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Revenue from Contracts with Customers | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2018
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract] |
Revenue from Contract with Customer | Revenue from Contracts with Customers The Company adopted Topic 606 as of January 1, 2018 for all contracts not completed as of the date of adoption. The core principle of Topic 606 is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve that core principle, the Company performs the following five steps:
1. | identify the contract with a customer,
2. | identify the performance obligations in the contract,
3. | determine the transaction price,
4. | allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and
5. | recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation.
The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the Company will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for goods or services it transfers to the customer. The Company applies judgment in determining the customer’s ability and intention to pay, which is based on a variety of factors including the customer’s historical payment experience, published credit, and financial information pertaining to the customer. Revenue is measured based on consideration specified in a contract with a customer, and excludes any sales, value add, and other taxes the Company collects concurrent with revenue-producing activities. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer. The Company recognizes revenue when it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control over a good or service to a customer. Estimates of variable consideration are included in revenue to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue will not occur once the uncertainty is resolved. The Company uses the expected value method or the most likely amount method depending on the nature of the variable consideration. Our estimates of variable consideration and determination of whether to include estimated amounts in the transaction price are based largely on an assessment of our anticipated performance and all information (historical, current and forecasted) that is reasonably available to us. If actual results in the future vary from the Company’s estimates, the Company adjusts these estimates in the period such variances become known. Typically, the amount of variable consideration is not material. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, the Company allocates the contract’s transaction price to each performance obligation using the relative standalone selling price of each distinct good or service in the contract. The Company must apply judgment to determine whether promised goods or services are capable of being distinct and distinct within the context of the contract. If these criteria are not met, the promised goods or services are combined with other goods or services and accounted for as a combined performance obligation. Revenue is then recognized either at a point in time or over time depending on our evaluation of when the customer obtains control of the promised goods or services. This evaluation requires significant judgment and the decision to combine a group of contracts or separate the combined or single contract into multiple performance obligations could change the amount of revenue recorded in a given period. In addition, the Company has developed assumptions that require judgment to determine the standalone selling price for each performance obligation identified in the contract. The Company determines the standalone selling price for a good or service by considering multiple factors including, geographies, market conditions, product life cycles, competitive landscape, internal costs, gross margin objectives, purchase volumes and pricing practices. The Company reviews the standalone selling price for each of its performance obligations on a periodic basis and updates it, when appropriate, to ensure that the practices employed reflect the Company’s recent pricing experience. The Company maintains internal controls over the establishment and updates of these estimates, which includes review and approval by the Company’s management. Teradata delivers its solutions primarily through direct sales channels, as well as through other independent software vendors and distributors and value-added resellers. Standard payment terms may vary based on the country in which the contract is executed, but are generally between 30 days and 90 days. The following is a description of the principal activities and performance obligations from which the Company generates its revenue:
• | Subscriptions - The Company sells on and off-premises subscriptions to our customers through our subscription licenses, cloud, service model, and rental offerings. Teradata’s subscription licenses include a right-to-use license and revenue is recognized upfront at a point in time unless the customer has a contractual right to cancel, where revenue is recognized on a month-to-month basis and is included within the recurring revenue caption. Subscription licenses recognized upfront are reported within the perpetual software licenses and hardware caption. Cloud and service model arrangements include a right-to-access software license on Teradata owned or third party owned hardware such as the public cloud. Revenue is recognized ratably over the contract term and included within the recurring revenue caption. Service models typically include a minimum fixed amount that is recognized ratably over the contract term and may include an elastic amount for usage above the minimum, which is recognized monthly based on actual utilization. For our rental offering, the Company owns the hardware and may or may not provide managed services. The revenue for these arrangements is generally recognized straight-line over the term of the contract and is included within the recurring revenue caption. Hardware rentals are generally accounted for as an operating lease and considered outside the scope of Topic 606. Hardware rental revenue was $11 million and $27 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, and $6 million and $15 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017.
• | Maintenance and software upgrade rights - Revenue for maintenance and unspecified software upgrade rights on a when-an-if-available basis are recognized straight-line over the term of the contract.
• | Perpetual software licenses and hardware - Revenue for software is generally recognized when the customer has the ability to use and benefit from its right to use the license. Hardware is typically recognized upon delivery once title and risk of loss have been transferred (when control has passed).
• | Consulting services - The Company accounts for individual services as separate performance obligations if a service is separately identifiable from other items in a combined arrangement and if a customer can benefit from it on its own or with other resources that are readily available to the customer. Revenue for consulting, implementation and installation services is recognized as services are provided by measuring progress toward the complete satisfaction of the Company’s obligation. Progress for services that are contracted for at a fixed price is generally measured based on hours incurred as a portion of total estimated hours. Progress for services that are contracted for on a time and materials basis is generally based on hours expended. These input methods (e.g. hours incurred or expended) of revenue recognition are considered a faithful depiction of our efforts to satisfy services contracts and therefore reflect the transfer of services to a customer under such contracts.
Disaggregation of Revenue from Contracts with Customers The following table presents a disaggregation of revenue:
| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
(in millions) | 2018 |  | 2017* |  | 2018 |  | 2017*
Americas |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Recurring | $ | 200 |  |  | $ | 188 |  |  | $ | 591 |  |  | $ | 549 |
Perpetual software licenses and hardware | 29 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 92 |  |  | 118 |
Consulting services | 48 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 145 |  |  | 163 |
Total Americas | 277 |  |  | 292 |  |  | 828 |  |  | 830 |
International |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Recurring | 113 |  |  | 104 |  |  | 335 |  |  | 297 |
Perpetual software licenses and hardware | 47 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 151 |  |  | 154 |
Consulting services | 89 |  |  | 89 |  |  | 262 |  |  | 249 |
Total International | 249 |  |  | 234 |  |  | 748 |  |  | 700 |
Total Revenue | $ | 526 |  |  | $ | 526 |  |  | $ | 1,576 |  |  | $ | 1,530 |
*As noted above, prior period amounts have not been adjusted under the modified retrospective adoption method of Topic 606; however, as discussed in Note 1, prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. Contract Balances The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in billed accounts receivable, contract assets, and customer advances and deposits (deferred revenue or contract liabilities) on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. Accounts receivable include amounts due from customers that are unconditional. Contract assets relate to the Company’s rights to consideration for goods delivered or services completed and recognized as revenue but billing and the right to receive payment is conditional upon the completion of other performance obligations. Contract assets are included in other current assets on the balance sheet and are transferred to accounts receivable when the rights become unconditional. Deferred revenue consists of advance payments and billings in excess of revenue recognized. Deferred revenue is classified as either current or noncurrent based on the timing of when the Company expects to recognize revenue. These assets and liabilities are reported on a contract-by-contract basis at the end of each reporting period. The following table provides information about receivables, contract assets and deferred revenue from contracts with customers:
(in millions) | September 30, 2018 |  | January 1, 2018 (as adjusted)
Accounts receivable, net | $ | 372 |  |  | $ | 534 |
Contract assets | 12 |  |  | 20 |
Current deferred revenue | 384 |  |  | 395 |
Long-term deferred revenue | 102 |  |  | 85 |
Revenue recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 from amounts included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the period was approximately $345 million. Transaction Price Allocated to Unsatisfied Obligations The following table includes estimated revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to the Company's unsatisfied (or partially satisfied) obligations at September 30, 2018:
(in millions) |  | Total at September 30, 2018 |  | Year 1 |  | Year 2 and Thereafter
Remaining unsatisfied obligations |  | $ | 1,852 |  |  | $ | 911 |  |  | $ | 941 |
The amounts above represent the price of firm orders for which work has not been performed or goods have not been delivered and exclude unexercised contract options outside the stated contractual term that do not represent material rights to the customer. Although the Company believes that the contract value in the above table is firm, approximately $979 million of the amount includes customer-only general cancellation for convenience terms that the Company is contractually obligated to perform unless the customer notifies us. The Company expects to recognize revenue of approximately $538 million in the next year from contracts that are non-cancelable. Customers typically do not cancel before the end of the contractual term and historically the Company has seen very little churn in its customer base. The Company believes the inclusion of this information is important to understanding the obligations that the Company is contractually required to perform and provides useful information regarding remaining obligations related to these executed contracts. Further, the Company has historically generated a large portion of our business each quarter by orders that are sold and fulfilled within the same reporting period. Therefore, the amount of remaining obligations may not be a meaningful indicator of future results. Significant Accounting Policies and Practical Expedients The following are the Company’s significant accounting policies not already disclosed elsewhere and practical expedients relating to revenue from contracts with customers:
• | Taxes assessed by a governmental authority that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction, that are collected by the Company from a customer, are excluded from revenue.
• | Shipping and handling costs associated with outbound freight after control over a product has transferred to a customer are accounted for as fulfillment cost and are included in cost of revenues.
• | The Company does not adjust for the effects of a significant financing component if the period between performance and customer payment is one year or less.
• | The Company expenses the costs to obtain a contract as incurred when the expected amortization period is one year or less.
Impacts on Financial Statements The Company adopted Topic 606 using the modified retrospective method. The cumulative effect of applying the new guidance to all contracts with customers that were not completed as of January 1, 2018 was recorded as an adjustment to accumulated deficit as of the adoption date. As a result of applying the modified retrospective method to adopt Topic 606, the following adjustments were made to accounts on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of January 1, 2018:
• | The Company reduced current deferred revenue and accumulated deficit by $19 million for contracts that were not complete as of the date of adoption and would have been recognized in a prior period under Topic 606. The revenue adjustment primarily relates to term licenses that are recognized upfront under Topic 606 but were recognized ratably under the previous guidance.
• | Prior to the adoption of Topic 606, the Company expensed sales commissions on long-term contracts. Under Topic 606, the Company capitalizes these incremental costs of obtaining customer contracts. The impact of this change resulted in an increase of other assets and a reduction in accumulated deficit of $17 million on January 1, 2018.
• | The tax impact of these items was $10 million, which was recorded as a deferred tax liability, resulting in a net $26 million reduction in accumulated deficit on January 1, 2018.
• | In addition, the Company reclassified $20 million of contract assets from accounts receivable to other current assets on January 1, 2018.
The following summarizes the significant changes on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 as a result of the adoption of Topic 606 on January 1, 2018 compared to if the Company had continued to recognize revenue under the previous guidance:
• | The impact to revenues was a net decrease of $9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and a net increase of $11 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, under Topic 606.
• | Topic 606 resulted in the amortization of capitalized contract costs that were recorded as part of the cumulative effect adjustment upon adoption. The amortization of these capitalized costs was offset by new capitalized costs in the period resulting in $5 million and $15 million less selling, general and administrative expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 under Topic 606.
• | As a result of lower revenue, which was more than offset by the capitalization of contract costs under Topic 606, net income reported under Topic 606 was higher by $3 million or $0.02 per share for the three months ended September 30, 2018. As a result of the higher revenue and capitalization of contract costs under Topic 606, net income reported under Topic 606 was higher by $12 million or $0.10 per share for the nine months ended September 30, 2018.
• | Total reported assets at September 30, 2018 were $22 million higher under Topic 606, which includes $32 million of capitalized contract costs that were expensed as incurred under the previous guidance, partially offset by $10 million of deferred costs related to the timing of revenue that would have been deferred under the previous guidance but recognized under Topic 606.
• | Total reported liabilities were $16 million less under Topic 606 primarily due to revenue that would have been deferred and recognized over time under the previous guidance, but is recognized upfront under Topic 606, offset by the change in deferred tax liability.
• | The adoption of Topic 606 had no impact on the Company’s total cash flows from operations.
Contract Costs The Company capitalizes sales commissions and other contract costs that are incremental direct costs of obtaining customer contracts if the expected amortization period of the asset is greater than one year. These costs are recorded in Other Assets on the Company’s balance sheet. The capitalized amounts are calculated based on the total contract value for individual multi-term contracts. The judgments made in determining the amount of costs incurred include whether the commissions are in fact incremental and would not have occurred absent the customer contract. Costs to obtain a contract are amortized as selling, general and administrative expenses on a straight-line basis over the expected period of benefit, which is typically four years. These costs are periodically reviewed for impairment. The following table identifies the activity relating to capitalized contract costs:
(in millions) |  | January 1, 2018 |  | Capitalized |  | Amortization |  | September 30, 2018
Capitalized contract costs |  | 17 |  |  | 20 |  |  | (5 | ) |  | 32 |

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- Definition The entire disclosure of revenue from contract with customer to transfer good or service and to transfer nonfinancial asset. Includes, but is not limited to, disaggregation of revenue, credit loss recognized from contract with customer, judgment and change in judgment related to contract with customer, and asset recognized from cost incurred to obtain or fulfill contract with customer. Excludes insurance and lease contracts. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 606 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=49130388 Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2122369 + Details
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