SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies)	12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Nature of Operations	Nature of Operations OFG is a publicly-owned financial holding company incorporated under the laws of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. OFG operates through various subsidiaries including, a commercial bank, Oriental Bank (the “Bank”), a securities broker-dealer and investment adviser, Oriental Financial Services LLC (“Oriental Financial Services”), an insurance agency, Oriental Insurance, LLC (“Oriental Insurance”), a captive reinsurance company, OFG Reinsurance Ltd (“OFG Reinsurance”), a retirement plan administrator, Oriental Pension Consultants, Inc. (“OPC”), and OFG Ventures LLC (“OFG Ventures”), which holds investments. Through these subsidiaries and their respective divisions, OFG provides a wide range of banking and financial services such as commercial, consumer and mortgage lending, auto leasing and lending, financial planning, insurance sales, money management, investment banking and securities brokerage services, as well as corporate and individual trust services. Effective December 31, 2022, OFG sold its retirement plan administration business which was operated under the OPC subsidiary and OPC thereafter discontinued its operations. Annual results include these operations until the date of sale. OFG conducts its business through its main office in San Juan, Puerto Rico, forty-one branches in Puerto Rico and two branches in the U.S. Virgin Islands (the “USVI”). OFG has three subsidiaries with operations in Puerto Rico: the Bank, Oriental Financial Services and Oriental Insurance; two subsidiaries in the United States, OPC and OFG Ventures; and a subsidiary in the Cayman Islands, OFG Reinsurance. OFG is subject to supervision and regulation by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve Board”) under the U.S. Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended, and the Dodd-Frank Act. The Bank is subject to the supervision, examination and regulation of the Office of the Commissioner of Financial Institutions of Puerto Rico (“OCFI”) and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”). The Bank offers banking services such as commercial, consumer and mortgage lending, auto leasing and lending, savings and time deposit products, financial planning, and corporate and individual trust services, and capitalizes on its commercial banking network to provide mortgage lending products to its clients. The Bank has an operating subsidiary, OFG USA LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Bank, which is a commercial lender organized in Delaware. Oriental International Bank Inc. (“OIB”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Bank, and Oriental Overseas, a division of the Bank, are international banking entities licensed pursuant to the International Banking Center Regulatory Act of Puerto Rico, as amended. OIB and Oriental Overseas offer the Bank certain Puerto Rico tax advantages. Their activities are limited under Puerto Rico law to persons located in Puerto Rico with assets/liabilities located outside of Puerto Rico. The Bank’s USVI operations are also subject to the supervision, examination and regulation of the USVI Banking Board. Oriental Financial Services is registered as a securities broker-dealer and as an investment adviser, and is subject to the supervision, examination and regulation of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”), the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), and the OCFI. Oriental Financial Services is also a member of the Securities Investor Protection Corporation. Oriental Insurance is an insurance agency and is subject to the supervision, examination and regulation of the Office of the Commissioner of Insurance of Puerto Rico. OFG Reinsurance is subject to regulation by the Cayman Islands Monetary Authority (the “CIMA”). OFG’s mortgage banking activities are conducted through a division of the Bank. The mortgage banking activities include the origination of mortgage loans for the Bank’s own portfolio, the sale of loans directly in the secondary market or the securitization of conforming loans into mortgage-backed securities, and the purchase or assumption of the right to service loans originated by others. The Bank originates Federal Housing Administration (“FHA”) insured and Veterans Administration (“VA”) guaranteed mortgages that are primarily securitized for issuance of Government National Mortgage Association (“GNMA”) mortgage-backed securities which can be resold to individual or institutional investors in the secondary market. Conventional loans that meet the underwriting requirements for sale or exchange under certain Federal National Mortgage Association (“FNMA”) or Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“FHLMC”) programs are referred to as conforming mortgage loans and are also securitized for issuance of FNMA or FHLMC mortgage-backed securities. The Bank is an approved seller of FNMA mortgage loans for issuance of FNMA mortgage-backed securities. The Bank is also an approved issuer of GNMA mortgage-backed securities. The Bank is the master servicer of the GNMA, FNMA and FHLMC pools that it issues and of its mortgage loan portfolio and up to December 31, 2022 had a subservicing arrangement with a third party for a portion of its acquired loan portfolio. This subservicing arrangement will conclude on May 1, 2023. OFG services most of its mortgage loan portfolio. On December 31, 2019, OFG purchased from the The Bank of Nova Scotia (“BNS”) all outstanding common stock of Scotiabank de Puerto Rico (“SBPR”). Immediately following the closing, OFG merged SBPR with and into the Bank, with the Bank continuing as the surviving entity. As part of this transaction, the Bank also acquired the USVI banking operations of BNS through an acquisition of certain assets (including loans, ATMs and physical branch locations) and an assumption of certain liabilities (including deposits). In addition, OFG acquired certain loans and assumed certain liabilities, from BNS’s Puerto Rico branch. This transaction is referred to as the “Scotiabank Acquisition.”
Principles of Consolidation	Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of OFG Bancorp and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. The Statutory Trust II was exempt from the consolidation requirements of GAAP.
Business Combinations	Business CombinationsOFG accounted for the Scotiabank Acquisition under the accounting guidance of ASC Topic No. 805, Business Combinations, which requires the use of the acquisition method of accounting. All identifiable assets and liabilities acquired were initially recorded at fair value. No allowance for credit losses related to the acquired loans was recorded on the acquisition date. Loans acquired were recorded at fair value in accordance with the fair value methodology prescribed in ASC Topic 820. These fair value estimates associated with the loans included estimates related to expected prepayments and the amount and timing of expected principal, interest and other cash flows. The valuation of these loans required management to make subjective judgments concerning estimates about how the acquired loans would perform in the future using valuation methods, including discounted cash flow analyses and other factors as market-based and industry data related to expected changes in interest rates, assumptions related to probability and severity of credit losses, estimated timing of credit losses including the timing of foreclosure and liquidation of collateral, expected prepayment rates, and specific industry and market conditions. Refer to Note 2 – Business Combination for further discussion of the Scotiabank Acquisition.
Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements	Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amount of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term relate mainly to the determination of the allowance for credit losses, the valuation of securities, the determination of income taxes, impairment of securities, and goodwill valuation and impairment assessment.
Earnings per Common Share	Earnings per Common Share Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing income available to common shareholders (net income reduced by dividends on preferred stock) by the weighted average of outstanding common shares. Diluted earnings per share is similar to the computation of basic earnings per share except that the weighted average of common shares is increased to include the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if the potentially dilutive common shares underlying stock options and restricted units had been issued, assuming that proceeds from exercise are used to repurchase shares in the market (treasury stock method). Any stock splits and dividends are retroactively recognized in all periods presented in the consolidated financial statements.
Cash Equivalents	Cash Equivalents OFG considers as cash equivalents all money market instruments that are not pledged and that have maturities of three months or less.
Investment Securities	Investment Securities OFG classifies its investments in debt and equity securities into one of four categories: Held-to-maturity - Securities that management has the intent and ability to hold to maturity. These securities are carried at amortized cost. Since the adoption of current expected credit losses (“CECL”) on January 1, 2020, an allowance for credit losses is established for the expected credit losses over the remaining term of debt securities held to maturity. OFG’s portfolio of held to maturity securities is comprised of US Treasury notes and obligations from the U.S. Government. These securities have an explicit or implicit guarantee from the U.S. government, are highly rated by major rating agencies, and have a long history of no credit losses. Accordingly, OFG applies a zero-credit loss assumption and no ACL for these securities has been established. OFG monitors its securities portfolio composition and credit performance on a quarterly basis to determine if any allowance is considered necessary. Available for sale - Securities to be held for indefinite periods of time. These securities are carried at fair value. Declines in fair value below the securities’ amortized cost which are not related to estimated credit losses are recorded through other comprehensive income or loss, net of taxes. If OFG intends to sell or believes it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the debt security, it is written down to fair value through earnings. Since the adoption of CECL on January 1, 2020, credit losses relating to available-for-sale debt securities are recorded through an allowance for credit losses (“ACL”), which are limited to the difference between the amortized cost and the fair value of the asset. The ACL is established for the expected credit losses over the remaining term of debt security. OFG’s portfolio of available for sale securities is comprised mainly of U.S. Treasury notes and obligations from the U.S. Government. These securities have an explicit or implicit guarantee from the U.S. government, are highly rated by major rating agencies, and have a long history of no credit losses. Accordingly, OFG applies a zero-credit loss assumption and no ACL for these securities has been established. OFG monitors its securities portfolio composition and credit performance on a quarterly basis to determine if any allowance is considered necessary. Debt securities available-for-sale are written-off when a portion or the entire amount is deemed uncollectible, based on the information considered to develop expected credit losses through the life of the asset. The specific identification method is used to determine realized gains and losses on debt securities available for sale, which are included in net gain (loss) on sale of securities in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Trading - Securities held for resale in anticipation of short-term market movements. These securities are carried at fair value, with changes in unrealized holding gains and losses included in income. Management determines the appropriate classification of securities at the time of purchase. Equity securities - Equity securities do not have readily available fair values and are measured at cost, less any impairment. Impairment is reviewed on a quarterly basis through a qualitative assessment. Stock that is owned by OFG to comply with regulatory requirements, such as Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) stock, is included in this category, and their realizable value equals their cost. Unrealized and realized gains and losses and any impairment on equity securities are included in net gain (loss) in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Dividend income from investments in equity securities is included in interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Premiums and discounts are amortized to interest income over the life of the related securities using the interest method. Net realized gains or losses on sales of investment securities and unrealized gains and losses valuation adjustments considered other than temporary, if any, on securities classified as either available-for-sale or held-to-maturity are reported separately in the statements of operations. Purchases and sales of securities are recorded at trade date. The cost of securities sold is determined by the specific identification method.
Financial Instruments	Financial Instruments Certain financial instruments, including derivatives, trading securities and investment securities available-for-sale, are recorded at fair value and unrealized gains and losses are recorded in other comprehensive (loss) income or as part of non-interest income, as appropriate. Fair values are based on listed market prices, if available. If listed market prices are not available, fair value is determined based on other relevant factors, including price quotations for similar instruments. The fair values of certain derivative contracts are derived from pricing models that consider current market and contractual prices for the underlying financial instruments as the well as time value and yield curve or volatility factors underlying the positions. OFG determines the fair value of its financial instruments based on the fair value measurement framework, which establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs of valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below: Level 1 — Level 1 assets and liabilities include equity securities that are traded in an active exchange market. Valuations are obtained from readily available pricing sources for market transactions involving identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 — Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 2 assets and liabilities include (i) mortgage-backed securities for which the fair value is estimated based on valuations obtained from third-party pricing services for identical or comparable assets, (ii) debt securities with quoted prices that are traded less frequently than exchange-traded instruments and (iii) derivative contracts and financial liabilities whose value is determined using a pricing model with inputs that are observable in the market or can be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data. Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 assets and liabilities include financial instruments whose value is determined using pricing models for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation. OFG’s policy is to recognize any transfer into or out of the Levels referred to above at the date of the event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer.
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities	Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities OFG uses financial derivatives, as interest rate swaps and caps, to both mitigate exposure to market (primarily interest rate) and credit risks inherent in its business activities, as well as to facilitate customer risk management activities. OFG manages these risks as part of its asset and liability management process and through credit policies and procedures. OFG recognizes all derivative instruments at fair value as either other assets or derivative liabilities on the consolidated statement of financial condition and the related cash flows in the operating activities section of the consolidated statement of cash flows. Adjustments for counterparty credit risk are included in the determination of fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of a derivative instrument depends on whether it has been designated and qualifies as part of a cash flow or net investment hedging relationship. For all other derivatives, changes in fair value are recognized in earnings. OFG utilizes a net presentation for derivative instruments on the consolidated statement of financial condition taking into consideration the effects of legally enforceable master netting agreements. Cash collateral exchanged with counterparties is also netted against the applicable derivative exposures by offsetting obligations to return, or general rights to reclaim, cash collateral against the fair values of the net derivatives being collateralized. For those derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as accounting hedges, OFG designates the hedging instrument, based on the exposure being hedged, as a cash flow hedge. OFG formally documents the relationship between the hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as the risk management objective and strategy, before undertaking an accounting hedge. To qualify for hedge accounting, the derivatives and related hedged items must be designated as a hedge at inception of the hedge relationship. In addition, a derivative must be highly effective at reducing the risk associated with the exposure being hedged. For accounting hedge relationships, OFG formally assesses, both at the inception of the hedge and on an ongoing basis, if the derivatives are highly effective in offsetting designated changes in the fair value or cash flows of the hedged item. If it is determined that the derivative instrument is not highly effective, hedge accounting is discontinued. OFG assesses effectiveness using statistical regression analysis. Where the critical terms of the derivative and hedged item match, effectiveness may be assessed qualitatively. For derivatives designated as cash flow hedges (hedging the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows), the gain or loss on derivatives is reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income and subsequently reclassified to income in the same period or periods during which the hedged cash flows affect earnings and recorded in the same income statement line item as the hedged cash flows. OFG discontinues hedge accounting when it is determined that the derivative no longer qualifies as an effective hedge; the derivative expires or is sold, terminated or exercised; or the derivative is de-designated as a cash flow hedge.
Mortgage Banking Activities and Mortgage Loans Held-For-Sale	Mortgage Banking Activities and Mortgage Loans Held-For-Sale The residential mortgage loans reported as held-for-sale are stated at the lower of amortized cost or fair value, cost being determined on the outstanding loan balance less unearned income, and fair value determined in the aggregate. The amount for which amortized cost exceeds fair value is recognized through a valuation allowance by a charge to income in the period in which the change occurs. Realized gains or losses on these loans are determined using the specific identification method. Loans held-for-sale include all conforming mortgage loans originated and purchased, which from time to time Oriental sells to other financial institutions or securitizes conforming mortgage loans into GNMA, FNMA and FHLMC pass-through certificates.
Accounting for Transfers and Servicing of Financial Assets and Extinguishment of Liabilities	Accounting for Transfers and Servicing of Financial Assets and Extinguishment of Liabilities OFG recognizes the financial and servicing assets it controls and the liabilities it has incurred, derecognizes financial assets when control has been surrendered, and derecognizes liabilities when extinguished. OFG is not engaged in sales of mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities subject to recourse provisions except for those provisions that allow for the repurchase of loans as a result of a breach of certain representations and warranties other than those related to the credit quality of the loans included in the sale transactions. The transfer of an entire financial asset, a group of entire financial assets, or a participating interest in an entire financial asset in which OFG surrenders control over the assets is accounted for as a sale if all of the following conditions set forth in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 860 are met: (i) the assets must be isolated from creditors of the transferor, (ii) the transferee must obtain the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (iii) the transferor cannot maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity. When OFG transfers financial assets and the transfer fails any one of these criteria, OFG is prevented from derecognizing the transferred financial assets and the transaction is accounted for as a secured borrowing. For transfers of financial assets that satisfy the conditions to be accounted for as sales, OFG derecognizes all assets sold; recognizes all assets obtained and liabilities incurred in consideration as proceeds of the sale, including servicing assets and servicing liabilities, if applicable; initially measures at fair value assets obtained and liabilities incurred in a sale; and recognizes in earnings any gain or loss on the sale. The guidance on transfer of financial assets requires a true sale analysis of the treatment of the transfer under state law as if OFG was a debtor under the bankruptcy code. A true sale legal analysis includes several legally relevant factors, such as the intent of the parties, the nature and level of recourse to the transferor, and the nature of retained interests in the loans sold. The analytical conclusion as to a true sale is never absolute and unconditional, and contains qualifications based on the inherent equitable powers of a bankruptcy court, as well as any unsettled matters of state law or common law. Once the legal isolation test has been met, other factors concerning the nature and extent of the transferor’s control over the transferred assets are taken into account in order to determine whether derecognition of assets is warranted. When OFG sells or securitizes mortgage loans, it generally makes customary representations and warranties regarding the characteristics of the loans sold. Conforming conventional mortgage loans are combined into pools which are exchanged for FNMA and GNMA mortgage-backed securities, which are generally sold to private investors, or sold directly to FNMA or other private investors for cash. To the extent the loans do not meet the specified characteristics, investors are generally entitled to require OFG to repurchase such loans or indemnify the investor against losses if the assets do not meet certain guidelines. GNMA programs allow financial institutions to buy back individual delinquent mortgage loans that meet certain criteria from the securitized loan pool for which OFG provides servicing. At OFG’s option and without GNMA’s prior authorization, OFG may repurchase such delinquent loans for an amount equal to 100% of the loan’s remaining principal balance. This buy-back option is considered a conditional option until the delinquency criteria is met, at which time the option becomes unconditional. When the loans backing a GNMA security are initially securitized, OFG treats the transaction as a sale for accounting purposes because the conditional nature of the buy-back option means that OFG does not maintain effective control over the loans and, therefore, these are derecognized from the statement of financial condition. When individual loans later meet GNMA’s specified delinquency criteria and are eligible for repurchase, OFG is deemed to have regained effective control over these loans, and these must be brought back into OFG’s books as assets, regardless of whether OFG intends to exercise the buy-back option. Quality review procedures are performed by OFG as required under the government agency programs to ensure that asset guideline qualifications are met. OFG has not recorded any specific contingent liability in the consolidated financial statements for these customary representation and warranties related to loans sold by OFG, and management believes that, based on historical data, the probability of payments and expected losses under these representation and warranty arrangements is not significant. OFG has liability for residential mortgage loans sold subject to credit recourse, principally loans associated with FNMA residential mortgage loan sales and securitization programs. In the event of any customer default, pursuant to the credit recourse provided, OFG is required to repurchase the loan or reimburse the third-party investor for the incurred loss. The maximum potential amount of future payments that OFG would be required to make under the recourse arrangements in the event of nonperformance by the borrowers is equivalent to the total outstanding balance of the residential mortgage loans serviced with recourse and interest, if applicable. In the event of nonperformance by the borrower, OFG has rights to the underlying collateral securing the mortgage loan. OFG suffers ultimate losses on these loans when the proceeds from a foreclosure sale of the property underlying a defaulted mortgage loan are less than the outstanding principal balance of the loan plus any uncollected interest advanced and the costs of holding and disposing the related property. OFG has established a liability to cover the estimated credit loss exposure related to loans sold with credit recourse. The estimated losses to be absorbed under the credit recourse arrangements are recorded as a liability when the loans are sold or credit recourse is assumed as part of acquired servicing rights, and are updated by accruing or reversing expense (included as mortgage banking activities in the consolidated statements of operations) throughout the life of the loan, as necessary, when additional relevant information becomes available. The methodology used to estimate the recourse liability is a function of the recourse arrangements given and considers historical and forecast loss experience. The methodology leverages the expected loss framework for mortgage loans to estimate expected future losses. The reserve for the estimated losses under the credit recourse arrangements is presented separately within other liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial condition.
Servicing Assets	Servicing Assets OFG periodically sells or securitizes mortgage loans while retaining the obligation to perform the servicing of such loans. In addition, OFG may purchase or assume the right to service mortgage loans originated by others. Whenever OFG undertakes an obligation to service a loan, management assesses whether a servicing asset and/or liability should be recognized. A servicing asset is recognized whenever the compensation for servicing is expected to more than adequately compensate OFG for servicing the loans. Likewise, a servicing liability would be recognized in the event that servicing fees to be received are not expected to adequately compensate OFG for its expected cost. All separately recognized servicing assets are recognized at fair value using the fair value measurement method. Under the fair value measurement method, OFG measures servicing rights at fair value at each reporting date and reports changes in the fair value of servicing asset in the statement of operations in the period in which the changes occur, and includes these changes, if any, with mortgage banking activities in the consolidated statement of operations. The fair value of servicing rights is subject to fluctuations as a result of changes in estimated and actual prepayment speeds and default rates and losses. The fair value of servicing rights is estimated by using a cash flow valuation model, which calculates the present value of estimated future net servicing cash flows, taking into consideration actual and expected loan prepayment rates, discount rates, servicing costs, and other economic factors, which are determined based on current market conditions.
Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses	Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are reported at amortized cost. Amortized cost is the principal balance outstanding, net of purchase premiums and discounts, deferred loan fees, and costs. Loans held for investment that were not purchased with credit deterioration are referred to as Non-PCD loans, and loans that were purchased with credit deterioration are referred to as PCD loans. OFG discontinues accrual of interest after payments become more than 90 days past due or earlier if OFG does not expect the full collection of principal or interest, except for residential mortgage loans insured or guaranteed under applicable FHA and VA programs that are not placed in non-accrual status until they become 12 months or more past due, as they are insured loans. At that time, any accrued income is reversed. The delinquency status is based on the contractual terms of the loans. Loans for which the recognition of interest income has been discontinued are designated as non-accruing. Thereafter, collections are accounted for as a cash method, until qualifying to return to accrual status. Such loans are not reinstated to accrual status until interest is received on a current basis and other factors indicative of doubtful collection cease to exist. The determination as to the ultimate collectability of the loan’s balance may involve management’s judgment in the evaluation of the borrower’s financial condition and prospects for repayment. Interest income is based on the effective yield on the Non-PCD loans. Purchased Credit Deteriorated (PCD) Loans: OFG has purchased loans, some of which have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination. OFG considered the following factors as indicators that an acquired loan had evidence of deterioration in credit quality: loans that were 90 days or more past due; loans that had an internal loan grade of substandard or worse - substandard loans have a well-defined weakness that jeopardizes collection of the loan; loans that were classified as nonaccrual by the acquired bank at the time of acquisition; and loans that had been previously modified in a troubled debt restructuring. As such, our PCD loans are recorded at the purchase price plus the allowance for credit losses expected at the time of acquisition or implementation of the standard. An allowance for credit losses is determined using an undiscounted cash flow methodology. Upon adoption of CECL, OFG elected to maintain pools of loans that were previously accounted for under ASC 310-30 and will continue to account for these pools as a unit of account. As such, for these loans, the determination of nonaccrual or accrual status is made at the pool level, not the individual loan level. On the adoption of CECL, the allowance for credit losses was determined for each pool and added to the pool’s carrying amount to establish a new amortized cost basis. The difference between the unpaid principal balance of the pool and the new amortized cost basis is the non-credit premium or discount, which will be amortized interest income over the remaining life of the pool. On a quarterly basis, management will monitor the composition and behavior of the pools to assess the ability for cash flow estimation and timing. If, based on the analysis performed, the pool is classified as non-accrual, the accretion/amortization of the non-credit (discount) premium will cease. Changes to the allowance for credit losses are recorded through the provision expense. Allowance for Credit Losses (“ACL”) – Loans: OFG adopted CECL, which utilizes a lifetime “expected credit loss” measurement objective for the recognition of credit losses for loans at the time the financial asset is originated or acquired. The allowance for credit losses is adjusted each period for changes in expected credit losses. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Determining the amount of the ACL is complex and requires extensive judgment by management about matters that are inherently uncertain. Re-evaluation of the ACL estimate in future periods in light of changes in the composition and characteristics of the loan portfolio, changes in the reasonable and supportable forecast, and other factors then prevailing may result in material changes in the amount of the ACL and credit loss expense in those future periods. Loans are charged off against the allowance when management believes the uncollectability of a loan balance is confirmed. OFG continues to monitor and modify the level of the ACL to ensure it is adequate. Our methodology for estimating expected credit losses for our loan portfolios includes the following key components: •Expected credit losses are estimated on a collective basis for groups of loans that share similar risk characteristics. Factors that may be considered in aggregating loans for this purpose include, but are not necessarily limited to, product or collateral type, internal risk rating, credit characteristics such as credit scores or collateral types, and historical or expected credit loss patterns. •Credit losses for loans that do not share similar risk characteristics are estimated on an individual basis. Individual evaluations are typically performed for nonaccrual loans, nonaccrual modified loans classified as troubled debt restructurings, and classified loans that do not share common risk characteristics. The lifetime losses for individually measured loans are estimated based on one of several methods, including the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral, the observable market value of similar debt, or the present value of expected cash flows. •ACL reserves are estimated over the contractual term of the financial asset adjusted for expected prepayments. As part of the calculation of the contractual term, the expected extension is generally not considered unless the option to extend the loan cannot be canceled unilaterally by OFG, and loan modifications are also not considered unless OFG has a reasonable expectation that it will execute a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”). In the case of unconditionally cancellable accounts, such as credit cards, reserves are based on the expected life of the balance as of the evaluation date (assuming no further charges) and do not include any undrawn commitments that are unconditionally cancellable. •The quantitative model utilizes a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) or undiscounted cash flow (“UDCF”) approach to estimate expected credit losses using the probability of default (“PD”), loss given default (“LGD”), and exposure at default (“EAD”). DCF method is used for most of the Non-PCD portfolio, and the UDCF method for the PCD portfolio. For the EAD, the Company uses a prepayment model which projects prepayments over the life of the loans. •An economic forecast period based on the relationship of losses with key economic variables for each portfolio segment; OFG has elected a 2-year reasonable and supportable forecast period, with an additional 1-year to mean straight-line reversion occurring within the credit loss models based on the economic inputs. The length of the reasonable and supportable forecast is evaluated at each reporting period and adjusted if deemed necessary. •Inclusion of qualitative adjustment to consider factors for asset-specific risk characteristics to the extent they do not exist in the historical information that has not been accounted for and could impact the amount of future losses. For example, factors that OFG considers include changes in lending policies and procedures, business conditions, the nature and size of the portfolio, portfolio concentrations, the volume and severity of past due loans and nonaccrual loans, the effect of external factors such as competition, and legal and regulatory requirements, among others. •The estimate of credit losses includes expected recoveries of amounts previously charged off as well as consideration of expected amounts to be written off. If a loan has been charged off, the expected cash flows on the loan are not limited by the current amortized cost balance. Instead, expected cash flows can be assumed up to the unpaid principal balance immediately prior to the charge-off. •The ACL excludes accrued interest since all our products are subject to a non-accrual and timely write-off policy, except for accrued interest receivable on loans that participated in the Covid-19 and Hurricane Fiona deferral programs with delinquency status between 30 and 89 days past due, in which a reserve is calculated by applying the corresponding loan projected loss factors to the accrued interest receivable balance. Accrued interest receivable totaled $58.1 million and $54.8 million on December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, reported in accrued interest receivable on the consolidated statement of financial condition. Accrued interest receivable on loans that participated in the Covid-19 and Hurricane Fiona deferral programs amounted to $21.8 million at December 31, 2022 (December 31, 2021 - $23.9 million), of which $20.7 million (December 31, 2021 - $21.5 million) corresponds to loans in current status. Allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivable on loans that participated in the deferral programs amounted to $144 thousand and $161 thousand at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. In our loss forecasting framework, OFG incorporates forward-looking information through the use of macroeconomic scenarios. These macroeconomic scenarios include variables that have historically been key drivers of increases and decreases in credit losses. These variables include, but are not limited to, unemployment rates, employment rates, real estate prices, gross domestic product levels, gross national product levels, and retail sales. As any one economic outlook is inherently uncertain, OFG leverages multiple scenarios. The scenarios that are re-evaluated each quarter and the amount of weighting given to each scenario depend on a variety of factors including recent economic events, leading economic indicators, views of internal as well as third-party economists, and industry trends. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized in interest income through the life of the loan. OFG has identified the following portfolio segments, commercial loans, mortgage loans, consumer loans, and auto loans and leases, and measures the allowance for credit losses using the methods described below for each. Commercial Loans – The segmentation of commercial loans was established by business line, collateral type, size, and delinquency or risk rating/classification to assess the loans based on common risk characteristics. The segmentation aligns with OFG’s current credit policies and procedures for these portfolios. The estimate of expected credit losses on commercial loans is forecasted using models that estimate credit losses over the loan’s contractual life at an individual loan level. The models use the contractual terms to forecast future principal cash flows while also considering expected prepayments, considering that all our lines of credit are unconditionally cancellable. The loss forecasting model determines the probabilities of transition to different credit risk ratings or defaults at each point over the life of the asset based on the borrower’s current credit risk rating and business segment. Assumptions of expected loss are conditioned to the economic outlook, and the model considers key economic variables such as the unemployment rate, gross national product (“GNP”) (P.R. projections), gross domestic product (U.S. projections), and employment rates (U.S. projections). Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Individual evaluations are typically performed for nonaccrual loans, nonaccrual modified loans classified as troubled debt restructurings, and classified loans that do not share common risk characteristics. Loans evaluated individually are not included in the collective evaluation. When management determines that foreclosure is probable or when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty at the reporting date and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date, adjusted for selling costs as appropriate, as OFG elected the collateral-dependent practical expedient. For loans evaluated individually that are not collateral dependent, a discounted cash flow method is used to determine the allowance for credit losses. Commercial loans are placed on non-accrual status when they become 90 days or more past due and are written down, if necessary, based on the specific evaluation of the underlying collateral, if any. OFG’s lending activities in the continental United States – referred to as U.S. commercial loans – are conducted through OIB and OFG USA. These activities include the purchase of middle market senior secured cash flow loan participations and the purchase of participations of loans to small and medium sized businesses. OFG participated in the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”), which is a loan program that originated from the CARES Act and was subsequently expanded by the Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act. The PPP was designed to provide U.S. small businesses with cash-flow assistance through loans fully guaranteed by the Small Business Administration (“SBA”). If the borrower met certain criteria and used the proceeds towards certain eligible expenses, the borrower’s obligation to repay the loan can be forgiven up to the full principal amount of the loan and any accrued interest. Upon borrower forgiveness, the SBA pays OFG for the principal and accrued interest owed on the loan. If the full principal of the loan is not forgiven, the loan will operate according to the original loan terms with the 100 percent SBA guaranty remaining. As compensation for originating the loans, OFG received lender processing fees from the SBA, which are capitalized, along with the loan origination costs, and will be amortized over the loans’ contractual lives and recognized as interest income. Upon forgiveness of a loan and repayment by the SBA, any unrecognized net capitalized fees and costs related to the loan will be recognized as interest income in that period. Mortgage Loans – This segment includes traditional mortgages, non-traditional mortgages, mortgages in the loss mitigation program, residential performing TDRs, and residential non-performing TDRs. The most significant attribute in estimating OFG’s lifetime expected credit losses is the vintage of the traditional mortgage segment. The estimates are based on OFG’s historical experience with the loan portfolio, adjusted to reflect the economic outlook. The outlook on the housing price index and unemployment are key factors that impact the frequency and severity of loss estimates. OFG expects to collect the amortized cost basis of government insured residential loans due to the nature of the government guarantee, so the ACL is zero for these loans. Mortgage loans are placed on non-accrual status when they become 90 days or more past due and are written-down, if necessary, based on the specific evaluation of the collateral underlying the loan, except for FHA and VA insured mortgage loans which are placed in non-accrual when they become 12 months or more past due. For loans that are more than 180 days past due, with the exception of OFG’s fully insured portfolio, the outstanding balance of loans that is in excess of the estimated property value after adjusting for costs to sell is charged off. If the estimated property value decreases in periods subsequent to the initial charge-off, OFG will record additional charge-offs. Consumer Loans – This portfolio consists of smaller retail loans such as unsecured personal loans, unsecured personal lines of credit, retail credit cards, and overdrafts. The estimates are based on the OFG’s historical experience with the loan portfolios, adjusted to reflect the economic outlook. The outlook on the GNP and unemployment rate are key factors that impact the frequency and severity of loss estimates. Credit cards are revolving lines of credit without a defined maturity date. OFG elected to apply the remaining life methodology for the credit cards and overdrafts. The remaining life methodology takes projected losses based on the economic forecast for credit cards and historical losses on the overdraft segment, based on the expected remaining life of that pool. Future draws on the credit card lines are excluded from the estimated expected credit losses as they are unconditionally cancellable. Consumer loans are placed on non-accrual status when they become 90 days past due and written-off when payments are delinquent, 120 days in personal loans, and 180 days in credit cards and personal lines of credit. Auto loans and leases - This portfolio consists of auto loans and leases. The most significant attribute in estimating OFG’s expected credit losses is the FICO score. The estimates are based on OFG’s historical experience with the loan portfolio, adjusted to reflect the economic outlook. The outlook on retail sales and unemployment are key factors that impact the frequency and severity of loss estimates. Auto loans and leases are placed on non-accrual status when they become 90 days past due, partially written-off to collateral value when payments are delinquent 120 days, and fully written-off when payments are delinquent 180 days. For the principal enhancements that management made to its methodology, refer to Note 7 – Allowance for Credit Losses.
Troubled Debt Restructuring	Troubled Debt Restructuring A TDR is the restructuring of a receivable in which OFG, as creditor, grants a concession for legal or economic reasons due to the debtor’s financial difficulties. A concession is granted when, as a result of the restructuring, OFG does not expect to collect all amounts due, according to original contractual terms of the loan agreement. These concessions may include a reduction of the interest rate, principal or accrued interest, extension of the maturity date or other actions intended to minimize potential losses. To assess whether the debtor is having financial difficulties, OFG evaluates whether it is probable that the debtor will default on any of its debt in the foreseeable future. Receivables that are restructured in a TDR are presumed to be impaired and are subject to a specific impairment-measurement method. If the repayment of the loan is expected to be provided solely by the underlying collateral and there are no other available sources of repayment, OFG considers the current value of that collateral in determining whether the principal will be paid. For non-collateral dependent loans, the specific reserve is calculated based on the present value of expected cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate. TDR loans are classified as either accrual or nonaccrual. An accruing loan that is modified in a TDR can remain in accrual status if, based on a current, well-documented credit analysis, collection of principal and interest in accordance with the modified terms is reasonably assured, and the borrower has demonstrated sustained historical repayment performance for a reasonable period before the modification. To restore a non-accruing loan that has been modified in a TDR to accrual status, the credit officer must perform a current, well-documented credit analysis supporting a return to accrual status based on the borrower's financial condition and prospects for repayment under the revised terms. Otherwise, the TDR must remain in nonaccrual status. The analysis must consider the borrower's sustained historical repayment performance for a reasonable period prior to the return-to-accrual date but may take into account payments made for a reasonable period prior to the restructuring if the payments are consistent with the modified terms. A sustained period of repayment performance generally would be a minimum of six consecutive payments and would involve payments in the form of cash or cash equivalents. OFG implemented various consumer and commercial loan modification programs to provide its borrowers relief from the economic impacts of Covid-19. The majority of OFG’s Covid-19 related loan modifications have not been considered TDRs as they represent short-term delay of payments or other insignificant modifications, whether under OFG’s regular loan modification assessments or the Interagency Statement guidance; or OFG has elected to apply the option to suspend the application of accounting guidance for TDRs as provided under Section 4013 of the CARES Act. To the extent that certain modifications do not meet any of the above criteria, OFG accounts for them as TDRs. For loan modifications that include a payment deferral and are not TDRs, the borrower’s past due and nonaccrual status will not be impacted during the deferral period. These loans are not considered past due until after the deferral period is over and scheduled payments resume. Accrued interest on these Covid-19 modified loans is due when the deferral period ends. The credit quality of these loans is re-evaluated after the deferral period ends. Loans are generally placed on a nonaccrual basis when they become 90 days past due or when there are otherwise serious doubts about the collectability of principal or interest within the existing terms of the loan. OFG’s policy is to write-off all accrued interest on loans when they are placed on nonaccrual status.
Foreclosed Real Estate and Other Repossessed Assets	Foreclosed Real Estate and Other Repossessed Assets Foreclosed real estate and other repossessed assets, mainly repossessed automobiles, are initially recorded at the fair value of the real estate or repossessed assets less the cost of selling it at the date of foreclosure or repossession. At the time properties are acquired in full or partial satisfaction of loans, any excess of the loan balance over the estimated fair value of the property is charged against the allowance for credit losses. After foreclosure or repossession, these properties are carried at the lower of cost or fair value less estimated cost to sell based on recent appraised values or options to purchase the foreclosed or repossessed assets. Any excess of the carrying value over the estimated fair value, less estimated costs to sell, is charged to non-interest expense. The costs and expenses associated to holding these properties in portfolio are expensed as incurred.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets	Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Goodwill is recognized when the purchase price is higher than the fair value of net assets acquired in business combinations under the purchase method of accounting. OFG’s goodwill is not amortized to expense but is tested for impairment at least annually, and on a more frequent basis, if events or circumstances indicate impairment could have taken place. Such events could include, among others, a significant adverse change in the business climate, an adverse action by a regulator, an unanticipated change in the competitive environment, and a decision to change the operations or dispose of a reporting unit. A quantitative annual impairment test is not required if, based on a qualitative analysis, OFG determines that the existence of events and circumstances indicates that it is more likely than not that goodwill is not impaired. OFG performs an annual goodwill impairment test as of October 31 and monitors for interim triggering events on an ongoing basis. OFG tests for impairment based on the allocation of goodwill and other assets and liabilities, as necessary, to defined reporting segments. A fair value is then determined for each reporting segment. If the fair values of the reporting segments exceed their book values, no write-down of the recorded goodwill is necessary. If the fair values are less than the book values, an additional valuation procedure is necessary to assess the proper carrying value of the goodwill. Reporting segment valuation is inherently subjective, with a number of factors based on assumptions and management judgments or estimates. Actual values may differ significantly from such estimates. Among these are future growth rates for the reporting segments, selection of comparable market transactions, discount rates, and earnings capitalization rates. Changes in assumptions and results due to economic conditions, industry factors, and reporting unit performance and cash flow projections could result in different assessments of the fair values of reporting segments and could result in impairment charges. If an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting segment below its carrying amount, an interim impairment test is required. Other identifiable intangible assets with a finite useful life, mainly core deposits and customer relationships, are amortized using various methods over the periods benefited, which range from 3 to 10 years. These intangibles are evaluated periodically for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Impairments on intangible assets with a finite useful life are evaluated under the guidance for impairment or disposal of long-lived assets.
Premises and Equipment	Premises and Equipment Premises and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is provided using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of each type of asset. Amortization of leasehold improvements is computed using the straight-line method over the terms of the leases or estimated useful lives of the improvements, whichever is shorter.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets	Impairment of Long-Lived Assets OFG periodically reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. In performing the review for recoverability, an estimate of the future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition is made. If the sum of the future cash flows (undiscounted and without interest charges) is less than the carrying amount of the assets, an impairment loss is recognized. The amount of the impairment is the excess of the carrying amount over the fair value of the asset. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, there was no indication of impairment as a result of such review.
Off-Balance Sheet Instruments	Off-Balance Sheet Instruments In the ordinary course of business, OFG enters into off-balance sheet instruments consisting of commitments to extend credit, further discussed in Note 25 – Commitments and Contingencies hereto. Such financial instruments are recorded in the financial statements when these are funded or related fees are incurred or received. OFG periodically evaluates the credit risks inherent in these commitments and establishes reserves for such risks if and when these are deemed necessary.
Allowance for Credit Losses on Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures	Allowance for Credit Losses on Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures OFG estimates the expected credit losses related to unfunded lending commitments such as letters of credit, financial guarantees, unfunded banker’s acceptances, and binding loan commitments. Reserves are estimated for the unfunded exposure using the same factors as the funded exposure and are reported as reserves for unfunded lending commitments. Net adjustments to the reserve for unfunded commitments are included in the provision for credit losses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Income Taxes	Income Taxes In preparing the consolidated financial statements, OFG is required to estimate income taxes. This involves an estimate of current income tax expense together with an assessment of deferred taxes resulting from differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. The determination of current income tax expense involves estimates and assumptions that require OFG to assume certain positions based on its interpretation of current tax laws and regulations. Changes in assumptions affecting estimates may be required in the future, and estimated tax assets or liabilities may need to be increased or decreased accordingly. The accrual for tax contingencies is adjusted in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the progress of tax audits, case law and emerging legislation. When particular matters arise, a number of years may elapse before such matters are audited and finally resolved. Favorable resolution of such matters could be recognized as a reduction to OFG’s effective tax rate in the year of resolution. Unfavorable settlement of any particular issue could increase the effective tax rate and may require the use of cash in such year. On June 30, 2020, OFS made the election to be treated as a partnership for income tax purposes which was effective on January 1, 2020. As such, OFS is currently a pass-through entity not subject to income taxes at the company level, and the parent will be subject to Puerto Rico income taxes on its distributable share of OFS taxable income under the partnership provisions of the PR Code. At the date of the election all tax attributes of OFS were also transferred to the parent. The same tax treatment applies to Oriental Insurance since its tax election to be treated as a partnership effective on January 1, 2016. Pursuant to these elections OFG is required to pay income taxes on its distributable share of earnings and profits of both entities. In the case of losses reported by any of the entities, such losses may be offset with the taxable income of the other entity. However, OFG is not permitted to use its operating losses to offset the taxable income of its partnerships. The determination of deferred tax expense or benefit is based on changes in the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities that generate temporary differences. The carrying value of OFG’s net deferred tax assets assumes that it will be able to generate sufficient future taxable income based on estimates and assumptions. If these estimates and related assumptions change in the future, OFG may be required to record valuation allowances against its deferred tax assets resulting in additional income tax expense in the consolidated statements of operations. Management evaluates on a regular basis whether the deferred tax assets can be realized and assesses the need for a valuation allowance. A valuation allowance is established when management believes that it is more likely than not that some portion of its deferred tax assets will not be realized. Changes in valuation allowance from period to period are included in OFG’s tax provision in the period of change. In addition to valuation allowances, OFG establishes accruals for uncertain tax positions when, despite the belief that OFG’s tax return positions are fully supported, OFG believes that certain positions are likely to be challenged. The accruals for uncertain tax positions are adjusted in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the progress of tax audits, case law, and emerging legislation. The accruals for OFG’s uncertain tax positions are reflected as income tax payable as a component of accrued expenses and other liabilities. These accruals are reduced upon expiration of the applicable statute of limitations. OFG follows a two-step approach for recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement. OFG’s policy is to include interest and penalties related to unrecognized income tax benefits within the provision for income taxes on the consolidated statements of operations. OFG is potentially subject to income tax audits in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico for taxable years 2018 to 2021, until the applicable statute of limitations expires. In addition, OFG’s US subsidiaries are potentially subject to income tax audits by the IRS for taxable years 2019 to 2021. Tax audits by their nature are often complex and can require several years to complete.
Revenue Recognition	Revenue Recognition ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), establishes principles for reporting information about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from the entity's contracts to provide goods or services to customers. The core principle requires an entity to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that it expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for those goods or services recognized as performance obligations are satisfied. The majority of our revenue-generating transactions are not subject to ASC 606, including revenue generated from financial instruments, such as our loans, letters of credit, derivatives and investment securities, as well as revenue related to our mortgage servicing activities, as these activities are subject to other GAAP discussed elsewhere within our disclosures. Revenue-generating activities that are within the scope of ASC 606, which are presented in OFG’s statement of operations as components of non-interest income are described in Note 29 – Banking and Financial Service Revenues.
Stock-Based Compensation Plan	Stock-Based Compensation Plan OFG’s 2007 Omnibus Performance Incentive Plan, as amended and restated (the “Omnibus Plan”), provides for equity-based compensation incentives through the grant of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted units and dividend equivalents, as well as equity-based performance awards. The Omnibus Plan was adopted in 2007, amended and restated in 2008, and further amended in 2010 and 2013. The purpose of the Omnibus Plan is to provide flexibility to OFG to attract, retain and motivate directors, officers, and key employees through the grant of awards based on performance and to adjust its compensation practices to the best compensation practice and corporate governance trends as they develop from time to time. The Omnibus Plan is further intended to motivate high levels of individual performance coupled with increased shareholder returns. Therefore, awards under the Omnibus Plan (each, an “Award”) are intended to be based upon the recipient’s individual performance, corporate performance, level of responsibility and potential to make significant contributions to OFG. Generally, the Omnibus Plan will terminate as of (a) the date when no more of OFG’s shares of common stock are available for issuance under the Omnibus Plan or, (b) if earlier, the date the Omnibus Plan is terminated by OFG’s Board of Directors. The Board’s Compensation Committee (the “Committee”), or such other committee as the Board may designate, has full authority to interpret and administer the Omnibus Plan in order to carry out its provisions and purposes. The Committee has the authority to determine those persons eligible to receive an Award and to establish the terms and conditions of any Award. The Committee may delegate, subject to such terms or conditions or guidelines as it shall determine, to any employee or group of employees any portion of its authority and powers under the Omnibus Plan with respect to participants who are not directors or executive officers subject to the reporting requirements under Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Only the Committee may exercise authority in respect to Awards granted to such participants. The expected term of stock options granted represents the period of time that such options are expected to be outstanding. Expected volatilities are based on historical volatility of OFG’s shares of common stock over the most recent period equal to the expected term of the stock options. For stock options issued during 2015, the expected volatilities are based on both historical and implied volatility of OFG’s shares of common stock. OFG follows the fair value method of recording stock-based compensation. OFG used the modified prospective transition method, which requires measurement of the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the grant date fair value of the award with the cost to be recognized over the service period. It applies to all awards unvested and granted after the effective date and awards modified, repurchased, or cancelled after that date.
Comprehensive Income	Comprehensive Income Comprehensive income is defined as the change in equity of a business enterprise during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances, except for those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners. GAAP requires that recognized revenue, expenses, gains and losses be included in net income. Although certain changes in assets and liabilities, such as unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities and on derivative activities that qualify and are designated for cash flows hedge accounting, net of taxes, are reported as a separate component of the stockholders’ equity section of the consolidated statements of financial condition, such items, along with net income, are components of comprehensive income.
Commitments and Contingencies	Commitments and Contingencies Liabilities for loss contingencies, arising from claims, assessments, litigation, fines, and penalties and other sources are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the assessment can be reasonably estimated. Legal costs incurred in connection with loss contingencies are expensed as incurred.
Lease Accounting	Lease Accounting Right of use assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement of an arrangement where it is determined at inception that a lease exists. Lease assets represent the right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. These assets and liabilities are initially recognized based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term calculated using our incremental borrowing rate. Lease terms include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that those options will be exercised. The right-of-use asset is measured at the amount of the lease liability adjusted for the remaining balance of any lease incentives received, any cumulative prepaid or accrued rent if the lease payments are uneven throughout the lease term, any unamortized initial direct costs, and any impairment of the right-of-use-asset. Operating lease expense consists of a single lease cost calculated so that the remaining cost of the lease is allocated over the remaining lease term on a straight-line basis, and any impairment of the right-of-use asset. Variable lease payments are generally expensed as incurred and include certain non-lease components, such as maintenance and other services provided by the lessor, and other charges included in the lease. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet, and the expense for these short-term leases and for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. OFG’s leases do not contain residual value guarantees or material variable lease payments. All leases are classified as operating leases.
Subsequent Events	Subsequent Events OFG has evaluated other events subsequent to the balance sheet date and prior to the filing of this annual report on Form 10-K for 2022, and has adjusted and disclosed those events that have occurred that would require adjustment or disclosure in the consolidated financial statements.
New Accounting Updates Not Yet Adopted	New Accounting Updates Not Yet Adopted Fair Value Measurements—Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions Disclosures. In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-03 to clarify that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered in measuring fair value. The amendments also clarify that an entity cannot, as a separate unit of account, recognize and measure a contractual sale restriction and requires certain disclosures for equity securities subject to contractual restrictions. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Entities are permitted to early adopt these amendments, including adoption in any interim period. The amendments should be applied prospectively with any adjustments from the adoption of the amendments recognized in earnings and disclosed on the date of adoption. Upon adoption of this ASU, OFG will consider this guidance for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions. Financial Instruments—Credit Losses Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02 to address the accounting guidance on troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) for creditors in ASC 310-402 and amend the guidance on vintage disclosures to require disclosure of current-period gross write-offs by year of origination. The ASU also updates the requirements related to accounting for credit losses under ASC 326 and adds enhanced disclosures for creditors with respect to loan refinancing and restructurings for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Entities are permitted to early adopt these amendments, including adoption in any interim period, provided that the amendments are adopted as of the beginning of the annual reporting period that includes the interim period of adoption. In addition, entities are permitted to elect to early adopt the amendments related to TDR accounting and related disclosure enhancements separately from the amendments related to the vintage disclosures. We will adopt this guidance when it becomes effective, in the first quarter of 2023 on a prospective basis, and the impact on our financial statements and disclosures is not expected to be material.

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

OFG is a publicly-owned financial holding company incorporated under the laws of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. OFG operates through various subsidiaries including, a commercial bank, Oriental Bank (the “Bank”), a securities broker-dealer and investment adviser, Oriental Financial Services LLC (“Oriental Financial Services”), an insurance agency, Oriental Insurance, LLC (“Oriental Insurance”), a captive reinsurance company, OFG Reinsurance Ltd (“OFG Reinsurance”), a retirement plan administrator, Oriental Pension Consultants, Inc. (“OPC”), and OFG Ventures LLC (“OFG Ventures”), which holds investments. Through these subsidiaries and their respective divisions, OFG provides a wide range of banking and financial services such as commercial, consumer and mortgage lending, auto leasing and lending, financial planning, insurance sales, money management, investment banking and securities brokerage services, as well as corporate and individual trust services. Effective December 31, 2022, OFG sold its retirement plan administration business which was operated under the OPC subsidiary and OPC thereafter discontinued its operations. Annual results include these operations until the date of sale.

OFG conducts its business through its main office in San Juan, Puerto Rico, forty-one branches in Puerto Rico and two branches in the U.S. Virgin Islands (the “USVI”). OFG has three subsidiaries with operations in Puerto Rico: the Bank, Oriental Financial Services and Oriental Insurance; two subsidiaries in the United States, OPC and OFG Ventures; and a subsidiary in the Cayman Islands, OFG Reinsurance. OFG is subject to supervision and regulation by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve Board”) under the U.S. Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended, and the Dodd-Frank Act.

The Bank is subject to the supervision, examination and regulation of the Office of the Commissioner of Financial Institutions of Puerto Rico (“OCFI”) and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”). The Bank offers banking services such as commercial, consumer and mortgage lending, auto leasing and lending, savings and time deposit products, financial planning, and corporate and individual trust services, and capitalizes on its commercial banking network to provide mortgage lending products to its clients. The Bank has an operating subsidiary, OFG USA LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Bank, which is a commercial lender organized in Delaware. Oriental International Bank Inc. (“OIB”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Bank, and Oriental Overseas, a division of the Bank, are international banking entities licensed pursuant to the International Banking Center Regulatory Act of Puerto Rico, as amended. OIB and Oriental Overseas offer the Bank certain Puerto Rico tax advantages. Their activities are limited under Puerto Rico law to persons located in Puerto Rico with assets/liabilities located outside of Puerto Rico. The Bank’s USVI operations are also subject to the supervision, examination and regulation of the USVI Banking Board.

Oriental Financial Services is registered as a securities broker-dealer and as an investment adviser, and is subject to the supervision, examination and regulation of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”), the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), and the OCFI. Oriental Financial Services is also a member of the Securities Investor Protection Corporation. Oriental Insurance is an insurance agency and is subject to the supervision, examination and regulation of the Office of the Commissioner of Insurance of Puerto Rico. OFG Reinsurance is subject to regulation by the Cayman Islands Monetary Authority (the “CIMA”).

OFG’s mortgage banking activities are conducted through a division of the Bank. The mortgage banking activities include the origination of mortgage loans for the Bank’s own portfolio, the sale of loans directly in the secondary market or the securitization of conforming loans into mortgage-backed securities, and the purchase or assumption of the right to service loans originated by others. The Bank originates Federal Housing Administration (“FHA”) insured and Veterans Administration (“VA”) guaranteed mortgages that are primarily securitized for issuance of Government National Mortgage Association (“GNMA”) mortgage-backed securities which can be resold to individual or institutional investors in the secondary market. Conventional loans that meet the underwriting requirements for sale or exchange under certain Federal National Mortgage Association (“FNMA”) or Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“FHLMC”) programs are referred to as conforming mortgage loans and are also securitized for issuance of FNMA or FHLMC mortgage-backed securities. The Bank is an approved seller of FNMA mortgage loans for issuance of FNMA mortgage-backed securities.

The Bank is also an approved issuer of GNMA mortgage-backed securities. The Bank is the master servicer of the GNMA, FNMA and FHLMC pools that it issues and of its mortgage loan portfolio and up to December 31, 2022 had a subservicing arrangement with a third party for a portion of its acquired loan portfolio. This subservicing arrangement will conclude on May 1, 2023. OFG services most of its mortgage loan portfolio.

On December 31, 2019, OFG purchased from the The Bank of Nova Scotia (“BNS”) all outstanding common stock of Scotiabank de Puerto Rico (“SBPR”). Immediately following the closing, OFG merged SBPR with and into the Bank, with the Bank continuing as the surviving entity. As part of this transaction, the Bank also acquired the USVI banking operations of BNS through an acquisition of certain assets (including loans, ATMs and physical branch locations) and an assumption of certain liabilities (including deposits). In addition, OFG acquired certain loans and assumed certain liabilities, from BNS’s Puerto Rico branch. This transaction is referred to as the “Scotiabank Acquisition.”

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of OFG Bancorp and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. The Statutory Trust II was exempt from the consolidation requirements of GAAP.

Business Combinations

Business CombinationsOFG accounted for the Scotiabank Acquisition under the accounting guidance of ASC Topic No. 805, Business Combinations, which requires the use of the acquisition method of accounting. All identifiable assets and liabilities acquired were initially recorded at fair value. No allowance for credit losses related to the acquired loans was recorded on the acquisition date. Loans acquired were recorded at fair value in accordance with the fair value methodology prescribed in ASC Topic 820. These fair value estimates associated with the loans included estimates related to expected prepayments and the amount and timing of expected principal, interest and other cash flows. The valuation of these loans required management to make subjective judgments concerning estimates about how the acquired loans would perform in the future using valuation methods, including discounted cash flow analyses and other factors as market-based and industry data related to expected changes in interest rates, assumptions related to probability and severity of credit losses, estimated timing of credit losses including the timing of foreclosure and liquidation of collateral, expected prepayment rates, and specific industry and market conditions. Refer to Note 2 – Business Combination for further discussion of the Scotiabank Acquisition.

Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amount of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term relate mainly to the determination of the allowance for credit losses, the valuation of securities, the determination of income taxes, impairment of securities, and goodwill valuation and impairment assessment.

Earnings per Common Share

Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing income available to common shareholders (net income reduced by dividends on preferred stock) by the weighted average of outstanding common shares. Diluted earnings per share is similar to the computation of basic earnings per share except that the weighted average of common shares is increased to include the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if the potentially dilutive common shares underlying stock options and restricted units had been issued, assuming that proceeds from exercise are used to repurchase shares in the market (treasury stock method). Any stock splits and dividends are retroactively recognized in all periods presented in the consolidated financial statements.

Cash Equivalents

OFG considers as cash equivalents all money market instruments that are not pledged and that have maturities of three months or less.

Investment Securities

OFG classifies its investments in debt and equity securities into one of four categories:

Held-to-maturity - Securities that management has the intent and ability to hold to maturity. These securities are carried at amortized cost. Since the adoption of current expected credit losses (“CECL”) on January 1, 2020, an allowance for credit losses is established for the expected credit losses over the remaining term of debt securities held to maturity. OFG’s portfolio of held to maturity securities is comprised of US Treasury notes and obligations from the U.S. Government. These securities have an explicit or implicit guarantee from the U.S. government, are highly rated by major rating agencies, and have a long history of no credit losses. Accordingly, OFG applies a zero-credit loss assumption and no ACL for these securities has been established. OFG monitors its securities portfolio composition and credit performance on a quarterly basis to determine if any allowance is considered necessary.

Available for sale - Securities to be held for indefinite periods of time. These securities are carried at fair value. Declines in fair value below the securities’ amortized cost which are not related to estimated credit losses are recorded through other comprehensive income or loss, net of taxes. If OFG intends to sell or believes it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the debt security, it is written down to fair value through earnings. Since the adoption of CECL on January 1, 2020, credit losses relating to available-for-sale debt securities are recorded through an allowance for credit losses (“ACL”), which are limited to the difference between the amortized cost and the fair value of the asset. The ACL is established for the expected credit losses over the remaining term of debt security. OFG’s portfolio of available for sale securities is comprised mainly of U.S. Treasury notes and obligations from the U.S. Government. These securities have an explicit or implicit guarantee from the U.S. government, are highly rated by major rating agencies, and have a long history of no credit losses. Accordingly, OFG applies a zero-credit loss assumption and no ACL for these securities has been established. OFG monitors its securities portfolio composition and credit performance on a quarterly basis to determine if any allowance is considered necessary. Debt securities available-for-sale are written-off when a portion or the entire amount is deemed uncollectible, based on the information considered to develop expected credit losses through the life of the asset. The specific identification method is used to determine realized gains and losses on debt securities available for sale, which are included in net gain (loss) on sale of securities in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Trading - Securities held for resale in anticipation of short-term market movements. These securities are carried at fair value, with changes in unrealized holding gains and losses included in income. Management determines the appropriate classification of securities at the time of purchase.

Equity securities - Equity securities do not have readily available fair values and are measured at cost, less any impairment. Impairment is reviewed on a quarterly basis through a qualitative assessment. Stock that is owned by OFG to comply with regulatory requirements, such as Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) stock, is included in this category, and their realizable value equals their cost. Unrealized and realized gains and losses and any impairment on equity securities are included in net gain (loss) in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Dividend income from investments in equity securities is included in interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Premiums and discounts are amortized to interest income over the life of the related securities using the interest method. Net realized gains or losses on sales of investment securities and unrealized gains and losses valuation adjustments considered other than temporary, if any, on securities classified as either available-for-sale or held-to-maturity are reported separately in the statements of operations. Purchases and sales of securities are recorded at trade date. The cost of securities sold is determined by the specific identification method.

Financial Instruments

Certain financial instruments, including derivatives, trading securities and investment securities available-for-sale, are recorded at fair value and unrealized gains and losses are recorded in other comprehensive (loss) income or as part of non-interest income, as appropriate. Fair values are based on listed market prices, if available. If listed market prices are not available, fair value is determined based on other relevant factors, including price quotations for similar instruments. The fair values of certain derivative contracts are derived from pricing models that consider current market and contractual prices for the underlying financial instruments as the well as time value and yield curve or volatility factors underlying the positions.

OFG determines the fair value of its financial instruments based on the fair value measurement framework, which establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs of valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below:

Level 1 — Level 1 assets and liabilities include equity securities that are traded in an active exchange market. Valuations are obtained from readily available pricing sources for market transactions involving identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 — Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 2 assets and liabilities include (i) mortgage-backed securities for which the fair value is estimated based on valuations obtained from third-party pricing services for identical or comparable assets, (ii) debt securities with quoted prices that are traded less frequently than exchange-traded instruments and (iii) derivative contracts and financial liabilities whose value is determined using a pricing model with inputs that are observable in the market or can be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 assets and liabilities include financial instruments whose value is determined using pricing models for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation.

OFG’s policy is to recognize any transfer into or out of the Levels referred to above at the date of the event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer.

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

OFG uses financial derivatives, as interest rate swaps and caps, to both mitigate exposure to market (primarily interest rate) and credit risks inherent in its business activities, as well as to facilitate customer risk management activities. OFG manages these risks as part of its asset and liability management process and through credit policies and procedures.

OFG recognizes all derivative instruments at fair value as either other assets or derivative liabilities on the consolidated statement of financial condition and the related cash flows in the operating activities section of the consolidated statement of cash flows. Adjustments for counterparty credit risk are included in the determination of fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of a derivative instrument depends on whether it has been designated and qualifies as part of a cash flow or net investment hedging relationship. For all other derivatives, changes in fair value are recognized in earnings.

OFG utilizes a net presentation for derivative instruments on the consolidated statement of financial condition taking into consideration the effects of legally enforceable master netting agreements. Cash collateral exchanged with counterparties is also netted against the applicable derivative exposures by offsetting obligations to return, or general rights to reclaim, cash collateral against the fair values of the net derivatives being collateralized.

For those derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as accounting hedges, OFG designates the hedging instrument, based on the exposure being hedged, as a cash flow hedge. OFG formally documents the relationship between the hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as the risk management objective and strategy, before undertaking an accounting hedge.

To qualify for hedge accounting, the derivatives and related hedged items must be designated as a hedge at inception of the hedge relationship. In addition, a derivative must be highly effective at reducing the risk associated with the exposure being hedged. For accounting hedge relationships, OFG formally assesses, both at the inception of the hedge and on an ongoing basis, if the derivatives are highly effective in offsetting designated changes in the fair value or cash flows of the hedged item. If it is determined that the derivative instrument is not highly effective, hedge accounting is discontinued. OFG assesses effectiveness using statistical regression analysis. Where the critical terms of the derivative and hedged item match, effectiveness may be assessed qualitatively.

For derivatives designated as cash flow hedges (hedging the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows), the gain or loss on derivatives is reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income and subsequently reclassified to income in the same period or periods during which the hedged cash flows affect earnings and recorded in the same income statement line item as the hedged cash flows.

OFG discontinues hedge accounting when it is determined that the derivative no longer qualifies as an effective hedge; the derivative expires or is sold, terminated or exercised; or the derivative is de-designated as a cash flow hedge.

Mortgage Banking Activities and Mortgage Loans Held-For-Sale

The residential mortgage loans reported as held-for-sale are stated at the lower of amortized cost or fair value, cost being determined on the outstanding loan balance less unearned income, and fair value determined in the aggregate. The amount for which amortized cost exceeds fair value is recognized through a valuation allowance by a charge to income in the period in which the change occurs. Realized gains or losses on these loans are determined using the specific identification method. Loans held-for-sale include all conforming mortgage loans originated and purchased, which from time to time Oriental sells to other financial institutions or securitizes conforming mortgage loans into GNMA, FNMA and FHLMC pass-through certificates.

Accounting for Transfers and Servicing of Financial Assets and Extinguishment of Liabilities

OFG recognizes the financial and servicing assets it controls and the liabilities it has incurred, derecognizes financial assets when control has been surrendered, and derecognizes liabilities when extinguished. OFG is not engaged in sales of mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities subject to recourse provisions except for those provisions that allow for the repurchase of loans as a result of a breach of certain representations and warranties other than those related to the credit quality of the loans included in the sale transactions.

The transfer of an entire financial asset, a group of entire financial assets, or a participating interest in an entire financial asset in which OFG surrenders control over the assets is accounted for as a sale if all of the following conditions set forth in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 860 are met: (i) the assets must be isolated from creditors of the transferor, (ii) the transferee must obtain the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (iii) the transferor cannot maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity. When OFG transfers financial assets and the transfer fails any one of these criteria, OFG is prevented from derecognizing the transferred financial assets and the transaction is accounted for as a secured borrowing. For transfers of financial assets that satisfy the conditions to be accounted for as sales, OFG derecognizes all assets sold; recognizes all assets obtained and liabilities incurred in consideration as proceeds of the sale, including servicing assets and servicing liabilities, if applicable; initially measures at fair value assets obtained and liabilities incurred in a sale; and recognizes in earnings any gain or loss on the sale. The guidance on transfer of financial assets requires a true sale analysis of the treatment of the transfer under state law as if OFG was a debtor under the bankruptcy code. A true sale legal analysis includes several legally relevant factors, such as the intent of the parties, the nature and level of recourse to the transferor, and the nature of retained interests in the loans sold. The analytical conclusion as to a true sale is never absolute and unconditional, and contains qualifications based on the inherent equitable powers of a bankruptcy court, as well as any unsettled matters of state law or common law. Once the legal isolation test has been met, other factors concerning the nature and extent of the transferor’s control over the transferred assets are taken into account in order to determine whether derecognition of assets is warranted.

When OFG sells or securitizes mortgage loans, it generally makes customary representations and warranties regarding the characteristics of the loans sold. Conforming conventional mortgage loans are combined into pools which are exchanged for FNMA and GNMA mortgage-backed securities, which are generally sold to private investors, or sold directly to FNMA or other private investors for cash. To the extent the loans do not meet the specified characteristics, investors are generally entitled to require OFG to repurchase such loans or indemnify the investor against losses if the assets do not meet certain guidelines. GNMA programs allow financial institutions to buy back individual delinquent mortgage loans that meet certain criteria from the securitized loan pool for which OFG provides servicing. At OFG’s option and without GNMA’s prior authorization, OFG may repurchase such delinquent loans for an amount equal to 100% of the loan’s remaining principal balance. This buy-back option is considered a conditional option until the delinquency criteria is met, at which time the option becomes unconditional. When the loans backing a GNMA security are initially securitized, OFG treats the transaction as a sale for accounting purposes because the conditional nature of the buy-back option means that OFG does not maintain effective control over the loans and, therefore, these are derecognized from the statement of financial condition. When individual loans later meet GNMA’s specified delinquency criteria and are eligible for repurchase, OFG is

deemed to have regained effective control over these loans, and these must be brought back into OFG’s books as assets, regardless of whether OFG intends to exercise the buy-back option. Quality review procedures are performed by OFG as required under the government agency programs to ensure that asset guideline qualifications are met. OFG has not recorded any specific contingent liability in the consolidated financial statements for these customary representation and warranties related to loans sold by OFG, and management believes that, based on historical data, the probability of payments and expected losses under these representation and warranty arrangements is not significant.

OFG has liability for residential mortgage loans sold subject to credit recourse, principally loans associated with FNMA residential mortgage loan sales and securitization programs. In the event of any customer default, pursuant to the credit recourse provided, OFG is required to repurchase the loan or reimburse the third-party investor for the incurred loss. The maximum potential amount of future payments that OFG would be required to make under the recourse arrangements in the event of nonperformance by the borrowers is equivalent to the total outstanding balance of the residential mortgage loans serviced with recourse and interest, if applicable. In the event of nonperformance by the borrower, OFG has rights to the underlying collateral securing the mortgage loan. OFG suffers ultimate losses on these loans when the proceeds from a foreclosure sale of the property underlying a defaulted mortgage loan are less than the outstanding principal balance of the loan plus any uncollected interest advanced and the costs of holding and disposing the related property. OFG has established a liability to cover the estimated credit loss exposure related to loans sold with credit recourse.

The estimated losses to be absorbed under the credit recourse arrangements are recorded as a liability when the loans are sold or credit recourse is assumed as part of acquired servicing rights, and are updated by accruing or reversing expense (included as mortgage banking activities in the consolidated statements of operations) throughout the life of the loan, as necessary, when additional relevant information becomes available. The methodology used to estimate the recourse liability is a function of the recourse arrangements given and considers historical and forecast loss experience. The methodology leverages the expected loss framework for mortgage loans to estimate expected future losses. The reserve for the estimated losses under the credit recourse arrangements is presented separately within other liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial condition.

Servicing Assets

OFG periodically sells or securitizes mortgage loans while retaining the obligation to perform the servicing of such loans. In addition, OFG may purchase or assume the right to service mortgage loans originated by others. Whenever OFG undertakes an obligation to service a loan, management assesses whether a servicing asset and/or liability should be recognized. A servicing asset is recognized whenever the compensation for servicing is expected to more than adequately compensate OFG for servicing the loans. Likewise, a servicing liability would be recognized in the event that servicing fees to be received are not expected to adequately compensate OFG for its expected cost.

All separately recognized servicing assets are recognized at fair value using the fair value measurement method. Under the fair value measurement method, OFG measures servicing rights at fair value at each reporting date and reports changes in the fair value of servicing asset in the statement of operations in the period in which the changes occur, and includes these changes, if any, with mortgage banking activities in the consolidated statement of operations. The fair value of servicing rights is subject to fluctuations as a result of changes in estimated and actual prepayment speeds and default rates and losses.

The fair value of servicing rights is estimated by using a cash flow valuation model, which calculates the present value of estimated future net servicing cash flows, taking into consideration actual and expected loan prepayment rates, discount rates, servicing costs, and other economic factors, which are determined based on current market conditions.

Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses

Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are reported at amortized cost. Amortized cost is the principal balance outstanding, net of purchase premiums and discounts, deferred loan fees, and costs.

Loans held for investment that were not purchased with credit deterioration are referred to as Non-PCD loans, and loans that were purchased with credit deterioration are referred to as PCD loans.

OFG discontinues accrual of interest after payments become more than 90 days past due or earlier if OFG does not expect the full collection of principal or interest, except for residential mortgage loans insured or guaranteed under applicable FHA and VA programs that are not placed in non-accrual status until they become 12 months or more past due, as they are insured loans. At that time, any accrued income is reversed. The delinquency status is based on the contractual terms of the loans. Loans for which the recognition of interest income has been discontinued are designated as non-accruing. Thereafter, collections are accounted for as a cash method, until qualifying to return to accrual status. Such loans are not reinstated to accrual status until interest is received on a current basis and other factors indicative of doubtful collection cease to exist. The determination as to the ultimate collectability of the loan’s balance may involve management’s judgment in the evaluation of the borrower’s financial condition and prospects for repayment. Interest income is based on the effective yield on the Non-PCD loans.

Purchased Credit Deteriorated (PCD) Loans: OFG has purchased loans, some of which have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination. OFG considered the following factors as indicators that an acquired loan had evidence of deterioration in credit quality: loans that were 90 days or more past due; loans that had an internal loan grade of substandard or worse - substandard loans have a well-defined weakness that jeopardizes collection of the loan; loans that were classified as nonaccrual by the acquired bank at the time of acquisition; and loans that had been previously modified in a troubled debt restructuring. As such, our PCD loans are recorded at the purchase price plus the allowance for credit losses expected at the time of acquisition or implementation of the standard. An allowance for credit losses is determined using an undiscounted cash flow methodology.

Upon adoption of CECL, OFG elected to maintain pools of loans that were previously accounted for under ASC 310-30 and will continue to account for these pools as a unit of account. As such, for these loans, the determination of nonaccrual or accrual status is made at the pool level, not the individual loan level. On the adoption of CECL, the allowance for credit losses was determined for each pool and added to the pool’s carrying amount to establish a new amortized cost basis. The difference between the unpaid principal balance of the pool and the new amortized cost basis is the non-credit premium or discount, which will be amortized interest income over the remaining life of the pool. On a quarterly basis, management will monitor the composition and behavior of the pools to assess the ability for cash flow estimation and timing. If, based on the analysis performed, the pool is classified as non-accrual, the accretion/amortization of the non-credit (discount) premium will cease. Changes to the allowance for credit losses are recorded through the provision expense.

Allowance for Credit Losses (“ACL”) – Loans: OFG adopted CECL, which utilizes a lifetime “expected credit loss” measurement objective for the recognition of credit losses for loans at the time the financial asset is originated or acquired. The allowance for credit losses is adjusted each period for changes in expected credit losses. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Determining the amount of the ACL is complex and requires extensive judgment by management about matters that are inherently uncertain. Re-evaluation of the ACL estimate in future periods in light of changes in the composition and characteristics of the loan portfolio, changes in the reasonable and supportable forecast, and other factors then prevailing may result in material changes in the amount of the ACL and credit loss expense in those future periods. Loans are charged off against the allowance when management believes the uncollectability of a loan balance is confirmed. OFG continues to monitor and modify the level of the ACL to ensure it is adequate.

Our methodology for estimating expected credit losses for our loan portfolios includes the following key components:

•Expected credit losses are estimated on a collective basis for groups of loans that share similar risk characteristics. Factors that may be considered in aggregating loans for this purpose include, but are not necessarily limited to, product or collateral type, internal risk rating, credit characteristics such as credit scores or collateral types, and historical or expected credit loss patterns.

•Credit losses for loans that do not share similar risk characteristics are estimated on an individual basis. Individual evaluations are typically performed for nonaccrual loans, nonaccrual modified loans classified as troubled debt restructurings, and classified loans that do not share common risk characteristics. The lifetime losses for individually measured loans are estimated based on one of several methods, including the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral, the observable market value of similar debt, or the present value of expected cash flows.

•ACL reserves are estimated over the contractual term of the financial asset adjusted for expected prepayments. As part of the calculation of the contractual term, the expected extension is generally not considered unless the option to extend the loan cannot be canceled unilaterally by OFG, and loan modifications are also not considered unless OFG has a reasonable expectation that it will execute a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”). In the case of unconditionally cancellable accounts, such as credit cards, reserves are based on the expected life of the balance as of the evaluation date (assuming no further charges) and do not include any undrawn commitments that are unconditionally cancellable.

•The quantitative model utilizes a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) or undiscounted cash flow (“UDCF”) approach to estimate expected credit losses using the probability of default (“PD”), loss given default (“LGD”), and exposure at default (“EAD”). DCF method is used for most of the Non-PCD portfolio, and the UDCF method for the PCD portfolio. For the EAD, the Company uses a prepayment model which projects prepayments over the life of the loans.

•An economic forecast period based on the relationship of losses with key economic variables for each portfolio segment; OFG has elected a 2-year reasonable and supportable forecast period, with an additional 1-year to mean straight-line reversion occurring within the credit loss models based on the economic inputs. The length of the reasonable and supportable forecast is evaluated at each reporting period and adjusted if deemed necessary.

•Inclusion of qualitative adjustment to consider factors for asset-specific risk characteristics to the extent they do not exist in the historical information that has not been accounted for and could impact the amount of future losses. For example, factors that OFG considers include changes in lending policies and procedures, business conditions, the nature and size of the portfolio, portfolio concentrations, the volume and severity of past due loans and nonaccrual loans, the effect of external factors such as competition, and legal and regulatory requirements, among others.

•The estimate of credit losses includes expected recoveries of amounts previously charged off as well as consideration of expected amounts to be written off. If a loan has been charged off, the expected cash flows on the loan are not limited by the current amortized cost balance. Instead, expected cash flows can be assumed up to the unpaid principal balance immediately prior to the charge-off.

•The ACL excludes accrued interest since all our products are subject to a non-accrual and timely write-off policy, except for accrued interest receivable on loans that participated in the Covid-19 and Hurricane Fiona deferral programs with delinquency status between 30 and 89 days past due, in which a reserve is calculated by applying the corresponding loan projected loss factors to the accrued interest receivable balance. Accrued interest receivable totaled $58.1 million and $54.8 million on December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, reported in accrued interest receivable on the consolidated statement of financial condition. Accrued interest receivable on loans that participated in the Covid-19 and Hurricane Fiona deferral programs amounted to $21.8 million at December 31, 2022 (December 31, 2021 - $23.9 million), of which $20.7 million (December 31, 2021 - $21.5 million) corresponds to loans in current status. Allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivable on loans that participated in the deferral programs amounted to $144 thousand and $161 thousand at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

In our loss forecasting framework, OFG incorporates forward-looking information through the use of macroeconomic scenarios. These macroeconomic scenarios include variables that have historically been key drivers of increases and decreases in credit losses. These variables include, but are not limited to, unemployment rates, employment rates, real estate prices, gross domestic product levels, gross national product levels, and retail sales. As any one economic outlook is inherently uncertain, OFG leverages multiple scenarios. The scenarios that are re-evaluated each quarter and the amount of weighting given to each scenario depend on a variety of factors including recent economic events, leading economic indicators, views of internal as well as third-party economists, and industry trends.

Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized in interest income through the life of the loan.

OFG has identified the following portfolio segments, commercial loans, mortgage loans, consumer loans, and auto loans and leases, and measures the allowance for credit losses using the methods described below for each.

Commercial Loans – The segmentation of commercial loans was established by business line, collateral type, size, and delinquency or risk rating/classification to assess the loans based on common risk characteristics. The segmentation aligns with OFG’s current credit policies and procedures for these portfolios. The estimate of expected credit losses on commercial loans is forecasted using models that estimate credit losses over the loan’s contractual life at an individual loan level. The models use the contractual terms to forecast future principal cash flows while also considering expected prepayments, considering that all our lines of credit are unconditionally cancellable. The loss forecasting model determines the probabilities of transition to different credit risk ratings or defaults at each point over the life of the asset based on the borrower’s current credit risk rating and business segment. Assumptions of expected loss are conditioned to the economic outlook, and the model considers key economic variables such as the unemployment rate, gross national product (“GNP”) (P.R. projections), gross domestic product (U.S. projections), and employment rates (U.S. projections).

Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Individual evaluations are typically performed for nonaccrual loans, nonaccrual modified loans classified as troubled debt restructurings, and classified loans that do not share common risk characteristics. Loans evaluated individually are not included in the collective evaluation. When management determines that foreclosure is probable or when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty at the reporting date and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date, adjusted for selling costs as appropriate, as OFG elected the collateral-dependent practical expedient. For loans evaluated individually that are not collateral dependent, a discounted cash flow method is used to determine the allowance for credit losses.

Commercial loans are placed on non-accrual status when they become 90 days or more past due and are written down, if necessary, based on the specific evaluation of the underlying collateral, if any.

OFG’s lending activities in the continental United States – referred to as U.S. commercial loans – are conducted through OIB and OFG USA. These activities include the purchase of middle market senior secured cash flow loan participations and the purchase of participations of loans to small and medium sized businesses.

OFG participated in the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”), which is a loan program that originated from the CARES Act and was subsequently expanded by the Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act. The PPP was designed to provide U.S. small businesses with cash-flow assistance through loans fully guaranteed by the Small Business Administration (“SBA”). If the borrower met certain criteria and used the proceeds towards certain eligible expenses, the borrower’s obligation to repay the loan can be forgiven up to the full principal amount of the loan and any accrued interest. Upon borrower forgiveness, the SBA pays OFG for the principal and accrued interest owed on the loan. If the full principal of the loan is not forgiven, the loan will operate according to the original loan terms with the 100 percent SBA guaranty remaining. As compensation for originating the loans, OFG received lender processing fees from the SBA, which are capitalized, along with the loan origination costs, and will be amortized over the loans’ contractual lives and recognized as interest income. Upon forgiveness of a loan and repayment by the SBA, any unrecognized net capitalized fees and costs related to the loan will be recognized as interest income in that period.

Mortgage Loans – This segment includes traditional mortgages, non-traditional mortgages, mortgages in the loss mitigation program, residential performing TDRs, and residential non-performing TDRs. The most significant attribute in estimating OFG’s lifetime expected credit losses is the vintage of the traditional mortgage segment. The estimates are based on OFG’s historical experience with the loan portfolio, adjusted to reflect the economic outlook. The outlook on the housing price index and unemployment are key factors that impact the frequency and severity of loss estimates. OFG expects to collect the amortized cost basis of government insured residential loans due to the nature of the government guarantee, so the ACL is zero for these loans.

Mortgage loans are placed on non-accrual status when they become 90 days or more past due and are written-down, if necessary, based on the specific evaluation of the collateral underlying the loan, except for FHA and VA insured mortgage loans which are placed in non-accrual when they become 12 months or more past due. For loans that are more than 180 days past due, with the exception of OFG’s fully insured portfolio, the outstanding balance of loans that is in excess of the estimated property value after adjusting for costs to sell is charged off. If the estimated property value decreases in periods subsequent to the initial charge-off, OFG will record additional charge-offs.

Consumer Loans – This portfolio consists of smaller retail loans such as unsecured personal loans, unsecured personal lines of credit, retail credit cards, and overdrafts. The estimates are based on the OFG’s historical experience with the loan portfolios, adjusted to reflect the economic outlook. The outlook on the GNP and unemployment rate are key factors that impact the frequency and severity of loss estimates. Credit cards are revolving lines of credit without a defined maturity date. OFG elected to apply the remaining life methodology for the credit cards and overdrafts. The remaining life methodology takes projected losses based on the economic forecast for credit cards and historical losses on the overdraft segment, based on the expected remaining life of that pool. Future draws on the credit card lines are excluded from the estimated expected credit losses as they are unconditionally cancellable.

Consumer loans are placed on non-accrual status when they become 90 days past due and written-off when payments are delinquent, 120 days in personal loans, and 180 days in credit cards and personal lines of credit.

Auto loans and leases - This portfolio consists of auto loans and leases. The most significant attribute in estimating OFG’s expected credit losses is the FICO score. The estimates are based on OFG’s historical experience with the loan portfolio, adjusted to reflect the economic outlook. The outlook on retail sales and unemployment are key factors that impact the frequency and severity of loss estimates.

Auto loans and leases are placed on non-accrual status when they become 90 days past due, partially written-off to collateral value when payments are delinquent 120 days, and fully written-off when payments are delinquent 180 days.

For the principal enhancements that management made to its methodology, refer to Note 7 – Allowance for Credit Losses.

Troubled Debt Restructuring

A TDR is the restructuring of a receivable in which OFG, as creditor, grants a concession for legal or economic reasons due to the debtor’s financial difficulties. A concession is granted when, as a result of the restructuring, OFG does not expect to collect all amounts due, according to original contractual terms of the loan agreement. These concessions may include a reduction of the interest rate, principal or accrued interest, extension of the maturity date or other actions intended to minimize potential losses.

To assess whether the debtor is having financial difficulties, OFG evaluates whether it is probable that the debtor will default on any of its debt in the foreseeable future.

Receivables that are restructured in a TDR are presumed to be impaired and are subject to a specific impairment-measurement method. If the repayment of the loan is expected to be provided solely by the underlying collateral and there are no other available sources of repayment, OFG considers the current value of that collateral in determining whether the principal will be paid. For non-collateral dependent loans, the specific reserve is calculated based on the present value of expected cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate.

TDR loans are classified as either accrual or nonaccrual. An accruing loan that is modified in a TDR can remain in accrual status if, based on a current, well-documented credit analysis, collection of principal and interest in accordance with the modified terms is reasonably assured, and the borrower has demonstrated sustained historical repayment performance for a reasonable period before the modification. To restore a non-accruing loan that has been modified in a TDR to accrual status, the credit officer must perform a current, well-documented credit analysis supporting a return to accrual status based on the borrower's financial condition and prospects for repayment under the revised terms. Otherwise, the TDR must remain in nonaccrual status. The analysis must consider the borrower's sustained historical repayment performance for a reasonable period prior to the return-to-accrual date but may take into account payments made for a reasonable period prior to the restructuring if the payments are consistent with the modified terms. A sustained period of repayment performance generally would be a minimum of six consecutive payments and would involve payments in the form of cash or cash equivalents.

OFG implemented various consumer and commercial loan modification programs to provide its borrowers relief from the economic impacts of Covid-19. The majority of OFG’s Covid-19 related loan modifications have not been considered TDRs as they represent short-term delay of payments or other insignificant modifications, whether under OFG’s regular loan modification assessments or the Interagency Statement guidance; or OFG has elected to apply the option to suspend the application of accounting guidance for TDRs as provided under Section 4013 of the CARES Act. To the extent that certain modifications do not meet any of the above criteria, OFG accounts for them as TDRs. For loan modifications that include a payment deferral and are not TDRs, the borrower’s past due and nonaccrual status will not be impacted during the deferral period. These loans are not considered past due until after the deferral period is over and scheduled payments resume. Accrued interest on these Covid-19 modified loans is due when the deferral period ends. The credit quality of these loans is re-evaluated after the deferral period ends. Loans are generally placed on a nonaccrual basis when they become 90 days past due or when there are otherwise serious doubts about the collectability of principal or interest within the existing terms of the loan. OFG’s policy is to write-off all accrued interest on loans when they are placed on nonaccrual status.

Foreclosed Real Estate and Other Repossessed Assets

Foreclosed real estate and other repossessed assets, mainly repossessed automobiles, are initially recorded at the fair value of the real estate or repossessed assets less the cost of selling it at the date of foreclosure or repossession. At the time properties are acquired in full or partial satisfaction of loans, any excess of the loan balance over the estimated fair value of the property is charged against the allowance for credit losses. After foreclosure or repossession, these properties are carried at the lower of cost or fair value less estimated cost to sell based on recent appraised values or options to purchase the foreclosed or repossessed assets. Any excess of the carrying value over the estimated fair value, less estimated costs to sell, is charged to non-interest expense. The costs and expenses associated to holding these properties in portfolio are expensed as incurred.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill is recognized when the purchase price is higher than the fair value of net assets acquired in business combinations under the purchase method of accounting. OFG’s goodwill is not amortized to expense but is tested for impairment at least annually, and on a more frequent basis, if events or circumstances indicate impairment could have taken place. Such events could include, among others, a significant adverse change in the business climate, an adverse action by a regulator, an unanticipated change in the competitive environment, and a decision to change the operations or dispose of a reporting unit.

A quantitative annual impairment test is not required if, based on a qualitative analysis, OFG determines that the existence of events and circumstances indicates that it is more likely than not that goodwill is not impaired. OFG performs an annual goodwill impairment test as of October 31 and monitors for interim triggering events on an ongoing basis. OFG tests for impairment based on the allocation of goodwill and other assets and liabilities, as necessary, to defined reporting segments. A fair value is then determined for each reporting segment. If the fair values of the reporting segments exceed their book values, no write-down of the recorded goodwill is necessary. If the fair values are less than the book values, an additional valuation procedure is necessary to assess the proper carrying value of the goodwill.

Reporting segment valuation is inherently subjective, with a number of factors based on assumptions and management judgments or estimates. Actual values may differ significantly from such estimates. Among these are future growth rates for the reporting segments, selection of comparable market transactions, discount rates, and earnings capitalization rates. Changes in assumptions and results due to economic conditions, industry factors, and reporting unit performance and cash flow projections could result in different assessments of the fair values of reporting segments and could result in impairment charges. If an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting segment below its carrying amount, an interim impairment test is required.

Other identifiable intangible assets with a finite useful life, mainly core deposits and customer relationships, are amortized using various methods over the periods benefited, which range from 3 to 10 years. These intangibles are evaluated periodically for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Impairments on intangible assets with a finite useful life are evaluated under the guidance for impairment or disposal of long-lived assets.

Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is provided using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of each type of asset. Amortization of leasehold improvements is computed using the straight-line method over the terms of the leases or estimated useful lives of the improvements, whichever is shorter.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

OFG periodically reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. In performing the review for recoverability, an estimate of the future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition is made. If the sum of the future cash flows (undiscounted and without interest charges) is less than the carrying amount of the assets, an impairment loss is recognized. The amount of the impairment is the excess of the carrying amount over the fair value of the asset. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, there was no indication of impairment as a result of such review.

Off-Balance Sheet Instruments

In the ordinary course of business, OFG enters into off-balance sheet instruments consisting of commitments to extend credit, further discussed in Note 25 – Commitments and Contingencies hereto. Such financial instruments are recorded in the financial statements when these are funded or related fees are incurred or received. OFG periodically evaluates the credit risks inherent in these commitments and establishes reserves for such risks if and when these are deemed necessary.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures

OFG estimates the expected credit losses related to unfunded lending commitments such as letters of credit, financial guarantees, unfunded banker’s acceptances, and binding loan commitments. Reserves are estimated for the unfunded exposure using the same factors as the funded exposure and are reported as reserves for unfunded lending commitments. Net adjustments to the reserve for unfunded commitments are included in the provision for credit losses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Income Taxes

In preparing the consolidated financial statements, OFG is required to estimate income taxes. This involves an estimate of current income tax expense together with an assessment of deferred taxes resulting from differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. The determination of current income tax expense involves estimates and assumptions that require OFG to assume certain positions based on its interpretation of current tax laws and regulations. Changes in assumptions affecting estimates may be required in the future, and estimated tax assets or liabilities may need to be increased or decreased accordingly. The accrual for tax contingencies is adjusted in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the progress of tax audits, case law and emerging legislation. When particular matters arise, a number of years may elapse before such matters are audited and finally resolved. Favorable resolution of such matters could be recognized as a reduction to OFG’s effective tax rate in the year of resolution. Unfavorable settlement of any particular issue could increase the effective tax rate and may require the use of cash in such year.

On June 30, 2020, OFS made the election to be treated as a partnership for income tax purposes which was effective on January 1, 2020. As such, OFS is currently a pass-through entity not subject to income taxes at the company level, and the parent will be subject to Puerto Rico income taxes on its distributable share of OFS taxable income under the partnership provisions of the PR Code. At the date of the election all tax attributes of OFS were also transferred to the parent. The same tax treatment applies to Oriental Insurance since its tax election to be treated as a partnership effective on January 1, 2016. Pursuant to these elections OFG is required to pay income taxes on its distributable share of earnings and profits of both entities. In the case of losses reported by any of the entities, such losses may be offset with the taxable income of the other entity. However, OFG is not permitted to use its operating losses to offset the taxable income of its partnerships.

The determination of deferred tax expense or benefit is based on changes in the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities that generate temporary differences. The carrying value of OFG’s net deferred tax assets assumes that it will be able to generate sufficient future taxable income based on estimates and assumptions. If these estimates and related assumptions change in the future, OFG may be required to record valuation allowances against its deferred tax assets resulting in additional income tax expense in the consolidated statements of operations.

Management evaluates on a regular basis whether the deferred tax assets can be realized and assesses the need for a valuation allowance. A valuation allowance is established when management believes that it is more likely than not that some portion of its deferred tax assets will not be realized. Changes in valuation allowance from period to period are included in OFG’s tax provision in the period of change.

In addition to valuation allowances, OFG establishes accruals for uncertain tax positions when, despite the belief that OFG’s tax return positions are fully supported, OFG believes that certain positions are likely to be challenged. The accruals for uncertain tax positions are adjusted in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the progress of tax audits, case law, and emerging legislation. The accruals for OFG’s uncertain tax positions are reflected as income tax payable as a component of accrued expenses and other liabilities. These accruals are reduced upon expiration of the applicable statute of limitations.

OFG follows a two-step approach for recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement.

OFG’s policy is to include interest and penalties related to unrecognized income tax benefits within the provision for income taxes on the consolidated statements of operations.

OFG is potentially subject to income tax audits in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico for taxable years 2018 to 2021, until the applicable statute of limitations expires. In addition, OFG’s US subsidiaries are potentially subject to income tax audits by the IRS for taxable years 2019 to 2021. Tax audits by their nature are often complex and can require several years to complete.

Revenue Recognition

ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), establishes principles for reporting information about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from the entity's contracts to provide goods or services to customers. The core principle requires an entity to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that it expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for those goods or services recognized as performance obligations are satisfied.

The majority of our revenue-generating transactions are not subject to ASC 606, including revenue generated from financial instruments, such as our loans, letters of credit, derivatives and investment securities, as well as revenue related to our mortgage servicing activities, as these activities are subject to other GAAP discussed elsewhere within our disclosures.

Revenue-generating activities that are within the scope of ASC 606, which are presented in OFG’s statement of operations as components of non-interest income are described in Note 29 – Banking and Financial Service Revenues.

Stock-Based Compensation Plan

OFG’s 2007 Omnibus Performance Incentive Plan, as amended and restated (the “Omnibus Plan”), provides for equity-based compensation incentives through the grant of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted units and dividend equivalents, as well as equity-based performance awards. The Omnibus Plan was adopted in 2007, amended and restated in 2008, and further amended in 2010 and 2013.

The purpose of the Omnibus Plan is to provide flexibility to OFG to attract, retain and motivate directors, officers, and key employees through the grant of awards based on performance and to adjust its compensation practices to the best compensation practice and corporate governance trends as they develop from time to time. The Omnibus Plan is further intended to motivate high levels of individual performance coupled with increased shareholder returns. Therefore, awards under the Omnibus Plan (each, an “Award”) are intended to be based upon the recipient’s individual performance, corporate performance, level of responsibility and potential to make significant contributions to OFG. Generally, the Omnibus Plan will terminate as of (a) the date when no more of OFG’s shares of common stock are available for issuance under the Omnibus Plan or, (b) if earlier, the date the Omnibus Plan is terminated by OFG’s Board of Directors.

The Board’s Compensation Committee (the “Committee”), or such other committee as the Board may designate, has full authority to interpret and administer the Omnibus Plan in order to carry out its provisions and purposes. The Committee has the authority to determine those persons eligible to receive an Award and to establish the terms and conditions of any Award. The Committee may delegate, subject to such terms or conditions or guidelines as it shall determine, to any employee or group of employees any portion of its authority and powers under the Omnibus Plan with respect to participants who are not directors or executive officers subject to the reporting requirements under Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Only the Committee may exercise authority in respect to Awards granted to such participants.

The expected term of stock options granted represents the period of time that such options are expected to be outstanding. Expected volatilities are based on historical volatility of OFG’s shares of common stock over the most recent period equal to the expected term of the stock options. For stock options issued during 2015, the expected volatilities are based on both historical and implied volatility of OFG’s shares of common stock.

OFG follows the fair value method of recording stock-based compensation. OFG used the modified prospective transition method, which requires measurement of the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the grant date fair value of the award with the cost to be recognized over the service period. It applies to all awards unvested and granted after the effective date and awards modified, repurchased, or cancelled after that date.

Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive income is defined as the change in equity of a business enterprise during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances, except for those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners. GAAP requires that recognized revenue, expenses, gains and losses be included in net income. Although certain changes in assets and liabilities, such as unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities and on derivative activities that qualify and are designated for cash flows hedge accounting, net of taxes, are reported as a separate component of the stockholders’ equity section of the consolidated statements of financial condition, such items, along with net income, are components of comprehensive income.

Commitments and Contingencies

Liabilities for loss contingencies, arising from claims, assessments, litigation, fines, and penalties and other sources are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the assessment can be reasonably estimated. Legal costs incurred in connection with loss contingencies are expensed as incurred.

Lease Accounting

Right of use assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement of an arrangement where it is determined at inception that a lease exists. Lease assets represent the right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. These assets and liabilities are initially recognized based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term calculated using our incremental borrowing rate. Lease terms include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that those options will be exercised. The right-of-use asset is measured at the amount of the lease liability adjusted for the remaining balance of any lease incentives received, any cumulative prepaid or accrued rent if the lease payments are uneven throughout the lease term, any unamortized initial direct costs, and any impairment of the right-of-use-asset.

Operating lease expense consists of a single lease cost calculated so that the remaining cost of the lease is allocated over the remaining lease term on a straight-line basis, and any impairment of the right-of-use asset. Variable lease payments are generally expensed as incurred and include certain non-lease components, such as maintenance and other services provided by the lessor, and other charges included in the lease. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet, and the expense for these short-term leases and for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

OFG’s leases do not contain residual value guarantees or material variable lease payments. All leases are classified as operating leases.

Subsequent Events

OFG has evaluated other events subsequent to the balance sheet date and prior to the filing of this annual report on Form 10-K for 2022, and has adjusted and disclosed those events that have occurred that would require adjustment or disclosure in the consolidated financial statements.

New Accounting Updates Not Yet Adopted

Fair Value Measurements—Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions Disclosures. In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-03 to clarify that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered in measuring fair value. The amendments also clarify that an entity cannot, as a separate unit of account, recognize and measure a contractual sale restriction and requires certain disclosures for equity securities subject to contractual restrictions. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Entities are permitted to early adopt these amendments, including adoption in any interim period. The amendments should be applied prospectively with any adjustments from the adoption of the amendments recognized in earnings and disclosed on the date of adoption. Upon adoption of this ASU, OFG will consider this guidance for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions.

Financial Instruments—Credit Losses Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02 to address the accounting guidance on troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) for creditors in ASC 310-402 and amend the guidance on vintage disclosures to require disclosure of current-period gross write-offs by year of origination. The ASU also updates the requirements related to accounting for credit losses under ASC 326 and adds enhanced disclosures for creditors with respect to loan refinancing and restructurings for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Entities are permitted to early adopt these amendments, including adoption in any interim period, provided that the amendments are adopted as of the beginning of the annual reporting period that includes the interim period of adoption. In addition, entities are permitted to elect to early adopt the amendments related to TDR accounting and related disclosure enhancements separately from the amendments related to the vintage disclosures. We will adopt this guidance when it becomes effective, in the first quarter of 2023 on a prospective basis, and the impact on our financial statements and disclosures is not expected to be material.