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Income Taxes
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
Income tax provisions for interim periods are based on estimated annual income tax rates, adjusted to reflect the effects of any significant infrequent or unusual items which are required to be discretely recognized within the current interim period. The Company expects that a majority of its foreign earnings will be repatriated back to the United States ("U.S."). As a result, the effective tax rates in the periods presented are largely based upon the forecasted pre-tax earnings mix and allocation of certain expenses in various taxing jurisdictions where the Company conducts its business.

The effective tax rate is as follows:
 Three Months Ended March 31,
In millions20232022
Effective tax rate31.0 %34.5 %

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recorded $2 million of net discrete tax benefits, a majority of which related to the excess tax benefit derived from stock-based compensation vesting.
For the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company recorded $4 million of net discrete tax benefits, a majority of which related to the excess tax benefit derived from stock-based compensation vesting. In addition, the Company’s effective tax rate increased by 9% as a result of an increase in the Company’s forecasted global intangible low-taxed income ("GILTI") tax liability as described below.
The Company estimates its annual effective tax rate for 2023 to be approximately 36.0%, which takes into consideration, among other things, the forecasted earnings mix by jurisdiction and the impact of discrete tax items to be recognized in 2023. Under U.S. tax law, U.S. shareholders are subject to a tax on GILTI earned by certain foreign subsidiaries. The Company has elected to provide for the tax expense related to GILTI in the year in which the tax is incurred. Effective on January 1, 2022, the U.S. tax law changed and now requires R&D expenses to be capitalized and amortized for tax purposes under Internal Revenue Code Section 174; as a result of this law change,
the Company is currently forecasting approximately $5 million of tax expense related to GILTI in our marginal effective tax rate for 2023.