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Income Taxes (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2021
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Roll-forward of Unrecognized Tax Benefits and Associated Accrued Interest and Penalties
A roll-forward of unrecognized tax benefits and associated accrued interest and penalties is as follows:
 
(in millions)
  
Unrecognised

Tax Benefits
   
Interest
and
Penalties
   
Total
 
Opening balance at January 1, 2019
   $ 13.4     $ 0.6     $ 14.0  
Additions for tax positions of prior periods
     1.0       1.4       2.4  
    
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Closing balance at 31 December, 2019
     14.4       2.0       16.4  
Current
     —         —         —    
    
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Non-current
   $ 14.4     $ 2.0     $ 16.4  
    
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Opening balance at January 1, 2020
   $ 14.4     $ 2.0     $ 16.4  
Reductions for tax positions of prior periods
     (1.2     (0.2     (1.4
Additions for tax positions of prior periods
     0.4       0.6       1.0  
    
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Closing balance at 31 December, 2020
     13.6       2.4       16.0  
Current
     —         —         —    
    
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Non-current
   $ 13.6     $ 2.4     $ 16.0  
    
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Opening balance at January 1, 2021
   $ 13.6     $ 2.4     $ 16.0  
Reductions for tax positions of prior periods
     (1.3     0.0       (1.3
Additions for tax positions of prior periods
     0.9       0.7       1.6  
    
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Closing balance at 31 December, 2021
     13.2       3.1       16.3  
Current
     —         —         —    
    
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Non-current
   $ 13.2     $ 3.1     $ 16.3  
    
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Sources of Income before Income Taxes
The sources of income before income taxes were as follows:
 
(in millions)
  
2021
    
2020
    
2019
 
Domestic
   $ 53.2      $ (0.7    $ 52.4  
Foreign
     81.2        40.4        98.0  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
     $ 134.4      $ 39.7      $ 150.4  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Components of Income Tax Expense
The components of income tax expense are summarized as follows:
 
(in millions)
  
2021
    
2020
    
2019
 
Current:
                          
Federal
   $ 12.4      $ 6.1      $ 13.8  
State and local
     2.6        0.5        2.3  
Foreign
     19.4        6.8        22.9  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
       34.4        13.4        39.0  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Deferred:
                          
Federal
     (1.9 )
 
     (2.8 )
 
     (3.0
State and local
     (0.3 )      (0.4 )      (0.5
Foreign
     9.1        0.8        2.7  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
       6.9        (2.4 )      (0.8
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
     $ 41.3      $ 11.0      $ 38.2  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Factors Effecting Effective Tax Rate from U.S. Federal Statutory Rate
The effective tax rate varies from the U.S. federal statutory rate because of the factors indicated below:
 
(in percent)
  
2021
   
2020
   
2019
 
Statutory rate
     21.0 %
 
    21.0 %
 
    21.0 %
 
Foreign income inclusions
     1.7       7.1       0.3  
Foreign tax rate differential
     1.0       4.2       (0.3
Tax charge/(credit) from previous years
     0.6       3.7       1.8  
Net charge/(credit) from unrecognized tax benefits
     0.4       (1.7     1.1  
Foreign currency transactions
     0.1       (4.5     (1.0
Effect of U.S. tax law change
     —         —         0.6  
Tax on unremitted earnings
     0.1       0.3       (0.1
Non-deductible
foreign interest
     —         0.7       0.8  
Change in U.K. statutory tax rate
     5.4       6.9       —    
State and local taxes
     1.3       1.5       1.4  
U.S. incentive for foreign derived intangible income
     (1.5     (1.5     (0.5
Innovation incentives – current year
     (1.1     (4.9     (0.6
Innovation incentives – prior years
     —         (5.3     —    
Non-deductible
officer compensation
     0.2       1.8       0.2  
Tax on closure of legacy operations
     1.6       —         —    
Other items and adjustments, net
     (0.1     (1.6     0.7  
    
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
       30.7 %     27.7 %     25.4 %
    
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Details of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities
Details of deferred tax assets and liabilities are analyzed as follows:
 
(in millions)
  
2021
    
2020
 
Deferred tax assets:
                 
Stock compensation
   $ 5.2      $ 5.3  
Net operating loss carry forwards
     12.0        9.8  
Other intangible assets
     11.1        10.6  
Accretion expense
     3.2        3.2  
Restructuring provision
     2.0        1.4  
Employee related liabilities
     4.1        0.2  
Foreign tax credits
     1.9        2.0  
Operating lease liabilities
     10.6        9.2  
Other
     7.4        6.7  
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Subtotal
     57.5        48.4  
Less valuation allowance
     (0.8      (1.1
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Total net deferred tax assets
   $ 56.7      $ 47.3  
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Deferred tax liabilities:
                 
Property, plant and equipment
   $ (23.6    $ (21.3
Intangible assets including goodwill
     (29.8      (28.3
Pension asset
     (38.2      (20.5
Customer relationships
     (4.5      (4.4
Unremitted overseas earnings
     (1.9      (2.0
Right-of-use
assets
     (10.6      (9.2
Other
     (2.5      (0.9
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Total deferred tax liabilities
   $ (111.1    $ (86.6
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Net deferred tax liability
   $ (54.4    $ (39.3
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Deferred tax assets
   $ 6.4      $ 7.6  
Deferred tax liabilities
     (60.8      (46.9
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
     $ (54.4    $ (39.3