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Income Taxes
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
Income tax provisions for interim periods are based on estimated annual income tax rates, adjusted to reflect the effects of any significant infrequent or unusual items which are required to be discretely recognized within the current interim period. The Company expects that a majority of its foreign earnings will be repatriated back to the United States ("U.S."). As a result, the effective tax rates in the periods presented are largely based upon the forecasted pre-tax earnings mix and allocation of certain expenses in various taxing jurisdictions where the Company conducts its business.

The effective tax rate is as follows:
 Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
In millions2022202120222021
Effective tax rate20.0 %10.5 %38.5 %24.0 %

For the three months ended September 30, 2022, the Company had no material discrete tax adjustments.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recorded $2 million of net discrete tax benefits, a majority of which related to the excess tax benefit derived from $6 million of stock-based compensation vesting, offset by $5 million of discrete tax expense associated with valuation allowances against the current tax receivable and deferred tax asset balance that are not expected to be realized as a result of the discontinuation of the Company’s business in Russia in the first quarter of 2022. As a result of these discrete items the Company recorded income tax expense of $25 million on a pre-tax income of $65 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, resulting in an effective income tax rate of 38.5%.
For the three months ended September 30, 2021, the Company recorded a total of $4 million of net discrete tax benefits, of which $5 million of tax benefit was related to true-up adjustments to reconcile the Company’s 2020 U.S. tax return that was completed in the third quarter of 2021 to the preliminary estimate that was booked in its tax provision for the year ended December 31, 2020. In addition, the Company recognized $1 million of incremental tax benefit related to stock-based compensation vesting. These tax benefits were partially offset by $2 million of
discrete tax expense related to adjustments to the Company’s accrual for unrecognized tax benefits in accordance with FIN 48. As a result of these discrete items the Company recorded income tax expense of $2 million on a pre-tax income of $19 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021, resulting in an effective income tax rate of 10.5%.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company recorded $7 million of net discrete tax benefits, of which $5 million of tax benefit was related to the true-up adjustments to reconcile the Company’s 2020 U.S. tax return as completed in the third quarter of 2021 versus the preliminary estimate as booked in its tax provision for the year ended December 31, 2020. In addition, the Company recognized $4 million of incremental tax benefit related to stock-based compensation vesting and $1 million incremental tax benefit from true-ups to its forecasted marginal annual rate for 2021 based on revised full-year forecasted earnings. These tax benefits were partially offset by $3 million of discrete tax expense related to adjustments to the Company’s accrual for unrecognized tax benefits in accordance with FIN 48. The Company recorded income tax expense of $36 million on a pre-tax net income of $150 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, resulting in an effective income tax rate of 24.0%.
The Company estimates its annual effective tax rate for 2022 to be approximately 41.0%, which takes into consideration, among other things, the forecasted earnings mix by jurisdiction and the impact of discrete tax items to be recognized in 2022. Under U.S. tax law, U.S. shareholders are subject to a tax on global intangible low-taxed income ("GILTI") earned by certain foreign subsidiaries. The Company has elected to provide for the tax expense related to GILTI in the year in which the tax is incurred. Effective on January 1, 2022, the U.S. tax law changed and now requires R&D expenses to be capitalized and amortized for tax purposes under Internal Revenue Code Section 174; as a result of this law change, the Company is currently forecasting approximately $7 million of tax expense related to GILTI in our marginal effective tax rate for 2022. Should Congress enact proposed legislation to defer the implementation of R&D capitalization rules retroactively by the end of the year, the Company’s GILTI tax and overall effective tax rate for 2022 would be significantly reduced.