Note 3. Segment Reporting and Geographical Area Data

The Fuel Specialties, Performance Chemicals and Oilfield Services segments operate in markets where we actively seek growth opportunities although their ultimate customers are different. The Octane Additives segment is expected to further decline in the next twelve months as our one remaining refinery customer transitions to unleaded fuel.

Our Fuel Specialties segment develops, manufactures, blends, markets and supplies a range of specialty chemicals products used as additives to a wide range of fuels.

Our Performance Chemicals segment provides effective technology-based solutions for our customers’ processes or products focused in the Personal Care, Home Care, Agrochemical and Metal Extraction markets.

Our Oilfield Services segment develops and markets products to prevent loss of mud in drilling operations, chemical solutions for fracturing and stimulation operations and products for oil and gas production which aid flow assurance and asset integrity.

Our Octane Additives segment, which we believe is the world’s only producer of tetra ethyl lead (“TEL”), comprises sales of TEL for use in automotive gasoline and provides services in respect of environmental remediation.

There are no significant customers with sales greater than 10% of our net group sales in the last three financial years.

The Company evaluates the performance of its segments based on operating income. The following table analyzes sales and other financial information by the Company’s reportable segments:


(in millions)		2018		2017		2016
Net Sales:
Refinery and Performance	$	432.1	$	397.0	$	388.9
Other		142.4		126.8		120.7

Fuel Specialties		574.5		523.8		509.6

Personal Care		241.4		206.5		126.8
Home Care		109.1		103.4		2.0
Other		117.6		109.6		9.9

Performance Chemicals		468.1		419.5		138.7

Oilfield Services		400.6		304.4		191.7
Octane Additives		33.7		59.1		43.4

	$	1,476.9	$	1,306.8	$	883.4


(in millions)	2018			2017			2016
Gross profit:
Fuel Specialties	$	195.0		$	188.2		$	186.4
Performance Chemicals		97.5			75.8			43.4
Oilfield Services		130.4			109.3			76.4
Octane Additives		12.1			30.0			26.1

	$	435.0		$	403.3		$	332.3

Operating income/(expense):
Fuel Specialties	$	116.3		$	107.7		$	111.1
Performance Chemicals		44.7			32.6			16.0
Oilfield Services		22.1			9.5			(4.7	)
Octane Additives		9.9			26.7			22.7
Corporate costs		(52.4	)		(48.8	)		(54.9	)
Restructuring charge		(7.1	)		0.0			0.0
Adjustment to fair value of contingent consideration		0.0			0.0			9.4
Loss on disposal of subsidiary		0.0			(0.9	)		(1.4	)
Foreign exchange loss on liquidation of subsidiary		0.0			(1.8	)		0.0

Total operating income	$	133.5		$	125.0		$	98.2

Identifiable assets at year end:
Fuel Specialties	$	470.5		$	437.0		$	397.2
Performance Chemicals		463.9			480.8			340.0
Oilfield Services		296.1			256.6			240.0
Octane Additives		39.6			41.7			38.1
Corporate		203.3			194.1			166.1

	$	1,473.4		$	1,410.2		$	1,181.4

We have recast certain prior period amounts to conform to new accounting standards.

The Company includes within the corporate costs line item the costs of:

•

managing the Group as a company with securities listed on the NASDAQ and registered with the SEC;

•

the President/CEO’s office, group finance, group human resources, group legal and compliance counsel, and investor relations;

•

running the corporate offices in the U.S. and Europe;

•

the corporate development function since they do not relate to the current trading activities of our other reporting segments; and

•

the corporate share of the information technology, accounting and human resources departments.

The following tables analyze sales and other financial information by location:


(in millions)	2018			2017			2016
Net sales by source:
United States & North America	$	803.1		$	615.7		$	474.4
United Kingdom		797.5			730.9			428.2
Rest of Europe		143.7			143.4			118.5
Rest of World		29.5			39.2			31.1
Sales between areas		(296.9	)		(222.4	)		(168.8	)

	$	1,476.9		$	1,306.8		$	883.4

Income before income taxes:
United States & North America	$	37.1		$	11.5		$	16.8
United Kingdom		59.5			51.9			42.6
Rest of Europe		32.8			63.1			39.2
Rest of World		2.2			1.6			4.5

	$	131.6		$	128.1		$	103.1

Long-lived assets at year end:
United States & North America	$	148.6		$	149.7		$	155.3
United Kingdom		71.6			45.7			45.9
Rest of Europe		112.2			163.5			207.5
Rest of World		0.3			0.3			0.5

	$	332.7		$	359.2		$	409.2

Identifiable assets at year end:
United States & North America	$	402.5		$	452.2		$	377.3
United Kingdom		504.7			258.4			257.6
Rest of Europe		173.1			317.5			156.0
Rest of World		28.2			20.3			15.7
Goodwill		364.9			361.8			374.8

	$	1,473.4		$	1,410.2		$	1,181.4

Sales by geographical area are reported by source, being where the transactions originated. Intercompany sales are priced using an appropriate pricing methodology and are eliminated in the consolidated financial statements.

Identifiable assets are those directly associated with the operations of the geographical area.

Goodwill has not been allocated by geographical location on the grounds that it would be impracticable to do so.