | 8,459,337 |  |  | 8,916,465 |
Accumulated depreciation and amortization | (3,052,207 | ) |  | (3,064,320 | )
Property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles, net | $ | 5,407,130 |  |  | $ | 5,852,145 |

Long-lived assets with definite useful lives are depreciated or amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives (or, in certain cases, the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the lease term) and are tested for impairment whenever indicators of impairment arise. Refer to Note 5 for information on impairment expense for property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles.
The Company recognized depreciation and amortization expense on its property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles of $110.4 million and $116.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $339.0 million and $361.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
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9. Debt
Long-term Debt and Capital and Financing Lease Obligations
Long-term debt and capital and financing lease obligations consist of the following:

(in thousands) | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Mortgage notes payable due 2018 through 2047; weighted average interest rate of 4.76% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, less debt discount and deferred financing costs of $20.2 million and $16.6 million as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively (weighted average interest rate of 4.59% in 2017) | $ | 3,633,919 |  |  | $ | 3,497,762 |
Capital and financing lease obligations payable through 2032; weighted average interest rate of 8.13% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 (weighted average interest rate of 6.75% in 2017) | 932,918 |  |  | 1,271,554 |
Convertible notes payable in aggregate principal amount of $316.3 million, less debt discount and deferred financing costs of $6.4 million as of December 31, 2017, interest at 2.75% per annum | — |  |  | 309,853 |
Other notes payable, weighted average interest rate of 5.69% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 (weighted average interest rate of 5.98% in 2017) and maturity dates ranging from 2018 to 2021 | 66,122 |  |  | 63,122 |
Total long-term debt and capital and financing lease obligations | 4,632,959 |  |  | 5,142,291 |
Less current portion | 503,687 |  |  | 602,501 |
Total long-term debt and capital and financing lease obligations, less current portion | $ | 4,129,272 |  |  | $ | 4,539,790 |

As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the current portion of long-term debt within the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements includes $158.6 million and $30.1 million, respectively, of mortgage notes payable secured by assets held for sale. This debt will be either assumed by the prospective purchasers or be repaid with the proceeds from the sales. Refer to Note 4 for more information about the Company's assets held for sale.
Credit Facilities
On December 19, 2014, the Company entered into a Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement with General Electric Capital Corporation (which has since assigned its interest to Capital One Financial Corporation), as administrative agent, lender and swingline lender, and the other lenders from time to time parties thereto. The agreement currently provides for a total commitment amount of $400.0 million, comprised of a $400.0 million revolving credit facility (with a $50.0 million sublimit for letters of credit and a $50.0 million swingline feature to permit same day borrowing) and an option to increase the revolving credit facility by an additional $250.0 million, subject to obtaining commitments for the amount of such increase from acceptable lenders. The maturity date is January 3, 2020, and amounts drawn under the facility bear interest at 90-day LIBOR plus an applicable margin from a range of 2.50% to 3.50%. The applicable margin varies based on the percentage of the total commitment drawn, with a 2.50% margin at utilization equal to or lower than 35%, a 3.25% margin at utilization greater than 35% but less than or equal to 50%, and a 3.50% margin at utilization greater than 50%. The quarterly commitment fee on the unused portion of the facility is 0.25% per annum when the outstanding amount of obligations (including revolving credit, swingline and term loans and letter of credit obligations) is greater than or equal to 50% of the total commitment amount or 0.35% per annum when such outstanding amount is less than 50% of the total commitment amount.
Amounts drawn on the facility may be used to finance acquisitions, fund working capital and capital expenditures and for other general corporate purposes.
The facility is secured by a first priority mortgage on certain of the Company's communities. In addition, the agreement permits the Company to pledge the equity interests in subsidiaries that own other communities (rather than mortgaging such communities), provided that loan availability from pledged assets cannot exceed 10% of loan availability from mortgaged assets. The availability under the line will vary from time to time as it is based on borrowing base calculations related to the appraised value and performance of the communities securing the facility.
The agreement contains typical affirmative and negative covenants, including financial covenants with respect to minimum consolidated fixed charge coverage and minimum consolidated tangible net worth. A violation of any of these covenants could result in a default under the credit agreement, which would result in termination of all commitments under the agreement and all
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amounts owing under the agreement becoming immediately due and payable and/or could trigger cross default provisions in our other outstanding debt and lease agreements.
As of September 30, 2018, no borrowings were outstanding on the revolving credit facility and $41.7 million of letters of credit were outstanding under this credit facility. The Company also had separate unsecured letter of credit facilities of up to $66.2 million in the aggregate as of September 30, 2018. Letters of credit totaling $66.1 million had been issued under these separate facilities as of September 30, 2018.
2018 Financings
In April 2018, the Company obtained $247.6 million of debt secured by the non-recourse first mortgages on 11 communities. Sixty percent of the principal amount bears interest at a fixed rate of 4.55%, and the remaining forty percent of the principal amount bears interest at a variable rate equal to the 30-day LIBOR plus a margin of 189 basis points. The debt matures in May 2028. The $247.6 million of proceeds from the financing were primarily utilized to fund the acquisition of five communities from HCP and to repay $43.0 million of outstanding mortgage debt scheduled to mature in May 2018. See Note 4 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for more information regarding the acquisitions of communities from HCP.
Convertible Debt
In June 2011, the Company completed a registered offering of $316.3 million aggregate principal amount of 2.75% convertible senior notes due June 15, 2018 (the "Notes"). The Company repaid $316.3 million in cash to settle the Notes at their maturity on June 15, 2018.
Financial Covenants
Certain of the Company’s debt documents contain restrictions and financial covenants, such as those requiring the Company to maintain prescribed minimum net worth and stockholders’ equity levels and debt service ratios, and requiring the Company not to exceed prescribed leverage ratios, in each case on a consolidated, portfolio-wide, multi-community, single-community and/or entity basis. In addition, the Company’s debt documents generally contain non-financial covenants, such as those requiring the Company to comply with Medicare or Medicaid provider requirements.
The Company’s failure to comply with applicable covenants could constitute an event of default under the applicable debt documents. Many of the Company’s debt and lease documents contain cross-default provisions so that a default under one of these instruments could cause a default under other debt and lease documents (including documents with other lenders or lessors). Furthermore, the Company’s debt is secured by its communities and, in certain cases, a guaranty by the Company and/or one or more of its subsidiaries.
As of September 30, 2018, the Company is in compliance with the financial covenants of its outstanding debt and lease agreements.
10. Litigation
The Company has been and is currently involved in litigation and claims, including putative class action claims from time to time, incidental to the conduct of its business which are generally comparable to other companies in the senior living and healthcare industries. Certain claims and lawsuits allege large damage amounts and may require significant costs to defend and resolve. As a result, the Company maintains general liability and professional liability insurance policies in amounts and with coverage and deductibles the Company believes are adequate, based on the nature and risks of its business, historical experience and industry standards. The Company's current policies provide for deductibles for each claim. Accordingly, the Company is, in effect, self-insured for claims that are less than the deductible amounts and for claims or portions of claims that are not covered by such policies.
Similarly, the senior living and healthcare industries are continuously subject to scrutiny by governmental regulators, which could result in litigation related to regulatory compliance matters. In addition, as a result of the Company's participation in the Medicare and Medicaid programs, the Company is subject to various governmental reviews, audits and investigations, including but not limited to audits under various government programs, such as the Recovery Act Contractors (RAC), Zone Program Integrity Contractors (ZPIC), and Unified Program Integrity Contractors (UPIC) programs. The costs to respond to and defend such reviews, audits and investigations may be significant, and an adverse determination could result in citations, sanctions and other criminal or civil fines and penalties, the refund of overpayments, payment suspensions, termination of participation in Medicare and Medicaid programs, and/or damage to the Company's business reputation.
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11. Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017
Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information: |  |  |
Interest paid | $ | 198,133 |  |  | $ | 223,929 |
Income taxes paid, net of refunds | $ | 1,542 |  |  | $ | 1,595 |
Additions to property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles, net: |  |  |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles, net | $ | 154,249 |  |  | $ | 139,734 |
Trade accounts payable | 15,100 |  |  | 310 |
Net cash paid | $ | 169,349 |  |  | $ | 140,044 |
Acquisition of assets, net of related payables and cash received: |  |  |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles, net | $ | 237,563 |  |  | $ | — |
Other intangible assets, net | (4,345 | ) |  | 400 |
Capital and financing lease obligations | 36,120 |  |  | — |
Other liabilities | 2,433 |  |  | — |
Net cash paid | $ | 271,771 |  |  | $ | 400 |
Proceeds from sale of assets, net: |  |  |  |  |
Prepaid expenses and other assets, net | $ | (3,006 | ) |  | $ | (14,387 | )
Assets held for sale | (18,758 | ) |  | (20,952 | )
Property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles, net | (91,778 | ) |  | (19,184 | )
Investments in unconsolidated ventures | (58,179 | ) |  | (26,301 | )
Long-term debt | — |  |  | 7,552 |
Capital and financing lease obligations | 93,514 |  |  | 7,646 |
Refundable entrance fees and deferred revenue | 8,345 |  |  | 30,771 |
Other liabilities | 2,690 |  |  | 39 |
(Gain) loss on sale of assets, net | (64,740 | ) |  | 1,408 |
Loss on facility lease termination and modification, net | — |  |  | (1,162 | )
Net cash received | $ | (131,912 | ) |  | $ | (34,570 | )
Lease termination and modification, net: |  |  |
Prepaid expenses and other assets, net | $ | (2,040 | ) |  | $ | — |
Property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles, net | (81,320 | ) |  | — |
Capital and financing lease obligations | 58,099 |  |  | — |
Deferred liabilities | 67,950 |  |  | — |
Gain on sale of assets, net | (5,761 | ) |  | — |
Loss on facility lease termination and modification, net | 22,260 |  |  | — |
Net cash paid (1) | $ | 59,188 |  |  | $ | — |
Formation of the Blackstone Venture: |  |  |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | $ | — |  |  | $ | (8,173 | )
Property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles, net | — |  |  | (768,897 | )
Investments in unconsolidated ventures | — |  |  | 66,816 |
Capital and financing lease obligations | — |  |  | 879,959 |
Deferred liabilities | — |  |  | 7,504 |
Other liabilities | — |  |  | 1,998 |
Net cash paid | $ | — |  |  | $ | 179,207 |

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Supplemental Schedule of Non-cash Operating, Investing and Financing Activities: |  |  |  |  |
Assets designated as held for sale: |  |  |  |  |
Prepaid expenses and other assets, net | $ | (281 | ) |  | $ | 199 |
Assets held for sale | 162,157 |  |  | (29,544 | )
Property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles, net | (161,876 | ) |  | 29,345 |
Net | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Lease termination and modification, net: |  |  |
Prepaid expenses and other assets, net | $ | (4,783 | ) |  | $ | — |
Property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles, net | (106,264 | ) |  | — |
Capital and financing lease obligations | 112,267 |  |  | — |
Deferred liabilities | (122,304 | ) |  | — |
Other liabilities | 625 |  |  | — |
Gain on sale of assets, net | (6,085 | ) |  | — |
Loss on facility lease termination and modification, net | 126,544 |  |  | — |
Net | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

(1) | The net cash paid to terminate community leases is presented within the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows based upon the lease classification of the terminated leases. Net cash paid of $46.6 million for the termination of operating leases is presented within net cash provided by operating activities and net cash paid of $12.5 million for the termination of capital and financing leases is presented within net cash used in financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows that sums to the total of the same such amounts shown in the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows.

| September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 133,664 |  |  | $ | 222,647 |
Restricted cash | 41,676 |  |  | 37,189 |
Long-term restricted cash | 24,758 |  |  | 22,710 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash shown in the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows | $ | 200,098 |  |  | $ | 282,546 |

12. Facility Operating Leases
As of September 30, 2018, the Company operated 366 communities under long-term leases (258 operating leases and 108 capital and financing leases). The substantial majority of the Company's lease arrangements are structured as master leases. Under a master lease, numerous communities are leased through an indivisible lease. The Company typically guarantees the performance and lease payment obligations of its subsidiary lessees under master leases. Due to the nature of such master leases, it is difficult to restructure the composition of such leased portfolios or economic terms of the leases without the consent of the applicable landlord. In addition, an event of default related to an individual property or limited number of properties within a master lease portfolio may result in a default on the entire master lease portfolio.
The community leases contain other customary terms, which may include assignment and change of control restrictions, maintenance and capital expenditure obligations, termination provisions and financial covenants, such as those requiring the Company to maintain prescribed minimum net worth and stockholders' equity levels and lease coverage ratios, and not to exceed prescribed leverage ratios, in each case on a consolidated, portfolio-wide, multi-community, single-community and/or entity basis. In addition, the Company's lease documents generally contain non-financial covenants, such as those requiring the Company to comply with Medicare or Medicaid provider requirements.
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The Company's failure to comply with applicable covenants could constitute an event of default under the applicable lease documents. Many of the Company's debt and lease documents contain cross-default provisions so that a default under one of these instruments could cause a default under other debt and lease documents (including documents with other lenders and lessors). Certain leases contain cure provisions, which generally allow the Company to post an additional lease security deposit if the required covenant is not met. Furthermore, the Company's leases are secured by its communities and, in certain cases, a guaranty by the Company and/or one or more of its subsidiaries.
As of September 30, 2018, the Company is in compliance with the financial covenants of its long-term leases.
A summary of facility lease expense and the impact of straight-line adjustment and amortization of (above) below market rents and deferred gains are as follows:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Cash basis payment | $ | 73,969 |  |  | $ | 90,303 |  |  | $ | 250,677 |  |  | $ | 275,506 |
Straight-line (income) expense | (1,815 | ) |  | (3,078 | ) |  | (10,410 | ) |  | (9,204 | )
Amortization of (above) below market lease, net | (672 | ) |  | (1,697 | ) |  | (4,246 | ) |  | (5,091 | )
Amortization of deferred gain | (1,090 | ) |  | (1,091 | ) |  | (3,269 | ) |  | (3,277 | )
Facility lease expense | $ | 70,392 |  |  | $ | 84,437 |  |  | $ | 232,752 |  |  | $ | 257,934 |

13. Income Taxes
The difference between the statutory tax rate and the Company's effective tax rates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and September 30, 2017 reflects a decrease in the Company's federal statutory tax rate from 35% to 21% as a result of the Tax Act and a decrease in the valuation allowance recorded in 2018 as compared to 2017. These decreases were offset by the elimination of deductibility for qualified performance-based compensation of covered employees in 2018 as a result of the Tax Act, the negative tax benefit on the vesting of restricted stock, a direct result of the Company's lower stock price in 2018, and the non-deductible write-off of goodwill.
The valuation allowance during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 reflects a reduction in the allowance of $2.7 million and an additional allowance of $52.2 million, respectively, established against the current period operating loss and is reflective of the Company's quarterly calculation of the reversal of existing tax assets and liabilities and the impact of the Company's acquisitions, dispositions, and other significant transactions, including the impact of the Tax Act which allows for the unlimited carryover of net operating losses created in 2018 and beyond.
The increase in the valuation allowance during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was comprised of multiple components. The increase included $85.0 million related to the removal of future timing differences as a result of the formation of the Blackstone Venture and termination of leases associated therewith. In addition, the Company increased its valuation allowance by $48.5 million upon the adoption of ASU 2016-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation: Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting. The $48.5 million offset the increase to the Company's net operating loss carryforward position previously reflected in an additional paid-in capital pool, and accordingly, did not impact the current period income tax position. The remaining change of approximately $86.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 reflects the allowance established against that period's operating loss.
The Company recorded an aggregate deferred federal, state and local tax benefit of $15.4 million and $71.3 million as a result of the operating loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. The benefit for the three months ended September 30, 2018 includes a benefit from a decrease in the valuation allowance of $2.7 million. The benefit for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was offset by an increase in the valuation allowance of $52.2 million. The change in the valuation allowance for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 is the result of the anticipated reversal of future tax liabilities offset by future tax deductions. The Company recorded an aggregate deferred federal, state, and local tax benefit of $91.3 million and $123.0 million as a result of the operating loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, which was offset by an increase in the valuation allowance of $59.6 million and $86.6 million, respectively.
The Company evaluates its deferred tax assets each quarter to determine if a valuation allowance is required based on whether it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax asset would not be realized. The Company's valuation allowance as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 is $388.3 million and $336.1 million, respectively.
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For the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company estimated the impact of the Tax Act on state income taxes reflected in its income tax benefit. Reasonable estimates for the Company's state and local provision continue to be made based on the Company's analysis of tax reform. These provisional amounts have not been adjusted for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 but may be adjusted in future periods during 2018 when additional information is obtained. In addition, the Tax Act limits the annual deductibility of a corporation's net interest expense unless it elects to be exempt from such deductibility limitation under the real property trade or business exception. The Company plans to elect the real property trade or business exception with the 2018 tax return. As such, the Company will be required to apply the alternative depreciation system ("ADS") to all current and future residential real property and qualified improvement property assets. This change did not have a material effect for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 but will impact future tax depreciation deductions and may impact the Company's valuation allowance. The Company is unable to estimate the future impact of this change at this time. Additional information that may affect the Company's provisional amounts would include further clarification and guidance on how the Internal Revenue Service will implement tax reform and further clarification and guidance on how state taxing authorities will implement tax reform and the related effect on the Company's state and local income tax returns, state and local net operating losses and corresponding valuation allowances.
The Company recorded interest charges related to its tax contingency reserve for cash tax positions for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and September 30, 2017 which are included in income tax expense or benefit for the period. As of September 30, 2018, tax returns for years 2013 through 2017 are subject to future examination by tax authorities. In addition, the net operating losses from prior years are subject to adjustment under examination.
14. Variable Interest Entities
As of September 30, 2018, the Company has an equity interest in an unconsolidated VIE. The Company has determined that it does not have the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact its economic performance and is not the primary beneficiary of the VIE in accordance with ASC 810. The Company's interests in the VIE are, therefore, accounted for under the equity method of accounting.
The Company holds a 51% equity interest, and HCP owns a 49% interest, in a venture that owns and operates entry fee CCRCs (the "CCRC Venture"). The CCRC Venture's opco has been identified as a VIE. The equity members of the CCRC Venture's opco share certain operating rights, and the Company acts as manager to the CCRC Venture opco. However, the Company does not consolidate this VIE because it does not have the ability to control the activities that most significantly impact this VIE's economic performance. The assets of the CCRC Venture opco primarily consist of the CCRCs that it owns and leases, resident fees receivable, notes receivable and cash and cash equivalents. The obligations of the CCRC Venture opco primarily consist of community lease obligations, mortgage debt, accounts payable, accrued expenses and refundable entrance fees.
The carrying value and classification of the related assets, liabilities and maximum exposure to loss as a result of the Company's involvement with this VIE are summarized below as of September 30, 2018 (in millions):

VIE Type | Asset Type | Maximum Exposure to Loss |  | Carrying Value
CCRC Venture opco | Investment in unconsolidated ventures | $ | 23.3 |  |  | $ | 23.3 |

As of September 30, 2018, the Company is not required to provide financial support, through a liquidity arrangement or otherwise, to this unconsolidated VIE.
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15. Revenue
Disaggregation of Revenue
The Company disaggregates its revenue from contracts with customers by payor source, as the Company believes it best depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of its revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors. See details on a reportable segment basis in the table below.

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
(in thousands) | Retirement Centers |  | Assisted Living |  | CCRCs-Rental |  | Brookdale Ancillary Services |  | Total
Private pay | $ | 143,963 |  |  | $ | 464,719 |  |  | $ | 73,567 |  |  | $ | 159 |  |  | $ | 682,408 |
Government reimbursement | 668 |  |  | 18,406 |  |  | 20,901 |  |  | 89,100 |  |  | 129,075 |
Other third-party payor programs | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,679 |  |  | 19,017 |  |  | 28,696 |
Total resident fee revenue | $ | 144,631 |  |  | $ | 483,125 |  |  | $ | 104,147 |  |  | $ | 108,276 |  |  | $ | 840,179 |

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
(in thousands) | Retirement Centers |  | Assisted Living |  | CCRCs-Rental |  | Brookdale Ancillary Services |  | Total
Private pay | $ | 459,875 |  |  | $ | 1,482,789 |  |  | $ | 217,680 |  |  | $ | 585 |  |  | $ | 2,160,929 |
Government reimbursement | 2,446 |  |  | 54,643 |  |  | 65,986 |  |  | 272,332 |  |  | 395,407 |
Other third-party payor programs | — |  |  | — |  |  | 30,346 |  |  | 55,732 |  |  | 86,078 |
Total resident fee revenue | $ | 462,321 |  |  | $ | 1,537,432 |  |  | $ | 314,012 |  |  | $ | 328,649 |  |  | $ | 2,642,414 |

The Company has not further disaggregated management fee revenues and revenue for reimbursed costs incurred on behalf of managed communities as the economic factors affecting the nature, timing, amount, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows do not significantly vary within each respective revenue category.
Contract Balances
The payment terms and conditions within the Company's revenue-generating contracts vary by contract type and payor source, although terms generally include payment to be made within 30 days.
Resident fee revenue for recurring and routine monthly services is generally billed monthly in advance. Resident fee revenue for standalone or certain ancillary services is generally billed monthly in arrears. Additionally, non-refundable community fees are generally billed and collected in advance or upon move-in of a resident under residency agreements for independent living and assisted living services. Amounts of revenue that are collected from residents in advance are recognized as deferred revenue until the performance obligations are satisfied. The Company had total deferred revenue (included within refundable entrance fees and deferred revenue, deferred liabilities, and other liabilities within the condensed consolidated balance sheets) of $103.6 million and $112.4 million, including $45.8 million and $49.7 million of monthly resident fees billed and received in advance, as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recognized $76.2 million of revenue that was included in the deferred revenue balance as of January 1, 2018. The Company applies the practical expedient in ASC 606-10-50-14 and does not disclose amounts for remaining performance obligations that have original expected durations of one year or less.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recognized $4.5 million and $13.4 million of charges within facility operating expenses within the condensed consolidated statement of operations for additions to the allowance for doubtful accounts.
16. Segment Information
As of September 30, 2018, the Company has five reportable segments: Retirement Centers; Assisted Living; CCRCs-Rental; Brookdale Ancillary Services; and Management Services. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise that engage in business activities from which it may earn revenues and incur expenses; for which separate financial information is
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available; and whose operating results are regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker to assess the performance of the individual segment and make decisions about resources to be allocated to the segment.
Retirement Centers. The Company's Retirement Centers segment includes owned or leased communities that are primarily designed for middle to upper income seniors generally age 75 and older who desire an upscale residential environment providing the highest quality of service. The majority of the Company's retirement center communities consist of both independent living and assisted living units in a single community, which allows residents to "age-in-place" by providing them with a continuum of senior independent and assisted living services.
Assisted Living. The Company's Assisted Living segment includes owned or leased communities that offer housing and 24-hour assistance with activities of daily life to mid-acuity frail and elderly residents. Assisted living communities include both freestanding, multi-story communities and freestanding single story communities. The Company also operates memory care communities, which are freestanding assisted living communities specially designed for residents with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias.
CCRCs-Rental. The Company's CCRCs-Rental segment includes large owned or leased communities that offer a variety of living arrangements and services to accommodate all levels of physical ability and health. Most of the Company's CCRCs have independent living, assisted living and skilled nursing available on one campus or within the immediate market, and some also include memory care and Alzheimer's units.
Brookdale Ancillary Services. The Company's Brookdale Ancillary Services segment includes the home health, hospice, and outpatient therapy services, as well as education and wellness programs, provided to residents of many of the Company's communities and to seniors living outside of the Company's communities. The Brookdale Ancillary Services segment does not include the inpatient therapy services provided in the Company's skilled nursing units, which are included in the Company's CCRCs-Rental segment.
Management Services. The Company's Management Services segment includes communities operated by the Company pursuant to management agreements. In some of the cases, the controlling financial interest in the community is held by third parties and, in other cases, the community is owned in a venture structure in which the Company has an ownership interest. Under the management agreements for these communities, the Company receives management fees as well as reimbursed expenses, which represent the reimbursement of expenses it incurs on behalf of the owners.
The accounting policies of the Company's reportable segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies in Note 2.
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The following table sets forth selected segment financial and operating data:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retirement Centers (1) | $ | 144,631 |  |  | $ | 161,986 |  |  | $ | 462,321 |  |  | $ | 496,854 |
Assisted Living (1) | 483,125 |  |  | 542,227 |  |  | 1,537,432 |  |  | 1,680,194 |
CCRCs-Rental (1) | 104,147 |  |  | 108,075 |  |  | 314,012 |  |  | 364,075 |
Brookdale Ancillary Services (1) | 108,276 |  |  | 110,604 |  |  | 328,649 |  |  | 332,766 |
Management Services (2) | 279,883 |  |  | 255,096 |  |  | 820,082 |  |  | 707,337 |
| $ | 1,120,062 |  |  | $ | 1,177,988 |  |  | $ | 3,462,496 |  |  | $ | 3,581,226 |
Segment Operating Income: (3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retirement Centers | $ | 57,106 |  |  | $ | 65,907 |  |  | $ | 186,662 |  |  | $ | 207,206 |
Assisted Living | 144,701 |  |  | 173,576 |  |  | 490,976 |  |  | 577,936 |
CCRCs-Rental | 21,809 |  |  | 22,932 |  |  | 70,291 |  |  | 82,591 |
Brookdale Ancillary Services | 9,487 |  |  | 9,823 |  |  | 28,008 |  |  | 38,555 |
Management Services | 18,528 |  |  | 18,138 |  |  | 54,280 |  |  | 56,474 |
| 251,631 |  |  | 290,376 |  |  | 830,217 |  |  | 962,762 |
General and administrative (including non-cash stock-based compensation expense) | 57,309 |  |  | 63,779 |  |  | 194,333 |  |  | 196,429 |
Transaction costs | 1,487 |  |  | 1,992 |  |  | 8,805 |  |  | 12,924 |
Facility lease expense | 70,392 |  |  | 84,437 |  |  | 232,752 |  |  | 257,934 |
Depreciation and amortization | 110,980 |  |  | 117,649 |  |  | 341,351 |  |  | 366,023 |
Goodwill and asset impairment | 5,500 |  |  | 368,551 |  |  | 451,966 |  |  | 390,816 |
Loss on facility lease termination and modification | 2,337 |  |  | 4,938 |  |  | 148,804 |  |  | 11,306 |
Income (loss) from operations | $ | 3,626 |  |  | $ | (350,970 | ) |  | $ | (547,794 | ) |  | $ | (272,670 | )

| As of
(in thousands) | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Total assets: |  |  |
Retirement Centers | $ | 1,295,001 |  |  | $ | 1,266,076 |
Assisted Living | 3,775,584 |  |  | 4,535,114 |
CCRCs-Rental | 716,815 |  |  | 667,234 |
Brookdale Ancillary Services | 254,781 |  |  | 257,257 |
Corporate and Management Services | 452,456 |  |  | 949,768 |
| $ | 6,494,637 |  |  | $ | 7,675,449 |

(1) | All revenue is earned from external third parties in the United States.

(2) | Management services segment revenue includes management fees and reimbursements of costs incurred on behalf of managed communities.

(3) | Segment operating income is defined as segment revenues less segment facility operating expenses (excluding depreciation and amortization) and costs incurred on behalf of managed communities.

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Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
SAFE HARBOR STATEMENT UNDER THE PRIVATE SECURITIES LITIGATION REFORM ACT OF 1995
Certain statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements are subject to various risks and uncertainties and include all statements that are not historical statements of fact and those regarding our intent, belief or expectations, including, but not limited to, statements relating to our redefined strategy, including initiatives undertaken to execute on our strategic priorities and their intended effect on our results; our operational, sales, marketing and branding initiatives; our expectations regarding the economy, the senior living industry, senior housing construction, supply and competition, occupancy and pricing and the demand for senior housing; our expectations regarding our revenue, cash flow, operating income, expenses, capital expenditures, including expected levels and reimbursements and the timing thereof, expansion, redevelopment and repositioning opportunities, including Program Max opportunities, and their projected costs, cost savings and synergies, and our liquidity and leverage; our plans and expectations with respect to acquisition, disposition, development, lease restructuring and termination, financing, re-financing and venture transactions and opportunities (including assets held for sale and other pending and planned transactions), including the timing thereof and their effects on our results; our expectations regarding taxes, capital deployment and returns on invested capital, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Free Cash Flow (as those terms are defined in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q); our expectations regarding returns to stockholders, the payment of dividends and our evaluation of opportunistically utilizing our existing share repurchase program; our ability to secure financing or repay, replace or extend existing debt at or prior to maturity; our ability to remain in compliance with all of our debt and lease agreements (including the financial covenants contained therein); our expectations regarding changes in government reimbursement programs and their effect on our results; our plans to expand our offering of ancillary services; and our ability to anticipate, manage and address industry trends and their effect on our business. Forward-looking statements are generally identifiable by use of forward-looking terminology such as "may," "will," "should," "could," "would," "potential," "intend," "expect," "endeavor," "seek," "anticipate," "estimate," "overestimate," "underestimate," "believe," "project," "predict," "continue," "plan," "target" or other similar words or expressions. These forward-looking statements are based on certain assumptions and expectations, and our ability to predict results or the actual effect of future plans or strategies is inherently uncertain. Although we believe that expectations reflected in any forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, we can give no assurance that our expectations will be attained and actual results and performance could differ materially from those projected. Factors which could have a material adverse effect on our operations and future prospects or which could cause events or circumstances to differ from the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the risk associated with the current global economic situation and its impact upon capital markets and liquidity; changes in governmental reimbursement programs; the risk of overbuilding, new supply and new competition; our inability to extend (or refinance) debt (including our credit and letter of credit facilities) as it matures; the risk that we may not be able to satisfy the conditions precedent to exercising the extension options associated with certain of our debt agreements; events which adversely affect the ability of seniors to afford our resident fees or entrance fees; the conditions of housing markets in certain geographic areas; our ability to generate sufficient cash flow to cover required interest and long-term lease payments and to fund our planned capital projects; risks related to the implementation of our redefined strategy, including initiatives undertaken to execute on our strategic priorities and their effect on our results; the effect of our indebtedness and long-term leases on our liquidity; the effect of our non-compliance with any of our debt or lease agreements (including the financial covenants contained therein) and the risk of lenders or lessors declaring a cross default in the event of our non-compliance with any such agreements; the risk of loss of property pursuant to our mortgage debt and long-term lease obligations; the possibilities that changes in the capital markets, including changes in interest rates and/or credit spreads, or other factors could make financing more expensive or unavailable to us; market conditions and capital allocation decisions that may influence our determination from time to time whether to purchase any shares under our existing share repurchase program; our ability to fund any repurchases; our ability to effectively manage our growth; our ability to maintain consistent quality control; delays in obtaining regulatory approvals; the risk that we may not be able to expand, redevelop and reposition our communities in accordance with our plans; our ability to complete acquisition, disposition, lease restructuring and termination, financing, re-financing and venture transactions (including assets held for sale and other pending and planned transactions) on agreed upon terms or at all, including in respect of the satisfaction of closing conditions, the risk that regulatory approvals are not obtained or are subject to unanticipated conditions, and uncertainties as to the timing of closing, and our ability to identify and pursue any such opportunities in the future; our ability to successfully integrate acquisitions; competition for the acquisition of assets; our ability to obtain additional capital on terms acceptable to us; a decrease in the overall demand for senior housing; our vulnerability to economic downturns; acts of nature in certain geographic areas; terminations of our resident agreements and vacancies in the living spaces we lease; early terminations or non-renewal of management agreements; increased competition for skilled personnel; increased wage pressure and union activity; departure of our key officers and potential disruption caused by changes in management; increases in market interest rates; environmental contamination at any of our communities; failure to comply with existing environmental laws; an adverse determination or resolution of complaints filed against us; the cost and difficulty of complying with increasing and evolving regulation; unanticipated costs to comply with legislative or regulatory developments, including requirements to obtain emergency power generators for our communities; as well as other risks detailed from time to time in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including those set forth under "Item 1A. Risk
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Factors" contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 and Part II, "Item 1A. Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. When considering forward-looking statements, you should keep in mind the risk factors and other cautionary statements in such SEC filings. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any of these forward-looking statements, which reflect our management's views as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements, and we expressly disclaim any obligation to release publicly any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto or change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any statement is based.
Executive Overview
As of September 30, 2018, we are the largest operator of senior living communities in the United States based on total capacity, with 961 communities in 46 states and the ability to serve approximately 93,000 residents. We offer our residents access to a full continuum of services across the most attractive sectors of the senior living industry. We operate independent living, assisted living and dementia-care communities and continuing care retirement centers ("CCRCs"). Through our ancillary services programs, we also offer a range of home health, hospice, and outpatient therapy services to residents of many of our communities and to seniors living outside of our communities.
We believe that we operate in the most attractive sectors of the senior living industry, and our goal is to be the first choice in senior living by being the nation’s most trusted and effective senior living provider and employer. Our community and service offerings combine housing, health care, hospitality, and ancillary services. Our senior living communities offer residents a supportive home-like setting, assistance with activities of daily living (ADL) such as eating, bathing, dressing, toileting and transferring/walking and, in certain communities, licensed skilled nursing services. We also provide ancillary services, including home health, hospice and outpatient therapy services to residents of many of our communities and to seniors living outside of our communities. By providing residents with a range of service options as their needs change, we provide greater continuity of care, enabling seniors to "age-in-place," which we believe enables them to maintain residency with us for a longer period of time. The ability of residents to age-in-place is also beneficial to our residents and their families who are concerned with care decisions for their elderly relatives. With our platform of a range of community and service offerings, we believe that we are positioned to take advantage of favorable demographic trends over time.
Leadership and Our Strategy
During the first quarter of 2018, the Company's Board of Directors made several changes to our key leadership. Effective February 28, 2018, Lucinda M. Baier, who had served as our Chief Financial Officer since 2015, was appointed as our President and Chief Executive Officer and member of the Board of Directors, at which time the employment of our former President and Chief Executive Officer was terminated. In addition, the employment of our former Executive Vice President and Chief Administrative Officer was terminated effective March 9, 2018. Effective September 4, 2018, Steven E. Swain joined the Company as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, replacing Teresa F. Sparks who had served as interim Chief Financial Officer since March 28, 2018.
For 2018, we have re-evaluated and redefined our strategic priorities, which are now focused on our three primary stakeholders: our stockholders, our associates, and, always at our foundation, our residents, patients and their families. Through our redefined strategy, we intend to provide attractive long-term returns to our stockholders; attract, engage, develop and retain the best associates; and earn the trust and endorsements of our residents, patients and their families.

• | Stockholders. Our stockholders' continued investment in us allows us to advance our mission to our residents and their families. Therefore we believe we must balance our mission with an emphasis on margin. With this strategic priority, we intend to improve RevPAR, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Free Cash Flow over time.

• | Associates. Brookdale's culture is based on servant leadership, and our associates are the key to attracting and caring for residents and creating value for all of our stakeholders. Through this strategic priority, we intend to create a compelling value proposition for our associates in the areas of compensation, leadership, career growth and meaningful work. In 2017, we took the first corrective steps by investing in community leaders, and in 2018 we have extended this plan deeper in the communities.

• | Residents, Patients and Their Families. Brookdale continues to be driven by its mission—to enrich the lives of those we serve with compassion, respect, excellence and integrity—and we believe this continued focus is essential to create value for all of our stakeholders. This strategic priority includes enhancing our organizational alignment to foster an environment where our associates can focus on providing valued, high quality care and personalized service. We intend to win locally through our

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targeted sales and marketing efforts by differentiating our community and service offerings based on quality, a portfolio of choices, and personalized service delivered by caring associates.
We believe that our successful execution on these strategic priorities will allow us to achieve our goal to be the first choice in senior living by being the nation’s most trusted and effective senior living provider and employer.
As part of our redefined strategy, we plan to continue to evaluate and, where opportunities arise, pursue lease restructurings, development and acquisition opportunities, including selectively acquiring existing operating companies, senior living communities, and ancillary services companies. Any such restructurings or acquisitions may be pursued on our own, or through investments in ventures. In addition, we intend to continue to evaluate our owned and leased community portfolios for opportunities to dispose of owned communities and terminate leases. As part of this evaluation, during 2018 we have entered into significant lease restructuring and termination transactions with two of our largest lessors. We also continue to execute on our plan to market in 2018 and sell 26 owned communities, 19 of which were under contract for sale and included in assets held for sale as of September 30, 2018. We believe the sale of these owned communities will generate more than $250 million of proceeds, net of associated debt and transaction costs.
Portfolio Optimization Update
During the year ended December 31, 2017, we completed sales of three communities (311 units) and termination of leases on 105 communities (10,014 units), we amended and restated triple-net leases covering substantially all the communities we lease from HCP, Inc. ("HCP") into a master lease, we sold our 10% interest in a RIDEA unconsolidated venture with HCP, and we invested $8.8 million on Program Max projects (an initiative under which we expand, renovate, redevelop and reposition certain of our existing communities where economically advantageous), net of $8.1 million of third party lessor reimbursements.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we completed sales of three communities (310 units) and termination of triple-net leases on 66 communities (7,033 units), we sold our ownership interests in four unconsolidated ventures, we acquired six communities (995 units), and long-term management agreements on 20 communities were terminated. Subsequent to September 30, 2018, leases with respect to 17 additional communities (1,463 units) were terminated.
As of September 30, 2018, 32 owned communities (2,693 units) were classified as held for sale, including 19 communities under contract for sale as part of our plan to market in 2018 and sell 26 owned communities. We completed the disposition of Brookdale Battery Park on November 1, 2018 and received proceeds of approximately $144 million, net of associated debt and transaction costs. We expect to complete the dispositions of the remaining assets classified as held for sale as of September 30, 2018 within the next 12 months. Additionally, we have completed or expect to complete the termination of long-term management agreements on approximately 40 communities (approximately 5,500 units) during the next six months.
The closings of the expected sales of assets are subject (where applicable) to our successful marketing of such assets on terms acceptable to us. Further, the closings of the various pending transactions and expected sales of assets are, or will be, subject to the satisfaction of various conditions, including (where applicable) the receipt of regulatory approvals. However, there can be no assurance that the transactions will close or, if they do, when the actual closings will occur.
A summary of the foregoing transactions, and the impact of dispositions on our results of operations, are below.
HCP Master Lease Transaction and RIDEA Ventures Restructuring
On November 2, 2017, we announced that we had entered into a definitive agreement for a multi-part transaction with HCP. As part of such transaction, we entered into an Amended and Restated Master Lease and Security Agreement ("HCP Master Lease") with HCP effective as of November 1, 2017. The components of the multi-part transaction include:

• | Master Lease Transactions. We and HCP amended and restated triple-net leases covering substantially all of the communities we leased from HCP as of November 1, 2017 into the HCP Master Lease. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we acquired two communities formerly leased (208 units) for an aggregate purchase price of $35.4 million and leases with respect to 16 communities (1,660 units) were terminated, and such communities were removed from the HCP Master Lease. Pursuant to the HCP Master Lease, leases with respect to 17 additional communities (1,463 units) were terminated subsequent to September 30, 2018, and such communities were removed from the HCP Master Lease, which completed the terminations of leases on a total of 33 communities as provided in the HCP Master Lease. For communities for which HCP has not transitioned operations and/or management of such communities to a third party, we continue to manage such communities on an interim basis. We continue to lease 43 communities pursuant to the terms of the HCP Master Lease, which have the same lease rates and expiration and renewal terms as the applicable prior

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instruments, except that effective January 1, 2018, we received a $2.5 million annual rent reduction for two communities. The HCP Master Lease also provides that we may engage in certain change in control and other transactions without the need to obtain HCP's consent, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions.

• | RIDEA Ventures Restructuring. Pursuant to the multi-part transaction agreement, HCP acquired our 10% ownership interest in one of our RIDEA ventures with HCP in December 2017 for $32.1 million (for which we recognized a $7.2 million gain on sale) and our 10% ownership interest in the remaining RIDEA venture with HCP in March 2018 for $62.3 million (for which we recognized a $41.7 million gain on sale). We provided management services to 59 communities (9,585 units) on behalf of the two RIDEA ventures as of November 1, 2017. Pursuant to the multi-part transaction agreement, we acquired one community (137 units) for an aggregate purchase price of $32.1 million in January 2018 and three communities (650 units) for an aggregate purchase price of $207.4 million in April 2018 and retained management of 18 of such communities (3,276 units). The amended and restated management agreements for such 18 communities have a term set to expire in 2030, subject to certain early termination rights. In addition, HCP will be entitled to sell or transition operations and/or management of 37 of such communities. Management agreements for three and 20 such communities (422 and 2,789 units, respectively) were terminated by HCP during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 (for which we recognized a $0.6 million and $5.6 million non-cash management contract termination gain, respectively), and we expect the termination of management agreements on the remaining 17 communities (2,733 units) to occur in stages throughout the next six months.

We financed the foregoing community acquisitions with non-recourse mortgage financing and proceeds from the sales of our ownership interest in the unconsolidated ventures. See Note 9 to the condensed consolidated financial statements contained in "Item 1. Financial Statements" for more information regarding the non-recourse first mortgage financing.
In addition, we obtained future annual cash rent reductions and waived management termination fees in the multi-part transaction. As a result of the multi-part transaction, we reduced our lease liabilities by $9.7 million for the future annual cash rent reductions and recognized a $9.7 million deferred liability for the consideration received from HCP in advance of the termination of the management agreements for the 37 communities, and we reduced the carrying value of capital lease obligations and assets under capital leases by $145.6 million. See Note 4 to the condensed consolidated financial statements contained in "Item 1. Financial Statements" for more information.
Ventas Lease Portfolio Restructuring
On April 26, 2018, we entered into several agreements to restructure a portfolio of 128 communities (10,567 units) we leased from Ventas, Inc. and certain of its subsidiaries (collectively, "Ventas") as of such date, including a Master Lease and Security Agreement (the "Ventas Master Lease"). The Ventas Master Lease amended and restated prior leases comprising an aggregate portfolio of 107 communities (8,459 units) into the Ventas Master Lease. Under the Ventas Master Lease and other agreements entered into on April 26, 2018, the 21 additional communities (2,107 units) leased by us from Ventas pursuant to separate lease agreements have been or will be combined automatically into the Ventas Master Lease upon the first to occur of Ventas' election or the repayment of, or receipt of lender consent with respect to, mortgage debt underlying such communities. During the three months ended September 30, 2018, the community leases for 17 of such communities were combined into the Ventas Master Lease. We and Ventas agreed to observe, perform and enforce such separate leases as if they had been combined into the Ventas Master Lease effective April 26, 2018, to the extent not in conflict with any mortgage debt underlying such communities. The transaction agreements with Ventas further provide that the Ventas Master Lease and certain other agreements between us and Ventas will be cross-defaulted.
The initial term of the Ventas Master Lease ends December 31, 2025, with two 10-year extension options available to us. In the event of the consummation of a change of control transaction of the Company on or before December 31, 2025, the initial term of the Ventas Master Lease will be extended automatically through December 31, 2029. The Ventas Master Lease and separate lease agreements with Ventas, which are guaranteed at the parent level by us, provide for total rent in 2018 of $175.0 million for the 128 communities, including the pro-rata portion of an $8.0 million annual rent credit for 2018. We will receive an annual rent credit of $8.0 million in 2019, $7.0 million in 2020 and $5.0 million thereafter; provided, that if a change of control of the Company occurs prior to 2021, the annual rent credit will be reduced to $5.0 million. Effective on January 1, 2019, the annual minimum rent will be subject to an escalator equal to the lesser of 2.25% or four times the Consumer Price Index ("CPI") increase for the prior year (or zero if there was a CPI decrease).
The Ventas Master Lease requires us to spend (or escrow with Ventas) a minimum of $2,000 per unit per 24-month period commencing with the 24-month period ending December 31, 2019 and thereafter each 24-month period ending December 31 during the lease term, subject to annual increases commensurate with the escalator beginning with the second lease year of the first extension term (if any). If a change of control of the Company occurs, we will be required, within 36 months following the
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closing of such transaction, to invest (or escrow with Ventas) an aggregate of $30.0 million in the communities for revenue-enhancing capital projects.
Under the definitive agreements with Ventas, we, at the parent level, must satisfy certain financial covenants (including tangible net worth and leverage ratios) and may consummate a change of control transaction without the need for consent of Ventas so long as certain objective conditions are satisfied, including the post-transaction guarantor's satisfying certain enhanced minimum tangible net worth and maximum leverage ratio, having minimum levels of operational experience and reputation in the senior living industry, and paying a change of control fee of $25.0 million to Ventas.
At our option, which must be exercised on or before April 26, 2019, we may provide notice to Ventas of our election to direct Ventas to market for sale one or more communities with up to approximately $30.0 million of annual minimum rent. Upon receipt of such notice, Ventas will be obligated to use commercially reasonable, diligent efforts to sell such communities on or before December 31, 2020 (subject to extension for regulatory purposes); provided, that Ventas' obligation to sell any such community will be subject to Ventas' receiving a purchase price in excess of a minimum sale price to be mutually agreed by us and Ventas and to certain other customary closing conditions. Upon any such sale, such communities will be removed from the Ventas Master Lease, and the annual minimum rent under the Ventas Master Lease will be reduced by the amount of the net sale proceeds received by Ventas multiplied by 6.25%.
We estimated the fair value of each of the elements of the restructuring transactions. The fair value of the future lease payments is based upon historical and forecasted community cash flows and market data, including a management fee rate of 5% of revenue and a market supported lease coverage ratio. We recognized a $125.7 million non-cash loss on lease modification in the nine months ended September 30, 2018, primarily for the extensions of the triple-net lease obligations for communities with lease terms that are unfavorable to us given current market conditions on the amendment date in exchange for modifications to the change of control provisions and financial covenant provisions of the community leases.
Welltower Lease and RIDEA Venture Restructuring
On June 27, 2018 we announced that we had entered into definitive agreements with Welltower Inc. ("Welltower"). The components of the agreements include:

• | Lease Terminations. We and Welltower agreed to early termination of our triple-net lease obligations on 37 communities (4,095 units) effective June 30, 2018. The two lease portfolios were due to mature in 2028 (27 communities; 3,175 units) and 2020 (10 communities; 920 units). We paid Welltower an aggregate lease termination fee of $58.0 million. We will continue to manage the foregoing 37 communities on an interim basis until the communities are transitioned to new managers and such communities will be reported in the Management Services segment during such interim period. We recognized a $22.6 million loss on lease termination in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 for the amount by which the aggregate lease termination fee exceeded the net carrying value of our assets and liabilities under operating and capital leases at the lease termination date.

• | Future Lease Terminations. The parties separately agreed to allow us to terminate leases with respect to, and to remove from the remaining Welltower leased portfolio, a number of communities with annual aggregate base rent up to $5.0 million upon Welltower's sale of such communities, and we would receive a corresponding 6.25% rent credit on Welltower's disposition proceeds.

• | RIDEA Restructuring. We agreed to sell our 20% equity interest in our existing Welltower RIDEA venture to Welltower, effective June 30, 2018, for net proceeds of $33.5 million (for which we recognized a $14.7 million gain on sale during the nine months ended September 30, 2018). As of September 30, 2018, we provided management services to the 15 venture communities and will continue to manage the communities until the communities are transitioned by Welltower to new managers.

We also elected not to renew two master leases with Welltower which matured on September 30, 2018 (11 communities; 1,128 units). After conclusion of the foregoing lease expirations, we continue to operate 74 communities (3,688 units) under triple-net leases with Welltower, and our remaining lease agreements with Welltower contain an objective change of control standard that allows us to engage in certain change of control and other transactions without the need to obtain Welltower's consent, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions. See Note 4 to the condensed consolidated financial statements contained in "Item 1. Financial Statements" for more information.
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Blackstone Venture
On March 29, 2017, we and affiliates of Blackstone Real Estate Advisors VIII L.P. (collectively, "Blackstone") formed a venture (the "Blackstone Venture") that acquired 64 senior housing communities for a purchase price of $1.1 billion. We had previously leased the 64 communities from HCP under long-term lease agreements with a remaining average lease term of approximately 12 years. At the closing, the Blackstone Venture purchased the 64-community portfolio from HCP subject to the existing leases, and we contributed our leasehold interests for 62 communities and a total of $179.2 million in cash to purchase a 15% equity interest in the Blackstone Venture, terminate leases, and fund our share of closing costs. As of the formation date, we continued to operate two of the communities under lease agreements and began managing 60 of the communities on behalf of the venture under a management agreement with the venture.Two of the communities are managed by a third party for the venture. As a result of such transactions, during 2017 we recorded a $19.7 million charge within goodwill and asset impairment expense and recorded a provision for income taxes to establish an additional $85.0 million of valuation allowance against our federal and state net operating loss carryforwards and tax credits as we expect these carryforwards and credits will not be utilized prior to expiration. During the three months ended March 31, 2018, we recorded a $33.4 million non-cash impairment charge within goodwill and asset impairment expense to reflect the amount by which the carrying value of the investment exceeded the estimated fair value.
During the third quarter of 2018, leases for the two communities owned by the Blackstone Venture were terminated and we sold our 15% equity interest in the Blackstone Venture to Blackstone. We paid Blackstone an aggregate fee of $2.0 million to complete the multi-part transaction. See Note 4 to the condensed consolidated financial statements contained in "Item 1. Financial Statements" for more information.
Dispositions of Owned Communities During 2018 and Assets Held for Sale
During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we completed the sale of three communities (310 units) for net cash proceeds of $12.8 million. See Note 4 to the condensed consolidated financial statements contained in "Item 1. Financial Statements" for more information.
As of September 30, 2018, 32 communities (2,693 units) were classified as held for sale, resulting in $241.9 million being recorded as assets held for sale and $158.6 million of mortgage debt being included in the current portion of long-term debt within the condensed consolidated balance sheet with respect to such communities. This debt will either be repaid with the proceeds from the sales or be assumed by the prospective purchasers. Among the communities included in assets held for sale as of September 30, 2018 were 19 communities under contract for sale as part of our plan to market in 2018 and sell 26 owned communities. As part of this plan, during the three months ended September 30, 2018, we entered into a definitive agreement to sell Brookdale Battery Park to Ventas, and to manage the community following closing. We completed the disposition of Brookdale Battery Park on November 1, 2018 and received proceeds of approximately $144 million, net of associated debt and transaction costs. Additionally, during the third quarter of 2018, we entered into a definitive agreement to sell 18 communities as part of this plan.
Dispositions of Owned Communities and Other Lease Terminations During 2017
During the year ended December 31, 2017, we completed the sale of three communities (311 units) for net cash proceeds of $8.2 million, and we terminated leases for 43 (4,201 units) communities otherwise than in connection with the transactions with HCP and Blackstone described above (including terminations of leases for 26 communities pursuant to the transactions with HCP announced in November 2016).
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Summary of Impact of Dispositions
The following tables set forth, for the periods indicated, the amounts included within our consolidated financial data for the 104 communities that we disposed through sales and lease terminations during the period from July 1, 2017 through September 30, 2018 through the respective disposition dates:

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
(in thousands) | Actual Results |  | Amounts Attributable to Completed Dispositions |  | Actual Results Less Amounts Attributable to Completed Dispositions
Resident fees |  |  |  |  |
Retirement Centers | $ | 144,631 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 144,631 |
Assisted Living | 483,125 |  |  | 13,017 |  |  | 470,108 |
CCRCs-Rental | 104,147 |  |  | 1,975 |  |  | 102,172 |
Senior housing resident fees | $ | 731,903 |  |  | $ | 14,992 |  |  | $ | 716,911 |
Facility operating expense |  |  |  |  |
Retirement Centers | $ | 87,525 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 87,525 |
Assisted Living | 338,424 |  |  | 9,732 |  |  | 328,692 |
CCRCs-Rental | 82,338 |  |  | 1,500 |  |  | 80,838 |
Senior housing facility operating expense | $ | 508,287 |  |  | $ | 11,232 |  |  | $ | 497,055 |
Cash lease payments | $ | 105,530 |  |  | $ | 4,821 |  |  | $ | 100,709 |

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
(in thousands) | Actual Results |  | Amounts Attributable to Completed Dispositions |  | Actual Results Less Amounts Attributable to Completed Dispositions
Resident fees |  |  |  |  |
Retirement Centers | $ | 161,986 |  |  | $ | 22,933 |  |  | $ | 139,053 |
Assisted Living | 542,227 |  |  | 74,882 |  |  | 467,345 |
CCRCs-Rental | 108,075 |  |  | 9,107 |  |  | 98,968 |
Senior housing resident fees | $ | 812,288 |  |  | $ | 106,922 |  |  | $ | 705,366 |
Facility operating expense |  |  |  |  |
Retirement Centers | $ | 96,079 |  |  | $ | 14,037 |  |  | $ | 82,042 |
Assisted Living | 368,651 |  |  | 53,211 |  |  | 315,440 |
CCRCs-Rental | 85,143 |  |  | 8,362 |  |  | 76,781 |
Senior housing facility operating expense | $ | 549,873 |  |  | $ | 75,610 |  |  | $ | 474,263 |
Cash lease payments | $ | 132,989 |  |  | $ | 30,524 |  |  | $ | 102,465 |

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The following tables set forth, for the periods indicated, the amounts included within our consolidated financial data for the 177 communities that we disposed through sales and lease terminations during the period from January 1, 2017 through September 30, 2018 through the respective disposition dates:

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
(in thousands) | Actual Results |  | Amounts Attributable to Completed Dispositions |  | Actual Results Less Amounts Attributable to Completed Dispositions
Resident fees |  |  |  |  |
Retirement Centers | $ | 462,321 |  |  | $ | 32,327 |  |  | $ | 429,994 |
Assisted Living | 1,537,432 |  |  | 124,141 |  |  | 1,413,291 |
CCRCs-Rental | 314,012 |  |  | 7,879 |  |  | 306,133 |
Senior housing resident fees | $ | 2,313,765 |  |  | $ | 164,347 |  |  | $ | 2,149,418 |
Facility operating expense |  |  |  |  |
Retirement Centers | $ | 275,659 |  |  | $ | 19,302 |  |  | $ | 256,357 |
Assisted Living | 1,046,456 |  |  | 84,556 |  |  | 961,900 |
CCRCs-Rental | 243,721 |  |  | 6,836 |  |  | 236,885 |
Senior housing facility operating expense | $ | 1,565,836 |  |  | $ | 110,694 |  |  | $ | 1,455,142 |
Cash lease payments | $ | 361,013 |  |  | $ | 55,244 |  |  | $ | 305,769 |

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
(in thousands) | Actual Results |  | Amounts Attributable to Completed Dispositions |  | Actual Results Less Amounts Attributable to Completed Dispositions
Resident fees |  |  |  |  |
Retirement Centers | $ | 496,854 |  |  | $ | 77,583 |  |  | $ | 419,271 |
Assisted Living | 1,680,194 |  |  | 268,496 |  |  | 1,411,698 |
CCRCs-Rental | 364,075 |  |  | 62,758 |  |  | 301,317 |
Senior housing resident fees | $ | 2,541,123 |  |  | $ | 408,837 |  |  | $ | 2,132,286 |
Facility operating expense |  |  |  |  |
Retirement Centers | $ | 289,648 |  |  | $ | 46,910 |  |  | $ | 242,738 |
Assisted Living | 1,102,258 |  |  | 186,591 |  |  | 915,667 |
CCRCs-Rental | 281,484 |  |  | 54,159 |  |  | 227,325 |
Senior housing facility operating expense | $ | 1,673,390 |  |  | $ | 287,660 |  |  | $ | 1,385,730 |
Cash lease payments | $ | 421,888 |  |  | $ | 115,294 |  |  | $ | 306,594 |

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The following table sets forth the number of communities and units disposed of during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and twelve months ended December 31, 2017:

| Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Twelve Months Ended December 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017
Number of communities |  |  |
Retirement Centers | 10 |  |  | 10 |
Assisted Living | 57 |  |  | 86 |
CCRCs-Rental | 2 |  |  | 12 |
Total | 69 |  |  | 108 |
Total units |  |  |
Retirement Centers | 1,756 |  |  | 2,078 |
Assisted Living | 5,201 |  |  | 5,858 |
CCRCs-Rental | 386 |  |  | 2,389 |
Total | 7,343 |  |  | 10,325 |

The results of operations of the 17 communities (1,463 units) for which lease terminations have closed following September 30, 2018 and of the 32 communities (2,693 units) held for sale as of September 30, 2018 are reported in the following segments within the condensed consolidated financial statements: Assisted Living (39 communities; 2,665 units), Retirement Centers (seven communities; 1,108 units), and CCRCs-Rental (three communities; 383 units). The following table sets forth the amounts included within our consolidated financial data for these 49 communities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018:

(in thousands) | Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
Resident fees |  |  |
Retirement Centers | $ | 14,098 |  |  | $ | 42,643 |
Assisted Living | 23,226 |  |  | 71,558 |
CCRCs - Rental | 3,881 |  |  | 11,686 |
Senior housing resident fees | $ | 41,205 |  |  | $ | 125,887 |
Facility operating expense |  |  |
Retirement Centers | $ | 8,650 |  |  | $ | 24,954 |
Assisted Living | 18,117 |  |  | 54,370 |
CCRCs-Rental | 3,945 |  |  | 11,718 |
Senior housing facility operating expense | $ | 30,712 |  |  | $ | 91,042 |
Cash lease payments | $ | 4,862 |  |  | $ | 14,616 |

Program Max Initiative
During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we also made progress on our Program Max initiative under which we expand, renovate, redevelop and reposition certain of our existing communities where economically advantageous. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we invested $20.1 million on Program Max projects, net of $1.7 million of third party lessor reimbursements. We currently have seven Program Max projects that have been approved, most of which have begun construction and are expected to generate 91 net new units.
Tax Reform
On December 22, 2017, the President signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("Tax Act") into law. The Tax Act reformed the United States corporate income tax code, including a reduction to the federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018. The Tax Act also eliminated alternative minimum tax (AMT) and the 20-year carryforward limitation for net operating losses incurred after December 31, 2017, and imposes a limit on the usage of net operating losses incurred after such date equal to 80% of taxable income in any given year. The 80% usage limit will not have an economic impact on the Company until its
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current net operating losses are either utilized or expired. In addition, the Tax Act limits the annual deductibility of a corporation's net interest expense unless it elects to be exempt from such deductibility limitation under the real property trade or business exception. The Company plans to elect the real property trade or business exception with the 2018 tax return. As such, the Company will be required to apply the alternative depreciation system ("ADS") to all current and future residential real property and qualified improvement property assets. This change did not have a material effect for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 but will impact future tax depreciation deductions and may impact the Company’s valuation allowance. The Company is unable to estimate the impact of this change at this time. For the year ended December 31, 2017, reasonable estimates for our state and local provision were made based on our analysis of tax reform. These provisional amounts were not adjusted in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 but may be adjusted in future periods during 2018 when additional information is obtained. Additional information that may affect the Company's provisional amounts would include further clarification and guidance on how the Internal Revenue Service will implement tax reform and further clarification and guidance on how state taxing authorities will implement tax reform and the related effect on the Company's state and local income tax returns, state and local net operating losses and corresponding valuation allowances.
Competitive Developments
Beginning in 2016, we experienced an elevated rate of new openings, with significant new competition opening in several of our markets, which adversely affected our occupancy, revenues, and results of operations. We continue to address such competition through pricing initiatives based on the competitive market, current in-place rents and occupancy; focusing on operations, including ensuring high customer satisfaction, protecting key leadership positions and actively engaging district and regional management in community operations; local and national marketing efforts, including leveraging our industry leading name through enhanced digital, direct mail and local community outreach; and community segmentation through which we evaluate current community position relative to competition and reposition if necessary (e.g., price, services, amenities and programming). We expect the elevated rate of new openings to continue to put pressures on our RevPAR growth for the majority of 2019.
Summary of Operating Results
The tables below present a summary of our operating results and certain other financial metrics for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 and the amount and percentage of increase or decrease of each applicable item.

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease)
(in millions) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Amount |  | Percent
Total revenues | $ | 1,120.1 |  |  | $ | 1,178.0 |  |  | $ | (57.9 | ) |  | (4.9 | )%
Facility operating expense | $ | 607.1 |  |  | $ | 650.7 |  |  | $ | (43.6 | ) |  | (6.7 | )%
Net income (loss) | $ | (37.1 | ) |  | $ | (413.9 | ) |  | $ | (376.8 | ) |  | (91.0 | )%
Net income (loss) attributable to Brookdale Senior Living Inc. common stockholders | $ | (37.1 | ) |  | $ | (413.9 | ) |  | $ | (376.8 | ) |  | (91.0 | )%
Adjusted EBITDA(1) | $ | 124.9 |  |  | $ | 141.8 |  |  | $ | (16.9 | ) |  | (11.9 | )%
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 71.9 |  |  | $ | 93.8 |  |  | $ | (21.9 | ) |  | (23.3 | )%
Adjusted Free Cash Flow(1) | $ | 6.2 |  |  | $ | 16.4 |  |  | $ | (10.2 | ) |  | (62.3 | )%

| Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease)
(in millions) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Amount |  | Percent
Total revenues | $ | 3,462.5 |  |  | $ | 3,581.2 |  |  | $ | (118.7 | ) |  | (3.3 | )%
Facility operating expense | $ | 1,866.5 |  |  | $ | 1,967.6 |  |  | $ | (101.1 | ) |  | (5.1 | )%
Net income (loss) | $ | (659.9 | ) |  | $ | (586.6 | ) |  | $ | (73.3 | ) |  | (12.5 | )%
Net income (loss) attributable to Brookdale Senior Living Inc. common stockholders | $ | (659.8 | ) |  | $ | (586.5 | ) |  | $ | (73.3 | ) |  | (12.5 | )%
Adjusted EBITDA(1) | $ | 397.1 |  |  | $ | 500.5 |  |  | $ | (103.3 | ) |  | (20.6 | )%
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 170.5 |  |  | $ | 294.3 |  |  | $ | (123.8 | ) |  | (42.1 | )%
Adjusted Free Cash Flow(1) | $ | 24.0 |  |  | $ | 120.4 |  |  | $ | (96.4 | ) |  | (80.1 | )%

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(1) | Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Free Cash Flow are non-GAAP financial measures we use to assess our operating performance and liquidity. See "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" below for important information regarding both measures. As described further below, amounts of Adjusted Free Cash Flow reflect an increase of $10.6 million and $11.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 as a result of our retrospective application of ASU 2016-15.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, total revenues were $3.5 billion, a decrease of $118.7 million, or 3.3%, over our total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Resident fees for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 decreased $231.5 million, or 8.1%, from the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Management fees decreased $2.2 million, or 3.9%, from the nine months ended September 30, 2017, and reimbursed costs incurred on behalf of managed communities increased $114.9 million, or 17.7%. The decrease in resident fees during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was primarily due to disposition activity, through sales and lease terminations, since the beginning of the prior year period. Weighted average occupancy at the 712 communities we owned or leased during both full nine month periods decreased 100 basis points to 84.6%. The decrease in resident fees at the 712 communities we owned or leased during both full nine month periods was partially offset by a 1.0% increase in senior housing average monthly revenue per occupied unit (RevPOR) compared to the prior year nine month period.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, facility operating expense was $1.9 billion, a decrease of $101.1 million, or 5.1%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The decrease in facility operating expense was primarily due to the impact of disposition activity, through sales and lease terminations, since the beginning of the prior year period. Facility operating expense increased $59.4 million, or 4.5%, at the 712 communities we owned or leased during both full nine month periods, primarily due to an increase in labor expense arising from wage rate increases.
Net income (loss) attributable to Brookdale Senior Living Inc. common stockholders for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was $(659.8) million, compared to net income (loss) attributable to Brookdale Senior Living Inc. common stockholders of $(586.5) million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Net income (loss) for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was $(659.9) million as compared to net income (loss) of $(586.6) million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, our Adjusted EBITDA was $397.1 million, a decrease of 20.6% compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The decrease in Adjusted EBITDA is primarily due to increases in community labor expense at the communities operated during both full periods and disposition activity, through asset sales and lease terminations, since the beginning of the prior year period.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, net cash provided by operating activities was $170.5 million, a decrease of $123.8 million, or 42.1%, over our net cash provided by operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, our Adjusted Free Cash Flow was $24.0 million, a decrease of 80.1% when compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017.
Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Free Cash Flow include transaction and organizational restructuring costs of $25.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and transaction and strategic project costs of $14.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017.
Consolidated Results of Operations
Comparison of Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017
The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, statement of operations items and the amount and percentage of change of these items. The results of operations for any particular period are not necessarily indicative of results for any future period. The following data should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes, which are included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
41

As of September 30, 2018 our total operations included 961 communities with a capacity to serve approximately 93,000 residents.

(dollars in thousands, except Total RevPAR, RevPAR and RevPOR) | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease)
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Amount |  | Percent (6)
Statement of Operations Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Resident fees |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retirement Centers | $ | 144,631 |  |  | $ | 161,986 |  |  | $ | (17,355 | ) |  | (10.7 | )%
Assisted Living | 483,125 |  |  | 542,227 |  |  | (59,102 | ) |  | (10.9 | )%
CCRCs-Rental | 104,147 |  |  | 108,075 |  |  | (3,928 | ) |  | (3.6 | )%
Brookdale Ancillary Services | 108,276 |  |  | 110,604 |  |  | (2,328 | ) |  | (2.1 | )%
Total resident fees | 840,179 |  |  | 922,892 |  |  | (82,713 | ) |  | (9.0 | )%
Management services (1) | 279,883 |  |  | 255,096 |  |  | 24,787 |  |  | 9.7 | %
Total revenue | 1,120,062 |  |  | 1,177,988 |  |  | (57,926 | ) |  | (4.9 | )%
Expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Facility operating expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retirement Centers | 87,525 |  |  | 96,079 |  |  | (8,554 | ) |  | (8.9 | )%
Assisted Living | 338,424 |  |  | 368,651 |  |  | (30,227 | ) |  | (8.2 | )%
CCRCs-Rental | 82,338 |  |  | 85,143 |  |  | (2,805 | ) |  | (3.3 | )%
Brookdale Ancillary Services | 98,789 |  |  | 100,781 |  |  | (1,992 | ) |  | (2.0 | )%
Total facility operating expense | 607,076 |  |  | 650,654 |  |  | (43,578 | ) |  | (6.7 | )%
General and administrative expense | 57,309 |  |  | 63,779 |  |  | (6,470 | ) |  | (10.1 | )%
Transaction costs | 1,487 |  |  | 1,992 |  |  | (505 | ) |  | (25.4 | )%
Facility lease expense | 70,392 |  |  | 84,437 |  |  | (14,045 | ) |  | (16.6 | )%
Depreciation and amortization | 110,980 |  |  | 117,649 |  |  | (6,669 | ) |  | (5.7 | )%
Goodwill and asset impairment | 5,500 |  |  | 368,551 |  |  | (363,051 | ) |  | (98.5 | )%
Loss on facility lease termination and modification, net | 2,337 |  |  | 4,938 |  |  | (2,601 | ) |  | (52.7 | )%
Costs incurred on behalf of managed communities | 261,355 |  |  | 236,958 |  |  | 24,397 |  |  | 10.3 | %
Total operating expense | 1,116,436 |  |  | 1,528,958 |  |  | (412,522 | ) |  | (27.0 | )%
Income (loss) from operations | 3,626 |  |  | (350,970 | ) |  | 354,596 |  |  | 101.0 | %
Interest income | 1,654 |  |  | 1,285 |  |  | 369 |  |  | 28.7 | %
Interest expense | (68,626 | ) |  | (79,999 | ) |  | (11,373 | ) |  | (14.2 | )%
Debt modification and extinguishment costs | (33 | ) |  | (11,129 | ) |  | (11,096 | ) |  | (99.7 | )%
Equity in loss of unconsolidated ventures | (1,340 | ) |  | (6,722 | ) |  | (5,382 | ) |  | (80.1 | )%
Gain (loss) on sale of assets, net | 9,833 |  |  | (233 | ) |  | 10,066 |  |  | NM |
Other non-operating income | (17 | ) |  | 2,621 |  |  | (2,638 | ) |  | (100.6 | )%
Income (loss) before income taxes | (54,903 | ) |  | (445,147 | ) |  | (390,244 | ) |  | (87.7 | )%
Benefit for income taxes | 17,763 |  |  | 31,218 |  |  | (13,455 | ) |  | (43.1 | )%
Net income (loss) | (37,140 | ) |  | (413,929 | ) |  | (376,789 | ) |  | (91.0 | )%
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interest | 19 |  |  | 44 |  |  | (25 | ) |  | (56.8 | )%
Net income (loss) attributable to Brookdale Senior Living Inc. common stockholders | $ | (37,121 | ) |  | $ | (413,885 | ) |  | $ | (376,764 | ) |  | (91.0 | )%

42

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease)
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Amount |  | Percent (6)
Selected Operating and Other Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total number of communities (period end) | 961 |  |  | 1,031 |  |  | (70 | ) |  | (6.8 | )%
Total units operated (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Period end | 92,520 |  |  | 101,202 |  |  | (8,682 | ) |  | (8.6 | )%
Weighted average | 93,841 |  |  | 101,529 |  |  | (7,688 | ) |  | (7.6 | )%
Owned/leased communities units (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Period end | 60,009 |  |  | 69,675 |  |  | (9,666 | ) |  | (13.9 | )%
Weighted average | 61,370 |  |  | 70,112 |  |  | (8,742 | ) |  | (12.5 | )%
Total RevPAR (3) | $ | 4,561 |  |  | $ | 4,386 |  |  | $ | 175 |  |  | 4.0 | %
RevPAR (4) | $ | 3,973 |  |  | $ | 3,860 |  |  | $ | 113 |  |  | 2.9 | %
Owned/leased communities occupancy rate (weighted average) | 84.2 | % |  | 84.8 | % |  | (0.6 | )% |  | (0.7 | )%
RevPOR (5) | $ | 4,718 |  |  | $ | 4,552 |  |  | $ | 166 |  |  | 3.6 | %
Selected Segment Operating and Other Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retirement Centers |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Number of communities (period end) | 75 |  |  | 85 |  |  | (10 | ) |  | (11.8 | )%
Total units (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Period end | 13,550 |  |  | 15,961 |  |  | (2,411 | ) |  | (15.1 | )%
Weighted average | 13,553 |  |  | 16,061 |  |  | (2,508 | ) |  | (15.6 | )%
RevPAR (4) | $ | 3,557 |  |  | $ | 3,362 |  |  | $ | 195 |  |  | 5.8 | %
Occupancy rate (weighted average) | 89.5 | % |  | 87.6 | % |  | 1.9 | % |  | 2.2 | %
RevPOR (5) | $ | 3,973 |  |  | $ | 3,836 |  |  | $ | 137 |  |  | 3.6 | %
Assisted Living |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Number of communities (period end) | 627 |  |  | 705 |  |  | (78 | ) |  | (11.1 | )%
Total units (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Period end | 39,725 |  |  | 46,520 |  |  | (6,795 | ) |  | (14.6 | )%
Weighted average | 40,933 |  |  | 46,858 |  |  | (5,925 | ) |  | (12.6 | )%
RevPAR (4) | $ | 3,934 |  |  | $ | 3,857 |  |  | $ | 77 |  |  | 2.0 | %
Occupancy rate (weighted average) | 82.7 | % |  | 84.2 | % |  | (1.5 | )% |  | (1.8 | )%
RevPOR (5) | $ | 4,755 |  |  | $ | 4,582 |  |  | $ | 173 |  |  | 3.8 | %
CCRCs-Rental |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Number of communities (period end) | 27 |  |  | 30 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | (10.0 | )%
Total units (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Period end | 6,734 |  |  | 7,194 |  |  | (460 | ) |  | (6.4 | )%
Weighted average | 6,884 |  |  | 7,193 |  |  | (309 | ) |  | (4.3 | )%
RevPAR (4) | $ | 5,024 |  |  | $ | 4,989 |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | 0.7 | %
Occupancy rate (weighted average) | 82.6 | % |  | 82.6 | % |  | — | % |  | — | %
RevPOR (5) | $ | 6,082 |  |  | $ | 6,046 |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  | 0.6 | %
Management Services |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Number of communities (period end) | 232 |  |  | 211 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 10.0 | %
Total units (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Period end | 32,511 |  |  | 31,527 |  |  | 984 |  |  | 3.1 | %
Weighted average | 32,471 |  |  | 31,417 |  |  | 1,054 |  |  | 3.4 | %
Occupancy rate (weighted average) | 84.0 | % |  | 84.5 | % |  | (0.5 | )% |  | (0.6 | )%

43

Brookdale Ancillary Services |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home Health average daily census | 14,890 |  |  | 14,844 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 0.3 | %
Hospice average daily census | 1,411 |  |  | 1,169 |  |  | 242 |  |  | 20.7 | %
Outpatient Therapy treatment codes | 168,569 |  |  | 178,851 |  |  | (10,282 | ) |  | (5.7 | )%

(1) | Management services segment revenue includes management fees and reimbursements of costs incurred on behalf of managed communities.

(2) | Weighted average units operated represents the average units operated during the period.

(3) | Total RevPAR, or average monthly resident fee revenues per available unit, is defined by the Company as resident fee revenues, excluding entrance fee amortization, for the Company for the period, divided by the weighted average number of available units in the Company's consolidated portfolio for the period, divided by the number of months in the period.

(4) | RevPAR, or average monthly senior housing resident fee revenues per available unit, is defined by the Company as resident fee revenues, excluding Brookdale Ancillary Services segment revenue and entrance fee amortization, for the corresponding portfolio for the period, divided by the weighted average number of available units in the corresponding portfolio for the period, divided by the number of months in the period.

(5) | RevPOR, or average monthly senior housing resident fee revenues per occupied unit, is defined by the Company as resident fee revenues, excluding Brookdale Ancillary Services segment revenue and entrance fee amortization, for the corresponding portfolio for the period, divided by the weighted average number of occupied units in the corresponding portfolio for the period, divided by the number of months in the period.

(6) | NM - Not meaningful.

Resident Fees
Resident fee revenue decreased $82.7 million, or 9.0%, compared to the prior year period primarily due to disposition activity, through sales and lease terminations of 104 communities, since the beginning of the prior year period, which generated $15.0 million of revenue during the current year period compared to $106.9 million of revenue in the prior year period. The increases to RevPAR and RevPOR for the consolidated portfolio are primarily due to the disposition of communities with lower RevPOR since the beginning of the prior year period. Weighted average occupancy decreased 90 basis points at the 714 communities we owned or leased during both full periods, which reflects the impact of new competition in our markets. RevPAR and RevPOR at the 714 communities we owned or leased during both full periods increased by 0.2% and 1.3%, respectively. Total RevPAR for the consolidated portfolio also increased by 4.0% compared to the prior year period primarily due to fewer weighted average units.
Retirement Centers segment revenue decreased $17.4 million, or 10.7%, primarily due to the impact of dispositions of 12 communities since the beginning of the prior year period, which generated no revenue during the current year period compared to $22.9 million of revenue in the prior year period. Retirement Centers segment revenue at the communities we operated during both full periods was $133.0 million during the current year period, an increase of $1.8 million, or 1.4%, over the prior year period, primarily due to a 140 basis point increase in weighted average occupancy.
Assisted Living segment revenue decreased $59.1 million, or 10.9%, primarily due to the impact of dispositions of 88 communities since the beginning of the prior year period, which generated $13.0 million of revenue during the current year period compared to $74.9 million of revenue in the prior year period. Assisted Living segment revenue at the communities we operated during both full periods was $463.4 million during the current year period, a decrease of $0.6 million, or 0.1%, over the prior year period, primarily due to a 170 basis point decrease in weighted average occupancy at these communities, partially offset by a 2.0% increase in RevPOR at these communities.
CCRCs-Rental segment revenue decreased $3.9 million, or 3.6%, primarily due to the impact of dispositions of four communities since the beginning of the prior year period, which generated $2.0 million of revenue during the current year period compared to $9.1 million of revenue in the prior year period. CCRCs-Rental segment revenue at the communities we operated during both full periods was $90.3 million during the current year period, an increase of $0.2 million, or 0.2%, over the prior year period, primarily due to a 0.7% increase in RevPOR at these communities, partially offset by a 40 basis point decrease in weighted average occupancy at these communities.
44

Brookdale Ancillary Services segment revenue decreased $2.3 million, or 2.1%, primarily due to a decline in home health revenue and the impact of the adoption of ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASU 2014-09") on January 1, 2018 under the modified retrospective approach which resulted in a $1.5 million decrease to resident fee revenue and facility operating expense. See Note 2 to the condensed consolidated financial statements contained in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for more information about ASU 2014-09. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in volume for hospice services. For home health in 2018, CMS has implemented a net 0.4% reimbursement reduction, consisting of a 1.0% market basket inflation increase, less a 0.9% reduction to account for industry wide case-mix growth, and the sunset of the rural add-on provision. As a result, we expect our home health reimbursement to be reduced by approximately 0.8% in 2018 compared to 2017.
Management Services Revenue
Management Services segment revenue, including management fees and reimbursed costs incurred on behalf of managed communities, increased $24.8 million, or 9.7%, over the prior year period primarily due to our entry into interim management agreements with HCP and Welltower for communities for which our leases were terminated subsequent to the prior year period. Additionally, Management Services segment revenue increased due to the impact of the adoption of ASU 2014-09 on January 1, 2018 under the modified retrospective approach. The impact to revenue for reimbursed costs incurred on behalf of managed communities and reimbursed costs incurred on behalf of managed communities as a result of applying ASU 2014-09 was an increase of $11.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018. See Note 2 to the condensed consolidated financial statements contained in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for more information about ASU 2014-09. Management fees of $18.5 million for 2018 include $0.4 million of management fees attributable to communities for which our management agreements were terminated in 2018 and approximately $4.7 million of management fees attributable to approximately 90 communities for which we expect the terminations of our management agreements to occur in stages throughout the next six months, including management fee revenue of $2.2 million attributable to communities managed on an interim basis subsequent to lease terminations.
Facility Operating Expense
Facility operating expense decreased $43.6 million, or 6.7%, over the prior year period primarily due to disposition activity, through sales and lease terminations, of 104 communities since the beginning of the prior year period, which incurred $11.2 million of facility operating expense during the current year period compared to $75.6 million of facility operating expense in the prior year period. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in labor expense at the communities we operated during both full periods, reflecting the impact of our investment in salaries and benefits and a tight labor market during the current year period. We expect that our labor investments will continue into 2019. Facility operating expense included costs related to our responses to hurricanes of $1.5 million in the current year period and $5.4 million in the prior year period.
Retirement Centers segment facility operating expense decreased $8.6 million, or 8.9%, primarily due to the impact of dispositions of 12 communities since the beginning of the prior year period, which incurred no expense during the current year period compared to $14.0 million in the prior year period. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in labor expense at the communities we operated during both full periods. Retirement Centers segment facility operating expense at the communities we operated during both full periods was $79.5 million in the current period, an increase of $4.1 million, or 5.4%, over the prior year period.
Assisted Living segment facility operating expense decreased $30.2 million, or 8.2%, primarily driven by the impact of dispositions of 88 communities since the beginning of the prior year period, which incurred $9.7 million expense during the current year period compared to $53.2 million in the prior year period. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in labor expense at the communities we operated during both full periods. Assisted Living segment facility operating expense at the communities we operated during both full periods was $321.4 million in the current period, an increase of $13.3 million, or 4.3%, over the prior year period.
CCRCs-Rental segment facility operating expense decreased $2.8 million, or 3.3%, primarily driven by the impact of dispositions of four communities since the beginning of the prior year period, which incurred $1.5 million expense during the current year period compared to $8.4 million in the prior year period. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in labor expense at the communities we operated during both full periods. CCRCs-Rental segment facility operating expense at the communities we operating during both full periods was $72.8 million in the current period, an increase of $3.1 million, or 4.5%, over the prior year period.
Brookdale Ancillary Services segment operating expense decreased $2.0 million, or 2.0%, primarily due to the impact of the adoption of ASU 2014-09 on January 1, 2018 under the modified retrospective approach which resulted in a $1.5 million decrease to resident fee revenue and facility operating expense. See Note 2 to the condensed consolidated financial statements contained in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for more information about ASU 2014-09.
45

General and Administrative Expense
General and administrative expense decreased $6.5 million, or 10.1%, over the prior year period primarily due to a decrease in salaries and wages expense as a result of a reduction in corporate associate headcount in the current year. During the current year period, general and administrative expense included retention costs of $1.6 million.
Transaction Costs
Transaction costs decreased $0.5 million to $1.5 million. Transaction costs in the current year period were primarily related to direct costs related to community leasing activity, including lease terminations and modifications. Transaction costs in the prior year period were primarily related to our assessment of options and alternatives to enhance stockholder value and community disposition activity.
Facility Lease Expense
Facility lease expense decreased $14.0 million, or 16.6%, primarily due to lease termination activity since the beginning of the prior year period.
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization expense decreased $6.7 million, or 5.7%, primarily due to disposition activity, through sales and lease terminations, since the beginning of the prior year period.
Goodwill and Asset Impairment
During the current year period, we recorded $5.5 million of non-cash impairment charges. The impairment charges primarily consisted of a $3.0 million decrease in the estimated selling prices of assets held for sale and $2.5 million of property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles for certain communities, primarily in the Assisted Living segment. Asset impairment expense in the prior year period was primarily related to goodwill and property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles for certain communities, primarily in the Assisted Living segment.
During the third quarter of 2017, we identified qualitative indicators of impairment of our goodwill, including a significant decline in our stock price and market capitalization for a sustained period since the last testing date, significant underperformance relative to historical and projected operating results, and an increased competitive environment in the senior living industry. As a result, we performed an interim quantitative goodwill impairment test as of September 30, 2017, which included a comparison of the estimated fair value of each reporting unit to which the goodwill has been assigned with the reporting unit's carrying value. In estimating the fair value of the reporting units for purposes of the quantitative goodwill impairment test, we utilized an income approach, which included future cash flow projections that are developed internally. Based on the results of the quantitative goodwill impairment test, we determined that the carrying amount of our Assisted Living segment exceeded its estimated fair value by $205.0 million as of September 30, 2017. As a result, we recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $205.0 million to goodwill within the Assisted Living segment for the three months ended September 30, 2017.
During the three months ended September 30, 2017, we evaluated property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles for impairment and identified properties with a carrying amount of the assets in excess of the estimated future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the assets. We compared the estimated fair value of the assets to their carrying value for these identified properties and recorded an impairment charge for the excess of carrying value over fair value. As a result, we recorded property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles non-cash impairment charges of $149.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, including $131.2 million within the Assisted Living segment.
Additionally, during the third quarter of 2017, we identified indicators of impairment for our home health care licenses in Florida, including significant underperformance relative to historical and projected operating results, decreases in reimbursement rates from Medicare for home health care services, an increased competitive environment in the home health care industry, and disruption from the impact of Hurricane Irma. We performed an interim quantitative impairment test as of September 30, 2017 on the health care licenses. Based on the results of the quantitative impairment test, we determined that the carrying amount of certain of our home health care licenses in Florida exceeded their estimated fair value by $13.7 million as of September 30, 2017. As a result, we recorded $13.7 million of impairment charges for health care licenses within the Brookdale Ancillary Services segment for the three months ended September 30, 2017.
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Estimating the fair values of our goodwill and other assets requires management to use significant estimates, assumptions and judgments regarding future circumstances and events that are unpredictable and inherently uncertain. Future circumstances and events may result in outcomes that are different from these estimates, assumptions and judgments, which could result in future impairments to our goodwill and other assets. See Note 5 to the condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for more information about our evaluations of goodwill and other assets for impairment and the related impairment charges.
Loss on Facility Lease Termination and Modification, Net
Loss on facility lease termination and modification, net decreased $2.6 million primarily due to lease termination activity.
Costs Incurred on Behalf of Managed Communities
Costs incurred on behalf of managed communities increased $24.4 million, or 10.3%, primarily due to our entry into interim management agreements with HCP and Welltower for communities for which our leases were terminated subsequent to the prior year period. Additionally, costs incurred on behalf of managed communities increased due to the impact of the adoption of ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers on January 1, 2018 under the modified retrospective approach. The impact to revenue for reimbursed costs incurred on behalf of managed communities and reimbursed costs incurred on behalf of managed communities as a result of applying ASC 606 was an increase of $11.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018. See Note 2 to the condensed consolidated financial statements contained in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for more information about ASU 2014-09.
Interest Expense
Interest expense decreased by $11.4 million, or 14.2%, primarily due to capital and financing lease termination activity since the beginning of the prior year period.
Equity in Loss of Unconsolidated Ventures
Equity in loss of unconsolidated ventures decreased by $5.4 million over the prior year period primarily due to the sale of investments in unconsolidated ventures.
Gain (Loss) on Sale of Assets, Net
Gain (loss) on sale of assets, net increased $10.1 million, primarily due to gains recognized for the termination of financing leases during the current year period.
Income Taxes
The difference between the statutory tax rate and our effective tax rates for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 reflects a decrease in our federal statutory tax rate from 35% to 21% as a result of the Tax Act and a decrease in the valuation allowance recorded in 2018 as compared to 2017. These decreases were offset by the elimination of deductibility for qualified performance-based compensation of covered employees in 2018 as a result of the Tax Act. We recorded an aggregate deferred federal, state and local tax benefit of $15.4 million as a result of the operating loss for the three months ended September 30, 2018, and we reduced our valuation allowance in the quarter by $2.7 million. The reduction in the valuation allowance for the three months ended September 30, 2018 is the result of the reversal of future tax liabilities offset by future tax deductions. We evaluate our deferred tax assets each quarter to determine if a valuation allowance is required based on whether it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax asset would not be realized. Our valuation allowance as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 was $388.3 million and $336.1 million, respectively.
We recorded interest charges related to our tax contingency reserve for cash tax positions for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 which are included in provision for income tax for the period. Tax returns for years 2013 through 2017 are subject to future examination by tax authorities. In addition, the net operating losses from prior years are subject to adjustment under examination.
Comparison of Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017
The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, statement of operations items and the amount and percentage of change of these items. The results of operations for any particular period are not necessarily indicative of results for any future period.
47

The following data should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes, which are included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
As of September 30, 2018 our total operations included 961 communities with a capacity to serve approximately 93,000 residents.

(dollars in thousands, except Total RevPAR, RevPAR and RevPOR) | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease)
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Amount |  | Percent (6)
Statement of Operations Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Resident fees |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retirement Centers | $ | 462,321 |  |  | $ | 496,854 |  |  | $ | (34,533 | ) |  | (7.0 | )%
Assisted Living | 1,537,432 |  |  | 1,680,194 |  |  | (142,762 | ) |  | (8.5 | )%
CCRCs-Rental | 314,012 |  |  | 364,075 |  |  | (50,063 | ) |  | (13.8 | )%
Brookdale Ancillary Services | 328,649 |  |  | 332,766 |  |  | (4,117 | ) |  | (1.2 | )%
Total resident fees | 2,642,414 |  |  | 2,873,889 |  |  | (231,475 | ) |  | (8.1 | )%
Management services (1) | 820,082 |  |  | 707,337 |  |  | 112,745 |  |  | 15.9 | %
Total revenue | 3,462,496 |  |  | 3,581,226 |  |  | (118,730 | ) |  | (3.3 | )%
Expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Facility operating expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retirement Centers | 275,659 |  |  | 289,648 |  |  | (13,989 | ) |  | (4.8 | )%
Assisted Living | 1,046,456 |  |  | 1,102,258 |  |  | (55,802 | ) |  | (5.1 | )%
CCRCs-Rental | 243,721 |  |  | 281,484 |  |  | (37,763 | ) |  | (13.4 | )%
Brookdale Ancillary Services | 300,641 |  |  | 294,211 |  |  | 6,430 |  |  | 2.2 | %
Total facility operating expense | 1,866,477 |  |  | 1,967,601 |  |  | (101,124 | ) |  | (5.1 | )%
General and administrative expense | 194,333 |  |  | 196,429 |  |  | (2,096 | ) |  | (1.1 | )%
Transaction costs | 8,805 |  |  | 12,924 |  |  | (4,119 | ) |  | (31.9 | )%
Facility lease expense | 232,752 |  |  | 257,934 |  |  | (25,182 | ) |  | (9.8 | )%
Depreciation and amortization | 341,351 |  |  | 366,023 |  |  | (24,672 | ) |  | (6.7 | )%
Goodwill and asset impairment | 451,966 |  |  | 390,816 |  |  | 61,150 |  |  | 15.6 | %
Loss on facility lease termination and modification, net | 148,804 |  |  | 11,306 |  |  | 137,498 |  |  | NM |
Costs incurred on behalf of managed communities | 765,802 |  |  | 650,863 |  |  | 114,939 |  |  | 17.7 | %
Total operating expense | 4,010,290 |  |  | 3,853,896 |  |  | 156,394 |  |  | 4.1 | %
Income (loss) from operations | (547,794 | ) |  | (272,670 | ) |  | 275,124 |  |  | 100.9 | %
Interest income | 7,578 |  |  | 2,720 |  |  | 4,858 |  |  | 178.6 | %
Interest expense | (215,067 | ) |  | (249,544 | ) |  | (34,477 | ) |  | (13.8 | )%
Debt modification and extinguishment costs | (77 | ) |  | (11,883 | ) |  | (11,806 | ) |  | (99.4 | )%
Equity in loss of unconsolidated ventures | (6,907 | ) |  | (10,311 | ) |  | (3,404 | ) |  | (33.0 | )%
Gain (loss) on sale of assets, net | 76,586 |  |  | (1,383 | ) |  | 77,969 |  |  | NM |
Other non-operating income | 8,074 |  |  | 6,519 |  |  | 1,555 |  |  | 23.9 | %
Income (loss) before income taxes | (677,607 | ) |  | (536,552 | ) |  | 141,055 |  |  | 26.3 | %
Benefit (provision) for income taxes | 17,724 |  |  | (50,075 | ) |  | 67,799 |  |  | NM |
Net income (loss) | (659,883 | ) |  | (586,627 | ) |  | 73,256 |  |  | 12.5 | %
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interest | 86 |  |  | 151 |  |  | (65 | ) |  | (43.0 | )%
Net income (loss) attributable to Brookdale Senior Living Inc. common stockholders | $ | (659,797 | ) |  | $ | (586,476 | ) |  | $ | 73,321 |  |  | 12.5 | %

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| Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease)
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Amount |  | Percent (6)
Selected Operating and Other Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total number of communities (period end) | 961 |  |  | 1,031 |  |  | (70 | ) |  | (6.8 | )%
Total units operated (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Period end | 92,520 |  |  | 101,202 |  |  | (8,682 | ) |  | (8.6 | )%
Weighted average | 96,954 |  |  | 102,096 |  |  | (5,142 | ) |  | (5.0 | )%
Owned/leased communities units (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Period end | 60,009 |  |  | 69,675 |  |  | (9,666 | ) |  | (13.9 | )%
Weighted average | 64,757 |  |  | 72,603 |  |  | (7,846 | ) |  | (10.8 | )%
Total RevPAR (3) | $ | 4,532 |  |  | $ | 4,394 |  |  | $ | 138 |  |  | 3.1 | %
RevPAR (4) | $ | 3,968 |  |  | $ | 3,885 |  |  | $ | 83 |  |  | 2.1 | %
Owned/leased communities occupancy rate (weighted average) | 84.3 | % |  | 84.9 | % |  | (0.6 | )% |  | (0.7 | )%
RevPOR (5) | $ | 4,709 |  |  | $ | 4,577 |  |  | $ | 132 |  |  | 2.9 | %
Selected Segment Operating and Other Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retirement Centers |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Number of communities (period end) | 75 |  |  | 85 |  |  | (10 | ) |  | (11.8 | )%
Total units (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Period end | 13,550 |  |  | 15,961 |  |  | (2,411 | ) |  | (15.1 | )%
Weighted average | 14,561 |  |  | 16,413 |  |  | (1,852 | ) |  | (11.3 | )%
RevPAR (4) | $ | 3,528 |  |  | $ | 3,364 |  |  | $ | 164 |  |  | 4.9 | %
Occupancy rate (weighted average) | 88.4 | % |  | 87.6 | % |  | 0.8 | % |  | 0.9 | %
RevPOR (5) | $ | 3,991 |  |  | $ | 3,838 |  |  | $ | 153 |  |  | 4.0 | %
Assisted Living |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Number of communities (period end) | 627 |  |  | 705 |  |  | (78 | ) |  | (11.1 | )%
Total units (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Period end | 39,725 |  |  | 46,520 |  |  | (6,795 | ) |  | (14.6 | )%
Weighted average | 43,369 |  |  | 48,215 |  |  | (4,846 | ) |  | (10.1 | )%
RevPAR (4) | $ | 3,939 |  |  | $ | 3,872 |  |  | $ | 67 |  |  | 1.7 | %
Occupancy rate (weighted average) | 83.0 | % |  | 84.3 | % |  | (1.3 | )% |  | (1.5 | )%
RevPOR (5) | $ | 4,743 |  |  | $ | 4,595 |  |  | $ | 148 |  |  | 3.2 | %
CCRCs-Rental |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Number of communities (period end) | 27 |  |  | 30 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | (10.0 | )%
Total units (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Period end | 6,734 |  |  | 7,194 |  |  | (460 | ) |  | (6.4 | )%
Weighted average | 6,827 |  |  | 7,975 |  |  | (1,148 | ) |  | (14.4 | )%
RevPAR (4) | $ | 5,091 |  |  | $ | 5,038 |  |  | $ | 53 |  |  | 1.1 | %
Occupancy rate (weighted average) | 83.2 | % |  | 83.1 | % |  | 0.1 | % |  | 0.1 | %
RevPOR (5) | $ | 6,119 |  |  | $ | 6,069 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | 0.8 | %
Management Services |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Number of communities (period end) | 232 |  |  | 211 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 10.0 | %
Total units (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Period end | 32,511 |  |  | 31,527 |  |  | 984 |  |  | 3.1 | %
Weighted average | 32,197 |  |  | 29,493 |  |  | 2,704 |  |  | 9.2 | %
Occupancy rate (weighted average) | 83.9 | % |  | 85.1 | % |  | (1.2 | )% |  | (1.4 | )%

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Brookdale Ancillary Services |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home Health average daily census | 15,206 |  |  | 15,010 |  |  | 196 |  |  | 1.3 | %
Hospice average daily census | 1,350 |  |  | 1,042 |  |  | 308 |  |  | 29.6 | %
Outpatient Therapy treatment codes | 511,804 |  |  | 563,322 |  |  | (51,518 | ) |  | (9.1 | )%

(1) | Management services segment revenue includes management fees and reimbursements of costs incurred on behalf of managed communities.

(2) | Weighted average units operated represents the average units operated during the period.

(3) | Total RevPAR, or average monthly resident fee revenues per available unit, is defined by the Company as resident fee revenues, excluding entrance fee amortization, for the Company for the period, divided by the weighted average number of available units in the Company's consolidated portfolio for the period, divided by the number of months in the period.

(4) | RevPAR, or average monthly senior housing resident fee revenues per available unit, is defined by the Company as resident fee revenues, excluding Brookdale Ancillary Services segment revenue and entrance fee amortization, for the corresponding portfolio for the period, divided by the weighted average number of available units in the corresponding portfolio for the period, divided by the number of months in the period.

(5) | RevPOR, or average monthly senior housing resident fee revenues per occupied unit, is defined by the Company as resident fee revenues, excluding Brookdale Ancillary Services segment revenue and entrance fee amortization, for the corresponding portfolio for the period, divided by the weighted average number of occupied units in the corresponding portfolio for the period, divided by the number of months in the period.

(6) | NM - Not meaningful.

Resident Fees
Resident fee revenue decreased $231.5 million, or 8.1%, compared to the prior year period primarily due to disposition activity, through sales and lease terminations of 177 communities, since the beginning of the prior year period, which generated $164.3 million of revenue during the current year period compared to $408.8 million of revenue in the prior year period. The increases to RevPAR and RevPOR for the consolidated portfolio are primarily due to the disposition of communities with lower RevPOR since the beginning of the prior year period. Weighted average occupancy decreased 100 basis points at the 712 communities we owned or leased during both full periods, which reflects the impact of new competition in our markets. RevPOR at the 712 communities we owned or operated during the both full periods increased by 1.0%. Total RevPAR for the consolidated portfolio also increased by 3.1% compared to the prior year period primarily due to fewer weighted average units.
Retirement Centers segment revenue decreased $34.5 million, or 7.0%, primarily due to the impact of dispositions of 20 communities since the beginning of the prior year period, which generated $32.3 million of revenue during the current year period compared to $77.6 million of revenue in the prior year period. Retirement Centers segment revenue at the communities we operated during both full periods was $391.7 million during the current year period, an increase of $2.9 million, or 0.7%, over the prior year period, primarily due to an 80 basis point increase in weighted average occupancy at these communities.
Assisted Living segment revenue decreased $142.8 million, or 8.5%, primarily due to the impact of dispositions of 143 communities since the beginning of the prior year period, which generated $124.1 million of revenue during the current year period compared to $268.5 million of revenue in the prior year period. Assisted Living segment revenue at the communities we operated during both full periods was $1,393.3 million during the current year period, a decrease of $6.0 million, or 0.4%, over the prior year period, primarily due to a 160 basis point decrease in weighted average occupancy at these communities, partially offset by a 1.5% increase in RevPOR at these communities.
CCRCs-Rental segment revenue decreased $50.1 million, or 13.8%, primarily due to the impact of dispositions of 14 communities since the beginning of the prior year period, which generated $7.9 million of revenue during the current year period compared to $62.8 million of revenue in the prior year period. CCRCs-Rental segment revenue at the communities we operated during both full periods was $273.9 million during the current year period, a decrease of $1.1 million, or 0.4%, over the prior year period, primarily due to a 50 basis point decrease in weighted average occupancy and a 0.3% decrease in RevPAR at these communities.
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Brookdale Ancillary Services segment revenue decreased $4.1 million, or 1.2%, primarily due to a decline in home health revenue and the impact of the adoption of ASU 2014-09 on January 1, 2018 under the modified retrospective approach which resulted in a $4.0 million decrease to resident fee revenue and facility operating expense. See Note 2 to the condensed consolidated financial statements contained in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for more information about ASU 2014-09. These increases were partially offset by an increase in volume for hospice services. For home health in 2018, CMS has implemented a net 0.4% reimbursement reduction, consisting of a 1.0% market basket inflation increase, less a 0.9% reduction to account for industry wide case-mix growth, and the sunset of the rural add-on provision. As a result, we expect our home health reimbursement to be reduced by approximately 0.8% in 2018 compared to 2017.
Management Services Revenue
Management Services segment revenue, including management fees and reimbursed costs incurred on behalf of managed communities, increased $112.7 million, or 15.9%, over the prior year period primarily due to our entry into management agreements with the Blackstone Venture on March 29, 2017. Management fees of $54.3 million for 2018 include $3.8 million of management fees attributable to communities for which our management agreements were terminated in 2018 and approximately $10.5 million of management fees attributable to approximately 90 communities for which we expect the terminations of our management agreements to occur in stages throughout the next six months, including management fee revenue of $2.8 million attributable to communities managed on an interim basis subsequent to lease terminations.
Facility Operating Expense
Facility operating expense decreased $101.1 million, or 5.1%, over the prior year period primarily due to disposition activity, through sales and lease terminations, of 177 communities since the beginning of the prior year period, which incurred $110.7 million of facility operating expense during the current year period compared to $287.7 million of facility operating expense in the prior year period. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in labor expense at the communities we operated during both full periods, reflecting the impact of our investment in salaries and benefits and a tight labor market during the current year period. We expect that our labor investments will continue into 2019. Facility operating expense included costs related to our responses to hurricanes of $1.5 million in the current year period and $5.4 million in the prior year period.
Retirement Centers segment facility operating expense decreased $14.0 million, or 4.8%, primarily due to the impact of dispositions of 20 communities since the beginning of the prior year period, which incurred $19.3 million of expense during the current year period compared to $46.9 million in the prior year period. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in labor expense at the communities we operated during both full periods. Retirement Centers segment facility operating expense at the communities we operated during both full periods was $230.2 million, an increase of $9.4 million, or 4.3%, over the prior year period.
Assisted Living segment facility operating expense decreased $55.8 million, or 5.1%, primarily driven by the impact of dispositions of 143 communities since the beginning of the prior year period, which incurred $84.6 million of expense during the current year period compared to $186.6 million in the prior year period. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in labor expense at the communities we operated during both full periods. Assisted Living segment facility operating expense at the communities we operated during both full periods was $942.8 million, an increase of $43.6 million, or 4.8%, over the prior year period.
CCRCs-Rental segment facility operating expense decreased $37.8 million, or 13.4%, primarily driven by the impact of dispositions of 14 communities since the beginning of the prior year period, which incurred $6.8 million of expense during the current year period compared to $54.2 million in the prior year period. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in labor expense at the communities we operated during both full periods. CCRCs-Rental segment facility operating expense at the communities we operated during both full periods was $215.1 million, an increase of $6.4 million, or 3.1%, over the prior year period.
Brookdale Ancillary Services segment operating expense increased $6.4 million, or 2.2%, primarily due to an increase in labor costs arising from wage rate increases and the expansion of our hospice services. The increase was partially offset by the impact of the adoption of ASU 2014-09 on January 1, 2018 under the modified retrospective approach which resulted in a $4.0 million decrease to resident fee revenue and facility operating expense. See Note 2 to the condensed consolidated financial statements contained in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for more information about ASU 2014-09.
General and Administrative Expense
General and administrative expense decreased $2.1 million, or 1.1%, over the prior year period primarily due to a decrease in salaries and wages expense as a result of a reduction in corporate associate headcount in the current year. During the current year period, general and administrative expense included severance costs and retention costs of $11.2 million and $5.1 million, respectively.
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Transaction Costs
Transaction costs decreased $4.1 million to $8.8 million. Transaction costs in the current year period were primarily related to direct costs related to our assessment of options and alternatives to enhance stockholder value and direct costs related to community leasing activity, including lease terminations and modifications. Transaction costs in the prior year period were primarily related to direct costs related to the formation of the Blackstone Venture, our assessment of options and alternatives to enhance stockholder value, and community disposition activity.
Facility Lease Expense
Facility lease expense decreased $25.2 million, or 9.8%, primarily due to lease termination activity since the beginning of the prior year period.
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization expense decreased $24.7 million, or 6.7%, primarily due to disposition activity, through sales and lease terminations, since the beginning of the prior year period.
Goodwill and Asset Impairment
During the current year period, we recorded $452.0 million of non-cash impairment charges. The impairment charges primarily consisted of $351.7 million of goodwill within the Assisted Living segment, $50.2 million of property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles for certain communities, primarily in the Assisted Living segment, $33.4 million for our investments in unconsolidated ventures, and $15.0 million for assets held for sale. Asset impairment expense in the prior year period was primarily related to goodwill and property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles for certain communities, primarily in the Assisted Living segment.
During 2018, we identified qualitative indicators of impairment of our goodwill, including a significant decline in our stock price and market capitalization for a sustained period during the three months ended March 31, 2018. As a result, we performed an interim quantitative goodwill impairment test as of March 31, 2018, which included a comparison of the estimated fair value of each reporting unit to which the goodwill has been assigned with the reporting unit's carrying value. In estimating the fair value of the reporting units for purposes of the quantitative goodwill impairment test, we utilized an income approach, which included future cash flow projections that are developed internally. Based on the results of the quantitative goodwill impairment test, we determined that the carrying value of our Assisted Living segment exceeded its estimated fair value by more than the $351.7 million carrying value as of March 31, 2018. As a result, we recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $351.7 million to goodwill within the Assisted Living segment for the three months ended March 31, 2018.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we evaluated property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles for impairment and identified properties with a carrying value of the assets in excess of the estimated future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the assets, primarily due to an expectation that certain communities will be disposed of prior to their previously determined useful lives. We compared the estimated fair value of the assets to their carrying value for these identified properties and recorded an impairment charge for the excess of carrying value over fair value. As a result, we recorded property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles non-cash impairment charges of $50.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, including $43.6 million within the Assisted Living segment.
During the three months ended March 31, 2018, we identified indicators of impairment for our investments in unconsolidated ventures. We compared the estimated fair value of investments in unconsolidated ventures to their carrying value for these identified investments and recorded a $33.4 million impairment charge for the excess of carrying value over fair value.
During the third quarter of 2017, we identified qualitative indicators of impairment of our goodwill, including a significant decline in our stock price and market capitalization for a sustained period since the last testing date, significant underperformance relative to historical and projected operating results, and an increased competitive environment in the senior living industry. As a result, we performed an interim quantitative goodwill impairment test as of September 30, 2017, which included a comparison of the estimated fair value of each reporting unit to which the goodwill has been assigned with the reporting unit's carrying value. In estimating the fair value of the reporting units for purposes of the quantitative goodwill impairment test, we utilized an income approach, which included future cash flow projections that are developed internally. Based on the results of the quantitative goodwill impairment test, we determined that the carrying amount of our Assisted Living segment exceeded its estimated fair
52

value by $205.0 million as of September 30, 2017. As a result, we recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $205.0 million to goodwill within the Assisted Living segment for the nine months ended September 30, 2017.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we evaluated property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles for impairment and identified properties with a carrying amount of the assets in excess of the estimated future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the assets. We compared the estimated fair value of the assets to their carrying value for these identified properties and recorded an impairment charge for the excess of carrying value over fair value. As a result, we recorded property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles non-cash impairment charges of $152.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, including $133.7 million within the Assisted Living segment.
Additionally, during the third quarter of 2017, we identified indicators of impairment for our home health care licenses in Florida, including significant underperformance relative to historical and projected operating results, decreases in reimbursement rates from Medicare for home health care services, an increased competitive environment in the home health care industry, and disruption from the impact of Hurricane Irma. We performed an interim quantitative impairment test as of September 30, 2017 on the health care licenses. Based on the results of the quantitative impairment test, we determined that the carrying amount of certain of our home health care licenses in Florida exceeded their estimated fair value by $13.7 million as of September 30, 2017. As a result, we recorded $13.7 million of impairment charges for health care licenses within the Brookdale Ancillary Services segment for the three months ended September 30, 2017.
Estimating the fair values of our goodwill and other assets requires management to use significant estimates, assumptions and judgments regarding future circumstances and events that are unpredictable and inherently uncertain. Future circumstances and events may result in outcomes that are different from these estimates, assumptions and judgments, which could result in future impairments to our goodwill and other assets. See Note 5 to the condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for more information about our evaluations of goodwill and other assets for impairment and the related impairment charges.
Loss on Facility Lease Termination and Modification, Net
Loss on facility lease termination and modification, net increased $137.5 million primarily due to a $125.7 million loss on the restructuring of community leases with Ventas, and a $24.9 million loss on lease termination activity with Welltower, partially offset by a $1.8 million gain on lease termination activity with HCP.
Costs Incurred on Behalf of Managed Communities
Costs incurred on behalf of managed communities increased $114.9 million, or 17.7%, primarily due to our entry into management agreements with the Blackstone Venture and the transition of communities previously leased from HCP and Welltower into the management services segment.
Interest Expense
Interest expense decreased by $34.5 million, or 13.8%, primarily due to capital and financing lease termination activity since the beginning of the prior year period.
Equity in Loss of Unconsolidated Ventures
Equity in loss of unconsolidated ventures decreased by $3.4 million over the prior year period primarily due to the sale of investments in unconsolidated ventures.
Gain (Loss) on Sale of Assets, Net
Gain (loss) on sale of assets, net increased $78.0 million, primarily due to gains recognized for the termination of financing leases during the current year period.
Income Taxes
The difference between the statutory tax rate and our effective tax rates for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 reflects a decrease in our federal statutory tax rate from 35% to 21% as a result of the Tax Act and a decrease in the valuation allowance recorded in 2018 as compared to 2017. These decreases were offset by the elimination of deductibility for qualified performance-based compensation of covered employees in 2018 as a result of the Tax Act, the negative tax benefit on the vesting
53

of restricted stock, a direct result of our lower stock price in 2018, and the non-deductible write-off of goodwill. We recorded an aggregate deferred federal, state and local tax benefit of $71.3 million as a result of the operating loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, which was offset by an increase in the valuation allowance of $52.2 million. The excess of the increase in the valuation allowance over the deferred federal, state and local benefit for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 is the result of the reversal of future tax liabilities offset by future tax deductions. We evaluate our deferred tax assets each quarter to determine if a valuation allowance is required based on whether it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax asset would not be realized. Our valuation allowance as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 was $388.3 million and $336.1 million, respectively.
We recorded interest charges related to our tax contingency reserve for cash tax positions for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 which are included in provision for income tax for the period. Tax returns for years 2013 through 2017 are subject to future examination by tax authorities. In addition, the net operating losses from prior years are subject to adjustment under examination.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
The following is a summary of cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities, as reflected in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows:

| Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease)
(in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Amount |  | Percent
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 170,508 |  |  | $ | 294,323 |  |  | $ | (123,815 | ) |  | (42.1 | )%
Net cash used in investing activities | (13,027 | ) |  | (523,378 | ) |  | (510,351 | ) |  | (97.5 | )%
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | (239,929 | ) |  | 310,552 |  |  | (550,481 | ) |  | NM |
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (82,448 | ) |  | 81,497 |  |  | (163,945 | ) |  | NM |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period | 282,546 |  |  | 277,322 |  |  | 5,224 |  |  | 1.9 | %
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period | $ | 200,098 |  |  | $ | 358,819 |  |  | $ | (158,721 | ) |  | (44.2 | )%

The decrease in net cash provided by operating activities of $123.8 million was attributable primarily to cash payments to terminate community operating leases during the current year period, an increase in facility operating expenses at the communities operated during both full periods, and the impact of disposition activity, through sales and lease terminations, since the beginning of the prior year period.
The decrease in net cash used in investing activities of $510.4 million was primarily attributable to sales of $293.3 million of marketable securities during the current year period, our contribution of $179.2 million in connection with the formation of the Blackstone Venture during the prior year period, sales of our interest in equity method investments, and a decrease in net proceeds from the sale of assets. These changes were partially offset by increased acquisition and capital expenditure activity.
The change in net cash (used in) provided by financing activities of $(550.5) million was primarily attributable to our cash settlement of the aggregate principal amount of the $316.3 million of 2.75% convertible senior notes during June 2018 and a decrease in proceeds from debt compared to the prior year period.
Our principal sources of liquidity have historically been from:

• | cash balances on hand, cash equivalents and marketable securities;

• | cash flows from operations;

• | proceeds from our credit facilities;

• | funds generated through unconsolidated venture arrangements;

• | proceeds from mortgage financing, refinancing of various assets or sale-leaseback transactions;

• | funds raised in the debt or equity markets; and

• | proceeds from the disposition of assets.

Over the longer-term, we expect to continue to fund our business through these principal sources of liquidity.
54

Our liquidity requirements have historically arisen from:

• | working capital;

• | operating costs such as employee compensation and related benefits, severance costs, general and administrative expense and supply costs;

• | debt service and lease payments;

• | acquisition consideration and transaction and integration costs (including lease restructuring costs);

• | capital expenditures and improvements, including the expansion, renovation, redevelopment and repositioning of our current communities and the development of new communities;

• | cash collateral required to be posted in connection with our financial instruments and insurance programs;

• | cash funding needs of our unconsolidated ventures for operating, capital expenditure and financing needs:

• | purchases of common stock under our share repurchase authorizations;

• | other corporate initiatives (including integration, information systems, branding and other strategic projects); and

• | prior to 2009, dividend payments.

Over the near-term, we expect that our liquidity requirements will primarily arise from:

• | working capital;

• | operating costs such as employee compensation and related benefits, severance costs, general and administrative expense and supply costs;

• | debt service and lease payments;

• | acquisition consideration and transaction costs;

• | capital expenditures and improvements, including the expansion, renovation, redevelopment and repositioning of our existing communities;

• | cash funding needs of our unconsolidated ventures for operating, capital expenditure and financing needs;

• | cash collateral required to be posted in connection with our financial instruments and insurance programs;

• | purchases of common stock under our share repurchase authorization; and

• | other corporate initiatives (including information systems and other strategic projects).

We are highly leveraged and have significant debt and lease obligations. As of September 30, 2018, we have two principal corporate-level debt obligations: our $400.0 million secured credit facility and our separate unsecured letter of credit facilities providing for up to $66.2 million of letters of credit in the aggregate. As of September 30, 2018, 94.1%, or $3.5 billion, of our total debt obligations represent non-recourse property-level mortgage financings.
As of September 30, 2018, we had $3.7 billion of debt outstanding excluding capital and financing lease obligations, at a weighted-average interest rate of 4.80%. No balance was drawn on our secured credit facility as of September 30, 2018. As of September 30, 2018, we had $932.9 million of capital and financing lease obligations and $107.8 million of letters of credit had been issued under our secured credit facility and separate unsecured letter of credit facilities. For the twelve months ending September 30, 2019 we will be required to make approximately $70.3 million and $303.9 million of cash payments in connection with our existing capital and financing leases and our operating leases, respectively.
Total liquidity of $458.6 million as of September 30, 2018 included $133.7 million of unrestricted cash and cash equivalents (excluding restricted cash and lease security deposits of $116.5 million in the aggregate), and $324.9 million of availability on our secured credit facility.
As of September 30, 2018, we had $326.1 million of negative working capital. Due to the nature of our business, it is not unusual to operate in the position of negative working capital because we collect revenues much more quickly, often in advance, than we are required to pay obligations, and we have historically refinanced or extended maturities of debt obligations as they become current liabilities. Our operations result in a very low level of current assets primarily stemming from our deployment of cash to pay down long-term liabilities, to fund capital expenditures, in connection with our portfolio optimization initiative, and to pursue strategic business development opportunities. As of September 30, 2018, the current portion of long-term debt was $487.8 million, which includes the carrying value of $60.8 million of mortgage debt due in January 2019 and $158.6 million of mortgage debt related to 32 communities classified as held for sale as of September 30, 2018.
Over the near term, we expect to increase our cash and cash equivalents through disposing owned communities and obtaining debt secured by non-recourse mortgages on certain communities. We continue to execute on our plan to market in 2018 and sell 26 owned communities, 19 of which were under contract for sale and included in assets held for sale as of September 30, 2018. We believe the sale of these 26 owned communities will generate more than $250 million of proceeds, net of associated debt and transaction costs. As part of this plan, we completed the disposition of Brookdale Battery Park on November 1, 2018 and received
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proceeds of approximately $144 million, net of associated debt and transaction costs. During the fourth quarter of 2018 we intend to complete mortgage financing and re-financing transactions for several communities and to obtain a new or amended secured credit facility with a reduced revolving line of credit.
The closings of the expected sales of assets are, or will be, subject to the satisfaction of various conditions, including (where applicable) the receipt of regulatory approvals and (where applicable) subject to our successful marketing of such assets on terms acceptable to us, and the closings of the foregoing financing plans are subject to our successful negotiation of such transactions. There can be no assurance that the transactions will close, or if they do, when the actual closings will occur.
Our capital expenditures are comprised of community-level, corporate and development capital expenditures. Community-level capital expenditures include recurring expenditures (routine maintenance of communities over $1,500 per occurrence, including for unit turnovers (subject to a $500 floor)) and community renovations, apartment upgrades and other major building infrastructure projects. Corporate and other capital expenditures include those for information technology systems and equipment, the expansion of our support platform and ancillary services programs, the remediation or replacement of assets as a result of casualty losses and compliance with requirements to obtain emergency power generators at our communities. Development capital expenditures include community expansions and major community redevelopment and repositioning projects, including our Program Max initiative, and the development of new communities.
Through our Program Max initiative, we intend to expand, renovate, redevelop and reposition certain of our communities where economically advantageous. Certain of our communities may benefit from additions and expansions or from adding a new level of service for residents to meet the evolving needs of our customers. These Program Max projects include converting space from one level of care to another, reconfiguration of existing units, the addition of services that are not currently present or physical plant modifications. We currently have seven Program Max projects that have been approved, most of which have begun construction and are expected to generate 91 net new units.
The following table summarizes our actual capital expenditures for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 for our consolidated business:

(in millions) | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
Community-level capital expenditures, net (1) | $ | 97.3 |
Corporate (2) | 33.4 |
Non-development capital expenditures, net (3) | 130.7 |
Development capital expenditures, net (4) | 20.1 |
Total capital expenditures, net | $ | 150.8 |

(1) | Reflects the amount invested, net of lessor reimbursements of $1.8 million.

(2) | Includes $9.3 million of remediation costs at our communities resulting from Hurricanes Harvey and Irma and for the acquisition of emergency power generators at our impacted Florida communities. Amounts exclude reimbursement from our property and casualty insurance policies of approximately $1.1 million.

(3) | Amount is included in Adjusted Free Cash Flow.

(4) | Reflects the amount invested, net of lessor reimbursements of $1.7 million.

We expect our full-year 2018 non-development capital expenditures, net of lessor reimbursements, to be approximately $180 million, and our development capital expenditures, net of lessor reimbursements, to be approximately $30 million. Our expectations regarding full-year 2018 non-development capital expenditures include up to $25 million for remediation resulting from hurricanes and the acquisition of emergency power generators at certain Florida communities. Following Hurricane Irma, legislation was adopted in the State of Florida in March 2018 that requires skilled nursing homes and assisted living communities in Florida to obtain generators and fuel necessary to sustain operations and maintain comfortable temperatures in the event of a power outage. Our impacted Florida communities must comply with the requirements by January 1, 2019, subject to extension in certain circumstances. We anticipate that our 2018 capital expenditures will be funded from cash on hand, cash flows from operations, and, if necessary, amounts drawn on our secured credit facility.
As part of our redefined strategy for 2018, we recently completed an intensive review of our community-level capital expenditure needs with a focus on ensuring that our communities are in appropriate physical condition to support our redefined strategy. As
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part of the review, we also wanted to determine what additional investments are needed to protect the value of our community portfolio. As a result of that review and based on our preliminary 2019 budget decisions, we anticipate making significant additional near-term investments in our communities. For 2019, this includes increased spend in our community-level capital expenditures primarily attributable to major building infrastructure projects. A portion of these increased expenditures will be reimbursed by our lessors, and net of such reimbursements we anticipate that our non-development capital expenditures will be up to $75 million higher than our 2018 spend. We intend to fund the anticipated increase with a portion of the net proceeds expected as a result of our disposition of owned communities and obtaining debt secured by non-recourse mortgages on certain communities.
Execution on our strategy and any identified lease restructuring, development or acquisition opportunities may require additional capital. We expect to continue to assess our financing alternatives periodically and access the capital markets opportunistically. If our existing resources are insufficient to satisfy our liquidity requirements, or if we enter into an acquisition or strategic arrangement with another company, we may need to sell additional equity or debt securities. Any such sale of additional equity securities will dilute the percentage ownership of our existing stockholders, and we cannot be certain that additional public or private financing will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Any newly issued equity securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of our common stock. If we are unable to raise additional funds or obtain them on terms acceptable to us, we may have to forego, delay or abandon lease restructuring, development or acquisition opportunities that we identify.
We currently estimate that our existing cash flows from operations, together with cash on hand, amounts available under our secured credit facility and proceeds from anticipated dispositions of owned communities and financings and refinancings of various assets, will be sufficient to fund our liquidity needs for at least the next 12 months, assuming a relatively stable macroeconomic environment.
Our actual liquidity and capital funding requirements depend on numerous factors, including our operating results, our actual level of capital expenditures, general economic conditions and the cost of capital. Volatility in the credit and financial markets may have an adverse impact on our liquidity by making it more difficult for us to obtain financing or refinancing. Shortfalls in cash flows from operating results or other principal sources of liquidity may have an adverse impact on our ability to maintain capital spending levels, to execute on our strategy or to pursue lease restructuring, development or acquisitions that we may identify. In order to continue some of these activities at historical or planned levels, we may incur additional indebtedness or lease financing to provide additional funding. There can be no assurance that any such additional financing will be available or on terms that are acceptable to us.
Credit Facilities
On December 19, 2014, we entered into a Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement with General Electric Capital Corporation (which has since assigned its interest to Capital One Financial Corporation), as administrative agent, lender and swingline lender, and the other lenders from time to time parties thereto. The agreement currently provides for a total commitment amount of $400.0 million, comprised of a $400.0 million revolving credit facility (with a $50.0 million sublimit for letters of credit and a $50.0 million swingline feature to permit same day borrowing) and an option to increase the revolving credit facility by an additional $250.0 million, subject to obtaining commitments for the amount of such increase from acceptable lenders. The maturity date is January 3, 2020 and amounts drawn under the facility bear interest at 90-day LIBOR plus an applicable margin from a range of 2.50% to 3.50%. The applicable margin varies based on the percentage of the total commitment drawn, with a 2.50% margin at utilization equal to or lower than 35%, a 3.25% margin at utilization greater than 35% but less than or equal to 50%, and a 3.50% margin at utilization greater than 50%. The quarterly commitment fee on the unused portion of the facility is 0.25% per annum when the outstanding amount of obligations (including revolving credit, swingline and term loans and letter of credit obligations) is greater than or equal to 50% of the total commitment amount or 0.35% per annum when such outstanding amount is less than 50% of the total commitment amount.
Amounts drawn on the facility may be used to finance acquisitions, fund working capital and capital expenditures and for other general corporate purposes.
The facility is secured by first priority mortgages on certain of our communities. In addition, the agreement permits us to pledge the equity interests in subsidiaries that own other communities (rather than mortgaging such communities), provided that loan availability from pledged assets cannot exceed 10% of loan availability from mortgaged assets. The availability under the line will vary from time to time as it is based on borrowing base calculations related to the appraised value and performance of the communities securing the facility.
The agreement contains typical affirmative and negative covenants, including financial covenants with respect to minimum consolidated fixed charge coverage and minimum consolidated tangible net worth. A violation of any of these covenants could
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result in a default under the credit agreement, which would result in termination of all commitments under the agreement and all amounts owing under the agreement becoming immediately due and payable and/or could trigger cross-default provisions in our other outstanding debt and lease documents.
As of September 30, 2018, no borrowings were outstanding on the revolving credit facility, $41.7 million of letters of credit were outstanding, and the revolving credit facility had $324.9 million of availability. We also had separate unsecured letter of credit facilities of up to $66.2 million in the aggregate as of September 30, 2018. Letters of credit totaling $66.1 million had been issued under these separate facilities as of that date.
Long-Term Leases
As of September 30, 2018, we have 366 communities operated under long-term leases (258 operating leases and 108 capital and financing leases). The substantial majority of our lease arrangements are structured as master leases. Under a master lease, numerous communities are leased through an indivisible lease. The Company typically guarantees the performance and lease payment obligations of its subsidiary lessees under master leases. Due to the nature of such master leases, it is difficult to restructure the composition of such leased portfolios or economic terms of the leases without the consent of the applicable landlord. In addition, an event of default related to an individual property or limited number of properties within a master lease portfolio may result in a default on the entire master lease portfolio.
The leases relating to these communities are generally fixed rate leases with annual escalators that are either fixed or tied to changes in leased property revenue or the consumer price index. We are responsible for all operating costs, including repairs, property taxes and insurance. The initial lease terms primarily vary from 10 to 20 years and generally include renewal options ranging from 5 to 20 years. The remaining base lease terms vary from less than one year to 14 years and generally provide for renewal or extension options and in some instances, purchase options.
The community leases contain other customary terms, which may include assignment and change of control restrictions, maintenance and capital expenditure obligations and termination provisions and, as described below, financial covenants. In addition, our lease documents generally contain non-financial covenants, such as those requiring us to comply with Medicare or Medicaid provider requirements. Certain leases contain cure provisions, which generally allow us to post an additional lease security deposit if the required covenant is not met.
In addition, certain of our master leases and management agreements contain radius restrictions, which limit our ability to own, develop or acquire new communities within a specified distance from certain existing communities covered by such agreements. These radius restrictions could negatively affect our ability to expand or develop or acquire senior housing communities and operating companies.
For the three months ended September 30, 2018, our cash lease payments for our capital and financing leases and our operating leases were $31.6 million and $74.0 million, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, our cash lease payments for our capital and financing leases and our operating leases were $110.3 million and $250.7 million, respectively. For the twelve months ending September 30, 2019, we will be required to make approximately $70.3 million and $303.9 million of cash lease payments in connection with our existing capital and financing leases and our operating leases, respectively.
Debt and Lease Covenants
Certain of our debt and lease documents contain restrictions and financial covenants, such as those requiring us to maintain prescribed minimum net worth and stockholders’ equity levels and debt service and lease coverage ratios, and requiring us not to exceed prescribed leverage ratios, in each case on a consolidated, portfolio-wide, multi-community, single-community and/or entity basis. Net worth is generally calculated as stockholders' equity as calculated in accordance with GAAP, and in certain circumstances, reduced by intangible assets or liabilities or increased by deferred gains from sale-leaseback transactions and deferred entrance fee revenue. The debt service and lease coverage ratios are generally calculated as revenues less operating expenses, including an implied management fee and a reserve for capital expenditures, divided by the debt (principal and interest) or lease payment. In addition, our debt and lease documents generally contain non-financial covenants, such as those requiring us to comply with Medicare or Medicaid provider requirements.
Our failure to comply with applicable covenants could constitute an event of default under the applicable debt or lease documents. Many of our debt and lease documents contain cross-default provisions so that a default under one of these instruments could cause a default under other debt and lease documents (including documents with other lenders and lessors).
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Furthermore, our debt and leases are secured by our communities and, in certain cases, a guaranty by us and/or one or more of our subsidiaries. Therefore, if an event of default has occurred under any of our debt or lease documents, subject to cure provisions in certain instances, the respective lender or lessor would have the right to declare all the related outstanding amounts of indebtedness or cash lease obligations immediately due and payable, to foreclose on our mortgaged communities, to terminate our leasehold interests, to foreclose on other collateral securing the indebtedness and leases, to discontinue our operation of leased communities and/or to pursue other remedies available to such lender or lessor. Further, an event of default could trigger cross-default provisions in our other debt and lease documents (including documents with other lenders or lessors). We cannot provide assurance that we would be able to pay the debt or lease obligations if they became due upon acceleration following an event of default.
As of September 30, 2018, we are in compliance with the financial covenants of our outstanding debt agreements and long-term leases.
Contractual Commitments
Significant ongoing commitments consist primarily of leases, debt, purchase commitments and certain other long-term liabilities. For a summary and complete presentation and description of our ongoing commitments and contractual obligations, see the "Contractual Commitments" section of Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 filed with the SEC on February 22, 2018.
During the three months ended June 30, 2018, the Company restructured a portfolio of 128 communities leased from Ventas, which included an extension of the initial lease term through December 31, 2025, and the Company terminated the triple net leases with respect to 37 communities leased from Welltower. As a result, the Company's payment obligations decreased $36.4 million, $56.1 million and $9.4 million for the years ending December 31, 2018, 2019, and 2020 and increased $27.6 million, $41.4 million, and $74.1 million for each of the years ending December 31, 2021, 2022, and thereafter, respectively. See Note 4 to the condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for more information about the Ventas and Welltower transactions.
There were no other material changes outside the ordinary course of business in our contractual commitments during the nine months ended September 30, 2018.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As of September 30, 2018, we do not have an interest in any "off-balance sheet arrangements" (as defined in Item 303(a)(4) of Regulation S-K) that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that is material to investors.
We own an interest in an unconsolidated venture as described under Note 14 to the condensed consolidated financial statements. Except in limited circumstances, our risk of loss is limited to our investment in the venture. We also own interests in certain other unconsolidated ventures that are not considered variable interest entities. The equity method of accounting has been applied in the accompanying financial statements with respect to our investment in unconsolidated ventures.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains financial measures utilized by management to evaluate our operating performance and liquidity that are not calculated in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). Each of these measures, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Free Cash Flow, should not be considered in isolation from or as superior to or as a substitute for net income (loss), income (loss) from operations, net cash provided by (used in) operating activities, or other financial measures determined in accordance with GAAP. We use these non-GAAP financial measures to supplement our GAAP results in order to provide a more complete understanding of the factors and trends affecting our business.
We strongly urge you to review the reconciliations of Adjusted EBITDA from our net income (loss), our Adjusted Free Cash Flow from our net cash provided by (used in) operating activities, and our proportionate share of Adjusted Free Cash Flow of unconsolidated ventures from such ventures' net cash provided by (used in) operating activities, along with our condensed consolidated financial statements included herein. We also strongly urge you not to rely on any single financial measure to evaluate our business. We caution investors that amounts presented in accordance with our definitions of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Free Cash Flow may not be comparable to similar measures disclosed by other companies, because not all companies calculate these non-GAAP measures in the same manner.
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Adjusted EBITDA
Definition of Adjusted EBITDA
We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) before: provision (benefit) for income taxes; non-operating (income) expense items; depreciation and amortization (including non-cash impairment charges); (gain) loss on sale or acquisition of communities (including gain (loss) on facility lease termination and modification); straight-line lease expense (income), net of amortization of (above) below market rents; amortization of deferred gain; non-cash stock-based compensation expense; and change in future service obligation.
Management's Use of Adjusted EBITDA
We use Adjusted EBITDA to assess our overall operating performance. We believe this non-GAAP measure, as we have defined it, is helpful in identifying trends in our day-to-day performance because the items excluded have little or no significance on our day-to-day operations. This measure provides an assessment of controllable expenses and affords management the ability to make decisions which are expected to facilitate meeting current operating goals as well as achieve optimal operating performance. It provides an indicator for management to determine if adjustments to current spending decisions are needed.
Adjusted EBITDA provides us with a measure of operating performance, independent of items that are beyond the control of management in the short-term, such as the change in the liability for the obligation to provide future services under existing lifecare contracts, depreciation and amortization (including non-cash impairment charges), straight-line lease expense (income), taxation and interest expense associated with our capital structure. This metric measures our operating performance based on operational factors that management can impact in the short-term, namely revenues and the cost structure or expenses of the organization. Adjusted EBITDA is one of the metrics used by senior management and the board of directors to review the operating performance of the business on a regular basis. We believe that Adjusted EBITDA is also used by research analysts and investors to evaluate the performance of and value companies in our industry.
Limitations of Adjusted EBITDA
Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool. Material limitations in making the adjustments to our net income (loss) to calculate Adjusted EBITDA, and using this non-GAAP financial measure as compared to GAAP net income (loss), include:

• | the cash portion of interest expense, income tax (benefit) provision and non-recurring charges related to gain (loss) on sale of communities (or facility lease termination and modification) and extinguishment of debt activities generally represent charges (gains), which may significantly affect our operating results; and

• | depreciation and amortization and asset impairment represent the wear and tear and/or reduction in value of our communities and other assets, which affects the services we provide to residents and may be indicative of future needs for capital expenditures.

We believe Adjusted EBITDA is useful to investors in evaluating our operating performance because it is helpful in identifying trends in our day-to-day performance since the items excluded have little or no significance to our day-to-day operations and it provides an assessment of our revenue and expense management.
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The table below reconciles Adjusted EBITDA from net income (loss).

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net income (loss) | $ | (37,140 | ) |  | $ | (413,929 | ) |  | $ | (659,883 | ) |  | $ | (586,627 | )
(Benefit) provision for income taxes | (17,763 | ) |  | (31,218 | ) |  | (17,724 | ) |  | 50,075 |
Equity in loss of unconsolidated ventures | 1,340 |  |  | 6,722 |  |  | 6,907 |  |  | 10,311 |
Debt modification and extinguishment costs | 33 |  |  | 11,129 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 11,883 |
(Gain) loss on sale of assets | (9,833 | ) |  | 233 |  |  | (76,586 | ) |  | 1,383 |
Other non-operating (income) expense | 17 |  |  | (2,621 | ) |  | (8,074 | ) |  | (6,519 | )
Interest expense | 68,626 |  |  | 79,999 |  |  | 215,067 |  |  | 249,544 |
Interest income | (1,654 | ) |  | (1,285 | ) |  | (7,578 | ) |  | (2,720 | )
Income (loss) from operations | 3,626 |  |  | (350,970 | ) |  | (547,794 | ) |  | (272,670 | )
Depreciation and amortization | 110,980 |  |  | 117,649 |  |  | 341,351 |  |  | 366,023 |
Goodwill and asset impairment | 5,500 |  |  | 368,551 |  |  | 451,966 |  |  | 390,816 |
Loss on facility lease termination and modification, net | 2,337 |  |  | 4,938 |  |  | 148,804 |  |  | 11,306 |
Straight-line lease (income) expense | (1,815 | ) |  | (3,078 | ) |  | (10,410 | ) |  | (9,204 | )
Amortization of (above) below market lease, net | (672 | ) |  | (1,697 | ) |  | (4,246 | ) |  | (5,091 | )
Amortization of deferred gain | (1,090 | ) |  | (1,091 | ) |  | (3,269 | ) |  | (3,277 | )
Non-cash stock-based compensation expense | 6,035 |  |  | 7,527 |  |  | 20,710 |  |  | 22,547 |
Adjusted EBITDA (1) | $ | 124,901 |  |  | $ | 141,829 |  |  | $ | 397,112 |  |  | $ | 500,450 |

(1) | The calculation of Adjusted EBITDA includes transaction and organizational restructuring costs of $3.2 million and $25.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. The calculation of Adjusted EBITDA includes transaction and strategic project costs of $2.8 million and $14.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. Transaction costs include third party costs directly related to acquisition and disposition activity, community financing and leasing activity, our assessment of options and alternatives to enhance stockholder value, and stockholder relations advisory matters, and are primarily comprised of legal, finance, consulting, professional fees and other third party costs. Organizational restructuring costs include those related to our efforts to reduce general and administrative expense and our senior leadership changes, including severance and retention costs. Strategic project costs include costs associated with certain strategic projects related to refining our strategy, building out enterprise-wide capabilities (including the EMR roll-out project) and reducing costs and achieving synergies by capitalizing on scale.

Adjusted Free Cash Flow
Definition of Adjusted Free Cash Flow
We define Adjusted Free Cash Flow as net cash provided by (used in) operating activities before: changes in operating assets and liabilities; gain (loss) on facility lease termination and modification; and distributions from unconsolidated ventures from cumulative share of net earnings; plus: proceeds from refundable entrance fees, net of refunds; and property insurance proceeds; less: lease financing debt amortization and Non-Development CapEx. Non-Development CapEx is comprised of corporate and community-level capital expenditures, including those related to maintenance, renovations, upgrades and other major building infrastructure projects for our communities. Non-Development CapEx does not include capital expenditures for community expansions and major community redevelopment and repositioning projects, including our Program Max initiative, and the development of new communities. Amounts of Non-Development CapEx are presented net of lessor reimbursements received or anticipated to be received in the calculation of Adjusted Free Cash Flow.
Our proportionate share of Adjusted Free Cash Flow of unconsolidated ventures is calculated based on our equity ownership percentage and in a manner consistent with the definition of Adjusted Free Cash Flow for our consolidated entities. Our investments in our unconsolidated ventures are accounted for under the equity method of accounting and, therefore, our proportionate share of Adjusted Free Cash Flow of unconsolidated ventures does not represent cash available to our consolidated business except to the extent it is distributed to us.
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We adopted ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows - Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments ("ASU 2016-15") on January 1, 2018 and have applied ASU 2016-15 retrospectively for all periods presented. Among other things, ASU 2016-15 provides that debt prepayment and extinguishment costs will be classified within financing activities in the statement of cash flows. We have identified $10.6 million and $11.2 million of cash paid for debt modification and extinguishment costs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, which we have retrospectively classified as cash flows from financing activities, resulting in a corresponding increase to the amount of net cash provided by operating activities for such periods. We did not change our definition of Adjusted Free Cash Flow upon our adoption of ASU 2016-15. Following our adoption of ASU 2016-15, the amount of Adjusted Free Cash Flow increased $10.6 million and $11.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. See Note 2 to the condensed consolidated financial statements contained in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for more information about ASU 2016-15.
Management's Use of Adjusted Free Cash Flow
We use Adjusted Free Cash Flow to assess our overall liquidity. This measure provides an assessment of controllable expenses and affords management the ability to make decisions which are expected to facilitate meeting current financial and liquidity goals as well as to achieve optimal financial performance. It provides an indicator for management to determine if adjustments to current spending decisions are needed.
Adjusted Free Cash Flow measures our liquidity based on operational factors that management can impact in the short-term, namely the cost structure or expenses of the organization. Adjusted Free Cash Flow is one of the metrics used by our senior management and board of directors (i) to review our ability to service our outstanding indebtedness, including our credit facilities, (ii) to review our ability to pay dividends to stockholders or engage in share repurchases, (iii) to review our ability to make capital expenditures, (iv) for other corporate planning purposes and/or (v) in making compensation determinations for certain of our associates (including our named executive officers).
Limitations of Adjusted Free Cash Flow
Adjusted Free Cash Flow has limitations as an analytical tool. Material limitations in making the adjustments to our net cash provided by (used in) operating activities to calculate Adjusted Free Cash Flow, and using this non-GAAP financial measure as compared to GAAP net cash provided by (used in) operating activities, include:

• | Adjusted Free Cash Flow does not represent cash available for dividends or discretionary expenditures, since we have mandatory debt service requirements and other non-discretionary expenditures not reflected in this measure; and

• | the cash portion of non-recurring charges related to gain (loss) on lease termination and modification and extinguishment of debt activities generally represent charges (gains), which may significantly affect our financial results.

In addition, our proportionate share of Adjusted Free Cash Flow of unconsolidated ventures has limitations as an analytical tool because such measure does not represent cash available directly for use by our consolidated business except to the extent actually distributed to us, and we do not have control, or we share control in determining, the timing and amount of distributions from our unconsolidated ventures and, therefore, we may never receive such cash.
We believe Adjusted Free Cash Flow is useful to investors because it assists their ability to meaningfully evaluate (1) our ability to service our outstanding indebtedness, including our credit facilities and capital and financing leases, (2) our ability to pay dividends to stockholders or engage in share repurchases, (3) our ability to make capital expenditures, and (4) the underlying value of our assets, including our interests in real estate.
We believe presentation of our proportionate share of Adjusted Free Cash Flow of unconsolidated ventures is useful to investors since such measure reflects the cash generated by the operating activities of the unconsolidated ventures for the reporting period and, to the extent such cash is not distributed to us, it generally represents cash used or to be used by the ventures for the repayment of debt, investing in expansions or acquisitions, reserve requirements, or other corporate uses by such ventures, and such uses reduce our potential need to make capital contributions to the ventures of our proportionate share of cash needed for such items.
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The table below reconciles our Adjusted Free Cash Flow from our net cash provided by operating activities.

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 71,924 |  |  | $ | 93,791 |  |  | $ | 170,508 |  |  | $ | 294,323 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (24,539 | ) |  | (263,884 | ) |  | (13,027 | ) |  | (523,378 | )
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | (37,949 | ) |  | 314,738 |  |  | (239,929 | ) |  | 310,552 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | 9,436 |  |  | $ | 144,645 |  |  | $ | (82,448 | ) |  | $ | 81,497 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 71,924 |  |  | $ | 93,791 |  |  | $ | 170,508 |  |  | $ | 294,323 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities | (9,727 | ) |  | (22,101 | ) |  | 26,749 |  |  | (13,910 | )
Proceeds from refundable entrance fees, net of refunds | (368 | ) |  | (687 | ) |  | (316 | ) |  | (2,241 | )
Lease financing debt amortization | (13,370 | ) |  | (14,626 | ) |  | (53,271 | ) |  | (46,256 | )
Loss on facility lease termination and modification, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,044 |  |  | — |
Distributions from unconsolidated ventures from cumulative share of net earnings | (1,012 | ) |  | (473 | ) |  | (2,159 | ) |  | (1,365 | )
Non-development capital expenditures, net | (41,275 | ) |  | (41,005 | ) |  | (130,692 | ) |  | (114,559 | )
Property insurance proceeds | — |  |  | 1,461 |  |  | 156 |  |  | 4,430 |
Adjusted Free Cash Flow (1) | $ | 6,172 |  |  | $ | 16,360 |  |  | $ | 24,019 |  |  | $ | 120,422 |

(1) | The calculation of Adjusted Free Cash Flow includes transaction and organizational restructuring costs of $3.2 million and $25.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. The calculation of Adjusted Free Cash Flow includes transaction and strategic project costs of $2.8 million and $14.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively.

The table below reconciles our proportionate share of Adjusted Free Cash Flow of unconsolidated ventures from net cash provided by operating activities of such unconsolidated ventures. For purposes of this presentation, amounts for each line item represent the aggregate amounts of such line items for all of our unconsolidated ventures.

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 24,497 |  |  | $ | 62,054 |  |  | $ | 122,269 |  |  | $ | 207,845 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (14,623 | ) |  | (16,476 | ) |  | (45,011 | ) |  | (1,186,999 | )
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | (9,702 | ) |  | (32,514 | ) |  | (62,361 | ) |  | 1,074,859 |
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | 172 |  |  | $ | 13,064 |  |  | $ | 14,897 |  |  | $ | 95,705 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 24,497 |  |  | $ | 62,054 |  |  | $ | 122,269 |  |  | $ | 207,845 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities | 7,163 |  |  | (5,615 | ) |  | (5,556 | ) |  | (20,088 | )
Proceeds from refundable entrance fees, net of refunds | (2,500 | ) |  | (6,309 | ) |  | (12,535 | ) |  | (15,702 | )
Non-development capital expenditures, net | (14,822 | ) |  | (28,659 | ) |  | (53,750 | ) |  | (69,425 | )
Property insurance proceeds | — |  |  | 614 |  |  | 1,535 |  |  | 1,841 |
Adjusted Free Cash Flow of unconsolidated ventures | $ | 14,338 |  |  | $ | 22,085 |  |  | $ | 51,963 |  |  | $ | 104,471 |
Brookdale's proportionate share of Adjusted Free Cash Flow of unconsolidated ventures | $ | 8,352 |  |  | $ | 6,709 |  |  | $ | 19,974 |  |  | $ | 23,379 |

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
We are subject to market risks from changes in interest rates charged on our credit facilities, other floating-rate indebtedness and lease payments subject to floating rates. The impact on earnings and the value of our long-term debt and lease payments are subject to change as a result of movements in market rates and prices. As of September 30, 2018, we had approximately $2.2 billion of long-term fixed rate debt, $1.5 billion of long-term variable rate debt, and $0.9 billion of capital and financing lease obligations. As of September 30, 2018, our total fixed-rate debt and variable-rate debt outstanding had a weighted-average interest rate of 4.80%.
We enter into certain interest rate cap agreements with major financial institutions to effectively manage our risk above certain interest rates on variable rate debt. As of September 30, 2018, $2.2 billion, or 59.5%, of our long-term debt, excluding our capital and financing lease obligations, has fixed rates. As of September 30, 2018, $820.2 million, or 22.2%, of our long-term debt, excluding capital and financing lease obligations, is variable rate debt subject to interest rate cap agreements. The remaining $677.8 million, or 18.3%, of our debt is variable rate debt not subject to any interest rate cap or swap agreements. Our outstanding variable rate debt is indexed to LIBOR, and accordingly our annual interest expense related to variable rate debt is directly affected by movements in LIBOR. After consideration of hedging instruments currently in place, increases in LIBOR of 100, 200, 500 and 1,000 basis points would have resulted in additional annual interest expense of $15.3 million, $29.0 million, $53.7 million and $88.2 million, respectively. Certain of the Company's variable debt instruments include springing provisions that obligate the Company to acquire additional interest rate caps in the event that LIBOR increases above certain levels, and the implementation of those provisions would result in additional mitigation of interest costs.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, under the supervision of and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined under Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer each concluded that, as of September 30, 2018, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There has not been any change in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2018 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
The information contained in Note 10 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q is incorporated herein by this reference.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes to the risk factors set forth in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

(a) | Not applicable.

(b) | Not applicable.

(c) | The following table contains information regarding purchases of our common stock made during the quarter ended September 30, 2018 by or on behalf of the Company or any ''affiliated purchaser,'' as defined by Rule 10b-18(a)(3) of the Exchange Act:

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Period | Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs ($ in thousands) (2)
7/1/2018 - 7/31/2018 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 90,360 |
8/1/2018 - 8/31/2018 | 15,777 |  |  | $ | 8.20 |  |  | — |  |  | 90,360 |
9/1/2018 - 9/30/2018 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 90,360 |
Total | 15,777 |  |  | $ | 8.20 |  |  | — |  |  |

(1) | Consists entirely of shares withheld to satisfy tax liabilities due upon the vesting of restricted stock. The average price paid per share for such share withholding is based on the closing price per share on the vesting date of the restricted stock or, if such date is not a trading day, the trading day immediately prior to such vesting date.

(2) | On November 1, 2016, the Company announced that its Board of Directors had approved a share repurchase program that authorizes the Company to purchase up to $100.0 million in the aggregate of its common stock. The share repurchase program is intended to be implemented through purchases made from time to time using a variety of methods, which may include open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or block trades, or by any combination of such methods, in accordance with applicable insider trading and other securities laws and regulations. The size, scope and timing of any purchases will be based on business, market and other conditions and factors, including price, regulatory and contractual requirements, and capital availability. The repurchase program does not obligate the Company to acquire any particular amount of common stock and the program may be suspended, modified or discontinued at any time at the Company's discretion without prior notice. Shares of stock repurchased under the program will be held as treasury shares. No shares were purchased pursuant to the repurchase program during the three months ended September 30, 2018, and approximately $90.4 million remained available under the repurchase program as of September 30, 2018.

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Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit No. |  | Description
3.1.1 |  | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 26, 2010 (File No. 001-32641)).
3.1.2 |  | Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, dated July 30, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 5, 2014 (File No. 001-32641)).
3.1.3 |  | Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, dated October 4, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 5, 2018 (File No. 001-32641)).
3.2 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company, dated October 4, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 5, 2018 (File No. 001-32641)).
4.1 |  | Form of Certificate for common stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Amendment No. 3) filed on November 7, 2005 (File No. 333-127372)).
10.1 |  | Amendment No. 1 effective September 1, 2018 to Master Lease and Security Agreement dated as of April 26, 2018 by and between certain of the Company's affiliates named therein as lessees and certain of the affiliates of Ventas, Inc. named therein as lessors.†
10.2 |  | Offer Letter Agreement dated as of August 8, 2018 by and between the Company and Steven E. Swain.
10.3 |  | Restricted Share Agreement under the Amended and Restated 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan dated as of September 10, 2018 by and between the Company and Steven E. Swain (Performance Vesting).
31.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

† | Portions of this exhibit have been omitted pursuant to a request for confidential treatment with the SEC.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| BROOKDALE SENIOR LIVING INC. |
| (Registrant) |
| By: | /s/ Steven E. Swain |
| Name: | Steven E. Swain |
| Title: | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) |
| Date: | November 6, 2018 |

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