Fair Value Measurements

Fair value measurements are established utilizing a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. These tiers include: Level 1, defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities; Level 2, defined as significant other observable inputs, such as quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, or quoted prices in less-active markets for identical assets; and Level 3, defined as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions. Financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

The Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis include money market funds, available-for-sale securities and foreign currency exchange contracts. A portion of the Company’s excess cash reserves are held in money market funds which generate interest income based on the prevailing market rates. Money market funds are included in cash and cash equivalents in the Company’s balance sheet. Money market fund holdings are measured at fair value using quoted market prices and are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Available-for-sale securities include equity securities that are traded in active markets, such as the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations Systems ("NASDAQ"), and are therefore included in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Available-for-sale securities are included in other assets in the Company's balance sheet. Unrealized holding gains and losses are excluded from earnings and reported in other comprehensive income until realized.

When deemed appropriate, the Company minimizes its exposure to changes in foreign currency exchange rates through the use of derivative financial instruments, specifically, forward foreign exchange contracts. The fair value of these contracts are measured at the end of each interim reporting period using observable inputs other than quoted prices, specifically market spot and forward exchange rates. As such, these derivative instruments are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. Fair value gains for open contracts are recognized as assets and fair value losses are recognized as liabilities. The fair value derivative assets and liabilities recorded in other current assets and accrued liabilities at June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014, were not material. Any realized gains or losses would be mitigated by corresponding gains or losses on the underlying exposures.

During the second quarter of 2015, goodwill with a carrying value of $586 million in the marketing applications reporting units was written down to its estimated fair value of $246 million, resulting in a non-cash impairment charge of $340 million. In order to arrive at the implied fair value of goodwill, the Company calculated the fair value of all of the assets and liabilities of the marketing applications reporting units as if they had been acquired in a business combination. After assigning fair value to the assets and liabilities of the reporting units, the result was the implied fair value of goodwill of $246 million, which represented a Level 3 asset measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis subsequent to its original recognition.

The Company’s assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis and subject to fair value disclosure requirements at June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014 were as follows:



			Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
In millions	June 30, 2015		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets
Money market funds	$	419	$	419	$	—	$	—
Available-for-sale securities	73		73		—		—
Total assets at fair value	$	492	$	492	$	—	$	—



			Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
In millions	December 31, 2014		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets
Money market funds	$	393	$	393	$	—	$	—
Available-for-sale securities	78		78		—		—
Total assets at fair value	$	471	$	471	$	—	$	—