NPORT-EX 2 fp0086070-1_nportex.htm

 

Liberty All-Star® Equity Fund

Schedule of Investments 

 

September 30, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

   SHARES   VALUE 
COMMON STOCKS (96.76%)        
COMMUNICATION SERVICES (5.63%)
Entertainment (0.76%)
Netflix, Inc.(a)   25,035   $9,453,216 
Walt Disney Co.(a)   40,170    3,255,778 
         12,708,994 
Interactive Media & Services (3.25%)          
Alphabet, Inc., Class A(a)   134,470    17,596,744 
Alphabet, Inc., Class C(a)   276,184    36,414,861 
         54,011,605 
           
Media (1.62%)          
Charter Communications, Inc., Class A(a)   22,843    10,046,808 
Omnicom Group, Inc.   115,075    8,570,786 
Trade Desk, Inc., Class A(a)   105,216    8,222,631 
         26,840,225 
CONSUMER DISCRETIONARY (12.35%)          
Automobile Components (1.90%)          
Cie Generale des Etablissements Michelin SCA(b)(c)   420,100    6,402,324 
Lear Corp.   109,726    14,725,229 
Magna International, Inc., Class A(c)   194,419    10,422,803 
         31,550,356 
Broadline Retail (2.39%)          
Amazon.com, Inc.(a)   312,436    39,716,864 
           
Hotels, Restaurants & Leisure (2.58%)          
Booking Holdings, Inc.(a)   6,734    20,767,319 
Starbucks Corp.   109,542    9,997,899 
Yum! Brands, Inc.   96,347    12,037,594 
         42,802,812 
Household Durables (2.36%)          
Lennar Corp., Class A   89,000    9,988,470 
Newell Brands, Inc.   783,352    7,073,669 
Sony Group Corp.(b)(c)   268,330    22,113,075 
         39,175,214 
Specialty Retail (1.70%)          
CarMax, Inc.(a)   142,513    10,079,944 
Home Depot, Inc.   27,375    8,271,630 
TJX Cos., Inc.   48,411    4,302,770 
Ulta Beauty, Inc.(a)   14,155    5,654,215 
         28,308,559 

 

See Notes to Schedule of Investments.

 

8 www.all-starfunds.com

 

 

Liberty All-Star® Equity Fund

Schedule of Investments 

 

September 30, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

   SHARES   VALUE 
COMMON STOCKS (continued)          
Textiles, Apparel & Luxury Goods (1.42%)          
Gildan Activewear, Inc.(c)   322,869   $9,043,561 
NIKE, Inc., Class B   72,716    6,953,104 
PVH Corp.   77,568    5,934,727 
Skechers U.S.A., Inc., Class A(a)   34,199    1,674,041 
         23,605,433 
CONSUMER STAPLES (4.54%)          
Beverages (0.85%)          
Coca-Cola Co.   132,500    7,417,350 
Constellation Brands, Inc., Class A   26,700    6,710,511 
         14,127,861 
Consumer Staples Distribution & Retail (1.82%)          
Costco Wholesale Corp.   20,719    11,705,406 
Dollar Tree, Inc.(a)   74,772    7,959,480 
SYSCO Corp.   159,323    10,523,284 
         30,188,170 
Food Products (0.37%)          
Tyson Foods, Inc., Class A   123,530    6,237,030 
           
Household Products (0.43%)          
Procter & Gamble Co.   49,400    7,205,484 
           
Multiline Retail (0.51%)          
Dollar General Corp.   79,742    8,436,704 
           
Personal Care Products (0.56%)          
Unilever PLC(b)   187,331    9,254,151 
           
ENERGY (2.45%)          
Energy Equipment & Services (1.00%)          
Halliburton Co.   76,599    3,102,259 
NOV, Inc.   316,776    6,620,618 
Schlumberger NV   116,865    6,813,230 
         16,536,107 
Oil, Gas & Consumable Fuels (1.45%)          
Coterra Energy, Inc.   300,600    8,131,230 
Phillips 66   61,100    7,341,165 
Shell PLC(b)   134,846    8,681,386 
         24,153,781 

 

See Notes to Schedule of Investments.

 

Third Quarter Report (Unaudited)  |  September 30, 2023 9

 

 

Liberty All-Star® Equity Fund

Schedule of Investments 

 

September 30, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

   SHARES   VALUE 
COMMON STOCKS (continued)        
FINANCIALS (20.86%)
Banks (4.38%)
Bank of America Corp.   343,426   $9,403,004 
Citigroup, Inc.   311,076    12,794,556 
Commerce Bancshares, Inc.   73,710    3,536,606 
Cullen/Frost Bankers, Inc.   52,400    4,779,404 
JPMorgan Chase & Co.   69,655    10,101,368 
Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group, Inc.(b)(c)   613,500    5,208,615 
PNC Financial Services Group, Inc.   45,800    5,622,866 
U.S. Bancorp   204,301    6,754,191 
Wells Fargo & Co.   357,023    14,587,960 
         72,788,570 
Capital Markets (6.05%)          
Ameriprise Financial, Inc.   28,600    9,428,848 
BlackRock, Inc.   9,656    6,242,508 
Blackstone Group LP   70,600    7,564,084 
Charles Schwab Corp.   344,521    18,914,203 
Goldman Sachs Group, Inc.   16,458    5,325,315 
MSCI, Inc.   23,530    12,072,772 
Northern Trust Corp.   119,642    8,312,726 
S&P Global, Inc.   73,225    26,757,147 
UBS Group AG   242,844    5,986,105 
         100,603,708 
Consumer Finance (1.61%)          
American Express Co.   52,531    7,837,100 
Capital One Financial Corp.   194,392    18,865,743 
         26,702,843 
Financial Services (5.93%)          
Berkshire Hathaway, Inc., Class B(a)   46,789    16,390,187 
Equitable Holdings, Inc.   371,413    10,544,415 
FleetCor Technologies, Inc.(a)   33,067    8,443,328 
Global Payments, Inc.   54,153    6,248,714 
Mastercard, Inc., Class A   32,723    12,955,363 
PayPal Holdings, Inc.(a)   55,445    3,241,315 
Visa, Inc., Class A   150,142    34,534,161 
Voya Financial, Inc.   92,584    6,152,207 
         98,509,690 
Insurance (2.89%)          
American International Group, Inc.   85,780    5,198,268 
Aon PLC, Class A   42,427    13,755,682 
Arch Capital Group, Ltd.(a)   98,389    7,842,587 
MetLife, Inc.   205,815    12,947,822 

 

See Notes to Schedule of Investments.

 

10 www.all-starfunds.com

 

 

Liberty All-Star® Equity Fund

Schedule of Investments 

 

September 30, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

   SHARES   VALUE 
COMMON STOCKS (continued)        
Insurance (continued)          
Progressive Corp.   60,112   $8,373,601 
         48,117,960 
HEALTH CARE (13.99%)          
Biotechnology (1.15%)          
Amgen, Inc.   33,500    9,003,460 
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.(a)   12,214    10,051,633 
         19,055,093 
Health Care Equipment & Supplies (4.14%)          
Alcon, Inc.   95,200    7,336,112 
Align Technology, Inc.(a)   13,452    4,107,165 
Baxter International, Inc.   198,892    7,506,184 
Boston Scientific Corp.(a)   159,769    8,435,803 
Dexcom, Inc.(a)   72,142    6,730,849 
Intuitive Surgical, Inc.(a)   24,264    7,092,125 
Koninklijke Philips NV(c)   405,046    8,076,617 
Medtronic PLC   161,322    12,641,192 
Smith & Nephew PLC(b)   278,538    6,899,386 
         68,825,433 
Health Care Providers & Services (3.91%)          
Cardinal Health, Inc.   52,166    4,529,052 
Fresenius Medical Care AG & Co. KGaA(b)   854,142    18,398,219 
UnitedHealth Group, Inc.   83,429    42,064,067 
         64,991,338 
Life Sciences Tools & Services (3.04%)          
Danaher Corp.   91,513    22,704,375 
IQVIA Holdings, Inc.(a)   82,427    16,217,512 
Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.   22,908    11,595,343 
         50,517,230 
Pharmaceuticals (1.75%)          
Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.   137,360    7,972,374 
Merck & Co., Inc.   78,500    8,081,575 
Pfizer, Inc.   76,452    2,535,913 
Zoetis, Inc.   60,774    10,573,461 
         29,163,323 
INDUSTRIALS (7.68%)          
Aerospace & Defense (0.39%)          
General Dynamics Corp.   29,400    6,496,518 
           
Building Products (2.09%)          
Carlisle Cos., Inc.   40,984    10,625,512 

 

See Notes to Schedule of Investments.

 

Third Quarter Report (Unaudited)  |  September 30, 2023 11

 

 

Liberty All-Star® Equity Fund

Schedule of Investments 

 

September 30, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

   SHARES   VALUE 
COMMON STOCKS (continued)        
Building Products (continued)          
Carrier Global Corp.   218,598   $12,066,610 
Masco Corp.   225,229    12,038,490 
         34,730,612 
Commercial Services & Supplies (0.41%)          
Waste Connections, Inc.   51,189    6,874,683 
           
Electrical Equipment (0.28%)          
Eaton Corp. PLC   21,476    4,580,401 
           
Ground Transportation (0.60%)          
Canadian Pacific Kansas City, Ltd.   134,874    10,035,974 
         10,035,974 
           
Industrial Conglomerates (0.94%)          
General Electric Co.   75,902    8,390,966 
Honeywell International, Inc.   39,000    7,204,860 
         15,595,826 
Machinery (1.96%)          
Oshkosh Corp.   49,700    4,742,871 
Parker-Hannifin Corp.   28,900    11,257,128 
Wabtec Corp.   92,513    9,831,357 
Xylem, Inc.   73,400    6,681,602 
         32,512,958 
Trading Companies & Distributors (1.01%)          
Ferguson PLC   102,590    16,872,977 
           
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (20.40%)          
Electronic Equipment & Instruments (0.38%)          
TE Connectivity Ltd.   51,086    6,310,654 
           
Electronic Equipment, Instruments & Components (1.23%)          
CDW Corp.   64,607    13,035,108 
Teledyne Technologies, Inc.(a)   18,026    7,365,063 
         20,400,171 
IT Services (1.64%)          
Amdocs, Ltd.   67,795    5,727,999 
Cognizant Technology Solutions Corp., Class A   183,958    12,461,315 
Gartner, Inc.(a)   16,088    5,527,998 
Snowflake, Inc., Class A(a)   22,616    3,455,046 
         27,172,358 

 

See Notes to Schedule of Investments.

 

12 www.all-starfunds.com

 

 

Liberty All-Star® Equity Fund

Schedule of Investments 

 

September 30, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

   SHARES   VALUE 
COMMON STOCKS (continued)        
Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment (4.79%)          
ASML Holding N.V.   13,714   $8,072,883 
Enphase Energy, Inc.(a)   26,570    3,192,385 
Microchip Technology, Inc.   121,800    9,506,490 
Micron Technology, Inc.   197,465    13,433,544 
NVIDIA Corp.   87,541    38,079,460 
QUALCOMM, Inc.   66,400    7,374,384 
         79,659,146 
Software (12.36%)          
Adobe, Inc.(a)   42,421    21,630,468 
ANSYS, Inc.(a)   31,000    9,224,050 
Autodesk, Inc.(a)   84,854    17,557,141 
Crowdstrike Holdings, Inc., Class A(a)   48,759    8,161,281 
Intuit, Inc.   19,951    10,193,764 
Microsoft Corp.   181,873    57,426,400 
Palo Alto Networks, Inc.(a)   29,129    6,829,003 
Salesforce, Inc.(a)   95,292    19,323,312 
SAP SE(b)   79,998    10,345,341 
ServiceNow, Inc.(a)   57,357    32,060,269 
Workday, Inc., Class A(a)   59,048    12,686,463 
         205,437,492 
MATERIALS (5.61%)          
Chemicals (3.71%)          
Corteva, Inc.   213,500    10,922,660 
Dow, Inc.   299,505    15,442,478 
Ecolab, Inc.   109,700    18,583,180 
RPM International, Inc.   77,800    7,376,218 
Sherwin-Williams Co.   36,371    9,276,423 
         61,600,959 
Construction Materials (0.59%)          
Martin Marietta Materials, Inc.   24,000    9,851,520 
           
Containers & Packaging (1.31%)          
Avery Dennison Corp.   78,934    14,418,874 
Ball Corp.   146,405    7,288,041 
         21,706,915 
REAL ESTATE (1.84%)          
Residential REITs (0.36%)          
Equity LifeStyle Properties, Inc.   93,500    5,956,885 

 

See Notes to Schedule of Investments.

 

Third Quarter Report (Unaudited)  |  September 30, 2023 13

 

 

Liberty All-Star® Equity Fund

Schedule of Investments 

 

September 30, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

   SHARES   VALUE 
COMMON STOCKS (continued)        
Specialized REITs (1.48%)          
American Tower Corp.   50,247   $8,263,119 
Crown Castle, Inc.   50,600    4,656,718 
Equinix, Inc.   16,028    11,640,495 
         24,560,332 
UTILITIES (1.41%)          
Electric Utilities (0.95%)          
Edison International   143,112    9,057,559 
Xcel Energy, Inc.   118,000    6,751,960 
         15,809,519 
Gas Utilities (0.46%)          
Atmos Energy Corp.   72,300    7,658,739 
           
TOTAL COMMON STOCKS          
(COST OF $1,410,840,715)        1,607,959,177 
           
SHORT TERM INVESTMENTS (4.81%)          
MONEY MARKET FUND (3.07%)          
State Street Institutional US Government Money Market Fund, 5.29%(d)          
(COST OF $51,047,461)   51,047,461    51,047,461 
           
INVESTMENTS PURCHASED WITH COLLATERAL FROM SECURITIES LOANED (1.74%)          
State Street Navigator Securities Lending Government Money Market Portfolio, 5.36%          
(COST OF $28,959,271)   28,959,271    28,959,271 
           
TOTAL SHORT TERM INVESTMENTS          
(COST OF $80,006,732)        80,006,732 
           
TOTAL INVESTMENTS (101.57%)          
(COST OF $1,490,847,447)        1,687,965,909 
           
LIABILITIES IN EXCESS OF OTHER ASSETS (-1.57%)        (26,152,727)
           
NET ASSETS (100.00%)       $1,661,813,182 
           
NET ASSET VALUE PER SHARE          
(273,757,654 SHARES OUTSTANDING)       $6.07 

 

See Notes to Schedule of Investments.

 

14 www.all-starfunds.com

 

 

Liberty All-Star® Equity Fund

Schedule of Investments 

 

September 30, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

(a) Non-income producing security.
(b) American Depositary Receipt.
(c) Security, or a portion of the security position, is currently on loan. The total market value of securities on loan is $38,075,916.
(d) Rate reflects seven-day effective yield on September 30, 2023.

 

See Notes to Schedule of Investments.

 

Third Quarter Report (Unaudited)  |  September 30, 2023 15

 

 

Liberty All-Star® Equity Fund

Notes to Schedule of Investments
 

September 30, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

Security Valuation  

Equity securities are valued at the last sale price at the close of the principal exchange on which they trade, except for securities listed on the NASDAQ Stock Market LLC (“NASDAQ”), which are valued at the NASDAQ official closing price. Unlisted securities or listed securities for which there were no sales during the day are valued at the closing bid price on such exchanges or over-the-counter markets.

 

Cash collateral from securities lending activity is reinvested in the State Street Navigator Securities Lending Government Money Market Portfolio (“State Street Navigator”), a registered investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the “1940 Act”), which operates as a money market fund in compliance with Rule 2a-7 under the 1940 Act. Shares of registered investment companies are valued daily at that investment company’s net asset value (“NAV”) per share.

 

The Fund’s investments are valued at market value or, in the absence of market value with respect to any portfolio securities, at fair value according to procedures adopted by the Fund's Board of Trustees (the "Board"). The Board has designated ALPS Advisors, Inc. (the “Advisor”) as the Fund’s Valuation Designee. The Valuation Designee is responsible for determining fair value in good faith for all Fund investments, subject to oversight by the Board. When market quotations are not readily available, or in management’s judgment they do not accurately reflect fair value of a security, or an event occurs after the market close but before the Fund is priced that materially affects the value of a security, the security will be valued by the Advisor’s Valuation Committee using fair valuation procedures established by the Valuation Designee. Examples of potentially significant events that could materially impact a Fund’s NAV include, but are not limited to: single issuer events such as corporate actions, reorganizations, mergers, spin-offs, liquidations, acquisitions and buyouts; corporate announcements on earnings or product offerings; regulatory news; and litigation and multiple issuer events such as governmental actions; natural disasters or armed conflicts that affect a country or a region; or significant market fluctuations. Potential significant events are monitored by the Advisor, Sub-Advisers and/or the Valuation Committee through independent reviews of market indicators, general news sources and communications from the Fund’s custodian. As of September 30, 2023, the Fund held no securities that were fair valued.

 

Security Transactions  

Security transactions are recorded on trade date. Cost is determined and gains/(losses) are based upon the specific identification method for both financial statement and federal income tax purposes.

 

Income Recognition  

Interest income is recorded on the accrual basis. Corporate actions and dividend income are recorded on the ex-date.

 

The Fund estimates components of distributions from real estate investment trusts (“REITs”). Distributions received in excess of income are recorded as a reduction of the cost of the related investments. Once the REIT reports annually the tax character of its distributions, the Fund revises its estimates. If the Fund no longer owns the applicable securities, any distributions received in excess of income are recorded as realized gains.

 

 

16 www.all-starfunds.com

 

 

Liberty All-Star® Equity Fund

Notes to Schedule of Investments
 

September 30, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

Lending of Portfolio Securities 

The Fund may lend its portfolio securities only to borrowers that are approved by the Fund’s securities lending agent, State Street Bank & Trust Co. (“SSB”). The Fund will limit such lending to not more than 30% of the value of its total assets. The borrower pledges and maintains with the Fund collateral consisting of cash (U.S. Dollar only), securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities, or by irrevocable bank letters of credit issued by a person other than the borrower or an affiliate of the borrower. The initial collateral received by the Fund is required to have a value of no less than 102% of the market value of the loaned securities for securities traded on U.S. exchanges and a value of no less than 105% of the market value for all other securities. The collateral is maintained thereafter, at a market value equal to no less than 100% of the current value of the securities on loan. The market value of the loaned securities is determined at the close of each business day and any additional required collateral is delivered to the Fund on the next business day. During the term of the loan, the Fund is entitled to all distributions made on or in respect of the loaned securities. Loans of securities are terminable at any time and the borrower, after notice, is required to return borrowed securities within the standard time period for settlement of securities transactions.

 

Any cash collateral received is reinvested in State Street Navigator. Non-cash collateral, in the form of securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities, is not disclosed in the Fund’s Schedule of Investments as it is held by the lending agent on behalf of the Fund, and the Fund does not have the ability to re-hypothecate these securities.

 

The following is a summary of the Fund’s securities lending positions and related cash and non-cash collateral received as of September 30, 2023:

 

Market Value of

Securities on Loan

   Cash
 Collateral Received
   Non-Cash
Collateral Received
   Total
Collateral Received
 
$38,075,916    $28,959,271    $10,204,418   $39,163,689 

 

The risks of securities lending include the risk that the borrower may not provide additional collateral when required or may not return the securities when due. To mitigate these risks, the Fund benefits from a borrower default indemnity provided by SSB. SSB’s indemnity allows for full replacement of securities lent wherein SSB will purchase the unreturned loaned securities on the open market by applying the proceeds of the collateral, or to the extent such proceeds are insufficient or the collateral is unavailable, SSB will purchase the unreturned loan securities at SSB’s expense. However, the Fund could suffer a loss if the value of the investments purchased with cash collateral falls below the value of the cash collateral received.

 

Fair Value Measurements  

The Fund discloses the classification of its fair value measurements following a three-tier hierarchy based on the inputs used to measure fair value. Inputs refer broadly to the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, including assumptions about risk. Inputs may be observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability that are developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity. Unobservable inputs reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability that are developed based on the best information available.

 

 

Third Quarter Report (Unaudited)  |  September 30, 2023 17

 

 

Liberty All-Star® Equity Fund

Notes to Schedule of Investments
 

September 30, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

Valuation techniques used to value the Fund’s investments by major category are as follows:

 

Equity securities that are valued based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets are categorized as Level 1 in the hierarchy. In the event there were no sales during the day or closing prices are not available, securities are valued at the mean of the most recent quoted bid and ask prices on such day and are generally categorized as Level 2 in the hierarchy. Investments in open-end mutual funds are valued at their closing NAV each business day and are categorized as Level 1 in the hierarchy.

 

Various inputs are used in determining the value of the Fund’s investments as of the end of the reporting period. When inputs used fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the level in the hierarchy within which the fair value measurement falls is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The designated input levels are not necessarily an indication of the risk or liquidity associated with these investments.

 

These inputs are categorized in the following hierarchy under applicable financial accounting standards:

 

Level 1 Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical investments, unrestricted assets or liabilities that a Fund has the ability to access at the measurement date;
     
Level 2 Quoted prices which are not active, quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets or inputs other than quoted prices that are observable (either directly or indirectly) for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; and
     
Level 3 Significant unobservable prices or inputs (including the Fund’s own assumptions in determining the fair value of investments) where there is little or no market activity for the asset or liability at the measurement date.

 

The following is a summary of the inputs used to value the Fund’s investments as of September 30, 2023:

 

   Valuation Inputs      
Investments in Securities at Value  Level 1   Level 2   Level 3   Total 
Common Stocks*  $1,607,959,177   $   $   $1,607,959,177 
Short Term Investments   80,006,732            80,006,732 
Total  $1,687,965,909   $   $   $1,687,965,909 

 

*See Schedule of Investments for industry classifications.

 

The Fund did not have any securities that used significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) in determining fair value during the period.

 

 

18 www.all-starfunds.com
 
 

Liberty All-Star® Equity Fund

Notes to Schedule of Investments
 

September 30, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

Indemnification  

In the normal course of business, the Fund enters into contracts that contain a variety of representations and warranties and which provide general indemnities. The Fund’s maximum exposure under these arrangements is unknown, as this would involve future claims against the Fund. Also, under the Fund’s organizational documents and by contract, the Trustees and Officers of the Fund are indemnified against certain liabilities that may arise out of their duties to the Fund. However, based on experience, the Fund expects the risk of loss due to these warranties and indemnities to be minimal.

 

 

Third Quarter Report (Unaudited)  |  September 30, 2023 19
 
 

Liberty All-Star® Equity Fund

Description of Lipper Benchmark and Market Indices
 

(Unaudited)

 

Dow Jones Industrial Average  

A price-weighted measure of 30 U.S. blue-chip companies.

 

Lipper Large-Cap Core Mutual Fund Average  

The average of funds that, by portfolio practice, invest at least 75% of their equity assets in companies with market capitalizations (on a three-year weighted basis) above Lipper’s U.S. domestic equity large-cap floor. These funds typically have average characteristics compared to the S&P 500® Index.

 

NASDAQ Composite Index 

Measures all NASDAQ domestic and international based common type stocks listed on the NASDAQ Stock Market.

 

Russell 3000® Growth Index 

Measures the performance of those Russell 3000® companies with lower book-to-price ratios and higher growth values. The Russell 3000® Index measures the performance of the 3,000 largest U.S. companies based on total market capitalization, which represents approximately 96% of the investable U.S. equity market.

 

Russell 3000® Value Index 

Measures the performance of those Russell 3000® companies with higher book-to-price ratios and lower growth values.

 

S&P 500® Index  

A large-cap U.S. equities index that includes 500 leading companies and represents approximately 80% of the total domestic U.S. equity market capitalization.

 

An investor cannot invest directly in an index.

 

 

20 www.all-starfunds.com