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Employee Stock-based Compensation Plans (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract] |
Stock-Based Compensation Expense | The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31 as follows:
In millions | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Stock options | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 9 |
Restricted shares | 56 |  |  | 56 |  |  | 51 |
Employee share repurchase program | 3 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 2 |
Total stock-based compensation before income taxes | 65 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 62 |
Tax benefit | (11 | ) |  | (21 | ) |  | (13 | )
Total stock-based compensation, net of tax | $ | 54 |  |  | $ | 47 |  |  | $ | 49 |
Fair Value of Each Option Award on the Grant Date Using the Black-Scholes Option-Pricing Model | he fair value of each option award on the grant date was estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions:
|  | 2017 |  | 2016
Dividend yield |  | — | % |  | — | %
Risk-free interest rate |  | 1.99 | % |  | 2.08 | %
Expected volatility |  | 35.0 | % |  | 35.2 | %
Expected term (years) |  | 6.3 |  |  | 6.3 |
The Company's Stock Option Activity | The following table summarizes the Company’s stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2018:
Shares in thousands | Shares Under Option |  | Weighted- Average Exercise Price per Share |  | Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)
Outstanding at January 1, 2018 | 5,373 |  |  | $ | 37.63 |  |  | 4.5 |  | $ | 30 |
Granted | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (885 | ) |  | $ | 23.69 |  |  |  |  |
Canceled | (207 | ) |  | $ | 47.79 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited | (133 | ) |  | $ | 30.12 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at December 31, 2018 | 4,148 |  |  | $ | 40.34 |  |  | 3.8 |  | $ | 15 |
Fully vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2018 | 4,148 |  |  | $ | 40.34 |  |  | 3.8 |  | $ | 15 |
Exercisable at December 31, 2018 | 3,608 |  |  | $ | 42.05 |  |  | 3.2 |  | $ | 10 |
Total Intrinsic Value of Options Exercised and The Cash Received | The following table summarizes the total intrinsic value of options exercised and the cash received by the Company from option exercises under all share-based payment arrangements at December 31:
In millions | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Intrinsic value of options exercised | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 13 |
Cash received from option exercises | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 18 |
Tax benefit realized from option exercises | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 5 |
Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Unit Activity | The following table reports restricted shares and restricted share unit activity during the year ended December 31, 2018:
Shares in thousands | Number of Shares |  | Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share
Unvested shares at January 1, 2018 | 4,226 |  |  | $ | 32.76 |
Granted | 994 |  |  | $ | 37.98 |
Vested | (1,636 | ) |  | $ | 37.86 |
Forfeited/canceled | (353 | ) |  | $ | 34.44 |
Unvested shares at December 31, 2018 | 3,231 |  |  | $ | 34.27 |
Weighted-Average Fair Value and Total Fair Value of Shares Vested | The following table summarizes the weighted-average fair value of restricted share units granted for Teradata equity awards and the total fair value of shares vested.
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Weighted-average fair value of restricted share units granted | $ | 37.98 |  |  | $ | 34.88 |  |  | $ | 26.61 |
Total fair value of shares vested (in millions) | $ | 53 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 61 |
The Composition of Teradata Restricted Stock Grants | The following table represents the composition of Teradata restricted share unit grants in 2018:
Shares in thousands | Number of Shares |  | Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value
Service-based shares | 482 |  |  | $ | 39.32 |
Performance-based shares | 512 |  |  | $ | 36.62 |
Total stock grants | 994 |  |  | $ | 37.98 |
Employee Purchases and Aggregate Cost | Employee purchases and aggregate cost were as follows at December 31:
In millions | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Employee share purchases | 0.5 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 0.6 |
Aggregate cost | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 13 |

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