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Pension and Post-Employment Benefits
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2020
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]  
Pension and Post-Employment Benefits
Note 10.     Pension and Post-Employment Benefits
United Kingdom plan
The Company maintains a defined benefit pension plan (the “Plan”) covering a number of its current and former employees in the United Kingdom, although it does also have other much smaller pension arrangements in the U.S. and overseas. The Plan is closed to future service accrual but has a large number of deferred and current pensioners. The Projected Benefit Obligation (“PBO”) is based on final salary and years of credited service reduced by social security benefits according to a plan formula. Normal retirement age is 65 but provisions are made for early retirement. The Plan’s assets are invested by several investment management companies in funds holding United Kingdom and overseas equities, United Kingdom and overseas fixed interest securities, index linked securities, property unit trusts and cash or cash equivalents. The trustees’ investment policy is to seek to achieve specified objectives through investing in a suitable mixture of real and monetary assets. The trustees recognize that the returns on real assets, while expected to be greater over the long-term than those on monetary assets, are likely to be more volatile. A mixture across asset classes should nevertheless provide the level of returns required by the Plan to meet its liabilities at an acceptable level of risk for the trustees and an acceptable level of cost to the Company.
In 2020, the Company contributed $0.0 million (2019 – $0.4 million) in cash to the Plan in accordance with an agreement with the trustees.
The net service cost for the twelve months ended December 31, 2020 was $1.2 million (twelve months ended December 31, 2019 – $0.9 million and twelve months ended December 31, 2018 – 1.2 million) and has been recognized in selling, general and administrative expenses within corporate costs.
 
The following table shows the income statement effect recognized within other income, net:
 
(in millions)
   
2020
    
2019
    
2018
  
Plan net pension (credit)/charge:
                         
Interest cost on PBO
    $ 11.2     $ 15.2     $ 15.0  
Expected return on plan assets
      (17.8 )      (22.0 )      (22.2 ) 
Amortization of prior service credit
      (0.5 )      (0.9 )      (1.1 ) 
Amortization of actuarial net losses
      0.9       0.0       2.0  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
     $ (6.2 )    $ (7.7 )    $ (6.3 ) 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Plan assumptions at December 31, (%):
                         
Discount rate
      1.36       1.95       2.78  
Inflation rate
      2.35       2.25       2.25  
Rate of return on plan assets – overall on
bid-value
      2.00       2.50       3.05  
       
Plan asset allocation by category (%):
                         
Debt securities and insurance contracts
      86       86       83  
Equity securities and real estate
      10       10       12  
Cash
      4       4       5  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
       100       100       100  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
The discount rate used represents the annualized yield based on a cash flow matched methodology with reference to an AA corporate bond spot curve and having regard to the duration of the Plan’s liabilities. The model used to develop the discount rate for the year ending December 31, 2019 has been updated for the year ending December 31, 2020. Management’s experts have used the same data source as the prior year for the bond rate used to determine the discount rate, however this data source now uses inputs from a different range of categories of bonds. The impact of this change has resulted in an increase of 0.13% in the discount rate assumption, which has resulted in a reduction to the Pension Benefit Obligation of around $14 million.
The inflation rate is derived using a similar cash flow matched methodology as used for the discount rate but having regard to the difference between yields on fixed interest and index linked United Kingdom government gilts.
A 0.25%
change in the discount rate assumption would change the PBO at December 31, 2020 by approximately
 
$26 
million
and the net pension credit for 2021 would change by approximately
$0.4 million. A 0.25%
change in the level of price inflation assumption would change the PBO at December 31, 2020 by approximately
$19 
million and the net pension credit for 2021 by approximately
$1.2 million.
Movements in PBO and fair value of Plan assets are as follows:
 
(in millions)
   
2020
    
2019
  
Change in PBO:
                 
Opening balance
    $ 701.0     $ 643.2  
Interest cost
      11.2       15.2  
Service cost
      1.2       0.9  
Benefits paid
      (45.5 )      (42.1 ) 
Plan amendments
      5.5       0.0  
Actuarial losses
      61.1       57.7  
Exchange effect
      24.2       26.1  
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Closing balance
    $ 758.7     $ 701.0  
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Fair value of plan assets:
                 
Opening balance
    $ 816.9     $ 739.1  
Benefits paid
      (45.5 )      (42.1 ) 
Actual contributions by employer
      0.0       0.4  
Actual return on assets
      77.6       89.1  
Exchange effect
      27.7       30.4  
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Closing balance
    $ 876.7     $ 816.9  
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
The current
investment
strategy of the
Plan
is to obtain an asset allocation of approximately 85% debt securities and insurance contracts and 15% equity securities and real estate in order to achieve a more predictable return on assets.
The Plan holds approximately 11% (December 31, 2019 – 12%) of the Plan’s assets in debt securities issued by
non-US
governments and government agencies. No more than 5% of the Plan’s assets were invested in any one individual company’s investment funds.
For the vast majority of assets, a market approach is adopted to assess the fair value of the assets, with the inputs being the quoted market prices for the actual securities held in the relevant fund.
Debt securities
Fixed income securities are valued based on quotations received from independent pricing services or from dealers who make markets in such securities and are classified as Level 1. Corporate debt securities are classified as Level 2 in line with the industry standard.
Equity backed securities
Common and preferred stock for which market prices are readily available at the measurement date are valued at the last reported sale price or official closing price on the primary market or
exchange on which they are actively traded. Other financial derivatives are classified as level 2 and certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) have not been categorized with a hierarchy.
Other asset backed securities
The Company has invested in insurance contracts, known as
buy-in
contracts. The value of the insurance contract is based on significant unobservable inputs including plan participant medical data, in addition to observable inputs which include expected return on assets and estimated value premium. Therefore, we have classified the contracts as Level 3 investments. Fair value estimates are provided by external parties and are subsequently reviewed and approved by management.
The Company also invests in real estate as a low risk asset backed security, classified as Level 1.
The fair values of pension assets by level of input were as follows:
 
(in millions)
   
Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)
     
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
    
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs

(Level 3)
     
Total
  
At December 31, 2020
                                   
Debt securities
:
                                   
Debt securities issued by
non-U.S.
governments and government agencies
    $ 99.5      $       $        $ 99.5  
Corporate debt securities
               488.0                488.0  
Equity backed securities:
                                   
Other financial derivatives
               (2.3 )               (2.3 ) 
Investments measured at net asset
value
(1)
                               51.0  
Other asset backed securities:
                                   
Insurance contracts
                       167.4        167.4  
Real estate
      40.2                         40.2  
    
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
     
 
 
  
Total assets at fair value
      139.7        485.7       167.4        843.8  
Cash
      32.9                         32.9  
    
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
     
 
 
  
Total plan assets
    $ 172.6      $ 485.7     $ 167.4      $ 876.7  
    
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
(in millions)
  
Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)
 
  
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
 
 
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
 
  
Total
 
At December 31, 2019
  
      
  
      
 
      
  
      
Debt securities:
  
      
  
      
 
      
  
      
Debt securities issued by
non-U.S.
governments and government agencies
    $ 98.4      $       $        $ 98.4  
Corporate debt securities
               445.9                445.9  
Equity backed securities:
                                   
 
Other financial derivatives
               (3.7 )               (3.7 ) 
 
Investments measured at net asset value
(1)
                               46.8  
Other asset backed securities:
                                   
Insurance contracts
                       157.9        157.9  
Real estate
      41.7                         41.7  
    
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
     
 
 
  
Total assets at fair value
      140.1        442.2       157.9        787.0  
Cash
      29.9                         29.9  
    
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
     
 
 
  
Total plan assets
    $ 170.0      $ 442.2     $ 157.9      $ 816.9  
    
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
(1)
 
Certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) have not been categorized in the fair value table with a hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented in the statement of financial position.
The reconciliation of the fair value of the Plan assets measured using significant unobservable inputs was as follows:
 
(in millions)
   
Other

Assets
  
Balance at December 31, 2018
    $ 142.5  
    
 
 
  
Realized/unrealized gains/(losses):
         
Relating to assets still held at the reporting date
      16.0  
Purchases, issuances and settlements
      (6.5 ) 
Exchange effect
      5.9  
    
 
 
  
Balance at December 31, 2019
    $ 157.9  
    
 
 
  
Realized/unrealized gains/(losses):
         
Relating to assets still held at the reporting date
      10.8  
Purchases, issuances and settlements
      (6.6 ) 
Exchange effect
      5.3  
    
 
 
  
Balance at December 31, 2020
    $ 167.4  
    
 
 
  
The projected net service cost for the year ending December 31, 2021 is $1.6 million and will be recognized in selling, general and administrative expenses.
 
The following net pension credit will be recognized in other income and expense:
 
(in millions)
       
Interest cost on PBO
    $ 7.5  
Expected return on plan assets
      (15.4 ) 
Amortization of prior service credit
      0.3  
Amortization of actuarial net losses
      1.6  
    
 
 
  
     $ (6.0 ) 
    
 
 
  
In total, there will be a net pension credit of $4.4 million to the Innospec’s net income for the year ending December 31, 2021.
The following benefit payments are expected to be made:
 
(in millions)
       
2021
    $ 43.9  
2022
    $ 36.9  
2023
    $ 35.9  
2024
    $ 36.1  
2025
    $ 35.8  
2026-2030
    $ 172.0  
German plan
The Company also maintains an unfunded defined benefit pension plan covering a number of its current and former employees in Germany (the “German plan”). The German plan is closed to new entrants and has no assets.
The net service cost for the German plan for the twelve months ended December 31, 2020 was $0.1 million (twelve months ended December 31, 2019 – $0.1 million and twelve months ended December 31, 2018 – $0.2 million).
 
The following table shows the income statement effect recognized within other income and expense:
 
(in millions)
   
2020
     
2019
     
2018
  
Plan net pension charge:
                           
Interest cost on PBO
    $ 0.1      $ 0.2      $ 0.2  
Amortization of actuarial net loss
      0.8        0.3        0.4  
    
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
     $ 0.9      $ 0.5      $ 0.6  
Plan assumptions at December 31, (%):
                           
Discount rate
      0.40        0.80        1.90  
Inflation rate
      1.50        1.75        1.75  
Rate of increase in compensation levels
      2.75        2.75        2.75  
Movements in PBO of the German plan are as follows:
 
(in millions)
   
2020
    
2019
  
Change in PBO:
                 
Opening balance
    $ 13.3     $ 11.3  
Service cost
      0.1       0.1  
Interest cost
      0.1       0.2  
Benefits paid
      (0.3 )      (0.3 ) 
Actuarial losses
      0.8       2.2  
Exchange effect
      1.2       (0.2 ) 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Closing balance
    $ 15.2     $ 13.3  
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Other plans
As at December 31, 2020, we have post-employment obligations in our European businesses with a liability of $5.3 million (December 31, 2019 – $4.5 million). For the year ended December 31, 2020 we have recognized an actuarial loss of $0.2 million in other comprehensive loss in relation to the Performance Chemicals pension in France.
Company contributions to defined contribution schemes during 2020 were $10.3 million (2019 – $10.4 million).