10-K 1 hei-201710k.htm 10-K

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D. C. 20549
FORM 10-K
[X] ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017
OR
[ ] TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF
THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File Number |  | Registrant; State of Incorporation; Address; and Telephone Number |  | I.R.S. Employer Identification No.
1-8503 |  | HAWAIIAN ELECTRIC INDUSTRIES, INC., a Hawaii corporation 1001 Bishop Street, Suite 2900, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 Telephone (808) 543-5662 |  | 99-0208097
1-4955 |  | HAWAIIAN ELECTRIC COMPANY, INC., a Hawaii corporation 900 Richards Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 Telephone (808) 543-7771 |  | 99-0040500

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Registrant |  | Title of each class |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc. |  | Common Stock, Without Par Value |  | New York Stock Exchange
Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. |  | Guarantee with respect to 6.50% Cumulative Quarterly Income Preferred Securities Series 2004 (QUIPS SM) of HECO Capital Trust III |  | New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

Registrant |  | Title of each class
Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc. |  | None
Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. |  | Cumulative Preferred Stock

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Hawaiian Electric Industries Inc. Yes X No | Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. Yes No X

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.

Hawaiian Electric Industries Inc. Yes No X | Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. Yes No X

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Hawaiian Electric Industries Inc. Yes X No | Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. Yes X No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

Hawaiian Electric Industries Inc. Yes X No | Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. Yes X No

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (section 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. [ ]
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Hawaiian Electric Industries Inc. | Large accelerated filer X Accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Smaller reporting company Emerging growth company | Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. | Large accelerated filer Accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer X (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Smaller reporting company Emerging growth company

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

Hawaiian Electric Industries Inc. Yes No | Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. Yes No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Hawaiian Electric Industries Inc. Yes No X | Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. Yes No X

|  | Aggregate market value of the voting and non- voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrants as of |  | Number of shares of common stock outstanding of the registrants as of
|  | June 30, 2017 |  | June 30, 2017 |  | February 13, 2018
Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc. (HEI) |  | $3,522,474,037 |  | 108,785,486 (Without par value) |  | 108,841,157 (Without par value)
Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. (Hawaiian Electric) |  | None |  | 16,019,785 ($6 2/3 par value) |  | 16,142,216 ($6 2/3 par value)

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Hawaiian Electric’s Exhibit 99.1, consisting of:
Hawaiian Electric’s Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance—Part III
Hawaiian Electric’s Executive Compensation—Part III
Hawaiian Electric’s Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters—
Part III
Hawaiian Electric’s Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence—Part III
Hawaiian Electric’s Principal Accounting Fees and Services—Part III
Selected sections of Proxy Statement of HEI for the 2018 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed-Part III

This combined Form 10-K represents separate filings by Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc. and Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. Information contained herein relating to any individual registrant is filed by each registrant on its own behalf. Hawaiian Electric makes no representations as to any information not relating to it or its subsidiaries.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page
Glossary of Terms | ii
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements | vi
| PART I |
Item 1. | Business | 1
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 26
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 37
Item 2. | Properties | 37
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 37
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 37
Executive Officers of the Registrant (HEI) | 37
| PART II |
Item 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 39
Item 6. | Selected Financial Data | 41
Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 43
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 80
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 83
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 182
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 182
Item 9B. | Other Information | 183
| PART III |
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 183
Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 184
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 185
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 185
Item 14. | Principal Accounting Fees and Services | 186
| PART IV |
Item 15. | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules | 186
Signatures | 198

i

GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Defined below are certain terms used in this report:

Terms |  | Definitions
ABO |  | Accumulated benefit obligation
ADIT |  | Accumulated deferred income tax balances
AES Hawaii |  | AES Hawaii, Inc.
AFS |  | Available-for-sale
AFUDC |  | Allowance for funds used during construction
AOCI |  | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
AOS |  | Adequacy of supply
APBO |  | Accumulated postretirement benefit obligation
ARO |  | Asset retirement obligations
ASB |  | American Savings Bank, F.S.B., a wholly-owned subsidiary of ASB Hawaii Inc.
ASB Hawaii |  | ASB Hawaii, Inc. (formerly American Savings Holdings, Inc.), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc. and the parent company of American Savings Bank, F.S.B.
ASC |  | Accounting Standards Codification
ASU |  | Accounting Standards Update
Btu |  | British thermal unit
CAA |  | Clean Air Act
CERCLA |  | Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act
Chevron |  | Chevron Products Company, which assigned their fuel oil supply contracts with the Utilities to Island Energy Services, LLC.
CIAC |  | Contributions in aid of construction
CIP CT-1 |  | Campbell Industrial Park 110 MW combustion turbine No. 1
CIS |  | Customer Information System
Company |  | When used in Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc. sections and in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, “Company” refers to Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc. and its direct and indirect subsidiaries, including, without limitation, Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. and its subsidiaries (listed under Hawaiian Electric); ASB Hawaii, Inc. and its subsidiary, American Savings Bank, F.S.B.; HEI Properties, Inc. (dissolved in 2015 and wound up in 2017); The Old Oahu Tug Service, Inc. (formerly Hawaiian Tug & Barge Corp.); and Pacific Current, LLC and its subsidiaries, Hamakua Holdings, LLC (and its subsidiary, Hamakua Energy, LLC) and Mauo Holdings, LLC (and its subsidiary, Mauo, LLC) When used in Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. sections, “Company” refers to Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. and its direct subsidiaries.
Consolidated Financial Statements |  | HEI’s and Hawaiian Electric's combined Consolidated Financial Statements, including notes, in Item 8 of this Form 10-K
Consumer Advocate |  | Division of Consumer Advocacy, Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs of the State of Hawaii
CBRE |  | Community-based renewable energy
D&O |  | Decision and order from the PUC
DBEDT |  | State of Hawaii Department of Business Economic Development and Tourism
DBF |  | State of Hawaii Department of Budget and Finance
DG |  | Distributed generation
DER |  | Distributed energy resources
Dodd-Frank Act |  | Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010
DOH |  | Department of Health of the State of Hawaii
DRIP |  | HEI Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan
DSM |  | Demand-side management
ECAC |  | Energy cost adjustment clause
EEPS |  | Energy Efficiency Portfolio Standards
EGU |  | Electrical generating unit
EIP |  | 2010 Executive Incentive Plan, as amended
EPA |  | Environmental Protection Agency - federal
EPS |  | Earnings per share
ERISA |  | Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended
ERL |  | Environmental Response Law of the State of Hawaii
ERP/EAM |  | Enterprise Resource Planning/Enterprise Asset Management

ii

GLOSSARY OF TERMS (continued)

Terms |  | Definitions
Exchange Act |  | Securities Exchange Act of 1934
FASB |  | Financial Accounting Standards Board
FDIC |  | Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
FDICIA |  | Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991
federal |  | U.S. Government
FERC |  | Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
FHLB |  | Federal Home Loan Bank
FHLMC |  | Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation
FICO |  | Fair Isaac Corporation
Fitch |  | Fitch Ratings, Inc.
FNMA |  | Federal National Mortgage Association
FRB |  | Federal Reserve Board
GAAP |  | Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America
GHG |  | Greenhouse gas
GNMA |  | Government National Mortgage Association
Gramm Act |  | Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999
Hawaii Electric Light |  | Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc., an electric utility subsidiary of Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc.
Hawaiian Electric |  | Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc., an electric utility subsidiary of Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc. and parent company of Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc., Maui Electric Company, Limited, HECO Capital Trust III (unconsolidated financing subsidiary), Renewable Hawaii, Inc. and Uluwehiokama Biofuels Corp.
Hawaiian Electric’s MD&A |  | Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc.’s Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Item 7 of this Form 10-K
HEI |  | Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc., direct parent company of Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc., ASB Hawaii, Inc., HEI Properties, Inc. (dissolved in 2015 and wound up in 2017), The Old Oahu Tug Service, Inc. (formerly Hawaiian Tug & Barge Corp.) and Pacific Current, LLC
HEI's 2018 Proxy Statement |  | Selected sections of Proxy Statement for the 2018 Annual Meeting of Shareholders of Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc. to be filed after the date of this Form 10-K, which are incorporated in this Form 10-K by reference
HEI’s MD&A |  | Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc.’s Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Item 7 of this Form 10-K
HEIPI |  | HEI Properties, Inc. (dissolved in 2015 and wound up in 2017), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc.
HEIRSP |  | Hawaiian Electric Industries Retirement Savings Plan
HELOC |  | Home equity line of credit
Hamakua Energy |  | Hamakua Energy, LLC, an indirect subsidiary of HEI and successor in interest to Hamakua Energy Partners, L.P., an affiliate of Arclight Capital Partners (a Boston based private equity firm focused on energy infrastructure investments) and successor in interest to Encogen Hawaii, L.P.
HPOWER |  | City and County of Honolulu with respect to a power purchase agreement for a refuse-fired plant
HTB |  | Hawaiian Tug & Barge Corp. On November 10, 1999, HTB sold substantially all of its operating assets and the stock of its subsidiary, Young Brothers, Limited, and changed its name to The Old Oahu Tug Services, Inc.
HTM |  | Held-to-maturity
IPP |  | Independent power producer
IRP |  | Integrated resource plan
IRR |  | Interest rate risk
Island Energy |  | Island Energy Services, LLC (a fuel oil supplier and subsidiary of One Rock Capital Partners, L.P.), who purchased Chevron's Hawaii assets on November 1, 2016 and was assigned Chevron's fuel oil supply contracts with the Utilities.
Kalaeloa |  | Kalaeloa Partners, L.P.
kV |  | Kilovolt
kW |  | Kilowatt/s (as applicable)
KWH |  | Kilowatthour/s (as applicable)
LNG |  | Liquefied natural gas
LSFO |  | Low sulfur fuel oil
LTIP |  | Long-term incentive plan

iii

GLOSSARY OF TERMS (continued)

Terms |  | Definitions
MATS |  | Mercury and Air Toxics Standards
Maui Electric |  | Maui Electric Company, Limited, an electric utility subsidiary of Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc.
MBtu |  | Million British thermal unit
MD&A |  | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Merger |  | As provided in the Merger Agreement (see below), merger of NEE Acquisition Sub II, Inc. with and into HEI, with HEI surviving, and then merger of HEI with and into NEE Acquisition Sub I, LLC, with NEE Acquisition Sub I, LLC surviving as a wholly owned subsidiary of NextEra Energy, Inc.
Merger Agreement |  | Agreement and Plan of Merger by and among HEI, NextEra Energy, Inc., NEE Acquisition Sub II, Inc. and NEE Acquisition Sub I, LLC, dated December 3, 2014 and terminated July 16, 2016
Moody’s |  | Moody’s Investors Service’s
MOU |  | Memorandum of Understanding
MPIR |  | Major Project Interim Recovery
MSFO |  | Medium sulfur fuel oil
MSR |  | Mortgage servicing right
MW |  | Megawatt/s (as applicable)
MWh |  | Megawatthour/s (as applicable)
NA |  | Not applicable
NAAQS |  | National Ambient Air Quality Standard
NEE |  | NextEra Energy, Inc.
NEM |  | Net energy metering
NII |  | Net interest income
NM |  | Not meaningful
NPBC |  | Net periodic benefits costs
NPPC |  | Net periodic pension costs
NQSO |  | Nonqualified stock options
O&M |  | Other operation and maintenance
OCC |  | Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
OPEB |  | Postretirement benefits other than pensions
OTS |  | Office of Thrift Supervision, Department of Treasury
OTTI |  | Other-than-temporary impairment
PBO |  | Projected benefit obligation
PCB |  | Polychlorinated biphenyls
PGV |  | Puna Geothermal Venture
PPA |  | Power purchase agreement
PPAC |  | Purchased power adjustment clause
PSD |  | Prevention of Significant Deterioration
PSIPs |  | Power Supply Improvement Plans
PUC |  | Public Utilities Commission of the State of Hawaii
PURPA |  | Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978
PV |  | Photovoltaic
QF |  | Qualifying Facility under the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978
QTL |  | Qualified Thrift Lender
RAM |  | Rate adjustment mechanism
RBA |  | Revenue balancing account
Registrant |  | Each of Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc. and Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc.
REIP |  | Renewable Energy Infrastructure Program
RFP |  | Request for proposals
RHI |  | Renewable Hawaii, Inc., a wholly-owned nonregulated subsidiary of Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc.
ROA |  | Return on assets
ROACE |  | Return on average common equity
RORB |  | Return on rate base
RPS |  | Renewable portfolio standards
S&P |  | Standard & Poor’s
SAR |  | Stock appreciation right

iv

GLOSSARY OF TERMS (continued)

Terms |  | Definitions
SEC |  | Securities and Exchange Commission
See |  | Means the referenced material is incorporated by reference (or means refer to the referenced section in this document or the referenced exhibit or other document)
SLHCs |  | Savings & Loan Holding Companies
SOIP |  | 1987 Stock Option and Incentive Plan, as amended. Shares of HEI common stock reserved for issuance under the SOIP were deregistered and delisted in 2015.
Spin-Off |  | The previously planned distribution to HEI shareholders of all of the common stock of ASB Hawaii immediately prior to the Merger, which was terminated
SPRBs |  | Special Purpose Revenue Bonds
ST |  | Steam turbine
state |  | State of Hawaii
Tax Act |  | 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (H.R. 1, An Act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to titles II and V of the concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2018)
TDR |  | Troubled debt restructuring
Tesoro |  | Tesoro Hawaii Corporation dba BHP Petroleum Americas Refining Inc., a fuel oil supplier
TOOTS |  | The Old Oahu Tug Service, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc.
Trust III |  | HECO Capital Trust III
UBC |  | Uluwehiokama Biofuels Corp., a wholly-owned nonregulated subsidiary of Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc.
Utilities |  | Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc., Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. and Maui Electric Company, Limited
VIE |  | Variable interest entity

v

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This report and other presentations made by Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc. (HEI) and Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. (Hawaiian Electric) and their subsidiaries contain “forward-looking statements,” which include statements that are predictive in nature, depend upon or refer to future events or conditions and usually include words such as “will,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “predicts,” “estimates” or similar expressions. In addition, any statements concerning future financial performance, ongoing business strategies or prospects or possible future actions are also forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and projections about future events and are subject to risks, uncertainties and the accuracy of assumptions concerning HEI and its subsidiaries (collectively, the Company), the performance of the industries in which they do business and economic, political and market factors, among other things. These forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance.
Risks, uncertainties and other important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in forward-looking statements and from historical results include, but are not limited to, the following:

• | international, national and local economic and political conditions--including the state of the Hawaii tourism, defense and construction industries; the strength or weakness of the Hawaii and continental U.S. real estate markets (including the fair value and/or the actual performance of collateral underlying loans held by ASB, which could result in higher loan loss provisions and write-offs); decisions concerning the extent of the presence of the federal government and military in Hawaii; the implications and potential impacts of U.S. and foreign capital and credit market conditions and federal, state and international responses to those conditions; and the potential impacts of global developments (including global economic conditions and uncertainties; unrest; the conflict in Syria; the effects of changes that have or may occur in U.S. policy, such as with respect to immigration and trade; terrorist acts by ISIS or others; potential conflict or crisis with North Korea; and potential pandemics);

• | the effects of future actions or inaction of the U.S. government or related agencies, including those related to the U.S. debt ceiling, monetary policy and policy and regulation changes advanced or proposed by President Trump and his administration;

• | weather and natural disasters (e.g., hurricanes, earthquakes, tsunamis, lightning strikes, lava flows and the potential effects of climate change, such as more severe storms and rising sea levels), including their impact on the Company's and Utilities' operations and the economy;

• | the timing and extent of changes in interest rates and the shape of the yield curve;

• | the ability of the Company and the Utilities to access the credit and capital markets (e.g., to obtain commercial paper and other short-term and long-term debt financing, including lines of credit, and, in the case of HEI, to issue common stock) under volatile and challenging market conditions, and the cost of such financings, if available;

• | the risks inherent in changes in the value of the Company’s pension and other retirement plan assets and ASB’s securities available for sale;

• | changes in laws, regulations (including tax regulations), market conditions and other factors that result in changes in assumptions used to calculate retirement benefits costs and funding requirements;

• | the impact of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (Dodd-Frank Act) and of the rules and regulations that the Dodd-Frank Act requires to be promulgated;

• | increasing competition in the banking industry (e.g., increased price competition for deposits, or an outflow of deposits to alternative investments, which may have an adverse impact on ASB’s cost of funds);

• | the potential delay by the Public Utilities Commission of the State of Hawaii (PUC) in considering (and potential disapproval of actual or proposed) renewable energy proposals and related costs; reliance by the Utilities on outside parties such as the state, independent power producers (IPPs) and developers; and uncertainties surrounding technologies, solar power, wind power, biofuels, environmental assessments required to meet renewable portfolio standards (RPS) goals and the impacts of implementation of the renewable energy proposals on future costs of electricity;

• | the ability of the Utilities to develop, implement and recover the costs of implementing the Utilities’ action plans included in their updated Power Supply Improvement Plans (PSIPs), Demand Response Portfolio Plan, Distributed Generation Interconnection Plan, Grid Modernization Plans, and business model changes, which have been and are continuing to be developed and updated in response to the orders issued by the PUC in April 2014, its April 2014 inclinations on the future of Hawaii’s electric utilities and the vision, business strategies and regulatory policy changes required to align the Utilities’ business model with customer interests and the state’s public policy goals, and subsequent orders of the PUC;

• | capacity and supply constraints or difficulties, especially if generating units (utility-owned or IPP-owned) fail or measures such as demand-side management (DSM), distributed generation (DG), combined heat and power or other firm capacity supply-side resources fall short of achieving their forecasted benefits or are otherwise insufficient to reduce or meet peak demand;

• | fuel oil price changes, delivery of adequate fuel by suppliers and the continued availability to the electric utilities of their energy cost adjustment clauses (ECACs);

• | the continued availability to the electric utilities or modifications of other cost recovery mechanisms, including the purchased power adjustment clauses (PPACs), rate adjustment mechanisms (RAMs) and pension and postretirement benefits other than pensions (OPEB) tracking mechanisms, and the continued decoupling of revenues from sales to mitigate the effects of declining kilowatthour sales;

• | the impact of fuel price volatility on customer satisfaction and political and regulatory support for the Utilities;

• | the risks associated with increasing reliance on renewable energy, including the availability and cost of non-fossil fuel supplies for renewable energy generation and the operational impacts of adding intermittent sources of renewable energy to the electric grid;

• | the growing risk that energy production from renewable generating resources may be curtailed and the interconnection of additional resources will be constrained as more generating resources are added to the Utilities' electric systems and as customers reduce their energy usage;

• | the ability of IPPs to deliver the firm capacity anticipated in their power purchase agreements (PPAs);

vi

• | the potential that, as IPP contracts near the end of their terms, there may be less economic incentive for the IPPs to make investments in their units to ensure the availability of their units;

• | the ability of the Utilities to negotiate, periodically, favorable agreements for significant resources such as fuel supply contracts and collective bargaining agreements;

• | new technological developments that could affect the operations and prospects of the Utilities and ASB or their competitors such as the commercial development of energy storage and microgrids and banking through alternative channels;

• | cyber security risks and the potential for cyber incidents, including potential incidents at HEI, ASB and the Utilities (including at ASB branches and electric utility plants) and incidents at data processing centers they use, to the extent not prevented by intrusion detection and prevention systems, anti-virus software, firewalls and other general information technology controls;

• | federal, state, county and international governmental and regulatory actions, such as existing, new and changes in laws, rules and regulations applicable to HEI, the Utilities and ASB (including changes in taxation, increases in capital requirements, regulatory policy changes, environmental laws and regulations (including resulting compliance costs and risks of fines and penalties and/or liabilities), the regulation of greenhouse gas emissions, governmental fees and assessments (such as Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation assessments), and potential carbon “cap and trade” legislation that may fundamentally alter costs to produce electricity and accelerate the move to renewable generation);

• | developments in laws, regulations and policies governing protections for historic, archaeological and cultural sites, and plant and animal species and habitats, as well as developments in the implementation and enforcement of such laws, regulations and policies;

• | discovery of conditions that may be attributable to historical chemical releases, including any necessary investigation and remediation, and any associated enforcement, litigation or regulatory oversight;

• | decisions by the PUC in rate cases and other proceedings (including the risks of delays in the timing of decisions, adverse changes in final decisions from interim decisions and the disallowance of project costs as a result of adverse regulatory audit reports or otherwise);

• | decisions by the PUC and by other agencies and courts on land use, environmental and other permitting issues (such as required corrective actions, restrictions and penalties that may arise, such as with respect to environmental conditions or RPS);

• | potential enforcement actions by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), the Federal Reserve Board (FRB), the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and/or other governmental authorities (such as consent orders, required corrective actions, restrictions and penalties that may arise, for example, with respect to compliance deficiencies under existing or new banking and consumer protection laws and regulations or with respect to capital adequacy);

• | the ability of the Utilities to recover increasing costs and earn a reasonable return on capital investments not covered by RAMs;

• | the risks associated with the geographic concentration of HEI’s businesses and ASB’s loans, ASB’s concentration in a single product type (i.e., first mortgages) and ASB’s significant credit relationships (i.e., concentrations of large loans and/or credit lines with certain customers);

• | changes in accounting principles applicable to HEI, the Utilities and ASB, including the adoption of new U.S. accounting standards, the potential discontinuance of regulatory accounting and the effects of potentially required consolidation of variable interest entities (VIEs) or required capital lease accounting for PPAs with IPPs;

• | changes by securities rating agencies in their ratings of the securities of HEI and Hawaiian Electric and the results of financing efforts;

• | faster than expected loan prepayments that can cause an acceleration of the amortization of premiums on loans and investments and the impairment of mortgage-servicing assets of ASB;

• | changes in ASB’s loan portfolio credit profile and asset quality which may increase or decrease the required level of provision for loan losses, allowance for loan losses and charge-offs;

• | changes in ASB’s deposit cost or mix which may have an adverse impact on ASB’s cost of funds;

• | the final outcome of tax positions taken by HEI, the Utilities and ASB;

• | the risks of suffering losses and incurring liabilities that are uninsured (e.g., damages to the Utilities’ transmission and distribution system and losses from business interruption) or underinsured (e.g., losses not covered as a result of insurance deductibles or other exclusions or exceeding policy limits); and

• | other risks or uncertainties described elsewhere in this report (e.g., Item 1A. Risk Factors) and in other reports previously and subsequently filed by HEI and/or Hawaiian Electric with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of the report, presentation or filing in which they are made. Except to the extent required by the federal securities laws, HEI, Hawaiian Electric, ASB and their subsidiaries undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether written or oral and whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
vii

PART I

ITEM 1. | BUSINESS

HEI Consolidated
HEI and subsidiaries and lines of business. HEI was incorporated in 1981 under the laws of the State of Hawaii and is a holding company with its principal subsidiaries engaged in electric utility and banking businesses operating primarily in the State of Hawaii. HEI’s predecessor, Hawaiian Electric, was incorporated under the laws of the Kingdom of Hawaii (now the State of Hawaii) on October 13, 1891. As a result of a 1983 corporate reorganization, Hawaiian Electric became an HEI subsidiary and common shareholders of Hawaiian Electric became common shareholders of HEI.
Hawaiian Electric and its operating utility subsidiaries, Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. (Hawaii Electric Light) and Maui Electric Company, Limited (Maui Electric), are regulated electric public utilities. Hawaiian Electric also owns all the common securities of HECO Capital Trust III (a Delaware statutory trust), which was formed to effect the issuance of $50 million of cumulative quarterly income preferred securities in 2004, for the benefit of Hawaiian Electric, Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric. In December 2002, Hawaiian Electric formed a subsidiary, Renewable Hawaii, Inc., to invest in renewable energy projects, but it has made no investments and currently is inactive. In September 2007, Hawaiian Electric formed another subsidiary, Uluwehiokama Biofuels Corp. (UBC), to invest in a biodiesel refining plant to be built on the island of Maui, which project has been terminated.
Besides Hawaiian Electric and its subsidiaries, HEI also currently owns directly or indirectly the following subsidiaries: ASB Hawaii, Inc. (ASB Hawaii) (a holding company, formerly known as American Savings Holdings, Inc.) and its subsidiary, American Savings Bank, F.S.B. (ASB); HEI Properties, Inc. (HEIPI), which was dissolved on December 11, 2015 and wound up in June 2017; The Old Oahu Tug Service, Inc. (TOOTS); and Pacific Current, LLC, and its direct and indirect subsidiaries.
ASB, acquired by HEI in 1988, is one of the largest financial institutions in the State of Hawaii with assets of $6.8 billion as of December 31, 2017.
TOOTS administers certain employee and retiree-related benefit programs and monitors matters related to its predecessor’s former maritime freight transportation operations.
In September 2017, HEI formed new 100% owned subsidiaries—Pacific Current, LLC and its subsidiary Hamakua Holdings, LLC and its subsidiary, Hamakua Energy, LLC. On November 24, 2017, Hamakua Energy, LLC acquired Hamakua Energy Partners, L.P.’s 60-megawatt combined cycle power plant and other assets from affiliates of ArcLight Capital Partners, a private equity firm focused on energy infrastructure investments. The plant sells power to Hawaii Electric Light under an existing power purchase agreement (PPA) that expires in 2030.
In November 2017, HEI formed new 100% owned subsidiaries—Mauo Holdings, LLC (a 100% owned subsidiary of Pacific Current, LLC) and its subsidiary, Mauo, LLC. See Note 2 in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Termination of proposed Merger. For information concerning the termination of HEI's Merger Agreement with NextEra Energy, Inc., see Note 15 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Additional information. For additional information about HEI, see HEI’s MD&A, HEI’s “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” and HEI’s Consolidated Financial Statements, including the Notes thereto.
The Company’s website address is www.hei.com. The information on the Company’s website is not incorporated by reference in this annual report on Form 10-K unless, and except to the extent, specifically incorporated herein by reference. HEI and Hawaiian Electric currently make available free of charge through this website their annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports (since 1994) as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. HEI and Hawaiian Electric intend to continue to use HEI’s website as a means of disclosing additional information. Such disclosures will be included on HEI’s website in the Investor Relations section. Accordingly, investors should routinely monitor such portions of HEI’s website, in addition to following HEI’s, Hawaiian Electric’s and ASB’s press releases, SEC filings and public conference calls and webcasts. Investors may also wish to refer to the PUC website at dms.puc.hawaii.gov/dms in order to review documents filed with and issued by the PUC. No information at the PUC website is incorporated herein by reference.
Commitments and contingencies. See “HEI Consolidated—Liquidity and capital resources –Selected contractual obligations and commitments” in HEI’s MD&A, Hawaiian Electric’s “Commitments and contingencies” below and Note 4 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Regulation. HEI and Hawaiian Electric are each holding companies within the meaning of the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 2005 and implementing regulations, which requires holding companies and their subsidiaries to grant the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) access to books and records relating to FERC’s jurisdictional rates. FERC granted HEI and Hawaiian Electric a waiver from its record retention, accounting and reporting requirements, effective May 2006.
HEI is subject to an agreement entered into with the PUC (the PUC Agreement) which, among other things, requires PUC approval of any change in control of HEI. The PUC Agreement also requires HEI to provide the PUC with periodic financial information and other reports concerning intercompany transactions and other matters. It also prohibits the electric utilities from loaning funds to HEI or its nonutility subsidiaries and from redeeming common stock of the electric utility subsidiaries without PUC approval. Further, the PUC could limit the ability of the electric utility subsidiaries to pay dividends on their common stock. See “Restrictions on dividends and other distributions” and “Electric utility—Regulation” below.
HEI and ASB Hawaii are subject to Federal Reserve Board (FRB) regulation, supervision and reporting requirements as savings and loan holding companies. As a result of the enactment of the Dodd-Frank Act, supervision and regulation of HEI and ASB Hawaii, as thrift holding companies, moved to the FRB, and supervision and regulation of ASB, as a federally chartered savings bank, moved to the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) in July 2011. In the event the OCC has reasonable cause to believe that any activity of HEI or ASB Hawaii constitutes a serious risk to the financial safety, soundness or stability of ASB, the OCC is authorized to impose certain restrictions on HEI, ASB Hawaii and/or any of their subsidiaries. Possible restrictions include precluding or limiting: (i) the payment of dividends by ASB; (ii) transactions between ASB, HEI or ASB Hawaii, and their subsidiaries or affiliates; and (iii) any activities of ASB that might expose ASB to the liabilities of HEI and/or ASB Hawaii and their other affiliates. See “Restrictions on dividends and other distributions” below.
Bank regulations generally prohibit savings and loan holding companies and their nonthrift subsidiaries from engaging in activities other than those which are specifically enumerated in the regulations. However, the unitary savings and loan holding company relationship among HEI, ASB Hawaii and ASB is “grandfathered” under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 (Gramm Act) so that HEI and its subsidiaries are able to continue to engage in their current activities so long as ASB satisfies the qualified thrift lender (QTL) test discussed under “Bank—Regulation—Qualified thrift lender test.” ASB met the QTL test at all times during 2017; however, the failure of ASB to satisfy the QTL test in the future could result in a need for HEI to divest ASB.
HEI is also affected by provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act relating to corporate governance and executive compensation, including provisions requiring shareholder “say on pay” and “say on pay frequency” votes, mandating additional disclosures concerning executive compensation and compensation consultants and advisors and further restricting proxy voting by brokers in the absence of instructions. See “Bank—Legislation and regulation” in HEI’s MD&A for a discussion of effects of the Dodd-Frank Act on HEI and ASB.
Restrictions on dividends and other distributions. HEI is a legal entity separate and distinct from its various subsidiaries. As a holding company with no significant operations of its own, HEI’s principal sources of funds are dividends or other distributions from its operating subsidiaries, borrowings and sales of equity. The rights of HEI and, consequently, its creditors and shareholders, to participate in any distribution of the assets of any of its subsidiaries are subject to the prior claims of the creditors and preferred shareholders of such subsidiary, except to the extent that claims of HEI in its capacity as a creditor are recognized as primary.
The abilities of certain of HEI’s subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other distributions to HEI are subject to contractual and regulatory restrictions. Under the PUC Agreement, in the event that the consolidated common stock equity of the electric utility subsidiaries falls below 35% of the total capitalization of the electric utilities (including the current maturities of long-term debt, but excluding short-term borrowings), the electric utility subsidiaries would, absent PUC approval, be restricted in their payment of cash dividends to 80% of the earnings available for the payment of dividends in the current fiscal year and preceding five years, less the amount of dividends paid during that period. The PUC Agreement also provides that the foregoing dividend restriction shall not be construed as relinquishing any right the PUC may have to review the dividend policies of the electric utility subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2017, the consolidated common stock equity of HEI’s electric utility subsidiaries was 57% of their total capitalization (as calculated for purposes of the PUC Agreement). As of December 31, 2017, Hawaiian Electric and its subsidiaries had common stock equity of $1.8 billion of which approximately $755 million was not available for transfer to HEI without regulatory approval.
The ability of ASB to make capital distributions to HEI and other affiliates is restricted under federal law. Subject to a limited exception for stock redemptions that do not result in any decrease in ASB’s capital and would improve ASB’s financial condition, ASB is prohibited from declaring any dividends, making any other capital distributions, or paying a management fee to a controlling person if, following the distribution or payment, ASB would be deemed to be undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized or critically undercapitalized. See “Bank—Regulation—Prompt corrective action.” All dividends are subject to
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review by the OCC and FRB and receipt of a letter from the FRB communicating the agencies’ non-objection to the payment of any dividend ASB proposes to declare and pay to ASB Hawaii and HEI. Also see Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
HEI and its subsidiaries are also subject to debt covenants, preferred stock resolutions and the terms of guarantees that could limit their respective abilities to pay dividends. The Company does not expect that the regulatory and contractual restrictions applicable to HEI and/or its subsidiaries will significantly affect the operations of HEI or its ability to pay dividends on its common stock.
Environmental regulation. HEI and its subsidiaries are subject to federal and state statutes and governmental regulations pertaining to water quality, air quality and other environmental factors. See the “Environmental regulation” discussions in the “Electric utility” and “Bank” sections below.
Securities ratings. See the Fitch Ratings, Inc. (Fitch), Moody’s Investors Service’s (Moody’s) and Standard & Poor’s (S&P) ratings of HEI’s and Hawaiian Electric’s securities and discussion under “Liquidity and capital resources” (both “HEI Consolidated” and “Electric utility”) in HEI’s MD&A. These ratings reflect only the view, at the time the ratings are issued, of the applicable rating agency from whom an explanation of the significance of such ratings may be obtained. There is no assurance that any such credit rating will remain in effect for any given period of time or that such rating will not be lowered, suspended or withdrawn entirely by the applicable rating agency if, in such rating agency’s judgment, circumstances so warrant. Any such lowering, suspension or withdrawal of any rating may have an adverse effect on the market price or marketability of HEI’s and/or Hawaiian Electric’s securities, which could increase the cost of capital of HEI and Hawaiian Electric, and could affect costs, including interest charges, under HEI's and/or Hawaiian Electric's debt securities and credit facilities. Neither HEI nor Hawaiian Electric management can predict future rating agency actions or their effects on the future cost of capital of HEI or Hawaiian Electric.
Revenue bonds have been issued by the Department of Budget and Finance of the State of Hawaii for the benefit of Hawaiian Electric and its subsidiaries, but the source of their repayment are the unsecured obligations of Hawaiian Electric and its subsidiaries under loan agreements and notes issued to the Department, including Hawaiian Electric’s guarantees of its subsidiaries’ obligations. The payment of principal and interest due on revenue bonds currently outstanding and issued prior to 2009 are insured, but the ratings of these insurers have been withdrawn—see “Electric Utility—Liquidity and capital resources” in HEI’s MD&A.
Employees. The Company had full-time employees as follows:

December 31 | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |
HEI | 41 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 43 |
Hawaiian Electric and its subsidiaries | 2,724 |  |  | 2,662 |  |  | 2,727 |  |  | 2,759 |  |  | 2,764 |
ASB | 1,115 |  |  | 1,093 |  |  | 1,152 |  |  | 1,162 |  |  | 1,159 |
| 3,880 |  |  | 3,796 |  |  | 3,918 |  |  | 3,965 |  |  | 3,966 |

The employees of HEI and its direct and indirect subsidiaries, other than the electric utilities, are not covered by any collective bargaining agreement. The International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Local 1260 represents roughly half of the Utilities' workforce covered by a collective bargaining agreement that expires on October 31, 2018.
Properties. HEI leases office space from nonaffiliated lessors in downtown Honolulu under leases that expire in December 2022. See the discussions under “Electric Utility” and “Bank” below for a description of properties they own and lease.
Hamakua Energy, LLC owns a total of approximately 93 acres located on the Hamakua coast on the island of Hawaii. Its power plant is situated on approximately 59 acres and the remaining 34 acres includes surrounding parcels of which 30 acres are located on the ocean front.
Electric utility
Hawaiian Electric and subsidiaries and service areas. Hawaiian Electric, Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric (Utilities) are regulated operating electric public utilities engaged in the production, purchase, transmission, distribution and sale of electricity on the islands of Oahu; Hawaii; and Maui, Lanai and Molokai, respectively. Hawaiian Electric acquired Maui Electric in 1968 and Hawaii Electric Light in 1970. In 2017, the electric utilities’ revenues and net income amounted to approximately 88% and 73% respectively, of HEI’s consolidated revenues and net income, compared to approximately 88% and 58% (impacted by a merger termination fee and other impacts at HEI corporate) in 2016 and approximately 90% and 85% in 2015, respectively.
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The islands of Oahu, Hawaii, Maui, Lanai and Molokai have a combined population estimated at 1.4 million, or approximately 95% of the total population of the State of Hawaii, and comprise a service area of 5,815 square miles. The principal communities served include Honolulu (on Oahu), Hilo and Kona (on Hawaii) and Wailuku and Kahului (on Maui). The service areas also include numerous suburban communities, resorts, U.S. Armed Forces installations and agricultural operations. The state has granted Hawaiian Electric, Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric nonexclusive franchises, which authorize the Utilities to construct, operate and maintain facilities over and under public streets and sidewalks. Each of these franchises will continue in effect for an indefinite period of time until forfeited, altered, amended or repealed.
Sales of electricity.

Years ended December 31 | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
(dollars in thousands) | Customer accounts* |  | Electric sales revenues |  | Customer accounts* |  | Electric sales revenues |  | Customer accounts* |  | Electric sales revenues
Hawaiian Electric | 304,948 |  |  | $ | 1,592,016 |  |  | 304,261 |  |  | $ | 1,466,225 |  |  | 302,958 |  |  | $ | 1,636,245 |
Hawaii Electric Light | 85,925 |  |  | 331,697 |  |  | 85,029 |  |  | 309,521 |  |  | 84,309 |  |  | 343,843 |
Maui Electric | 71,352 |  |  | 323,882 |  |  | 70,872 |  |  | 306,767 |  |  | 70,533 |  |  | 343,722 |
| 462,225 |  |  | $ | 2,247,595 |  |  | 460,162 |  |  | $ | 2,082,513 |  |  | 457,800 |  |  | $ | 2,323,810 |

* As of December 31.
Seasonality. Kilowatthour (KWH) sales of the Utilities follow a seasonal pattern, but they do not experience extreme seasonal variations due to extreme weather variations experienced by some electric utilities on the U.S. mainland. KWH sales in Hawaii tend to increase in the warmer, more humid months as a result of increased demand for air conditioning.
Significant customers. The Utilities derived approximately 11% of their operating revenues in 2017, 2016 and 2015 from the sale of electricity to various federal government agencies.
Under the Energy Policy Act of 2005, the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 and/or executive orders: (1) federal agencies must establish energy conservation goals for federally funded programs, (2) goals were set to reduce federal agencies’ energy consumption by 3% per year up to 30% by fiscal year 2015 relative to fiscal year 2003, and (3) renewable energy goals were established for electricity consumed by federal agencies. Executive Order 13693 signed in March 2015, updated the earlier provisions and adopted new reduction targets for years after fiscal year 2015, requiring federal buildings to achieve a 2.5% reduction in consumption annually. Hawaiian Electric continues to work with various federal agencies to implement measures that will help them achieve their energy reduction and renewable energy objectives.
State of Hawaii and U.S. Department of Energy MOU. On September 15, 2014, the State of Hawaii and the U.S. Department of Energy executed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) recognizing that Hawaii is embarking on the next phase of its clean energy future. The MOU provides the framework for a comprehensive, sustained effort to better realize its vast renewable energy potential and allow Hawaii to push forward in three main areas: the power sector, transportation and energy efficiency. This next phase is focused on stimulating deployment of clean energy infrastructure as a catalyst for economic growth, energy system innovation and test bed investments.
Energy Efficiency. The PUC issued an order on January 3, 2012 approving a framework for Energy Efficiency Portfolio Standards (EEPS) that set 2008 as the initial base year for evaluation and linearly allocated the 2030 goal to interim incremental reduction goals of 1,375 GWH by 2015 and 975 GWH by each of the years 2020, 2025 and 2030. These goals may be revised through goal evaluations scheduled every five years or as the result of recommendations by an EEPS technical working group (TWG) for consideration by the PUC. Pursuant to the PUC's EEPS framework, the PUC has contracted with a public benefits fee administrator to operate and manage energy efficiency programs, and any incentive and/or penalty mechanisms related to the achievement of the goals are at the discretion of the PUC.
The Division of Consumer Advocacy’s 2017 Compliance Resolution Fund Report states that it appears Hawaii has met its 2016 Renewable Portfolio Standards and EEPS goals and is progressing towards its 2020 goals. The EEPS has contributed to lower sales; however, the implementation of decoupling has delinked sales and revenues. See "Decoupling" in Note 3 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Electrification of Transportation. In December 2016, a coalition of eight public, private and non-profit organizations came together to form Drive Electric Hawaii and entered into a MOU that put forth a shared a vision of supporting and promoting electrification transportation. Drive Electric Hawaii seeks to promote the use of electric vehicles, cuts fossil-fuel transportation and adds more renewable energy through collaboration on education, promotion, advocacy and infrastructure.
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Neither HEI nor Hawaiian Electric management can predict with certainty the impact of these or other governmental mandates or MOU's on HEI’s or Hawaiian Electric’s future results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.
Selected consolidated electric utility operating statistics.

Years ended December 31 | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |
KWH sales (millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential | 2,334.5 |  |  | 2,332.7 |  |  | 2,396.5 |  |  | 2,379.7 |  |  | 2,450.9 |
Commercial | 2,867.9 |  |  | 2,911.5 |  |  | 2,977.8 |  |  | 3,022.0 |  |  | 3,105.9 |
Large light and power | 3,443.3 |  |  | 3,555.1 |  |  | 3,532.9 |  |  | 3,524.5 |  |  | 3,462.7 |
Other | 44.7 |  |  | 46.0 |  |  | 49.3 |  |  | 50.0 |  |  | 50.0 |
| 8,690.4 |  |  | 8,845.3 |  |  | 8,956.5 |  |  | 8,976.2 |  |  | 9,069.5 |
KWH net generated and purchased (millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net generated | 4,888.4 |  |  | 4,940.4 |  |  | 5,124.5 |  |  | 5,131.3 |  |  | 5,352.0 |
Purchased | 4,247.1 |  |  | 4,349.1 |  |  | 4,308.3 |  |  | 4,306.7 |  |  | 4,195.2 |
| 9,135.5 |  |  | 9,289.5 |  |  | 9,432.8 |  |  | 9,438.0 |  |  | 9,547.2 |
Losses and system uses (%) | 4.7 |  |  | 4.6 |  |  | 4.8 |  |  | 4.7 |  |  | 4.8 |
Energy supply (December 31) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net generating capability—MW | 1,673 |  |  | 1,669 |  |  | 1,669 |  |  | 1,787 |  |  | 1,787 |
Firm and other purchased capability—MW | 551 |  |  | 551 |  |  | 555 |  |  | 575 |  |  | 567 |
| 2,224 |  |  | 2,220 |  |  | 2,224 |  |  | 2,362 |  |  | 2,354 |
Net peak demand—MW 1 | 1,584 |  |  | 1,593 |  |  | 1,610 |  |  | 1,554 |  |  | 1,535 |
Btu per net KWH generated | 10,812 |  |  | 10,710 |  |  | 10,632 |  |  | 10,613 |  |  | 10,570 |
Average fuel oil cost per MBtu (cents) | 1,114.3 |  |  | 862.3 |  |  | 1,206.5 |  |  | 2,087.6 |  |  | 2,103.2 |
Customer accounts (December 31) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential | 406,241 |  |  | 402,818 |  |  | 400,655 |  |  | 398,256 |  |  | 394,910 |
Commercial | 53,732 |  |  | 55,089 |  |  | 54,878 |  |  | 54,924 |  |  | 54,616 |
Large light and power | 656 |  |  | 670 |  |  | 659 |  |  | 596 |  |  | 556 |
Other | 1,596 |  |  | 1,585 |  |  | 1,608 |  |  | 1,640 |  |  | 1,660 |
| 462,225 |  |  | 460,162 |  |  | 457,800 |  |  | 455,416 |  |  | 451,742 |
Electric revenues (thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential | $ | 691,857 |  |  | $ | 638,776 |  |  | $ | 709,886 |  |  | $ | 879,605 |  |  | $ | 892,438 |
Commercial | 766,921 |  |  | 711,553 |  |  | 798,202 |  |  | 1,027,588 |  |  | 1,044,166 |
Large light and power | 776,808 |  |  | 720,878 |  |  | 802,366 |  |  | 1,051,119 |  |  | 1,015,079 |
Other | 12,009 |  |  | 11,306 |  |  | 13,356 |  |  | 17,163 |  |  | 17,008 |
| $ | 2,247,595 |  |  | $ | 2,082,513 |  |  | $ | 2,323,810 |  |  | $ | 2,975,475 |  |  | $ | 2,968,691 |
Average revenue per KWH sold (cents) | 25.86 |  |  | 23.54 |  |  | 25.90 |  |  | 33.15 |  |  | 32.73 |
Residential | 29.64 |  |  | 27.38 |  |  | 29.62 |  |  | 36.96 |  |  | 36.41 |
Commercial | 26.74 |  |  | 24.44 |  |  | 26.81 |  |  | 34.00 |  |  | 33.62 |
Large light and power | 22.56 |  |  | 20.28 |  |  | 22.71 |  |  | 29.82 |  |  | 29.31 |
Other | 26.82 |  |  | 24.61 |  |  | 27.05 |  |  | 34.36 |  |  | 34.02 |
Residential statistics |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average annual use per customer account (KWH) | 5,779 |  |  | 5,806 |  |  | 5,996 |  |  | 6,000 |  |  | 6,220 |
Average annual revenue per customer account | $ | 1,713 |  |  | $ | 1,590 |  |  | $ | 1,776 |  |  | $ | 2,218 |  |  | $ | 2,265 |
Average number of customer accounts | 403,983 |  |  | 401,796 |  |  | 399,674 |  |  | 396,640 |  |  | 394,024 |

1 | Sum of the net peak demands on all islands served, noncoincident and nonintegrated.

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Generation statistics. The following table contains certain generation statistics as of and for the year ended December 31, 2017. The net generating and firm purchased capability available for operation at any given time may be more or less than shown because of capability restrictions or temporary outages for inspection, maintenance, repairs or unforeseen circumstances.

| Hawaiian Electric |  | Hawaii Electric Light |  | Maui Electric |  |  |
| Island of Oahu |  | Island of Hawaii |  | Island of Maui |  | Island of Lanai |  | Island of Molokai |  | Total |
Net generating and firm purchased capability (MW) as of December 31, 2017 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Conventional oil-fired steam units | 999.5 |  |  | 50.1 |  |  | 35.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,085.5 |  |
Diesel | — |  |  | 29.5 |  |  | 96.8 |  |  | 10.1 |  |  | 9.6 |  |  | 146.0 |  |
Combustion turbines (peaking units) | 101.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 101.8 |  |
Other combustion turbines | — |  |  | 46.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | 48.5 |  |
Combined-cycle unit | — |  |  | 56.3 |  |  | 113.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 169.9 |  |
Biodiesel | 121.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 121.0 |  |
Firm contract power 2 | 456.5 |  |  | 94.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 551.1 |  |
| 1,678.8 |  |  | 276.8 |  |  | 246.3 |  |  | 10.1 |  |  | 11.8 |  |  | 2,223.8 |  |
Net peak demand (MW)3 | 1,184.0 |  |  | 190.5 |  |  | 198.5 |  |  | 5.4 |  |  | 5.9 |  |  | 1,584.3 |  |
Reserve margin | 41.0 | % |  | 45.3 | % |  | 25.0 | % |  | 87.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 42.0 | % |
Annual load factor | 66.1 | % |  | 67.3 | % |  | 63.0 | % |  | 66.2 | % |  | 60.2 | % |  | 65.8 | % |
KWH net generated and purchased (millions) | 6,854.7 |  |  | 1,123.6 |  |  | 1,094.7 |  |  | 31.4 |  |  | 31.1 |  |  | 9,135.5 |  |

1 | Hawaiian Electric units at normal ratings; Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric units at reserve ratings.

2 | Nonutility generators - Hawaiian Electric: 208 MW (Kalaeloa Partners, L.P., oil-fired), 180 MW (AES Hawaii, Inc., coal-fired) and 68.5 MW (HPOWER, refuse-fired); Hawaii Electric Light: 34.6 MW (Puna Geothermal Venture, geothermal) and 60 MW (Hamakua Energy, LLC, oil-fired).

3 | Noncoincident and nonintegrated.

Generating reliability and reserve margin. Hawaiian Electric serves the island of Oahu and Hawaii Electric Light serves the island of Hawaii. Maui Electric has three separate electrical systems—one each on the islands of Maui, Molokai and Lanai. Hawaiian Electric, Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric have isolated electrical systems that are not currently interconnected to each other or to any other electrical grid and, thus, each maintains a higher level of reserve generation than is typically carried by interconnected mainland U.S. utilities, which are able to share reserve capacity. These higher levels of reserve margins are required to meet peak electric demands, to provide for scheduled maintenance of generating units (including the units operated by IPPs relied upon for firm capacity) and to allow for the forced outage of the largest generating unit in the system.
See “Adequacy of supply” in HEI’s MD&A under “Electric utility.”
Nonutility generation. The Utilities have supported state and federal energy policies which encourage the development of renewable energy sources that reduce the use of fuel oil as well as the development of qualifying facilities. The Utilities' renewable energy sources and potential sources range from wind, solar, photovoltaic, geothermal, wave and hydroelectric power to energy produced by the municipal waste and other biofuels.
The rate schedules of the electric utilities contain ECACs and PPACs that allow them to recover costs of fuel and purchase power expenses. The PUC approved the PPACs for the first time for Hawaiian Electric, Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric in March 2011, February 2012 and May 2012, respectively.
In addition to the firm capacity PPAs described below, the electric utilities also purchase energy on an as-available basis directly from nonutility generators and through its Feed-In Tariff programs. The electric utilities also receive renewable energy from customers under its Net Energy Metering and Customer Grid Supply programs.
The PUC has allowed rate recovery for the firm capacity and purchased energy costs for the electric utilities’ approved firm capacity and as-available energy PPAs.
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Hawaiian Electric firm capacity PPAs. Hawaiian Electric currently has three major PPAs that provide a total of 456.5 MW of firm capacity, representing 27% of Hawaiian Electric’s total net generating and firm purchased capacity on the Island of Oahu as of December 31, 2017.
In March 1988, Hawaiian Electric entered into a PPA with AES Barbers Point, Inc. (now known as AES Hawaii, Inc. (AES Hawaii)), a Hawaii-based, indirect subsidiary of The AES Corporation. The agreement with AES Hawaii, as amended (through Amendment No. 2), provides that, for a period of 30 years beginning September 1992, Hawaiian Electric will purchase 180 megawatts (MW) of firm capacity. The AES Hawaii coal-fired cogeneration plant utilizes a “clean coal” technology and is designed to sell sufficient steam to be a “Qualifying Facility” (QF) under the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 (PURPA). See “Commitments and contingencies–Power purchase agreements–AES Hawaii, Inc.” in Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for an update regarding this PPA.
In October 1988, Hawaiian Electric entered into an agreement with Kalaeloa Partners, L.P. (Kalaeloa), a limited partnership, which, through affiliates, contracted to design, build, operate and maintain a QF. The agreement with Kalaeloa, as amended, provided that Hawaiian Electric would purchase 180 MW of firm capacity for a period of 25 years beginning in May 1991 and terminating in May 2016. The Kalaeloa facility is a combined-cycle operation, consisting of two oil-fired combustion turbines burning low sulfur fuel oil (LSFO) and a steam turbine that utilizes waste heat from the combustion turbines. Following two additional amendments, effective in 2005, Kalaeloa currently supplies Hawaiian Electric with 208 MW of firm capacity. In January 2011, Hawaiian Electric initiated renegotiation of the agreement with Kalaeloa (exempt from the PUC’s Competitive Bidding Framework). The PPA, as amended, automatically extends on a month-to-month basis as long as the parties are still negotiating in good faith. Hawaiian Electric and Kalaeloa have agreed that neither party will terminate the PPA prior to October 31, 2018. This agreement complements continued negotiations between the parties and accounts for time needed for PUC approval of a negotiated resolution.
Hawaiian Electric also entered into a PPA in March 1986 and a firm capacity amendment in April 1991 with the City and County of Honolulu with respect to a refuse-fired plant (HPOWER). Under the amended PPA, the HPOWER facility supplied Hawaiian Electric with 46 MW of firm capacity. In May 2012, Hawaiian Electric entered into an amended and restated PPA with the City and County of Honolulu to purchase additional firm capacity (including the then existing 46 MW) from the expanded HPOWER facility for a term of 20 years from the commercial operation date (April 2, 2013). Under the amended and restated PPA, which the PUC approved, Hawaiian Electric purchases 68.5 MW of firm capacity.
Hawaii Electric Light firm capacity PPAs. As of December 31, 2017, Hawaii Electric Light has two major PPAs that provide a total of for 94.6 MW of firm capacity, representing 34% of Hawaii Electric Light's total net generating and firm purchased capacity on the Island of Hawaii as of December 31, 2017.
Hawaii Electric Light has a 35-year PPA with Puna Geothermal Venture (PGV) for 30 MW of firm capacity from its geothermal steam facility, which will expire on December 31, 2027. In February 2011, Hawaii Electric Light and PGV amended the PPA for the pricing on a portion of the energy payments and entered into a new PPA for Hawaii Electric Light to acquire an additional 8 MW of firm, dispatchable capacity. The PUC approved the amendment and the new PPA in December 2011. PGV’s expansion became commercially operational in March 2012 for a total facility capacity of 34.6 MW.
In October 1997, Hawaii Electric Light entered into an agreement with Encogen, which was succeeded by Hamakua Energy Partners, L. P. (HEP). The agreement requires Hawaii Electric Light to purchase up to 60 MW (net) of firm capacity for a period of 30 years, expiring on December 31, 2030. The dual-train combined-cycle (DTCC) facility, which primarily burns naphtha (a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons), consists of two oil-fired combustion turbines and a steam turbine that utilizes waste heat from the combustion turbines. In December 2015, Hawaii Electric Light signed an Asset Purchase Agreement (APA) to purchase the 60 MW generating plant from HEP, and in February 2016, filed an application with the PUC requesting approval of the APA. In May 2017, the PUC denied the application on the grounds that customer benefits were not sufficiently demonstrated to justify the purchase and in July 2017, the APA was terminated. In November 2017, Hamakua Energy, LLC, an indirect subsidiary of HEI, purchased the plant from HEP.
In May 2012, Hawaii Electric Light signed a PPA with Hu Honua Bioenergy, LLC (Hu Honua) for 21.5 MW of renewable, dispatchable firm capacity fueled by locally grown biomass on the island of Hawaii. This PPA was approved by the PUC in December 2013. Per the terms of the PPA, the Hu Honua plant was scheduled to be in service in 2016, however, Hu Honua encountered construction delays, failed to meet its obligations under the PPA, and failed to provide adequate assurances that it could perform or had the financial means to perform. Hawaii Electric Light terminated the PPA on March 1, 2016. On November 30, 2016, Hu Honua filed a civil complaint in the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii that included claims purportedly arising out of the termination of Hu Honua’s PPA. On May 26, 2017, Hawaii Electric Light and Hu Honua entered into a settlement agreement to settle claims related to the termination of the original PPA. The settlement agreement was contingent on the PUC’s approval of an amended and restated PPA between Hawaii Electric Light and Hu Honua dated May 5, 2017. The Amended and Restated PPA was approved by the PUC on July 28, 2017. On August 25, 2017,
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the PUC's approval was appealed by a third party. The appeal is still pending. Hu Honua is expected to be on-line by the end of 2018.
Maui Electric firm capacity PPAs. Maui Electric has no firm power PPAs.
Fuel oil usage and supply. The rate schedules of the Utilities include ECACs under which electric rates (and consequently the revenues of the electric utility subsidiaries generally) are adjusted for changes in the weighted-average price paid for fuel oil and certain components of purchased power, and the relative amounts of company-generated power and purchased power. See discussion of rates and issues relating to the ECAC below under “Rates,” and “Electric utility—Certain factors that may affect future results and financial condition—Regulation of electric utility rates” and “Electric utility—Material estimates and critical accounting policies–Revenues” in HEI’s MD&A.
Hawaiian Electric’s steam generating units consume low sulfur fuel oil (LSFO) and Hawaiian Electric’s combustion turbine peaking units consume diesel, except for Hawaiian Electric's Campbell Industrial Park generating facility which operates exclusively on B99 grade biodiesel.
Hawaii Electric Light’s and Maui Electric’s steam generating units burn industrial fuel oil (IFO) and Hawaii Electric Light’s and Maui Electric’s Maui combustion turbine generating units burn diesel. Hawaii Electric Light’s and Maui Electric’s Maui, Molokai, and Lanai diesel engine generating units burn ultra-low-sulfur diesel. All of the fuel purchased for the Utilities(except for fuel purchased for Lanai) is purchased under the new fuel supply contracts with Island Energy Services, LLC (previously with Chevron Products Company), which began on January 1, 2017 and will terminate at the end of 2019.
See the fuel oil commitments information set forth in the “Fuel contracts” section in Note 3 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
The following table sets forth the average cost of fuel oil used by Hawaiian Electric, Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric to generate electricity in 2017, 2016 and 2015:

| Hawaiian Electric |  | Hawaii Electric Light |  | Maui Electric |  | Consolidated
| $/Barrel |  | ¢/MBtu |  | $/Barrel |  | ¢/MBtu |  | $/Barrel |  | ¢/MBtu |  | $/Barrel |  | ¢/MBtu
2017 | 67.96 |  |  | 1,087.1 |  |  | 68.02 |  |  | 1,125.2 |  |  | 72.29 |  |  | 1,214.6 |  |  | 68.78 |  |  | 1,114.3 |
2016 | 51.30 |  |  | 815.2 |  |  | 53.27 |  |  | 876.9 |  |  | 62.21 |  |  | 1,048.6 |  |  | 53.49 |  |  | 862.3 |
2015 | 71.86 |  |  | 1,144.8 |  |  | 79.03 |  |  | 1,307.3 |  |  | 84.38 |  |  | 1,425.7 |  |  | 74.71 |  |  | 1,206.5 |

The average per-unit cost of fuel oil consumed to generate electricity for Hawaiian Electric, Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric reflects a different volume mix of fuel types and grades as follows:

| Hawaiian Electric |  | Hawaii Electric Light |  | Maui Electric
| % LSFO |  |  | % Biodiesel/Diesel |  |  | % IFO |  |  | % Diesel |  |  | % IFO |  |  | % Diesel |
2017 | 95 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 77 |
2016 | 97 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 81 |
2015 | 96 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 84 |

In December 2000, Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric executed contracts of private carriage with Hawaiian Interisland Towing, Inc. for the employment of a double-hull tank barge for the shipment of industrial fuel oil (IFO) and diesel supplies from their fuel suppliers’ facilities on Oahu to storage locations on the islands of Hawaii and Maui, respectively, commencing January 1, 2002. The contracts have been extended through December 31, 2021. In July 2011, the carriage contracts were assigned to Kirby Corporation (Kirby), which provides refined petroleum and other products for marine transportation, distribution and logistics services in the U.S. domestic marine transportation industry.
Kirby never takes title to the fuel oil or diesel fuel, but does have custody and control while the fuel is in transit from Oahu. If there were an oil spill in transit, Kirby is generally contractually obligated to indemnify Hawaii Electric Light and/or Maui Electric for resulting clean-up costs, fines and damages. Kirby maintains liability insurance coverage for an amount in excess of $1 billion for oil spill related damage. State law provides a cap of $700 million on liability for releases of heavy fuel oil transported interisland by tank barge. In the event of a release, Hawaii Electric Light and/or Maui Electric may be responsible for any clean-up, damages, and/or fines that Kirby and its insurance carrier do not cover.
The prices that Hawaiian Electric, Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric pay for purchased energy from certain older nonutility generators are generally linked to the price of oil. The AES Hawaii energy prices vary primarily with an inflation index. The energy prices for Kalaeloa, which purchases LSFO from Par Hawaii Refining, LLC (PAR), vary primarily with the price of Asian crude oil. A portion of PGV energy prices are based on the electric utilities’ respective short-run avoided energy
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cost rates (which vary with their composite fuel costs), subject to minimum floor rates specified in their approved PPA. Hamakua Energy energy prices vary primarily with the cost of naphtha.
The Utilities estimate that the net energy they generate or purchase based on fossil fuel oil in 2018 will be comparable to 68% in 2017. Hawaiian Electric generally maintains an average system fuel inventory level equivalent to 47 days of forward consumption. Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric generally maintain an average system fuel inventory level equivalent to approximately one month’s supply of both MSFO and diesel. The PPAs with AES Hawaii and Hamakua Energy require that they maintain certain minimum fuel inventory levels.
Rates. Hawaiian Electric, Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric are subject to the regulatory jurisdiction of the PUC with respect to rates, issuance of securities, accounting and certain other matters. See “Regulation” below.
General rate increases require the prior approval of the PUC after public and contested case hearings. Rates for Hawaiian Electric and its subsidiaries include ECACs and PPACs. Under current law and practices, specific and separate PUC approval is not required for each rate change pursuant to automatic rate adjustment clauses previously approved by the PUC. PURPA requires the PUC to periodically review the ECACs of electric and gas utilities in the state, and such clauses, as well as the rates charged by the utilities generally, are subject to change. PUC approval is also required for all surcharges and adjustments before they are reflected in rates.
See “Electric utility–Most recent rate proceedings,” “Electric utility–Certain factors that may affect future results and financial condition–Regulation of electric utility rates” and “Electric utility–Material estimates and critical accounting policies–Revenues” in HEI’s MD&A and “Interim increases” and “Utility projects” under “Commitments and contingencies” in Note 3 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Public Utilities Commission and Division of Consumer Advocacy of the Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs of the State of Hawaii. Randall Y. Iwase is the Chair of the PUC (for a term that will expire in June 2020) and was formerly a state legislator, Honolulu city council member, supervising deputy attorney general, and Chair of the Hawaii State Tax Review Commission. The other commissioners are Lorraine H. Akiba (for a term that will expire in June 2018), who previously was an attorney in private practice who earlier served as the Director of the State Department of Labor and Industrial Relations, and James Griffin (for a term that will expire in June 2022), who was previously a faculty member at the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute before serving as the PUC's Chief of Policy and Research.
The Division of Consumer Advocacy is led by its Executive Director, Dean Nishina, who most recently served as the division's Public Utilities Administrator.
Competition. See “Electric utility–Certain factors that may affect future results and financial condition–Competition” in HEI’s MD&A.
Electric and magnetic fields. The generation, transmission and use of electricity produces low-frequency (50Hz-60Hz) electrical and magnetic fields (EMF). While EMF has been classified as a possible human carcinogen by more than one public health organization and remains the subject of ongoing studies and evaluations, no definite causal relationship between EMF and health risks has been clearly demonstrated to date and there are no federal standards in the U.S. limiting occupational or residential exposure to 50Hz-60Hz EMF. The Utilities are continuing to monitor the ongoing research and continue to participate in utility industry funded studies on EMF and, where technically feasible and economically reasonable, continue to pursue a policy of prudent avoidance in the design and installation of new transmission and distribution facilities. Management cannot predict the impact, if any, the EMF issue may have on the Utilities in the future.
Global climate change and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction. The Utilities share the concerns of many regarding the potential effects of global climate changes and the human contributions to this phenomenon, including burning of fossil fuels for electricity production, transportation, manufacturing and agricultural activities, as well as deforestation. Recognizing that effectively addressing global climate changes requires commitment by the private sector, all levels of government, and the public, the Utilities are committed to taking direct action to mitigate GHG emissions from its operations. See “Electric utility risk–Global climate change and greenhouse gas emissions reduction” under “Item 1A. Risk factors.”
Legislation. See “Electric utility–Legislation and regulation” in HEI’s MD&A.
Commitments and contingencies. See “Selected contractual obligations and commitments” in Hawaiian Electric’s MD&A and “Electric utility–Certain factors that may affect future results and financial condition–Other regulatory and permitting contingencies” in HEI’s MD&A, Item 1A. Risk Factors, and Note 3 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of important commitments and contingencies.
Regulation. The PUC regulates the rates, issuance of securities, accounting and certain other aspects of the operations of Hawaiian Electric and its electric utility subsidiaries. See the previous discussion under “Rates” and the discussions under
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“Electric utility–Results of operations–Most recent rate proceedings” and “Electric utility–Certain factors that may affect future results and financial condition–Regulation of electric utility rates” in HEI’s MD&A.
Any adverse decision or policy made or adopted by the PUC, or any prolonged delay in rendering a decision, could have a material adverse effect on consolidated Hawaiian Electric’s and the Company’s results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.
On September 15, 2014, the State of Hawaii and the U.S. Department of Energy executed a MOU recognizing that Hawaii is embarking on the next phase of its clean energy future. See "State of Hawaii and U.S. Department of Energy MOU" above.
In 2015, Hawaii’s RPS law was amended to require electric utilities to meet an RPS of 15%, 30%, 40%, 70% and 100% by December 31, 2015, 2020, 2030, 2040 and 2045 respectively. Energy savings resulting from energy efficiency programs do not count toward the RPS since 2014 (only electrical generation using renewable energy as a source counts).
Certain transactions between HEI’s electric public utility subsidiaries (Hawaiian Electric, Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric) and HEI and affiliated interests (as defined by statute) are subject to regulation by the PUC. All contracts of $300,000 or more in a calendar year for management, supervisory, construction, engineering, accounting, legal, financial and similar services and for the sale, lease or transfer of property between a public utility and affiliated interests must be filed with the PUC to be effective, and the PUC may issue cease and desist orders if such contracts are not filed. All such “affiliated contracts” for capital expenditures (except for real property) must be accompanied by comparative price quotations from two nonaffiliates, unless the quotations cannot be obtained without substantial expense. Moreover, all transfers of $300,000 or more of real property between a public utility and affiliated interests require the prior approval of the PUC and proof that the transfer is in the best interest of the public utility and its customers. If the PUC, in its discretion, determines that an affiliated contract is unreasonable or otherwise contrary to the public interest, the utility must either revise the contract or risk disallowance of payments under the contract for rate-making purposes. In rate-making proceedings, a utility must also prove the reasonableness of payments made to affiliated interests under any affiliated contract of $300,000 or more by clear and convincing evidence.
In December 1996, the PUC issued an order in a docket that had been opened to review the relationship between HEI and Hawaiian Electric and the effects of that relationship on the operations of Hawaiian Electric. The order adopted the report of the consultant the PUC had retained and ordered Hawaiian Electric to continue to provide the PUC with periodic status reports on its compliance with the PUC Agreement (pursuant to which HEI became the holding company of Hawaiian Electric). Hawaiian Electric files such status reports annually. In the order, the PUC also required the Utilities to present a comprehensive analysis of the impact that the holding company structure and investments in nonutility subsidiaries have on a case-by-case basis on the cost of capital to each utility in future rate cases and remove any such effects from the cost of capital. The Utilities have made presentations in their subsequent rate cases to support their positions that there was no evidence that would modify the PUC’s finding that Hawaiian Electric’s access to capital did not suffer as a result of HEI’s involvement in nonutility activities and that HEI’s diversification did not permanently raise or lower the cost of capital incorporated into the rates paid by Hawaiian Electric’s utility customers.
The Utilities are not subject to regulation by the FERC under the Federal Power Act, except under Sections 210 through 212 (added by Title II of PURPA and amended by the Energy Policy Act of 1992), which permit the FERC to order electric utilities to interconnect with qualifying cogenerators and small power producers, and to wheel power to other electric utilities. Title I of PURPA, which relates to retail regulatory policies for electric utilities, and Title VII of the Energy Policy Act of 1992, which addresses transmission access, also apply to the Utilities. The Utilities are also required to file various operational reports with the FERC.
Because they are located in the State of Hawaii, Hawaiian Electric and its subsidiaries are exempt by statute from limitations set forth in the Powerplant and Industrial Fuel Use Act of 1978 on the use of petroleum as a primary energy source.
See also “HEI–Regulation” above.
Environmental regulation. Hawaiian Electric, Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric, like other utilities, are subject to periodic inspections by federal, state and, in some cases, local environmental regulatory agencies, including agencies responsible for the regulation of water quality, air quality, hazardous and other waste and hazardous materials. These inspections may result in the identification of items needing corrective or other action. Except as otherwise disclosed in this report (see “Certain factors that may affect future results and financial condition–Environmental matters” for HEI Consolidated, the Electric utility and the Bank sections in HEI’s MD&A and Note 3 of the Consolidated Financial Statements, which are incorporated herein by reference), the Company believes that each subsidiary has appropriately responded to environmental conditions requiring action and that, as a result of such actions, such environmental conditions will not have a material adverse effect on the Company or Hawaiian Electric.
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Water quality controls. The generating stations, substations and other utility facilities operate under federal and state water quality regulations and permits, including but not limited to the Clean Water Act National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (governing point source discharges, including wastewater and storm water discharges) and the Safe Drinking Water Act Underground Injection Control (regulating disposal of wastewater into the subsurface). On February 1, 2018, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that under certain circumstances, discharges from underground injection control wells may require National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permits. The Utilities are evaluating the impact of this decision on their facilities.
Oil pollution controls. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) establishes programs that governing actual or threatened oil releases and imposing strict liability on responsible parties for clean-up costs and damages to natural resources and property. The federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations under OPA require certain facilities that use or store oil to prepare and implement Spill Prevention, Control and Countermeasures (SPCC) Plans in order to prevent releases of oil to navigable waters of the U.S. Certain facilities are also required to prepare and implement Facility Response Plans (FRPs) to ensure prompt and proper response to releases of oil. The utility facilities that are subject to SPCC Plan and FRP requirements have prepared and implemented SPCC Plans and FRPs.
Air quality controls. The Clean Air Act (CAA) establishes permitting programs to reduce air pollution. The CAA amendments of 1990, established the federal Title V Operating Permit Program (in Hawaii known as the Covered Source Permit program) to ensure compliance with all applicable federal and state air pollution control requirements. The 1977 CAA Amendments established the New Source Review (NSR) permitting program which affect new or modified generating units by requiring a permit to construct under the CAA and the controls necessary to meet the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).
Title V operating permits have been issued for all of the Utilities’ affected generating units.
Hazardous waste and toxic substances controls. The operations of the electric utility are subject to EPA regulations that implement provisions of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA, also known as Superfund), the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA), and the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA).
RCRA underground storage tank (UST) regulations require all facilities that use USTs for storing petroleum products to comply with established leak detection, spill prevention, standards for tank design and retrofits, financial assurance, operator training, and tank decommissioning and closure requirements. All of the Utilities’ USTs currently meet the applicable requirements.
The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act under SARA Title III requires the Utilities to report potentially hazardous chemicals present in their facilities in order to provide the public with information so that emergency procedures can be established to protect the public in the event of hazardous chemical releases. Since January 1, 1998, the steam electric industry category has been subject to Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) reporting requirements.
The TSCA regulations specify procedures for the handling and disposal of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a compound found in some transformer and capacitor dielectric fluids. The TSCA regulations also apply to responses to releases of PCBs to the environment. The Utilities have instituted procedures to monitor compliance with these regulations and have implemented a program to identify and replace PCB transformers and capacitors in their systems. In April 2010, the EPA issued an Advance Notice of Proposed Rule Making announcing its intent to reassess PCB regulations. The EPA has ceased activity on the PCB reassessment.
Hawaii’s Environmental Response Law (ERL), as amended, governs releases of hazardous substances, including oil, to the environment in areas within the state’s jurisdiction. Responsible parties under the ERL are jointly, severally, and strictly liable for a release of a hazardous substance. Responsible parties include owners or operators of a facility where a hazardous substance is located and any person who at the time of disposal of the hazardous substance owned or operated any facility at which such hazardous substance was disposed.
The Utilities periodically discover leaking oil-containing equipment such as USTs, piping, and transformers. Each subsidiary reports releases from such equipment when and as required by applicable law and addresses the releases in compliance with applicable regulatory requirements.
Research and development. The Utilities expensed approximately $3.8 million, $4.2 million and $3.3 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, for research and development (R&D). In 2017, 2016 and 2015, the electric utilities’ contributions to the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) accounted for approximately 58%, 52% and 67% of R&D expenses, respectively. The Utilities continue to collaborate with EPRI, Elemental Excelerator, other utilities, national testing labs, leading edge companies and various stakeholders to identify and evaluate what new technologies and solutions are being developed, tested, and
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implemented elsewhere and can be applied to integrate more renewable distributed energy resources onto the utility grid, modernizing grid infrastructure, and helping the State achieve a 100% clean energy future. The Utilities utilize an expanded reference of R&D to highlight the demonstration of technologies. Included in the R&D expenses were amounts related to evaluating, testing, and demonstrating new and emerging technologies, energy storage, demand response, environmental compliance, power quality, electric and hybrid plug in vehicles and other renewables (e.g., integration of distributed energy resources onto the utility grid, grid modernization, solar resource evaluation, advanced inverter testing, and modeling of high PV penetration circuits).
Additional information. For additional information about Hawaiian Electric, see Hawaiian Electric’s MD&A, Hawaiian Electric’s “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” and Hawaiian Electric’s Consolidated Financial Statements, including the Notes thereto.
Properties. Hawaiian Electric owns four generating plants on the island of Oahu at Waiau, Kahe, Campbell Industrial Park (CIP) and Honolulu. Hawaiian Electric currently operates three of the four generation plants; the fourth, in downtown Honolulu, was deactivated in 2014. These three plants have an aggregate net generating capability of 1,214 MW as of December 31, 2017. The City and County of Honolulu is seeking to condemn a portion of the Honolulu plant site for its rail project. The four plants are situated on Hawaiian Electric-owned land having a combined area of 542 acres and three parcels of land totaling 5.7 acres under leases expiring between December 31, 2018 and June 30, 2021, with options to extend to June 30, 2026. Additionally, Hawaiian Electric has negotiated two leases: 1) a 35 year lease, effective September 1, 2016 with an option to extend an additional 10 years with the Department of the Army to install, operate, and maintain a 50 MW power generation plant on 8.13 acres, and 2) a 37 year lease, effective July 1, 2017 with the Secretary of the Navy to install, operate and maintain a 28 MW (dc) renewable generation site on 102 acres. In addition, Hawaiian Electric owns a total of 132 acres of land on which substations, transformer vaults, distribution baseyards and the Kalaeloa cogeneration facility are located.
Hawaiian Electric owns buildings and approximately 11.6 acres of land located in Honolulu which house its operating and engineering departments. It also leases an office building and certain office spaces in Honolulu, and a warehousing center in Kapolei. The lease for the office building expires in November 2021, with an option to extend through November 2024. Leases for certain office and warehouse spaces expire on various dates from March 31, 2018 through July 31, 2025, some with options to extend to various dates through December 31, 2034.
Hawaiian Electric's Barbers Point Tank Farm (BPTF) has three storage tanks with an aggregate of 1 million barrels of storage for low sulfur fuel oil (LSFO). The BPTF is located in Campbell Industrial Park, on the same property as the CIP Generating Station, and is the central fuel storage facility where LSFO purchased by Hawaiian Electric is received and stored. From the BPTF, LSFO is transported via Hawaiian Electric owned underground pipelines to the Kahe and Waiau Power Plants. Hawaiian Electric also has fuel storage facilities at each of its plant sites with a nominal aggregate capacity of 770,000 barrels for LSFO storage, 44,000 barrels for diesel storage and 88,000 barrels for biodiesel storage. Hawaiian Electric also owns a fuel storage facility at Iwilei that was used to provide fuel to the Honolulu Power Plant. The Honolulu Power Plant was deactivated on January 31, 2014 and any future fuel supplies will be delivered directly to the plant by truck. The removal of the Iwilei fuel storage facility's tanks and pumping infrastructure was completed in 2017, and the facility is being reconfigured for other purposes.
Hawaii Electric Light owns and operates four generating plants on the island of Hawaii in Hilo, Waimea, Keahole and Puna, along with distributed generators at substation sites. These plants have an aggregate net generating capability of 182 MW as of December 31, 2017 (excluding several small run-of-river hydro units). Hawaii Electric Light's Shipman plant in Hilo was deactivated in 2014 and retired in 2015. The plants (including a baseyard on the same parcel as the Hilo plant) are situated on Hawaii Electric Light-owned land having a combined area of approximately 44 acres. The distributed generators are located within Hawaii Electric Light-owned substation sites having a combined area of approximately 4 acres. Hawaii Electric Light also owns fuel storage facilities at these sites with a usable storage capacity of 48,000 barrels of medium sulfur fuel oil (MSFO) and 81,802 barrels of diesel. There are an additional 19,200 barrels of diesel and 22,770 barrels of MSFO storage capacity for Hawaii Electric Light-owned fuel off-site at Island Energy Services, LLC (Island Energy)-owned terminalling facilities (previously Chevron-owned). Hawaii Electric Light pays a storage fee to Island Energy and has no other interest in the property, tanks or other infrastructure situated on their property. Hawaii Electric Light also owns 6 acres of land in Kona, which is used for a baseyard, and one acre of land in Hilo, which houses its accounting, customer services and administrative offices. Hawaii Electric Light also leases 3.7 acres of land for its baseyard in Hilo under a lease expiring in 2030. In addition, Hawaii Electric Light owns a total of approximately 100 acres of land, and leases a total of approximately 8.5 acres of land, on which hydro facilities, substations and switching stations, microwave facilities and transmission lines are located. The deeds to the sites located in Hilo contain certain restrictions, but the restrictions do not materially interfere with the use of the sites for public utility purposes.
On 37.7 acres of its land, Maui Electric: (1) owns and operates two generating plants on the island of Maui, at Kahului and Maalaea, with an aggregate net generating capability of 246 MW as of December 31, 2017, (2) has offices (administrative,
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engineering and distribution departments) in Kahului and (3) owns fuel oil storage facilities with a total maximum usable capacity of 81,272 barrels of MSFO and 94,586 barrels of diesel. There are an additional 56,358 barrels of diesel oil storage capacity off-site at Aloha Petroleum, Ltd. (Aloha Petroleum)-owned terminalling facilities, for which Maui Electric pays storage fees. Maui Electric also owns two, 1 MW stand-by diesel generators and a 6,000 gallon fuel storage tank in Hana and 65.7 acres of undeveloped land at Waena.
Maui Electric also owns and operates smaller distribution systems, generation systems (with an aggregate net capability of 22 MW as of December 31, 2017) and fuel storage facilities on the islands of Lanai and Molokai, primarily on its own land.
Other properties. The Utilities own overhead transmission and distribution lines, underground cables, poles (some jointly) and metal high voltage towers. Electric lines are located over or under public and nonpublic properties. Lines are added when needed to serve increased loads and/or for reliability reasons. In some design districts on Oahu, lines must be placed underground. Under Hawaii law, the PUC generally must determine whether new 46 kilovolt (kV), 69 kV or 138 kV lines can be constructed overhead or must be placed underground.
See “Hawaiian Electric and subsidiaries and service areas” above for a discussion of the nonexclusive franchises of Hawaiian Electric and subsidiaries. Most of the leases, easements and licenses for Hawaiian Electric’s, Hawaii Electric Light’s and Maui Electric’s lines have been recorded.
See “Generation statistics” above and “Limited insurance” in HEI’s MD&A for a further discussion of some of the electric utility properties.
Bank
General. ASB was granted a federal savings bank charter in January 1987. Prior to that time, ASB had operated since 1925 as the Hawaii division of American Savings & Loan Association of Salt Lake City, Utah. As of December 31, 2017, ASB was one of the largest financial institutions in the State of Hawaii based on total assets of $6.8 billion and deposits of $5.9 billion. In 2017, ASB’s revenues and net income amounted to approximately 12% and 41% of HEI’s consolidated revenues and net income, respectively, compared to approximately 12% and 23% (impacted by the merger termination fee and other impacts at HEI corporate) in 2016 and approximately 10% and 34% in 2015, respectively.
At the time of HEI’s acquisition of ASB in 1988, HEI agreed with the OTS’ predecessor regulatory agency that ASB’s regulatory capital would be maintained at a level of at least 6% of ASB’s total liabilities, or at such greater amount as may be required from time to time by regulation. Under the agreement, HEI’s obligation to contribute additional capital to ensure that ASB would have the capital level required by the OTS was limited to a maximum aggregate amount of approximately $65.1 million. As of December 31, 2017, as a result of certain HEI contributions of capital to ASB, HEI’s maximum obligation under the agreement to contribute additional capital has been reduced to approximately $28.3 million. ASB is subject to OCC regulations on dividends and other distributions and ASB must receive a letter from the FRB communicating the OCC's and FRB's non-objection to the payment of any dividend ASB proposes to declare and pay to ASB Hawaii and HEI.
The following table sets forth selected data for ASB (average balances calculated using the average daily balances):

Years ended December 31 | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Common equity to assets ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average common equity divided by average total assets | 9.10 | % |  | 9.34 | % |  | 9.53 | %
Return on assets |  |  |  |  |
Net income divided by average total assets | 1.02 |  |  | 0.92 |  |  | 0.95 |
Return on common equity |  |  |  |  |
Net income divided by average common equity | 11.20 |  |  | 9.90 |  |  | 9.93 |

Asset/liability management. See HEI’s “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.”
Consolidated average balance sheet and interest income and interest expense. See “Bank—Results of operations—Average balance sheet and net interest margin” in HEI’s MD&A.
The following table shows the effect on net interest income of (1) changes in interest rates (change in weighted-average interest rate multiplied by prior year average balance) and (2) changes in volume (change in average balance multiplied by prior period weighted-average interest rate). Any remaining change is allocated to the above two categories on a prorata basis.
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| 2017 vs. 2016 |  | 2016 vs. 2015
(in thousands) | Rate |  | Volume |  | Total |  | Rate |  | Volume |  | Total
Interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-earning deposits | $ | 488 |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | 515 |  |  | $ | 228 |  |  | $ | (169 | ) |  | $ | 59 |
FHLB stock | 24 |  |  | (7 | ) |  | 17 |  |  | 192 |  |  | (148 | ) |  | 44 |
Investment securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable | 1,691 |  |  | 7,008 |  |  | 8,699 |  |  | (1,018 | ) |  | 4,961 |  |  | 3,943 |
Non-taxable | 3 |  |  | 624 |  |  | 627 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 28 |
Total investment securities | 1,694 |  |  | 7,632 |  |  | 9,326 |  |  | (1,004 | ) |  | 4,975 |  |  | 3,971 |
Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential 1-4 family | (1,488 | ) |  | 148 |  |  | (1,340 | ) |  | (2,103 | ) |  | 444 |  |  | (1,659 | )
Commercial real estate | 1,234 |  |  | 632 |  |  | 1,866 |  |  | 1,037 |  |  | 8,345 |  |  | 9,382 |
Home equity line of credit | 781 |  |  | 971 |  |  | 1,752 |  |  | 686 |  |  | 1,052 |  |  | 1,738 |
Residential land | 13 |  |  | (120 | ) |  | (107 | ) |  | (77 | ) |  | 94 |  |  | 17 |
Commercial | 2,395 |  |  | (4,733 | ) |  | (2,338 | ) |  | 2,538 |  |  | (2,077 | ) |  | 461 |
Consumer | 1,134 |  |  | 6,514 |  |  | 7,648 |  |  | 1,908 |  |  | 3,145 |  |  | 5,053 |
Total loans | 4,069 |  |  | 3,412 |  |  | 7,481 |  |  | 3,989 |  |  | 11,003 |  |  | 14,992 |
Total increase in interest income | 6,275 |  |  | 11,064 |  |  | 17,339 |  |  | 3,405 |  |  | 15,661 |  |  | 19,066 |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Savings | — |  |  | (165 | ) |  | (165 | ) |  | (103 | ) |  | (42 | ) |  | (145 | )
Interest-bearing checking | (56 | ) |  | (9 | ) |  | (65 | ) |  | — |  |  | (34 | ) |  | (34 | )
Money market | 13 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 34 |  |  | (5 | ) |  | 8 |  |  | 3 |
Time certificates | (928 | ) |  | (1,369 | ) |  | (2,297 | ) |  | (589 | ) |  | (1,054 | ) |  | (1,643 | )
Advances from Federal Home Loan Bank | 267 |  |  | 648 |  |  | 915 |  |  | 21 |  |  | (35 | ) |  | (14 | )
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 1,433 |  |  | 744 |  |  | 2,177 |  |  | (285 | ) |  | 689 |  |  | 404 |
Total decrease (increase) in interest expense | 729 |  |  | (130 | ) |  | 599 |  |  | (961 | ) |  | (468 | ) |  | (1,429 | )
Increase in net interest income | $ | 7,004 |  |  | $ | 10,934 |  |  | $ | 17,938 |  |  | $ | 2,444 |  |  | $ | 15,193 |  |  | $ | 17,637 |

See “Bank—Results of operations” in HEI’s MD&A for an explanation of significant changes in earning assets and costing liabilities.
Noninterest income. In addition to net interest income, ASB has various sources of noninterest income, including fee income from credit and debit cards, fee income from deposit liabilities, mortgage banking income and other financial products and services. See “Bank—Results of operations” in HEI’s MD&A for an explanation of significant changes in noninterest income.
14

Lending activities.
General. The following table sets forth the composition of ASB’s loans receivable held for investment:

December 31 | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
(dollars in thousands) | Balance |  | % of total |  |  | Balance |  | % of total |  |  | Balance |  | % of total |  |  | Balance |  | % of total |  |  | Balance |  | % of total |
Real estate: 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential 1-4 family | $ | 2,118,047 |  |  | 45.3 |  |  | $ | 2,048,051 |  |  | 43.2 |  |  | $ | 2,069,665 |  |  | 44.8 |  |  | $ | 2,044,205 |  |  | 46.0 |  |  | $ | 2,006,007 |  |  | 48.2 |
Commercial real estate | 733,106 |  |  | 15.7 |  |  | 800,395 |  |  | 16.9 |  |  | 690,561 |  |  | 14.9 |  |  | 531,917 |  |  | 12.0 |  |  | 440,443 |  |  | 10.6 |
Home equity line of credit | 913,052 |  |  | 19.6 |  |  | 863,163 |  |  | 18.2 |  |  | 846,294 |  |  | 18.3 |  |  | 818,815 |  |  | 18.4 |  |  | 739,331 |  |  | 17.8 |
Residential land | 15,797 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 18,889 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 18,229 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 16,240 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 16,176 |  |  | 0.4 |
Commercial construction | 108,273 |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | 126,768 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | 100,796 |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | 96,438 |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | 52,112 |  |  | 1.3 |
Residential construction | 14,910 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 16,080 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 14,089 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 18,961 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 12,774 |  |  | 0.3 |
Total real estate | 3,903,185 |  |  | 83.5 |  |  | 3,873,346 |  |  | 81.7 |  |  | 3,739,634 |  |  | 80.9 |  |  | 3,526,576 |  |  | 79.4 |  |  | 3,266,843 |  |  | 78.6 |
Commercial | 544,828 |  |  | 11.7 |  |  | 692,051 |  |  | 14.6 |  |  | 758,659 |  |  | 16.4 |  |  | 791,757 |  |  | 17.8 |  |  | 783,388 |  |  | 18.8 |
Consumer | 223,564 |  |  | 4.8 |  |  | 178,222 |  |  | 3.7 |  |  | 123,775 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | 122,656 |  |  | 2.8 |  |  | 108,722 |  |  | 2.6 |
Total loans | 4,671,577 |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | 4,743,619 |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | 4,622,068 |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | 4,440,989 |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | 4,158,953 |  |  | 100.0 |
Less: Deferred fees and discounts | (809 | ) |  |  |  |  | (4,926 | ) |  |  |  |  | (6,249 | ) |  |  |  |  | (6,338 | ) |  |  |  |  | (8,724 | ) |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses | (53,637 | ) |  |  |  |  | (55,533 | ) |  |  |  |  | (50,038 | ) |  |  |  |  | (45,618 | ) |  |  |  |  | (40,116 | ) |  |  |
Total loans, net | $ | 4,617,131 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,683,160 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,565,781 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,389,033 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,110,113 |  |  |  |

1 | Includes renegotiated loans.

The decrease in the loans receivable balance in 2017 was primarily due to decreases in the commercial, commercial real estate, and commercial construction loan portfolios, partly offset by growth in the residential 1-4 family, home equity lines of credit (HELOC), and consumer loan portfolios. The decrease in the commercial loan portfolio was primarily due to the strategic reductions in the portfolio, including a $75 million reduction in ASB's nationally syndicated loan portfolio. The decrease in the commercial real estate loan portfolio was primarily due to paydown of a large commercial real estate credit. The growth in the residential 1-4 family, HELOC and consumer loan portfolios were consistent with ASB's loan growth strategy.
The increase in the loans receivable balance in 2016 was primarily due to growth in the commercial real estate, consumer, commercial construction and HELOC loan portfolios as a result of demand for these loan types, partly offset by a decrease in the commercial and residential 1-4 family loan portfolios. The growth in the commercial real estate, consumer, commercial construction and HELOC loan portfolios was consistent with ASB's loan growth strategy. The decrease in the commercial loan portfolio was due to the strategic reduction of ASB's nationally syndicated loan portfolio by $93 million. The decrease in the residential loan portfolio was due to ASB's decision to sell a portion of its loan production with low interest rates to control its interest rate risk.
The increase in the loans receivable balance in 2015 was primarily due to growth in commercial real estate, HELOC and residential 1-4 family loan portfolios, partly offset by a decrease in the commercial loan portfolio. The growth in the commercial real estate, HELOC and residential loan portfolios was driven by demand for this loan type and was consistent with ASB's loan growth strategy.
The increase in the loans receivable balance in 2014 was primarily due to growth in commercial real estate, HELOC, commercial construction and residential 1-4 family loan portfolios. The growth in the commercial real estate and commercial construction loan portfolios were driven by demand for these loan types as the Hawaii economy continues to improve. The growth in the HELOC and residential loan portfolios were consistent with ASB’s mix target and loan growth strategy.
15

The following table summarizes loans receivable held for investment based upon contractually scheduled principal payments allocated to the indicated maturity categories:

December 31 | 2017
Due | In 1 year or less |  |  | After 1 year through 5 years |  |  | After 5 years |  |  | Total |
(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial – Fixed | $ | 53 |  |  | $ | 121 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 192 |
Commercial – Adjustable | 153 |  |  | 172 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 353 |
Total commercial | 206 |  |  | 293 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 545 |
Commercial construction – Fixed | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial construction – Adjustable | 59 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 108 |
Total commercial construction | 59 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 108 |
Residential construction – Fixed | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15 |
Residential construction – Adjustable | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total residential construction | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15 |
Total loans – Fixed | 68 |  |  | 121 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 207 |
Total loans – Adjustable | 212 |  |  | 194 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 461 |
Total loans | $ | 280 |  |  | $ | 315 |  |  | $ | 73 |  |  | $ | 668 |

Origination, purchase and sale of loans. Generally, residential and commercial real estate loans originated by ASB are collateralized by real estate located in Hawaii. For additional information, including information concerning the geographic distribution of ASB’s mortgage-related securities portfolio and the geographic concentration of credit risk, see Note 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The demand for loans is primarily dependent on the Hawaii real estate market, business conditions, interest rates and loan refinancing activity.
Residential mortgage lending. ASB originates fixed rate and adjustable rate loans secured by single family residential property, including investor-owned properties, with maturities of up to 30 years. ASB’s general policy is to require private mortgage insurance when the loan-to-value ratio of the property exceeds 80% of the lower of the appraised value or purchase price at origination. For non-owner-occupied residential properties, the loan-to-value ratio may not exceed 80% of the lower of the appraised value or purchase price at origination.
Construction and development lending. ASB provides fixed rate loans for the construction of one-to-four unit residential and commercial properties. Construction loan projects are typically short term in nature. Construction and development financing generally involves a higher degree of credit risk than long-term financing on improved, occupied real estate. Accordingly, construction and development loans are generally priced higher than loans collateralized by completed structures. ASB’s underwriting, monitoring and disbursement practices with respect to construction and development financing are designed to ensure sufficient funds are available to complete construction projects. See “Loan portfolio risk elements” and “Multifamily residential and commercial real estate lending” below.
Multifamily residential and commercial real estate lending. ASB provides permanent financing and construction and development financing collateralized by multifamily residential properties (including apartment buildings) and collateralized by commercial and industrial properties (including office buildings, shopping centers and warehouses) for its own portfolio as well as for participation with other lenders. Commercial real estate lending typically involves long lead times to originate and fund. As a result, production results can vary significantly from period to period.
Consumer lending. ASB offers a variety of secured and unsecured consumer loans. Loans collateralized by deposits are limited to 90% of the available account balance. ASB offers home equity lines of credit, clean energy loans, secured and unsecured VISA cards (through a third party issuer), checking account overdraft protection and other general purpose consumer loans.
Commercial lending. ASB provides both secured and unsecured commercial loans to business entities. This lending activity is designed to diversify ASB’s asset structure, shorten maturities, improve rate sensitivity of the loan portfolio and attract commercial checking deposits. ASB offers commercial loans with terms up to ten years.
Loan origination fee and servicing income. In addition to interest earned on residential mortgage loans, ASB receives income from servicing loans, for late payments and from other related services. Servicing fees are received on loans originated and subsequently sold by ASB where ASB acts as collection agent on behalf of third-party purchasers.
16

ASB charges the borrower at loan settlement a loan origination fee. See “Loans receivable” in Note 1 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Loan portfolio risk elements. When a borrower fails to make a required payment on a loan and does not cure the delinquency promptly, the loan is classified as delinquent. If delinquencies are not cured promptly, ASB normally commences a collection action, including foreclosure proceedings in the case of real estate secured loans. In a foreclosure action, the property collateralizing the delinquent debt is sold at a public auction in which ASB may participate as a bidder to protect its interest. If ASB is the successful bidder, the property is classified as real estate owned until it is sold. As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, ASB had $0.1 million, $1.2 million and $1.0 million, respectively, of real estate acquired in settlement of loans.
In addition to delinquent loans, other significant lending risk elements include: (1) loans which accrue interest and are 90 days or more past due as to principal or interest, (2) loans accounted for on a nonaccrual basis (nonaccrual loans), and (3) loans on which various concessions are made with respect to interest rate, maturity, or other terms due to the inability of the borrower to service the obligation under the original terms of the agreement (troubled debt restructured loans). ASB loans that were 90 days or more past due on which interest was being accrued as of December 31, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014 and 2013 were immaterial or nil. The following table sets forth certain information with respect to nonaccrual and troubled debt restructured loans:

December 31 | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |
(dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nonaccrual loans— |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential 1-4 family | $ | 12,598 |  |  | $ | 11,154 |  |  | $ | 20,554 |  |  | $ | 19,253 |  |  | $ | 19,679 |
Commercial real estate | — |  |  | 223 |  |  | 1,188 |  |  | 5,112 |  |  | 4,439 |
Home equity line of credit | 4,466 |  |  | 3,080 |  |  | 2,254 |  |  | 1,087 |  |  | 2,060 |
Residential land | 841 |  |  | 878 |  |  | 970 |  |  | 720 |  |  | 3,161 |
Commercial construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Residential construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total real estate | 17,905 |  |  | 15,335 |  |  | 24,966 |  |  | 26,172 |  |  | 29,339 |
Commercial | 3,069 |  |  | 6,708 |  |  | 20,174 |  |  | 10,053 |  |  | 18,781 |
Consumer | 2,617 |  |  | 1,282 |  |  | 895 |  |  | 661 |  |  | 401 |
Total nonaccrual loans | $ | 23,591 |  |  | $ | 23,325 |  |  | $ | 46,035 |  |  | $ | 36,886 |  |  | $ | 48,521 |
Troubled debt restructured loans not included above— |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential 1-4 family | $ | 10,982 |  |  | $ | 14,450 |  |  | $ | 13,962 |  |  | $ | 13,525 |  |  | $ | 9,744 |
Commercial real estate | 1,016 |  |  | 1,346 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Home equity line of credit | 6,584 |  |  | 4,934 |  |  | 2,467 |  |  | 480 |  |  | 171 |
Residential land | 425 |  |  | 2,751 |  |  | 4,713 |  |  | 7,130 |  |  | 7,476 |
Commercial construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Residential construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total real estate | 19,007 |  |  | 23,481 |  |  | 21,142 |  |  | 21,135 |  |  | 17,391 |
Commercial | 1,741 |  |  | 14,146 |  |  | 1,104 |  |  | 2,972 |  |  | 1,649 |
Consumer | 66 |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total troubled debt restructured loans | $ | 20,814 |  |  | $ | 37,637 |  |  | $ | 22,246 |  |  | $ | 24,107 |  |  | $ | 19,040 |

In 2017, nonaccrual loans increased slightly by $0.3 million primarily due to higher nonaccrual residential 1-4 family, HELOC and consumer loans of $1.4 million, $1.4 million and $1.3 million, respectively. Nonaccrual commercial loans decreased by $3.6 million. ASB evaluates a restructured loan transaction to determine if the borrower is in financial difficulty and if the restructured terms are considered concessions—typically terms that are out of market, beyond normal or reasonable standards, or otherwise not available to a non-troubled borrower in the normal marketplace. A loan classified as TDR must meet both criteria of financial difficulty and concession. Accruing TDR loans decreased by $16.8 million in 2017 primarily due to decreases of $12.4 million, $3.5 million, and $2.3 million of commercial, residential 1-4 family, and residential land loans, respectively, classified as TDRs.
17

In 2016, nonaccrual loans decreased $22.7 million primarily due to upgrades of specific commercial and commercial real estate loans, payoff of a troubled commercial loan and a segment of residential mortgages transferred to held-for-sale. Nonaccrual commercial and residential loans decreased by $13.5 million and $9.4 million, respectively. Accruing TDR loans increased $15.4 million in 2016 primarily due to increases of $13.0 million and $2.5 million of commercial and HELOC loans, respectively, classified as TDR. The increase in commercial loans classified as TDR was primarily due to two commercial credits being classified as TDR.
In 2015, nonaccrual loans increased $9.1 million primarily due to higher nonaccrual commercial loans of $10.1 million. TDR loans decreased $1.9 million in 2015 primarily due to decreases of $2.4 million and $1.9 million of residential land and commercial loans, respectively, classified as TDR. HELOC loans classified as TDR increased by $2.0 million.
In 2014, nonaccrual loans decreased $11.6 million primarily due to the payoff of commercial loans that were on nonaccrual status and repayments in the residential land portfolio. TDR loans increased $5.1 million in 2014 primarily due to increases of $3.8 million and $1.3 million of residential 1-4 and commercial loans, respectively, classified as TDR.
Impact of nonperforming loans on interest income. The following table presents the gross interest income for both nonaccrual and restructured loans that would have been recognized if such loans had been current in accordance with their original contractual terms, and had been outstanding throughout the period or since origination if held for only part of the period. The table also presents the interest income related to these loans that was actually recognized for the period.

(dollars in millions) | Year ended December 31, 2017
Gross amount of interest income that would have been recorded if the loans had been current in accordance with original contractual terms, and had been outstanding throughout the period or since origination, if held for only part of the period 1 | $ | 2 |
Interest income actually recognized | 1 |
Total interest income foregone | $ | 1 |

1 | Based on the contractual rate that was being charged at the time the loan was restructured or placed on nonaccrual status.

Allowance for loan losses. See “Allowance for loan losses” in Note 1 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
18

The following table presents the changes in the allowance for loan losses:

(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |
Allowance for loan losses, January 1 | $ | 55,533 |  |  | $ | 50,038 |  |  | $ | 45,618 |  |  | $ | 40,116 |  |  | $ | 41,985 |
Provision for loan losses | 10,901 |  |  | 16,763 |  |  | 6,275 |  |  | 6,126 |  |  | 1,507 |
Charge-offs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential 1-4 family | 826 |  |  | 639 |  |  | 356 |  |  | 987 |  |  | 1,162 |
Commercial real estate | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Home equity line of credit | 14 |  |  | 112 |  |  | 205 |  |  | 196 |  |  | 782 |
Residential land | 210 |  |  | 138 |  |  | — |  |  | 81 |  |  | 485 |
Commercial construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Residential construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total real estate | 1,050 |  |  | 889 |  |  | 561 |  |  | 1,264 |  |  | 2,429 |
Commercial | 4,006 |  |  | 5,943 |  |  | 1,074 |  |  | 1,872 |  |  | 3,056 |
Consumer | 11,757 |  |  | 7,413 |  |  | 4,791 |  |  | 2,414 |  |  | 2,717 |
Total charge-offs | 16,813 |  |  | 14,245 |  |  | 6,426 |  |  | 5,550 |  |  | 8,202 |
Recoveries |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential 1-4 family | 157 |  |  | 421 |  |  | 226 |  |  | 1,180 |  |  | 1,881 |
Commercial real estate | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Home equity line of credit | 308 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 80 |  |  | 752 |  |  | 358 |
Residential land | 482 |  |  | 461 |  |  | 507 |  |  | 469 |  |  | 868 |
Commercial construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Residential construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total real estate | 947 |  |  | 941 |  |  | 813 |  |  | 2,401 |  |  | 3,107 |
Commercial | 1,852 |  |  | 1,093 |  |  | 2,773 |  |  | 1,636 |  |  | 1,089 |
Consumer | 1,217 |  |  | 943 |  |  | 985 |  |  | 889 |  |  | 630 |
Total recoveries | 4,016 |  |  | 2,977 |  |  | 4,571 |  |  | 4,926 |  |  | 4,826 |
Net charge-offs | 12,797 |  |  | 11,268 |  |  | 1,855 |  |  | 624 |  |  | 3,376 |
Allowance for loan losses, December 31 | $ | 53,637 |  |  | $ | 55,533 |  |  | $ | 50,038 |  |  | $ | 45,618 |  |  | $ | 40,116 |
Ratio of allowance for loan losses to loans receivable held for investment | 1.15 | % |  | 1.17 | % |  | 1.08 | % |  | 1.03 | % |  | 0.97 | %
Ratio of provision for loan losses during the year to average total loans | 0.23 | % |  | 0.36 | % |  | 0.14 | % |  | 0.14 | % |  | 0.04 | %
Ratio of net charge-offs during the year to average total loans | 0.27 | % |  | 0.24 | % |  | 0.04 | % |  | 0.01 | % |  | 0.09 | %

19

The following table sets forth the allocation of ASB’s allowance for loan losses and the percentage of loans in each category to total loans:

December 31 | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
(dollars in thousands) | Allow-ance balance |  | Allowance to loan receivable % |  | Loan receivable % of total |  | Allow-ance balance |  | Allowance to loan receivable % |  | Loan receivable % of total |  | Allow-ance balance |  | Allowance to loan receivable % |  | Loan receivable % of total
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential 1-4 family | $ | 2,902 |  |  | 0.14 |  |  | 45.3 |  |  | $ | 2,873 |  |  | 0.14 |  |  | 43.2 |  |  | $ | 4,186 |  |  | 0.20 |  |  | 44.8 |
Commercial real estate | 15,796 |  |  | 2.15 |  |  | 15.7 |  |  | 16,004 |  |  | 2.00 |  |  | 16.9 |  |  | 11,342 |  |  | 1.64 |  |  | 14.9 |
Home equity line of credit | 7,522 |  |  | 0.82 |  |  | 19.6 |  |  | 5,039 |  |  | 0.58 |  |  | 18.2 |  |  | 7,260 |  |  | 0.86 |  |  | 18.3 |
Residential land | 896 |  |  | 5.67 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 1,738 |  |  | 9.20 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 1,671 |  |  | 9.17 |  |  | 0.4 |
Commercial construction | 4,671 |  |  | 4.31 |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | 6,449 |  |  | 5.09 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | 4,461 |  |  | 4.43 |  |  | 2.2 |
Residential construction | 12 |  |  | 0.08 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 0.07 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 0.09 |  |  | 0.3 |
Total real estate | 31,799 |  |  | 0.81 |  |  | 83.5 |  |  | 32,115 |  |  | 0.83 |  |  | 81.7 |  |  | 28,933 |  |  | 0.77 |  |  | 80.9 |
Commercial | 10,851 |  |  | 1.99 |  |  | 11.7 |  |  | 16,618 |  |  | 2.40 |  |  | 14.6 |  |  | 17,208 |  |  | 2.27 |  |  | 16.4 |
Consumer | 10,987 |  |  | 4.91 |  |  | 4.8 |  |  | 6,800 |  |  | 3.82 |  |  | 3.7 |  |  | 3,897 |  |  | 3.15 |  |  | 2.7 |
| 53,637 |  |  | 1.15 |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | 55,533 |  |  | 1.17 |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | 50,038 |  |  | 1.08 |  |  | 100.0 |
Unallocated | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total allowance for loan losses | $ | 53,637 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 55,533 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 50,038 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

December 31 | 2014 |  | 2013
(dollars in thousands) | Allowance balance |  | Allowance to loan receivable % |  | Loan receivable % of total |  | Allowance balance |  | Allowance to loan receivable % |  | Loan receivable % of total
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential 1-4 family | $ | 4,662 |  |  | 0.23 |  |  | 46.0 |  |  | $ | 5,534 |  |  | 0.28 |  |  | 48.2 |
Commercial real estate | 8,954 |  |  | 1.68 |  |  | 12.0 |  |  | 5,059 |  |  | 1.15 |  |  | 10.6 |
Home equity line of credit | 6,982 |  |  | 0.85 |  |  | 18.4 |  |  | 5,229 |  |  | 0.71 |  |  | 17.8 |
Residential land | 1,875 |  |  | 11.55 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 1,817 |  |  | 11.23 |  |  | 0.4 |
Commercial construction | 5,471 |  |  | 5.67 |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | 2,397 |  |  | 4.60 |  |  | 1.3 |
Residential construction | 28 |  |  | 0.15 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 0.15 |  |  | 0.3 |
Total real estate | 27,972 |  |  | 0.79 |  |  | 79.4 |  |  | 20,055 |  |  | 0.61 |  |  | 78.6 |
Commercial | 14,017 |  |  | 1.77 |  |  | 17.8 |  |  | 15,803 |  |  | 2.02 |  |  | 18.8 |
Consumer | 3,629 |  |  | 2.96 |  |  | 2.8 |  |  | 2,367 |  |  | 2.18 |  |  | 2.6 |
| 45,618 |  |  | 1.03 |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | 38,225 |  |  | 0.92 |  |  | 100.0 |
Unallocated | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,891 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total allowance for loan losses | $ | 45,618 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 40,116 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

In 2017, ASB's allowance for loan losses decreased by $1.9 million primarily due to lower loan loss reserves required for the commercial, commercial construction, and commercial real estate loan portfolios as a result of a decrease in the portfolio balances and improving credit trends, partly offset by additional loan loss reserves for the consumer and HELOC loan portfolios. Total delinquencies of $23.6 million at December 31, 2017 was a slight increase of $0.5 million compared to total delinquencies of $23.1 million at December 31, 2016 primarily due to increases in delinquent commercial and consumer loans, offset by decreases in delinquent residential 1-4 family and commercial real estate loans. The ratio of delinquent loans to total loans increased slightly from 0.49% of total loans outstanding at December 31, 2016 to 0.51% of total loans outstanding at December 31, 2017. Net charge-offs for 2017 were $12.8 million, an increase of $1.5 million compared to $11.3 million for 2016 primarily due to an increase in consumer loan portfolio charge-offs as a result of ASB's strategic expansion of its unsecured consumer loan product offering with risk-based pricing. ASB's provision for loan losses was $10.9 million, a decrease of $5.9 million compared to the provision for loan losses of $16.8 million for 2016. The decrease was primarily due to the release of reserves for commercial real estate and commercial loan portfolios due to lower outstanding balances and improved credit quality, partly offset by an increase in loss reserves for the consumer loan portfolio.
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In 2016, ASB's allowance for loan losses increased by $5.5 million primarily due to growth in the commercial real estate and consumer loan portfolios and increases in reserves for the commercial real estate and unsecured consumer loan portfolios. Total delinquencies of $23.1 million at December 31, 2016 was $3.0 million lower than total delinquencies of $26.1 million at December 31, 2015 primarily due to the movement of $6 million of residential loans to held-for-sale. The ratio of delinquent loans to total loans decreased from 0.57% of total loans outstanding at December 31, 2015 to 0.49% of total loans outstanding at December 31, 2016. Net charge-offs for 2016 were $11.3 million, an increase of $9.4 million compared to $1.9 million for 2015 primarily due to charge-offs of specific commercial loans and an increase in consumer loan charge-offs as a result of the strategic expansion of ASB's unsecured consumer loan product offering with risk-based pricing. ASB's provision for loan losses was $16.8 million for 2016, an increase of $10.5 million compared to the provision for loan losses of $6.3 million for 2015. The increase in provision for loan losses was driven by growth in the commercial real estate and consumer loan portfolios as well as specific reserves for a few commercial loans.
In 2015, ASB's allowance for loan losses increased by $4.4 million primarily due to growth in the commercial real estate loan portfolio ($159 million or 29.8% growth in outstanding balances) and increases in reserves for commercial loans. Overall loan quality remained strong as total delinquencies of $26.1 million at December 31, 2015 was a slight increase of $0.6 million compared to total delinquencies of $25.5 million at December 31, 2014 primarily due to an increase in delinquent consumer loans. The ratio of delinquent loans to total loans decreased slightly from 0.58% of total loans outstanding at December 31, 2014 to 0.57% of total loans outstanding at December 31, 2015. Net charge-offs for 2015 were $1.9 million, an increase of $1.3 million compared to $0.6 million for 2014 primarily due to an increase in consumer loan charge-offs as result of the strategic expansion of ASB's unsecured consumer loan product offering with risk-based pricing. ASB's provision for loan losses was $6.3 million for 2015, an increase of $0.2 million compared to the provision for loan losses of $6.1 million for 2014.
In 2014, ASB’s allowance for loan losses increased by $5.5 million primarily due to growth in the loan portfolio ($282 million or 6.8% growth in outstanding balances) and increases in the loss rates of loan portfolios with higher risk such as commercial real estate and unsecured personal loans. Overall loan quality continued to improve as total delinquencies of $25.5 million at December 31, 2014 was a decrease of $8.3 million compared to total delinquencies of $33.8 million at December 31, 2013 due to a decrease in delinquent commercial, commercial real estate and residential land loans. The ratio of delinquent loans to total loans decreased from 0.81% of total loans outstanding at December 31, 2013 to 0.58% of total loans outstanding at December 31, 2014. Net charge-offs for 2014 were $0.6 million, a decrease of $2.8 million compared to $3.4 million for 2013 primarily due to a decrease in commercial, HELOC and residential land loan charge-offs as a result of the strong economic growth in Hawaii and partially due to the sale of the credit card portfolio in 2013. ASB’s provision for loan losses was $6.1 million for 2014, an increase of $4.6 million compared to provision for loan losses of $1.5 million for 2013 primarily due to growth in the loan portfolio.
See "Bank—Material estimates and critical accounting policies—Allowance for loan losses" in HEI's MD&A for a discussion of allowance for loan losses.
Investment activities. Currently, ASB’s investment portfolio consists of U.S. Treasury and federal agency obligations, mortgage-related securities, stock of the FHLB of Des Moines and a mortgage revenue bond. ASB owns mortgage-related securities issued by the Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA), Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC) and Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA). The weighted-average yield on investments during 2017, 2016 and 2015 was 2.18%, 1.99% and 2.06%, respectively. ASB did not maintain a portfolio of securities held for trading during 2017, 2016 and 2015.
As of December 31, 2017, ASB had $44.5 million of investment securities that were purchased and classified as held-to-maturity. There were no investment securities classified as held-to-maturity as of December 31, 2016 and 2015. The investment securities were classified as held-to-maturity to enhance the bank's capital management in a rising rate environment. ASB considers the held-to-maturity classification of these investment securities to be appropriate as the bank has the positive intent and ability to hold these securities to maturity.
As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, ASB’s stock in FHLB amounted to $10 million, $11 million and $11 million, respectively. The amount that ASB is required to invest in FHLB stock is determined by FHLB requirements. With the merger of the FHLB of Seattle and the FHLB of Des Moines in the second quarter of 2015, all of ASB's excess stock was repurchased. The amount of stock repurchased in 2017, 2016 and 2015 was nil, nil and $59 million, respectively. See “Stock in FHLB” in HEI’s MD&A. Also, see “Regulation–Federal Home Loan Bank System” below.
ASB does not have any exposure to securities backed by subprime mortgages. See “Investment securities” in Note 4 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of other-than-temporarily impaired securities.
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The following table summarizes the current amortized cost of ASB’s investment portfolio (excluding stock of the FHLB of Des Moines, which has no contractual maturity) and weighted average yields as of December 31, 2017. Mortgage-related securities are shown separately because they are typically paid in monthly installments over a number of years.

| In 1 year or less |  | After 1 year through 5 years |  | After 5 years through 10 years |  | After 10 years |  | Mortgage-Related Securities |  | Total 1
(dollars in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and federal agency obligations | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 87 |  |  | $ | 80 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 186 |
Mortgage-related securities - FNMA, FHLMC and GNMA | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,265 |  |  | 1,265 |
Mortgage revenue bond 2 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | 15 |
| $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 87 |  |  | $ | 80 |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 1,265 |  |  | $ | 1,466 |
Weighted average yield | 1.63 | % |  | 1.85 | % |  | 2.30 | % |  | 3.31 | % |  | 2.24 | % |  | 2.24 | %

1 | As of December 31, 2017, no investment exceeded 10% of shareholder's equity.

2 | Weighted average yield on the mortgage revenue bond is computed on a tax equivalent basis using a federal statutory tax rate of 35%.

Deposits and other sources of funds.
General. Deposits traditionally have been the principal source of ASB’s funds for use in lending, meeting liquidity requirements and making investments. ASB also derives funds from the receipt of interest and principal on outstanding loans receivable and mortgage-related securities, borrowings from the FHLB of Des Moines, securities sold under agreements to repurchase and other sources. ASB borrows on a short-term basis to compensate for seasonal or other reductions in deposit flows. ASB also may borrow on a longer-term basis to support expanded lending or investment activities. Advances from the FHLB and securities sold under agreements to repurchase continue to be a source of funds, but they are a higher cost source than deposits.
Deposits. ASB’s deposits are obtained primarily from residents of Hawaii. Net deposit inflow or outflow, measured as the year-over-year difference in year-end deposits, was an inflow of $342 million in 2017, compared to an inflow of $524 million in 2016 and $402 million in 2015.
The following table presents the average deposits and average rates by type of deposit. Average balances have been calculated using the average daily balances.

Years ended December 31 | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
(dollars in thousands) | Average balance |  |  | % of total interest-bearing deposits |  |  | Weighted average rate % |  |  | Average balance |  |  | % of total interest-bearing deposits |  |  | Weighted average rate % |  |  | Average balance |  |  | % of total interest-bearing deposits |  |  | Weighted average rate % |
Interest-bearing deposit liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Savings | $ | 2,278,396 |  |  | 56.7 | % |  | 0.07 | % |  | $ | 2,117,186 |  |  | 57.5 | % |  | 0.07 | % |  | $ | 1,980,151 |  |  | 58.6 | % |  | 0.06 | %
Checking | 902,678 |  |  | 22.5 |  |  | 0.03 |  |  | 839,339 |  |  | 22.8 |  |  | 0.02 |  |  | 782,811 |  |  | 23.2 |  |  | 0.02 |
Money market | 142,068 |  |  | 3.5 |  |  | 0.12 |  |  | 160,700 |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | 0.13 |  |  | 164,568 |  |  | 4.9 |  |  | 0.12 |
Certificate | 696,799 |  |  | 17.3 |  |  | 1.10 |  |  | 565,135 |  |  | 15.3 |  |  | 0.95 |  |  | 449,179 |  |  | 13.3 |  |  | 0.83 |
Total interest-bearing deposit liabilities | $ | 4,019,941 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 0.24 | % |  | $ | 3,682,360 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 0.19 | % |  | $ | 3,376,709 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 0.16 | %
Total noninterest-bearing demand deposit liabilities | 1,672,780 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,559,132 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,426,962 |  |  |  |  |
Total deposit liabilities | $ | 5,692,721 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,241,492 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,803,671 |  |  |  |  |

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The following table presents the amount of time certificates of deposit of $100,000 or more, segregated by time remaining until maturity:

(in thousands) | Amount |
Three months or less | $ | 163,207 |
Greater than three months through six months | 84,595 |
Greater than six months through twelve months | 32,723 |
Greater than twelve months | 152,872 |
| $ | 433,397 |

Deposit-insurance premiums and regulatory developments. For a discussion of changes to the deposit insurance system, premiums and Financing Corporation assessments, see “Regulation–Deposit insurance coverage” below.
Other borrowings. See “Other borrowings” in Note 4 of the Consolidated Financial Statements. ASB may obtain advances from the FHLB of Des Moines provided that certain standards related to creditworthiness have been met. Advances are collateralized by a blanket pledge of certain notes held by ASB and the mortgages securing them. To the extent that advances exceed the amount of mortgage loan collateral pledged to the FHLB of Des Moines, the excess must be covered by qualified marketable securities held under the control of and at the FHLB of Des Moines or at an approved third-party custodian. FHLB advances generally are available to meet seasonal and other withdrawals of deposit accounts, to expand lending and to assist in the effort to improve asset and liability management. FHLB advances are made pursuant to several different credit programs offered from time to time by the FHLB of Des Moines.
The decrease in other borrowings in 2017 was due to the payoff of a maturing FHLB advance, offset by an increase in business repurchase agreements. The decrease in other borrowings in 2016 was due to a decrease in public and business repurchase agreements and the maturity of a repurchase agreement with a broker/dealer. The increase in other borrowings in 2015 compared to 2014 was due to an increase in public repurchase agreements. The increase in other borrowings in 2014 compared to 2013 was due to an increase in repurchase agreements with the State of Hawaii.
Competition. See “Bank—Executive overview and strategy” and “Bank—Certain factors that may affect future results and financial condition—Competition” in HEI’s MD&A.
The banking industry in Hawaii is highly competitive. At December 31, 2017, there were 8 financial institutions insured by the FDIC headquartered in the State of Hawaii. While ASB is one of the largest financial institutions in Hawaii, based on total assets, ASB faces vigorous competition for deposits and loans from two larger banking institutions based in Hawaii and from smaller institutions that heavily promote their services in niche areas, such as providing financial services to small and medium-sized businesses, as well as national financial services organizations. Competition for loans and deposits comes primarily from other savings institutions, commercial banks, credit unions, securities brokerage firms, money market and mutual funds and other investment alternatives. ASB faces additional competition in seeking deposit funds from various types of corporate and government borrowers, including insurance companies. Competition for origination of mortgage loans comes primarily from mortgage banking and brokerage firms, commercial banks, other savings institutions, insurance companies and real estate investment trusts.
To remain competitive and continue building core franchise value, ASB continues to develop and introduce new products and services to meet the needs of its consumer and commercial customers. Additionally, the banking industry is constantly changing and ASB is making the investment in its people and technology necessary to adapt and remain competitive. ASB competes for deposits primarily on the basis of the variety of types of savings and checking accounts it offers at competitive rates, the quality of the services it provides, the convenience of its branch locations and business hours, and convenient automated teller machines. The primary factors in ASB’s competition for mortgage and other loans are the competitive interest rates and loan origination fees it charges, the wide variety of loan programs it offers and the quality and efficiency of the services it provides to borrowers and the business community.
Regulation. ASB, a federally chartered savings bank, and its holding companies are subject to the regulatory supervision of the OCC and FRB, respectively, and in certain respects, the FDIC. See “HEI–Regulation” above and “Bank–Certain factors that may affect future results and financial condition–Regulation” in HEI’s MD&A. In addition, ASB must comply with FRB reserve requirements.
Deposit insurance coverage. The Federal Deposit Insurance Act, as amended, and regulations promulgated by the FDIC, governs insurance coverage of deposit accounts. In July 2010, the Dodd-Frank Act permanently raised the current standard maximum deposit insurance amount to $250,000. Generally, the amount of all deposits held by a depositor in the same capacity (even if held in separate accounts) is aggregated for purposes of applying the insurance limit.
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See “Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation assessment” in Note 4 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of FDIC deposit insurance assessment rates. Financing Corporation will continue to impose an assessment on average total assets minus average tangible equity to service the interest on Financing Corporation bond obligations. As of December 31, 2017, ASB’s annual Financing Corporation assessment was 0.52 cents per $100 of average total assets minus average tangible equity.
Federal thrift charter. See “Bank–Certain factors that may affect future results and financial condition—Regulation—Unitary savings and loan holding company” in HEI’s MD&A, including the discussion of previously proposed legislation that would abolish the charter.
Recent legislation and issuances. See “Bank–Legislation and regulation” in HEI’s MD&A.
Capital requirements. The OCC has set four capital requirements for financial institutions. As of December 31, 2017, ASB was in compliance with all of the minimum capital requirements with a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 8.6% (compared to a 4.0% requirement), a common equity Tier 1 ratio of 13.0% (compared to a 4.5% requirement), a Tier 1 capital ratio of 13.0% (compared to a 6.0% requirement) and a total capital ratio of 14.2% (compared to a 8.0% requirement).
In order to avoid restrictions on capital distributions and discretionary bonus payments to executive officers, a financial institution must hold a buffer of common equity tier 1 capital above its minimum capital requirements in an amount greater than 2.5% of total risk-weighted assets (capital conservation buffer) which is phased-in through 2019. As of December 31, 2017, ASB met the applicable capital requirements, including the fully phased-in capital conservation buffer.
See “Bank-Legislation and regulation” in HEI’s MD&A for the final capital rules under the Basel III regulatory capital framework.
Affiliate transactions. Significant restrictions apply to certain transactions between ASB and its affiliates, including HEI and its direct and indirect subsidiaries. For example, ASB is prohibited from making any loan or other extension of credit to an entity affiliated with ASB unless the affiliate is engaged exclusively in activities which the FRB has determined to be permissible for bank holding companies. There are also various other restrictions which apply to certain transactions between ASB and certain executive officers, directors and insiders of ASB. ASB is also barred from making a purchase of or any investment in securities issued by an affiliate, other than with respect to shares of a subsidiary of ASB.
Financial Derivatives and Interest Rate Risk. ASB is subject to OCC rules relating to derivatives activities, such as interest rate swaps, interest rate lock commitments and forward commitments. See “Derivative financial instruments” in Note 4 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for a description of interest rate lock commitments and forward commitments used by ASB. Currently ASB does not use interest rate swaps to manage interest rate risk (IRR), but may do so in the future. Generally speaking, the OCC rules permit financial institutions to engage in transactions involving financial derivatives to the extent these transactions are otherwise authorized under applicable law and are safe and sound. The rules require ASB to have certain internal procedures for handling financial derivative transactions, including involvement of the ASB Board of Directors.
With the transfer of the regulatory jurisdiction from the OTS to the OCC, ASB has adopted terminology and IRR assessment, measurement and management practices consistent with OCC guidelines. Management believes ASB’s IRR processes are aligned with the Interagency Advisory on Interest Rate Risk Management and appropriate with earnings and capital levels, balance sheet complexity, business model and risk tolerance.
Liquidity. OCC regulations require ASB to maintain sufficient liquidity to ensure safe and sound operations. ASB’s principal sources of liquidity are customer deposits, borrowings, the maturity and repayment of portfolio loans and securities and the sale of loans into secondary market channels. ASB’s principal sources of borrowings are advances from the FHLB of Des Moines and securities sold under agreements to repurchase from broker/dealers. ASB is approved by the FHLB of Des Moines to borrow an amount of up to 35% of assets to the extent it provides qualifying collateral and holds sufficient FHLB of Des Moines stock. As of December 31, 2017, ASB’s unused FHLB of Des Moines borrowing capacity was approximately $1.8 billion. ASB utilizes growth in deposits, advances from the FHLB of Des Moines and securities sold under agreements to repurchase to fund maturing and withdrawable deposits, repay maturing borrowings, fund existing and future loans and make investments. As of December 31, 2017, ASB had loan commitments, undisbursed loan funds and unused lines and letters of credit of $1.8 billion. Management believes ASB’s current sources of funds will enable it to meet these obligations while maintaining liquidity at satisfactory levels.
Supervision. Pursuant to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 (the FDICIA), the federal banking agencies promulgated regulations which apply to the operations of ASB and its holding companies. Such regulations address, for example, standards for safety and soundness, real estate lending, accounting and reporting, transactions with affiliates and loans to insiders.
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Prompt corrective action. The FDICIA establishes a statutory framework that is triggered by the capital level of a financial institution and subjects it to progressively more stringent restrictions and supervision as capital levels decline. The OCC rules implement the system of prompt corrective action. In particular, the rules define the relevant capital measures for the categories of “well capitalized”, “adequately capitalized”, “undercapitalized”, “significantly undercapitalized” and “critically undercapitalized.”
A financial institution that is “undercapitalized” or “significantly undercapitalized” is subject to additional mandatory supervisory actions and a number of discretionary actions if the OCC determines that any of the actions is necessary to resolve the problems of the association at the least possible long-term cost to the Deposit Insurance Fund. A financial institution that is “critically undercapitalized” must be placed in conservatorship or receivership within 90 days, unless the OCC and the FDIC concur that other action would be more appropriate. As of December 31, 2017, ASB was “well-capitalized.”
Interest rates. FDIC regulations restrict the ability of financial institutions that are undercapitalized to offer interest rates on deposits that are significantly higher than the rates offered by competing institutions. As of December 31, 2017, ASB was “well capitalized” and thus not subject to these interest rate restrictions.
Qualified thrift lender test. In order to satisfy the QTL test, ASB must maintain 65% of its assets in “qualified thrift investments” on a monthly average basis in 9 out of the previous 12 months. Failure to satisfy the QTL test would subject ASB to various penalties, including limitations on its activities, and would also bring into operation restrictions on the activities that may be engaged in by HEI, ASB Hawaii and their other subsidiaries, which could effectively result in the required divestiture of ASB. At all times during 2017, ASB was in compliance with the QTL test. See “HEI Consolidated–Regulation.”
Federal Home Loan Bank System. ASB is a member of the FHLB System, which consists of 11 regional FHLBs, and ASB’s regional bank is the FHLB of Des Moines. The FHLB System provides a central credit facility for member institutions. Historically, the FHLBs have served as the central liquidity facilities for savings associations and sources of long-term funds for financing housing. At such time as an advance is made to ASB or renewed, it must be collateralized by collateral from one of the following categories: (1) fully disbursed, whole first mortgages on improved residential property, or securities representing a whole interest in such mortgages; (2) securities issued, insured or guaranteed by the U.S. Government or any agency thereof; (3) FHLB deposits; and (4) other real estate-related collateral that has a readily ascertainable value and with respect to which a security interest can be perfected. The aggregate amount of outstanding advances collateralized by such other real estate-related collateral may not exceed 300% of ASB’s capital.
As mandated by the Gramm Act, the Federal Housing Finance Board (Board) regulations require each FHLB to maintain three capital ratios: (1) risk-based capital greater than or equal to the sum of its credit, market and operational risk capital requirements; (2) a minimum capital-to-assets ratio of 4%; and (3) a minimum total capital leverage ratio of 5% of total assets. At September 30, 2017, the FHLB of Des Moines was in compliance with all three of the regulatory capital requirements. ASB's required holding in the stock of the FHLB is both membership and activity-based. Membership is based on a percentage of total assets (0.12%) while the portion related to activity is based on a percentage of outstanding activity, mainly advances (4%). As of December 31, 2017, ASB was required and owned capital stock in the FHLB of Des Moines in the amount of $10 million. See “Stock in FHLB” in HEI’s MD&A section for recent developments regarding the FHLB of Des Moines.
Community Reinvestment. The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) requires financial institutions to help meet the credit needs of their communities, including low- and moderate-income areas, consistent with safe and sound lending practices. The OCC will consider ASB’s CRA record in evaluating an application for a new deposit facility, including the establishment of a branch, the relocation of a branch or office, or the acquisition of an interest in another bank. ASB currently holds an “outstanding” CRA rating.
Other laws. ASB is subject to federal and state consumer protection laws which affect deposit and lending activities, such as the Truth in Lending Act (TILA), the Truth in Savings Act, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA), the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act and several federal and state financial privacy acts intended to protect consumers’ personal information and prevent identity theft, such as the Gramm Act and the Fair and Accurate Transactions Act. ASB is also subject to federal laws regulating certain of its lending practices, such as the Flood Disaster Protection Act, and laws requiring reports to regulators of certain customer transactions, such as the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act and the International Money Laundering Abatement and Anti-Terrorist Financing Act. ASB’s relationship with Cetera Investment Services LLC and Cetera Investment Advisers LLC is also governed by regulations adopted by the FRB under the Gramm Act, which regulate “networking” relationships under which a financial institution refers customers to a broker-dealer for securities services and employees of the financial institution are permitted to receive a nominal fee for the referrals. These laws may provide for substantial penalties in the event of noncompliance.
The TILA-RESPA Integrated Disclosure rule became effective on October 3, 2015. The rule requires easier-to-use mortgage disclosure forms that clearly lay out the terms of a mortgage for a homebuyer. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform
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and Consumer Protection Act (the Dodd Frank Act) mandated that the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (the Bureau) establish a single disclosure scheme for use by lenders and creditors in complying with the disclosure requirements of both RESPA and TILA. The Dodd-Frank Act amended RESPA to require that the Bureau publish a single, integrated disclosure for mortgage loan transactions. The first new form - the Loan Estimate - is designed to provide disclosures that will be helpful to consumers in understanding the key features, costs, and risks of the mortgage for which they are applying. This form is provided to consumers within three business days after they submit a loan application. The second form - the Closing Disclosure - is designed to provide disclosures that will be helpful to consumers in understanding all of the costs of the transaction. This form is provided to consumers three business days before they close on the loan. The rule applies to most closed-end consumer mortgages.
ASB believes that it currently is in compliance with these laws and regulations in all material respects.
Proposed legislation. See the discussion of proposed legislation in “Bank–Legislation and regulation” in HEI’s MD&A.
Environmental regulation. ASB may be subject to the provisions of Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA), Hawaii Environmental Response Law (ERL) and regulations promulgated thereunder, which impose liability for environmental cleanup costs on certain categories of responsible parties. CERCLA and ERL exempt persons whose ownership in a facility is held primarily to protect a security interest, provided that they do not participate in the management of the facility. Although there may be some risk of liability for ASB for environmental cleanup costs in the event ASB forecloses on, and becomes the owner of, property with environmental problems, the Company believes the risk is not as great for ASB as it may be for other depository institutions that have a larger portfolio of commercial loans.
Additional information. For additional information about ASB, see the sections under “Bank” in HEI’s MD&A, HEI’s “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” and HEI's Consolidated Financial Statements, including Note 4 thereto.
Properties. ASB owns or leases several office buildings in downtown Honolulu, owns land and an operations center in the Mililani Technology Park on the island of Oahu and owns land on which a number of its branches are located.
The following table sets forth the number of bank branches owned and leased by ASB by island:

| Number of branches
December 31, 2017 | Owned |  | Leased |  | Total
Oahu | 8 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 34 |
Maui | 3 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 6 |
Hawaii | 3 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 5 |
Kauai | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |
Molokai | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
| 16 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 49 |

During 2017, two branches were closed on Oahu and one branch on Maui. ASB had other branches in close proximity to the closed branches and customer accounts were consolidated into those branches.
As of December 31, 2017, the net book value (NBV) of branches and office facilities was $75 million ($68 million NBV of the land and improvements for the branches and office facilities owned by ASB and $7 million represents the NBV of ASB’s leasehold improvements) compared to the NBV of branches and office facilities of $68 million ($62 million NBV of the land and improvements for the branches and office facilities owned by ASB and $6 million represents the NBV of ASB’s leasehold improvements) as of December 31, 2016. The leases expire on various dates through February 2033, but many of the leases have extension provisions.
As of December 31, 2017, ASB owned 113 automated teller machines.
Construction of New Headquarters. In the first quarter of 2017, ASB began construction of its new headquarters in downtown Honolulu. The project will cost an estimated $100 million and is expected to take twenty months to complete. The headquarters will have approximately 370,000 square feet of space on eleven floors and consolidate five separate offices into one building where approximately 600 employees will work.

ITEM 1A. | RISK FACTORS

The businesses of HEI and its subsidiaries involve numerous risks which, if realized, could have a material and adverse effect on the Company’s financial statements. For additional information for certain risk factors enumerated below and other risks of the Company and its operations, see “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” above and HEI’s
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MD&A, HEI’s “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk”, the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Hawaiian Electric’s MD&A and Hawaiian Electric’s “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.”
Holding Company and Company-Wide Risks.
HEI is a holding company that derives its income from its operating subsidiaries and depends on the ability of those subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other distributions to HEI and on its own ability to raise capital. HEI is a legal entity separate and distinct from its various subsidiaries. As a holding company with no significant operations of its own, HEI’s cash flows and consequent ability to service its obligations and pay dividends on its common stock is dependent upon its receipt of dividends or other distributions from its operating subsidiaries and its ability to issue common stock or other equity securities and to incur additional debt. The ability of HEI’s subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other distributions to HEI, in turn, is subject to the risks associated with their operations and to contractual and regulatory restrictions, including:

• | the provisions of an HEI agreement with the PUC, which could limit the ability of HEI’s principal electric public utility subsidiary, Hawaiian Electric, to pay dividends to HEI in the event that the consolidated common stock equity of the Utilities falls below 35% of total capitalization of the electric utilities;

• | the provisions of an HEI agreement entered into with federal bank regulators in connection with its acquisition of its bank subsidiary, ASB, which require HEI to contribute additional capital to ASB (up to a maximum amount of additional capital of $28.3 million as of December 31, 2017) upon request of the regulators in order to maintain ASB’s regulatory capital at the level required by regulation;

• | the minimum capital and capital distribution regulations of the OCC that are applicable to ASB and capital regulations that become applicable to HEI and ASB Hawaii;

• | the receipt of a letter from the FRB communicating to the OCC and FRB's non-objection to the payment of any dividend ASB proposes to declare and pay to ASB Hawaii and HEI; and

• | the provisions of preferred stock resolutions and debt instruments of HEI and its subsidiaries.

The Company is subject to risks associated with the Hawaii economy (in the aggregate and on an individual island basis), volatile U.S. capital markets and changes in the interest rate and credit market environment that have and/or could result in higher retirement benefit plan funding requirements, declines in ASB’s interest rate margins and investment values, higher delinquencies and charge-offs in ASB’s loan portfolio and restrictions on the ability of HEI or its subsidiaries to borrow money or issue securities. The two largest components of Hawaii’s economy are tourism and the federal government (including the military). Because the core businesses of HEI’s subsidiaries are providing local public electric utility services (through Hawaiian Electric and its subsidiaries) and banking services (through ASB) in Hawaii, the Company’s operating results are significantly influenced by Hawaii’s economy, which in turn is influenced by economic conditions in the mainland U.S. (particularly California) and Asia (particularly Japan) as a result of the impact of those conditions on tourism, by the impact of interest rates on the construction and real estate industries and by the impact of world conditions on federal government spending in Hawaii.
If Fitch, Moody's or S&P were to downgrade HEI’s or Hawaiian Electric’s long-term debt ratings because of past adverse effects, or if future events were to adversely affect the availability of capital to the Company, HEI’s and Hawaiian Electric’s ability to borrow and raise capital could be constrained and their future borrowing costs would likely increase with resulting reductions in HEI’s consolidated net income in future periods. Further, if HEI’s or Hawaiian Electric’s commercial paper ratings were to be downgraded, HEI and Hawaiian Electric might not be able to sell commercial paper and might be required to draw on more expensive bank lines of credit or to defer capital or other expenditures.
Changes in the U.S. capital markets can also have significant effects on the Company. For example, pension funding requirements are affected by the market performance of the assets in the master pension trust maintained for pension plans, and by the discount rate used to estimate the service and interest cost components of net periodic pension cost and value obligations. The Utilities’ pension tracking mechanisms help moderate pension expense; however, the significant decline in 2008 in the value of the Company’s defined benefit pension plan assets resulted in a substantial gap between the projected benefit obligations under the plans and the value of plan assets, resulting in increases in funding requirements. The increases have moderated in recent years as investment performance has improved.
Because the earnings of ASB depend primarily on net interest income, interest rate risk is a significant risk of ASB’s operations. HEI and the Utilities are also exposed to interest rate risk primarily due to their periodic borrowing requirements, the discount rate used to determine pension funding requirements and the possible effect of interest rates on the electric utilities’ rates of return. Interest rates are sensitive to many factors, including general economic conditions and the policies of government and regulatory authorities. HEI cannot predict future changes in interest rates, nor be certain that interest rate risk management strategies it or its subsidiaries have implemented will be successful in managing interest rate risk.
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Interest rate risk also represents a market risk factor affecting the fair value of ASB’s investment securities. Increases and decreases in prevailing interest rates generally translate into decreases and increases in the fair values of those instruments, respectively. Disruptions in the credit markets, a liquidity crisis in the banking industry or increased levels of residential mortgage delinquencies and defaults may result in decreases in the fair value of ASB’s investment securities and an impairment that is other-than-temporary, requiring ASB to write down its investment securities. As of December 31, 2017, ASB’s investment in U.S. Treasury, federal agency obligations, and mortgage-related securities have an implicit guarantee from the U.S. government.
HEI and Hawaiian Electric and their subsidiaries may incur higher retirement benefits expenses and have and will likely continue to recognize substantial liabilities for retirement benefits. Retirement benefits expenses and cash funding requirements could increase in future years depending on numerous factors, including the performance of the U.S. equity markets, trends in interest rates and health care costs, plan amendments, new laws relating to pension funding and changes in accounting principles. For the Utilities, however, retirement benefits expenses, as adjusted by the pension and postretirement benefits other than pensions (OPEB) tracking mechanisms, have been an allowable expense for rate-making purposes.
The Company is subject to the risks associated with the geographic concentration of its businesses and current lack of interconnections that could result in service interruptions at the Utilities or higher default rates on loans held by ASB. The business of the Utilities is concentrated on the individual islands they serve in the State of Hawaii. Their operations are more vulnerable to service interruptions than are many U.S. mainland utilities because none of the systems of the Utilities are interconnected with the systems on the other islands they serve. Because of this lack of interconnections, it is necessary to maintain higher generation reserve margins than are typical for U.S. mainland utilities to help ensure reliable service. Service interruptions, including in particular extended interruptions that could result from a natural disaster or terrorist activity, could adversely impact the KWH sales of some or all of the Utilities.
Substantially all of ASB’s consumer loan customers are Hawaii residents. A significant portion of the commercial loan customers are located in Hawaii. While a majority of customers are on Oahu, ASB also has customers on the neighbor islands (whose economies have been weaker than Oahu during the recent economic downturn). Substantially all of the real estate underlying ASB’s residential and commercial real estate loans are located in Hawaii. These assets may be subject to a greater risk of default than other comparable assets held by financial institutions with other geographic concentrations in the event of adverse economic, political or business developments or natural disasters affecting Hawaii and the ability of ASB’s customers to make payments of principal and interest on their loans.
Increasing competition and technological advances could cause HEI’s businesses to lose customers or render their operations obsolete. The banking industry in Hawaii, and certain aspects of the electric utility industry, are competitive. The success of HEI’s subsidiaries in meeting competition and responding to technological advances will continue to have a direct impact on HEI’s consolidated financial performance. For example:

• | ASB, one of the largest financial institutions in the state, is in direct competition for deposits and loans not only with two larger institutions that have substantial capital, technology and marketing resources, but also with smaller Hawaii institutions and other U.S. institutions, including credit unions, mutual funds, mortgage brokers, finance companies and investment banking firms. Larger financial institutions may have greater access to capital at lower costs, which could impair ASB’s ability to compete effectively. Significant advances in technology could render the operations of ASB less competitive or obsolete.

• | The Utilities face competition from IPPs; customer self-generation, with or without cogeneration; customer energy storage; and the potential formation of community-based, cooperative ownership or municipality structures for electrical service on all islands it serves. With the exception of certain identified projects, the Utilities are required to use competitive bidding to acquire a future generation resource unless the PUC finds competitive bidding to be unsuitable. The PUC set policies for distributed generation (DG) interconnection agreements and standby rates. The results of competitive bidding, competition from IPPs, customer self-generation, and potential cooperative ownership or municipality structures for electric utility service, and the rate at which technological developments facilitating nonutility generation of electricity, combined heat and power technology, off-grid microgrids, and customer energy storage may adversely affect the Utilities and the results of their operations.

• | New technological developments, such as the commercial development of energy storage and microgrids, may render the operations of the Utilities less competitive or outdated.

The Company may be subject to information technology and operational system failures, network disruptions, cyber attacks and breaches in data security that could adversely affect its businesses and reputation.
Utilities. The Utilities rely on evolving and increasingly complex operational and information systems, networks and other technologies, which are interconnected with the systems and network infrastructure owned by third parties to support a variety of business processes and activities, including procurement and supply chain, invoicing and collection of payments, customer relationship management, human resource management, the acquisition, generation and delivery of electrical service
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to customers, and to process financial information and results of operations for internal reporting purposes and to comply with regulatory financial reporting and legal and tax requirements. The Utilities use their systems and infrastructure to create, collect, store, and process sensitive information, including personal information regarding customers, employees and their dependents, retirees, and other individuals. Despite the Utilities security measures, all of their systems are vulnerable to disability, failures or unauthorized access caused by natural disasters, cyber security incidents, security breaches, user error, unintentional defects created by system changes, military or terrorist actions, power or communication failures or similar events. Any such failure could have a material adverse impact on the Utilities ability to process transactions and provide service, as well the Utilities’ financial condition and results of operations. Further, a data breach involving theft, improper disclosure, or other unauthorized access to or acquisition of confidential information could subject the Utilities to penalties for violation of applicable privacy laws, claims by third parties, and enforcement actions by government agencies. It could also reduce the value of proprietary information, and harm the reputation of the Utilities.
As noted by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, the utility industry is continuing to experience an increase in the frequency and sophistication of cyber security incidents. The Utilities’ systems have been, and will likely continue to be, a target of attacks. Further, the Utilities’ operational networks may be subject to new cyber security risks due to modernizing and interconnecting existing infrastructure with new technologies and control systems, including those owned by third parties. Although the Utilities have not experienced a material cyber security breach to date, such incidents may occur and may have a material adverse effect on the Utilities in the future. In order to address cyber security risks to their information systems, the Utilities maintain security measures designed to protect their information technology systems, network infrastructure and other assets. The Utilities actively monitor developments in the area of cyber security and are involved in various related government and industry groups, and brief the Board quarterly on relevant cyber security issues. Although the Utilities continue to make investments in their cyber security program, including personnel, technologies, cyber insurance and training of Utilities personnel, there can be no assurance that these systems or their expected functionality will be implemented, maintained, or expanded effectively; nor can security measures completely eliminate the possibility of a cyber security breach. The Utility maintains cyber liability insurance that covers certain damages caused by cyber incidents. However, there is no guarantee that adequate insurance will continue to be available at rates the Utility believes are reasonable or that the costs of responding to and recovering from a cyber incident will be covered by insurance or recoverable in rates. If the Utilities’ cyber security measures were to be breached, the Utilities could suffer financial loss, business disruptions, liability to customers, regulatory intervention or damage to their reputation.
Due to the size, scope and complexity of the Utilities’ business, the development and maintenance of information technology systems to process and track information is critical and challenging. The Utilities often rely on third-party vendors to host, maintain, modify, and update its systems and these third-party vendors could cease to exist, fail to establish adequate processes to protect the Utilities systems and information, or experience internal or external security incidents. In addition, the Utilities are pursuing complex business transformation initiatives, which include establishing common processes across Hawaiian Electric, Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric and the upgrade or replacement of existing systems. Significant system changes increase the risk of system interruptions. Although the Utilities maintain change control processes to mitigate this risk, system interruptions may occur. Further, delay or failure to complete the integration of information systems and processes may result in delays in regulatory cost recovery, increased service interruptions of aging legacy systems, or the failure to realize the cost savings anticipated to be derived from these initiatives.
The Utilities are in the process of replacing their existing ERP system. Although the Utilities have in place measures, including redundant systems and recovery capabilities to mitigate system interruptions to their systems, until the new system is put into service the Utilities face elevated operational risk from reliance on old and no longer fully supported software, including the possibility of increased frequency, duration and impact of interruptions.
The Utilities have disaster recovery plans in place to protect their businesses from information technology service interruptions. The disaster recovery plans, however, may not be successful in preventing the loss of customer data, service interruptions and disruptions to operations or damage to important facilities. If any of these systems fail to operate properly or becomes disabled and the Utilities’ disaster recovery plans do not effectively resolve the issues in a timely manner, the Utilities could suffer financial loss, business disruptions, liability to customers, regulatory intervention or damage to their reputations.
ASB. ASB is highly dependent on its ability to process, on a daily basis, a large number of transactions and relies heavily on communication and information systems, including those of third party vendors and other service providers. Communication and information system failures can result from a variety of risks including, but not limited to, events that are wholly or partially out of ASB’s control, such as communication line integrity, weather, terrorist acts, natural disasters, accidental disasters, unauthorized breaches of security systems, energy delivery systems, cyber-attacks and other events.
ASB is under continuous threat of loss due to cyber-attacks, especially as ASB continues to expand customer capabilities to utilize the Internet and other remote channels to transact business. Two of the most significant cyber-attack risks that ASB faces are e-fraud and loss of sensitive customer data. Loss from e-fraud occurs when cybercriminals extract funds directly from
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customers’ or ASB's accounts using fraudulent schemes that may include Internet-based funds transfers. ASB has been subject to e-fraud incidents historically. Loss of sensitive customer data are attempts to steal sensitive customer data, such as account numbers and social security numbers, through unauthorized access to computer systems, including computer hacking. Such attacks are less frequent, but could present significant reputational, legal and regulatory costs if successful. Intrusion detection and prevention systems, anti-virus software, firewalls and other general information technology controls have been put in place to detect and prevent cyber-attacks or information system breaches. A disaster recovery plan has been developed in the event of a natural disaster, security breach, military or terrorist action, power or communication failure or similar event. The disaster recovery plan, however, may not be successful in preventing the loss of customer data, service interruptions, disruptions to operations or damage to important facilities. Although ASB devotes significant resources to maintain and regularly upgrade its systems and processes that are designed to protect the security of ASB’s computer systems, software, networks and other technology assets and the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information belonging to ASB and its customers, there can be no assurance that such failures, interruptions or security breaches will not occur or, if they do occur, that they will be adequately corrected by ASB or its vendors.
To date, ASB has not experienced any material losses relating to cyber-attacks or other information security breaches, but there can be no assurance that ASB will not suffer such losses in the future. If any of these systems fail to operate properly or become disabled even for a brief period of time, ASB could suffer financial loss, business disruptions, liability to customers, regulatory intervention or damage to its reputation, any of which could have a material adverse effect on ASB’s financial condition and results of operations.
HEI’s businesses could suffer losses that are uninsured due to a lack of affordable insurance coverage, unavailability of insurance coverage or limitations on the insurance coverage the Company does have. In the ordinary course of business, HEI and its subsidiaries purchase insurance coverages (e.g., property and liability coverages) to protect against loss of, or damage to, their properties and against claims made by third parties and employees for property damage or personal injuries. However, the protection provided by such insurance is limited in significant respects and, in some instances, there is no coverage. Certain of the insurance has substantial deductibles or has limits on the maximum amounts that may be recovered. For example, the Utilities’ overhead and underground transmission and distribution systems (with the exception of substation buildings and contents) have a replacement value roughly estimated at $7 billion and are largely not insured against loss or damage because the amount of transmission and distribution system insurance available is limited and the premiums are cost prohibitive. Similarly, the Utilities have no business interruption insurance as the premiums for such insurance would be cost prohibitive, particularly since the Utilities are not interconnected to other systems. If a hurricane or other uninsured catastrophic natural disaster were to occur, and if the PUC were not to allow the affected Utilities to recover from ratepayers restoration costs and revenues lost from business interruption, the lost revenues and repair expenses could result in a significant decrease in HEI’s consolidated net income or in significant net losses for the affected periods.
ASB generally does not obtain credit enhancements, such as mortgagor bankruptcy insurance, but does require standard hazard and hurricane insurance and may require flood insurance for certain properties. ASB is subject to the risks of borrower defaults and bankruptcies, special hazard losses not covered by the required insurance and the insurance company’s inability to pay claims on existing policies.
Increased federal and state environmental regulation will require an increasing commitment of resources and funds and could result in construction delays or penalties and fines for non-compliance. HEI and its subsidiaries are subject to federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations relating to air quality, water quality, hazardous substances, waste management, natural resources and health and safety, which regulate, among other matters, the operation of existing facilities, the construction and operation of new facilities and the proper cleanup and disposal of hazardous and toxic wastes and substances. HEI or its subsidiaries are currently involved in investigatory or remedial actions at current, former or third-party sites and there is no assurance that the Company will not incur material costs relating to these sites. In addition, compliance with these legal requirements requires the Utilities to commit significant resources and funds toward, among other things, environmental monitoring, installation of pollution control equipment and payment of emission fees. These laws and regulations, among other things, require that certain environmental permits be obtained in order to construct or operate certain facilities, and obtaining such permits can entail significant expense and cause substantial construction delays. Also, these laws and regulations may be amended from time to time, including amendments that increase the burden and expense of compliance. For example, emission and/or discharge limits may be tightened, more extensive permitting requirements may be imposed and additional substances may become regulated. In addition, significant regulatory uncertainty exists regarding the impact of federal or state greenhouse gas (GHG) emission limits and reductions.
If HEI or its subsidiaries fail to comply with environmental laws and regulations, even if caused by factors beyond their control, that failure may result in civil or criminal penalties and fines or the cessation of operations.
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Adverse tax rulings or developments could result in significant increases in tax payments and/or expense. Governmental taxing authorities could challenge a tax return position taken by HEI or its subsidiaries and, if the taxing authorities prevail, HEI’s consolidated tax payments and/or expense, including applicable penalties and interest, could increase significantly.
The Company could be subject to the risk of uninsured losses in excess of its accruals for litigation matters. HEI and its subsidiaries are involved in routine litigation in the ordinary course of their businesses, most of which is covered by insurance (subject to policy limits and deductibles). However, other litigation may arise that is not routine or involves claims that may not be covered by insurance. Because of the uncertainties associated with litigation, there is a risk that litigation against HEI or its subsidiaries, even if vigorously defended, could result in costs of defense and judgment or settlement amounts not covered by insurance and in excess of reserves established in HEI’s consolidated financial statements.
Changes in accounting principles and estimates could affect the reported amounts of the Company’s assets and liabilities or revenues and expenses. HEI’s consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. Changes in accounting principles (including the possible adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards or new U.S. accounting standards), or changes in the Company’s application of existing accounting principles, could materially affect the financial statement presentation of HEI’s or the Utilities’ consolidated results of operations and/or financial condition. Further, in preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change include the amounts reported for electric utility revenues; allowance for loan losses; income taxes; investment securities, property, plant and equipment; regulatory assets and liabilities; derivatives; goodwill; pension and other postretirement benefit obligations; and contingencies and litigation.
The Utilities' financial statements reflect assets and costs based on cost-based rate-making regulations. Continued accounting in this manner requires that certain criteria relating to the recoverability of such costs through rates be met. If events or circumstances should change so that the criteria are no longer satisfied, the Utilities’ expect that their regulatory assets (amounting to $869 million as of December 31, 2017), net of regulatory liabilities (amounting to $881 million as of December 31, 2017), would be charged to the statement of income in the period of discontinuance. As a result of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (Tax Act), the Utilities were required to adjust their deferred tax assets and liabilities for the lower federal income tax rate, resulting in excess accumulated deferred income tax balances (ADIT). To the extent the ADIT was related to items included in regulatory rate base or ratemaking, the related net excess ADIT ($285 million) was reclassified to a regulatory liability that will be returned to customers through rates. The rate of the return to customers will be determined with the approval of the PUC.
Changes in accounting principles can also impact HEI’s consolidated financial statements. For example, if management determines that a PPA requires the consolidation of the IPP in the financial statements, the consolidation could have a material effect on Hawaiian Electric’s and HEI’s consolidated financial statements, including the recognition of a significant amount of assets and liabilities and, if such a consolidated IPP were operating at a loss and had insufficient equity, the potential recognition of such losses. Also, if management determines that a PPA requires the classification of the agreement as a capital lease, a material effect on HEI’s consolidated balance sheet may result, including the recognition of significant capital assets and lease obligations.
Changes in the accounting principles for expected credit losses were issued by the FASB to replace existing impairment models, including replacing an “incurred loss” model for loans with a “current expected credit loss” model based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The changes also require enhanced disclosures to help financial statement users better understand significant estimates and judgments used in estimating credit losses, as well as the credit quality and underwriting standards of an organization’s portfolio. The Company plans to adopt the accounting principle changes in the first quarter of 2020 and has not yet determined the impact of the adoption. The new impairment model could have a material adverse impact on ASB’s results of operations.
Electric Utility Risks.
Actions of the PUC are outside the control of the Utilities and could result in inadequate or untimely rate increases, in rate reductions or refunds or in unanticipated delays, expenses or writedowns in connection with the construction of new projects. The rates the Utilities are allowed to charge for their services and the timeliness of permitted rate increases are among the most important items influencing the Utilities’ results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. The PUC has broad discretion over the rates that the Utilities charge their customers. As part of the decoupling mechanism that the Utilities have implemented, each of the Utilities will file a rate case once every three years. Any adverse decision by the PUC concerning the level or method of determining electric utility rates, the items and amounts that may be included in rate base, the returns on equity or rate base found to be reasonable, the potential consequences of exceeding or not meeting such returns, or any
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prolonged delay in rendering a decision in a rate or other proceeding could have a material adverse effect on Hawaiian Electric’s consolidated results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.
To improve the timing and certainty of the recovery of their costs, the Utilities have proposed and/or received approval of various cost recovery mechanisms including an ECAC, a PPAC, and pension and OPEB tracking mechanisms, as well as a decoupling mechanism, a major project interim recovery (MPIR) adjustment mechanism, and a renewable energy infrastructure program (REIP) surcharge. A change in, or the elimination of, any of these cost recovery mechanisms, including in the current proceeding in which the PUC is examining the decoupling mechanism, could have a material adverse effect on the Utilities.
The Utilities could be required to refund to their customers, with interest, revenues that have been or may be received under interim rate orders in their rate case proceedings and other proceedings, if and to the extent they exceed the amounts allowed in final orders.
Many public utility projects require PUC approval and various permits (e.g., environmental and land use permits) from other governmental agencies. Difficulties in obtaining, or the inability to obtain, the necessary approvals or permits, or any adverse decision or policy made or adopted, or any prolonged delay in rendering a decision, by an agency with respect to such approvals and permits, can result in significantly increased project costs or even cancellation of projects. In the event a project does not proceed, or if the PUC disallows cost recovery for all or part of a project, or if project costs exceed caps imposed by the PUC in its approval of the project, project costs may need to be written off in amounts that could result in significant reductions in Hawaiian Electric’s consolidated net income. For example, in January 2013, the Utilities and the Consumer Advocate signed a settlement agreement to write off $40 million of costs in lieu of conducting PUC-ordered regulatory audits of the CIP CT-1 and the CIS projects.
Energy cost adjustment clauses. The rate schedules of each of the Utilities include ECACs under which electric rates charged to customers are automatically adjusted for changes in the weighted-average price paid for fuel oil and certain components of purchased power, and the relative amounts of company-generated power and purchased power.
ECACs are subject to periodic review by the PUC. In the most recent rate cases, the PUC allowed the current ECAC to continue. In the decoupling reexamination proceeding in 2014 through 2016, the PUC considered potential modifications to the ECAC. In April 2017, the PUC issued an order in the decoupling reexamination proceeding acknowledging the complex issues relating to changing the ECAC mechanisms and indicating it will consider these issues in the Utilities’ pending rate cases.
All of the Utilities have proposed modifications to their respective ECAC provisions in their open rate cases. Hawaii Electric Light has proposed an expansion of the range of fuel usage efficiencies under which fuel costs would be fully passed through to customers. Hawaiian Electric has also proposed such an expansion of the range of fuel efficiencies for low sulfur fuel oil, which accounts for about 97% of its generation fuel usage, and has proposed to fully pass through to customers the costs of diesel fuel and biodiesel fuel that represent the balance of the generation fuel usage. Maui Electric has proposed to retain the existing range of fuel usage efficiencies at all three islands. All of the Utilities have proposed an additional trigger that would allow a re-establishment of fuel usage efficiency targets under certain conditions. Blue Planet Foundation, a party to the Hawaiian Electric rate case has recommended allowing only a partial pass-through of fuel costs with a sharing of cost above or below the allowed levels. See "Most recent rate proceedings" in Note 3 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
A change in, or the elimination of, the ECAC could have a material adverse effect on the Utilities.
Electric utility operations are significantly influenced by weather conditions. The Utilities’ results of operations can be affected by the weather. Weather conditions, particularly temperature and humidity, directly influence the demand for electricity. In addition, severe weather and natural disasters, such as hurricanes, earthquakes, tsunamis and lightning storms, which may become more severe or frequent as a result of global climate changes, can cause outages and property damage and require the Utilities to incur significant additional expenses that may not be recoverable.
Electric utility operations may be significantly influenced by climate change. While the timing, extent and ultimate effects of climate change cannot be determined with any certainty, climate change is predicted to result in sea level rise, which could potentially impact coastal and other low-lying areas (where much of the Utilities’ electric infrastructure is sited), and could cause erosion of beaches, saltwater intrusion into aquifers and surface ecosystems, higher water tables and increased flooding and storm damage due to heavy rainfall. The effects of climate change on the weather (for example, floods or hurricanes), sea levels, and water availability and quality have the potential to materially adversely affect the results of operations, financial condition and liquidity of the Utilities. For example, severe weather could cause significant harm to the Utilities’ physical facilities.
Electric utility operations depend heavily on third-party suppliers of fuel and purchased power. The Utilities rely on fuel oil suppliers and shippers and IPPs to deliver fuel oil and power, respectively, in accordance with contractual agreements. Approximately 69% of the net energy generated or purchased by the Utilities in 2017 was generated from the burning of fossil
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fuel oil, and purchases of power by the Utilities provided about 46% of their total net energy generated and purchased for the same period. Failure or delay by oil suppliers and shippers to provide fuel pursuant to existing contracts, or failure by a major IPP to deliver the firm capacity anticipated in its PPA, could disrupt the ability of the Utilities to deliver electricity and require the Utilities to incur additional expenses to meet the needs of their customers that may not be recoverable. In addition, as the IPP contracts near the end of their terms, there may be less economic incentive for the IPPs to make investments in their units to ensure the availability of their units. Also, as these contractual agreements end, the Utilities may not be able to purchase fuel and power on terms equivalent to the current contractual agreements.
Electric utility generating facilities are subject to operational risks that could result in unscheduled plant outages, unanticipated and/or increased operation and maintenance expenses and increased power purchase costs. Operation of electric generating facilities involves certain risks which can adversely affect energy output and efficiency levels. Included among these risks are facility shutdowns or power interruptions due to insufficient generation or a breakdown or failure of equipment or processes. In addition, operations could be negatively impacted by interruptions in fuel supply, inability to negotiate satisfactory collective bargaining agreements when existing agreements expire or other labor disputes, inability to comply with regulatory or permit requirements, disruptions in delivery of electricity, operator error and catastrophic events such as earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, fires, explosions, floods or other similar occurrences affecting the Utilities’ generating facilities or transmission and distribution systems.
The Utilities may be adversely affected by new legislation or administrative actions. Congress, the Hawaii legislature and governmental agencies periodically consider legislation and other initiatives that could have uncertain or negative effects on the Utilities and their customers. Congress, the Hawaii legislature and governmental agencies have adopted, or are considering adopting, a number of measures that will significantly affect the Utilities, as described below.
Renewable Portfolio Standards law. In 2015, Hawaii’s RPS law was amended to require electric utilities to meet an RPS of 15%, 30%, 40%, 70% and 100% by December 31, 2015, 2020, 2030, 2040 and 2045 respectively. Energy savings resulting from energy efficiency programs do not count toward the RPS after 2014. The Utilities are committed to achieving these goals and met the 2015 RPS; however, due to the exclusion of energy savings in calculating RPS after 2014 and risks such as potential delays in IPPs being able to deliver contracted renewable energy, it is possible the Utilities may not attain the required renewable percentages in the future, and management cannot predict the future consequences of failure to do so (including potential penalties to be assessed by the PUC). On December 19, 2008, the PUC approved a penalty of $20 for every MWh that an electric utility is deficient under Hawaii’s RPS law. The PUC noted, however, that this penalty may be reduced, in the PUC’s discretion, due to events or circumstances that are outside an electric utility’s reasonable control, to the extent the event or circumstance could not be reasonably foreseen and ameliorated, as described in the RPS law and in an RPS framework adopted by the PUC. In addition, the PUC ordered that the Utilities will be prohibited from recovering any RPS penalty costs through rates.
Renewable energy. In 2007, a measure was passed by the Hawaii legislature stating that the PUC may consider the need for increased renewable energy in rendering decisions on utility matters. Due to this measure, it is possible that, if energy from a renewable source is more expensive than energy from fossil fuel, the PUC may still approve the purchase of energy from the renewable source, resulting in higher costs.
Global climate change and greenhouse gas emissions reduction. National and international concern about climate change and the contribution of GHG emissions (including carbon dioxide emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels) to climate change have led to federal legislative and regulatory proposals and action by the state of Hawaii to reduce GHG emissions.
In July 2007, the State Legislature passed Act 234, which requires a statewide reduction of GHG emissions by January 1, 2020 to levels at or below the statewide GHG emission levels in 1990. On June 20, 2014, the Governor signed the final rules required to implement Act 234 and these rules went into effect on June 30, 2014. In general, Act 234 and the GHG rule require affected sources that have the potential to emit GHGs in excess of established thresholds to reduce their GHG emissions by 16% below 2010 emission levels by 2020. In accordance with State requirements, the Utilities submitted an Emissions Reduction Plan (EmRP) to the DOH on June 30, 2015. Hawaiian Electric, Maui Electric, and Hawaii Electric Light have a total of 11 facilities affected by the state GHG rule. Hawaiian Electric made use of the partnering provisions in the GHG rule to prepare one EmRP for all 11 of the Utilities’ affected facilities. In this plan, the Utilities have committed to a 16% reduction in GHG emissions company-wide. Pursuant to the State’s GHG rule, the DOH will incorporate the proposed facility-specific GHG emission limits into each facility’s covered source permit based on the 2020 levels specified in Hawaiian Electric’s EmRP. The State GHG rule requires affected sources to pay an annual fee that is based on tons per year of GHG emissions. The Utilities’ GHG emissions fee is approximately $0.5 million annually. The latest assessment of the proposed federal and final state GHG rules is that the continued growth in renewable power generation will significantly reduce the compliance costs and risk for the Utilities.
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On June 3, 2010, the EPA’s final GHG Tailoring Rule was published. It created a new threshold for GHG emissions from new and existing facilities and required certain facilities to obtain Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) and Title V operating permits. The U.S. Supreme Court upheld that the EPA can apply the Best Available Control Technology (BACT) requirement to GHG for new or modified sources that trigger PSD permitting for air pollutants other than GHG. Any Hawaiian Electric, Hawaii Electric Light, and Maui Electric new or modified emission sources that trigger PSD permitting will be required to comply with BACT requirements. On August 26, 2016, the EPA proposed revisions to the PSD and Title V permitting regulations to fully implement the 2014 U.S. Supreme Court decision including the establishment of a threshold below which BACT is not required for GHG emissions for new or modified emission sources that trigger PSD permitting.
The Utilities have taken, and continue to identify opportunities to take, direct action to reduce GHG emissions from their operations, including, but not limited to, supporting DSM programs that foster energy efficiency, using renewable resources for energy production and purchasing power from IPPs generated by renewable resources, burning renewable biodiesel in Hawaiian Electric’s CIP CT-1, using biodiesel for startup and shutdown of selected Maui Electric generating units, and testing biofuel blends in other Hawaiian Electric and Maui Electric generating units.
The foregoing legislation or legislation that now is, or may in the future be, proposed present risks and uncertainties for the Utilities.
The Utilities may be subject to increased operational challenges and their results of operations, financial condition and liquidity may be adversely impacted in meeting the commitments and objectives of clean energy initiatives and Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS). The far-reaching nature of the Utilities' renewable energy commitments and the RPS goals present risks to the Company. Among such risks are: (1) the dependence on third party suppliers of renewable purchased energy, which if the Utilities are unsuccessful in negotiating purchased power agreements with such IPPs or if a major IPP fails to deliver the anticipated capacity in its purchased power agreement, could impact the Utilities’ achievement of their commitments to RPS goals and/or the Utilities’ ability to deliver reliable service; (2) delays in acquiring or unavailability of non-fossil fuel supplies for renewable generation; (3) the impact of intermittent power to the electrical grid and reliability of service if appropriate supporting infrastructure is not installed or does not operate effectively; (4) the likelihood that the Utilities may need to make substantial investments in related infrastructure, which could result in increased borrowings and, therefore, materially impact the financial condition and liquidity of the Utilities; and (5) the commitment to support a variety of initiatives, which, if approved by the PUC, may have a material impact on the results of operations and financial condition of the Utilities depending on their design and implementation.
Bank Risks.
Fluctuations in interest rates could result in lower net interest income, impair ASB’s ability to originate new loans or impair the ability of ASB’s adjustable-rate borrowers to make increased payments or cause such borrowers to repay their adjustable-rate loans. Interest rate risk is a significant risk of ASB’s operations. ASB’s net interest income consists primarily of interest income received on fixed-rate and adjustable-rate loans, mortgage-related securities and investments, less interest expense consisting primarily of interest paid on deposits and other borrowings. Interest rate risk arises when earning assets mature or when their interest rates change in a time frame different from that of the costing liabilities. Changes in market interest rates, including changes in the relationship between short-term and long-term market interest rates or between different interest rate indices, can impact ASB’s net interest margin.
Although ASB pursues an asset-liability management strategy designed to mitigate its risk from changes in market interest rates, unfavorable movements in interest rates could result in lower net interest income. Residential 1-4 family fixed-rate mortgage loans comprised about 42% of ASB’s loan portfolio as of December 31, 2017 and do not re-price with movements in interest rates. ASB continues to face a challenging interest rate environment. The Federal Open Market Committee increased the federal funds rate in 2016 and 2017, which has caused the yield curve to flatten. Increases in market interest rates could have an adverse impact on ASB’s cost of funds. Higher market interest rates could lead to higher interest rates paid on deposits and other borrowings. Significant increases in market interest rates, or the perception that an increase may occur, could adversely affect ASB’s ability to originate new loans and grow. An increase in market interest rates, especially a sudden increase, could also adversely affect the ability of ASB’s adjustable-rate borrowers to meet their higher payment obligations. If this occurred, it could cause an increase in nonperforming assets and charge-offs. Conversely, a decrease in interest rates or a mismatching of maturities of interest sensitive financial instruments could result in an acceleration in the prepayment of loans and mortgage-related securities and impact ASB’s ability to reinvest its liquidity in similar yielding assets.
Changes in the method for determining LIBOR and the potential replacement of LIBOR may affect our loan portfolio and interest income on loans. As a result of concerns about the accuracy of the calculation of the benchmark London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR), a number of British Bankers’ Association (BBA) member banks entered into settlements with regulators and law enforcement agencies with respect to the alleged manipulation of LIBOR. Actions by the BBA, regulators or law enforcement agencies, as a result of these or future events, may result in changes to the manner in which LIBOR is determined.
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Potential changes, or uncertainty related to such potential changes may adversely affect the market for loans with LIBOR-indexed interest rates. In addition, changes or reforms to the determination or supervision of LIBOR may result in a sudden or prolonged increase or decrease in reported LIBOR. The head of the United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority announced a desire to phase out the use of LIBOR by the end of 2021. The potential effect of such an event on our LIBOR-indexed loan portfolio and interest income on loans cannot yet be determined.
ASB’s operations are affected by factors that are beyond its control, that could result in lower revenues, higher expenses or decreased demand for its products and services. ASB’s results of operations depend primarily on the income generated by the supply of and demand for its products and services, which primarily consist of loans and deposit services. ASB’s revenues and expenses may be adversely affected by various factors, including:

• | local, regional, national and other economic and political conditions that could result in declines in employment and real estate values, which in turn could adversely affect the ability of borrowers to make loan payments and the ability of ASB to recover the full amounts owing to it under defaulted loans;

• | the ability of borrowers to obtain insurance and the ability of ASB to place insurance where borrowers fail to do so, particularly in the event of catastrophic damage to collateral securing loans made by ASB;

• | faster than expected loan prepayments that can cause an acceleration of the amortization of premiums on loans and investments and the impairment of mortgage servicing assets of ASB;

• | changes in ASB’s loan portfolio credit profiles and asset quality, which may increase or decrease the required level of allowance for loan losses;

• | technological disruptions affecting ASB’s operations or financial or operational difficulties experienced by any outside vendor on whom ASB relies to provide key components of its business operations, such as business processing, network access or internet connections;

• | the impact of legislative and regulatory changes, including changes affecting capital requirements, increasing oversight of and reporting by banks, or affecting the lending programs or other business activities of ASB;

• | additional legislative changes regulating the assessment of overdraft, interchange and credit card fees, which can have a negative impact on noninterest income;

• | public opinion about ASB and financial institutions in general, which, if negative, could impact the public’s trust and confidence in ASB and adversely affect ASB’s ability to attract and retain customers and expose ASB to adverse legal and regulatory consequences;

• | increases in operating costs (including employee compensation expense and benefits and regulatory compliance costs), inflation and other factors, that exceed increases in ASB’s net interest, fee and other income; and

• | the ability of ASB to maintain or increase the level of deposits, ASB’s lowest costing funds.

Banking and related regulations could result in significant restrictions being imposed on ASB’s business or in a requirement that HEI divest ASB. ASB is subject to examination and comprehensive regulation by the Department of Treasury, the OCC and the FDIC, and is subject to reserve requirements established by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. In addition, the FRB is responsible for regulating ASB’s holding companies, HEI and ASB Hawaii. The regulatory authorities have extensive discretion in connection with their supervisory and enforcement activities and examination policies to address not only ASB’s compliance with applicable banking laws and regulations, but also capital adequacy, asset quality, management ability and performance, earnings, liquidity and various other factors.
Under certain circumstances, including any determination that ASB’s relationship with HEI results in an unsafe and unsound banking practice, these regulatory authorities have the authority to restrict the ability of ASB to transfer assets and to make distributions to its shareholders (including payment of dividends to HEI), or they could seek to require HEI to sever its relationship with or divest its ownership of ASB. Payment by ASB of dividends to HEI may also be restricted by the OCC and FRB under its prompt corrective action regulations or its capital distribution regulations if ASB’s capital position deteriorates. In order to maintain its status as a QTL, ASB is required to maintain at least 65% of its assets in “qualified thrift investments.” Institutions that fail to maintain QTL status are subject to various penalties, including limitations on their activities. In ASB’s case, the activities of HEI and HEI’s other subsidiaries would also be subject to restrictions, and a failure or inability to comply with those restrictions could effectively result in the required divestiture of ASB. Federal legislation has also been proposed in the past that could result in a required divestiture of ASB. In the event of a required divestiture, federal law substantially limits the types of entities that could potentially acquire ASB.
Recent legislative and regulatory initiatives could have an adverse effect on ASB’s business. The Dodd-Frank Act, which became law in July 2010, has had a substantial impact on the financial services industry. The Dodd-Frank Act establishes a framework through which regulatory reform will be written and changes to statutes, regulations or regulatory policies could affect HEI and ASB in substantial and unpredictable ways. A major component of the Dodd-Frank Act is the creation of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau that has the responsibility for setting and enforcing clear, consistent rules relating to consumer financial products and services and has the authority to prohibit practices it finds to be unfair, deceptive or abusive. Compliance with any such directives could have adverse effects on ASB’s revenues or operating costs. Failure to comply with
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laws, regulations or policies could result in sanctions by regulatory agencies, civil money penalties and/or reputation damage, which could have a material adverse effect on ASB’s business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.
A large percentage of ASB’s loans and securities are collateralized by real estate, and adverse changes in the real estate market and/or general economic or other conditions may result in loan losses and adversely affect the Company’s profitability. As of December 31, 2017 approximately 84% of ASB’s loan portfolio was comprised of loans primarily collateralized by real estate, most of which was concentrated in the State of Hawaii. During 2017, ASB's HELOC and residential 1-4 family portfolios grew by 6% and 3%, respectively, and now comprise 78% of total real estate loans. ASB’s financial results may be adversely affected by changes in prevailing economic conditions, either nationally or in the state of Hawaii, including decreases in real estate values, adverse employment conditions, the monetary and fiscal policies of the federal and state government and other significant external events. Adverse changes in the economy may have a negative effect on the ability of borrowers to make timely repayments of their loans. A deterioration of the economic environment in Hawaii, including a material decline in the real estate market, further declines in home resales, a material external shock, or any environmental clean-up obligation, may also significantly impair the value of ASB’s collateral and ASB’s ability to sell the collateral upon foreclosure. In the event of a default, amounts received upon sale of the collateral may be insufficient to recover outstanding principal and interest. In addition, if poor economic conditions result in decreased demand for real estate loans, ASB’s profits may decrease if its alternative investments earn less income than real estate loans.
Expanding commercial, commercial real estate and consumer lending activities may result in higher costs and greater credit risk than residential lending activities due to the unique characteristics of these markets. ASB had been aggressively pursuing a strategy that included expanding its commercial, commercial real estate and consumer lines of business. If ASB elects to pursue commercial and commercial real estate loans in the future, such loans have a higher risk profile than residential loans. Though both commercial and commercial real estate loans have shorter terms and earn higher spreads than residential mortgage loans, these loan types generally entail higher underwriting and other service costs and present greater credit risks than traditional residential mortgages. Commercial loans are secured by the assets of the business and, upon default, any collateral repossessed may not be sufficient to repay the outstanding loan balance. In addition, loan collections are dependent on the borrower’s continuing financial stability and, thus, are more likely to be affected by current economic conditions and adverse business developments. Commercial real estate properties tend to be unique and are more difficult to value than residential real estate properties. Commercial real estate loans may not be fully amortizing, meaning that they have a significant principal balance or “balloon” payment due at maturity. In addition, commercial real estate properties, particularly industrial and warehouse properties, are generally subject to relatively greater environmental risks than noncommercial properties and to the corresponding burdens and costs of compliance with environmental laws and regulations. Also, there may be costs and delays involved in enforcing rights of a property owner against tenants in default under terms of leases with respect to commercial properties. For example, a tenant may seek protection under bankruptcy laws, which could result in termination of the tenant’s lease.
ASB also has a national syndicated lending portfolio where ASB is a participant in credit facilities agented by established and reputable national lenders. Management selectively chooses each deal based on conservative credit criteria to ensure a high quality, well diversified portfolio. In the event the borrower encounters financial difficulties and ASB is unable to sell its participation interest in the loan in the secondary market, the bank is typically reliant on the originating lender for managing any loan workout or foreclosure proceedings that may become necessary. Accordingly, ASB has less control over such proceedings than loans it originates and may be required to accommodate the interests of other participating lenders in resolving delinquencies or defaults on participated loans, which could result in outcomes that are not fully consistent with ASB's preferred strategies. In addition, a significant proportion of ASB's syndicated loans are originated in states other than Hawaii, and are subject to the local regional and regulatory risks specific to those states.
Similar to the national syndicated lending portfolio, ASB does not service commercial loans in which it has participation interests rather than being the lead or agent lender and is subject to the policies and practices of the agent lender, who is the loan servicer, in resolving delinquencies or defaults on participated loans.
The consumer loan portfolio primarily consists of personal unsecured loans as ASB began offering a personal loan product with risk-based pricing. Repayment is based on the borrower’s financial stability as these loans have no collateral and there is less assurance that ASB will be able to collect all payments due under these loans or have sufficient collateral to cover all outstanding loan balances.
ASB's allowance for loan losses may not cover actual loan losses. ASB's allowance for loan losses is the bank's estimate of probable losses inherent in its loan portfolio and is based on a continuing assessment of:
•existing risks in the loan portfolio;
•historical loss experience with ASB's loans;
•changes in collateral value; and
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•current conditions (for example, economic conditions, real estate market conditions and interest rate environment).
If ASB's actual loan losses exceed its allowance for loan losses, it may incur losses, its financial condition may be materially and adversely affected and additional capital may be required to enhance its capital position. In addition, various regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, regularly review the adequacy of ASB's allowance. These agencies may require ASB to establish additional allowances based on their judgment of the information available at the time of their examinations. No assurance can be given that ASB will not sustain loan losses in excess of present or future levels of its allowance for loan losses.
The Tax Act may impact the financial services industry with respect to the marketability of residential loans and home equity indebtedness. The Tax Act limits the deduction available for mortgage interest by reducing the amount of debt that can be treated as acquisition indebtedness from the current level of $1 million to $750,000. The new law also suspends the deduction for interest on home equity indebtedness. The impact of these tax law changes on residential mortgage and home equity line of credit loan production cannot yet be determined.

ITEM 1B. | UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

HEI: None.
Hawaiian Electric: Not applicable.

ITEM 2. | PROPERTIES

HEI and Hawaiian Electric: See the “Properties” sections under “HEI,” “Electric utility” and “Bank” in Item 1. Business above.

ITEM 3. | LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

HEI and Hawaiian Electric: HEI subsidiaries (including Hawaiian Electric and its subsidiaries and ASB) may be involved in ordinary routine PUC proceedings, environmental proceedings and/or litigation incidental to their respective businesses. See the descriptions of legal proceedings (including judicial proceedings and proceedings before the PUC and environmental and other administrative agencies) in “Item 1. Business,” in HEI’s MD&A and in the Notes 3 and 4 of the Consolidated Financial Statements. The outcomes of litigation and administrative proceedings are necessarily uncertain and there is a risk that the outcome of such matters could have a material adverse effect on the financial position, results of operations or liquidity of HEI or one or more of its subsidiaries for a particular period in the future.

ITEM 4. | MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

HEI and Hawaiian Electric: Not applicable.
EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT (HEI)
The executive officers of HEI are listed below. Messrs. Oshima and Wacker are officers of HEI subsidiaries rather than of HEI, but are deemed to be executive officers of HEI under SEC Rule 3b-7 promulgated under the 1934 Exchange Act. HEI executive officers serve from the date of their initial appointment and are reappointed annually by the HEI Board (or annually by the applicable HEI subsidiary board), and thereafter are appointed for one-year terms or until their successors have been duly appointed and qualified or until their earlier resignation or removal. HEI executive officers may also hold offices with HEI subsidiaries and affiliates in addition to their current positions listed below.
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Name |  | Age |  | Business experience for last 5 years and prior positions with the Company
Constance H. Lau |  | 65 |  | HEI President and Chief Executive Officer since 5/06 HEI Director, 6/01 to 12/04 and since 5/06 Hawaiian Electric Chairman of the Board since 5/06 ASB Hawaii Director since 5/06 ASB Chairman of the Board since 5/06, Risk Committee member since 2012 and Director since 1999 · ASB Chief Executive Officer, 6/01 to 11/10, and President, 6/01 to 1/08 · ASB Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer and Director, 12/99 to 5/01 · HEI Power Corp. Financial Vice President and Treasurer, 5/97 to 8/99 · HEI Treasurer, 4/89 to 10/99, and HEI Assistant Treasurer, 12/87 to 4/89 · Hawaiian Electric Treasurer 12/87 to 4/89 and Assistant Corporate Counsel, 9/84 to 12/87
Gregory C. Hazelton |  | 53 |  | HEI Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since 4/17 HEI Senior Vice President, Finance, 10/16 to 4/17 · Prior to rejoining the Company in 2016: Northwest Natural Gas Company, Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer, 2/16 to 9/16, and Northwest Natural Gas Company, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, 6/15 to 2/16 · HEI Vice President, Finance, Treasurer and Controller, 8/13 to 6/15 · Prior to joining the Company in 2013: UBS Investment Bank, Managing Director, Global Power & Utilities Group 3/11 to 5/13
Alan M. Oshima |  | 70 |  | Hawaiian Electric President and Chief Executive Officer since 10/14 Hawaiian Electric Director, 2008 to 10/11 and since 10/14 HEI Charitable Foundation President since 10/11 · Hawaiian Electric Senior Executive Officer on loan from HEI, 5/14 to 9/14 · HEI Executive Vice President, Corporate and Community Advancement, 10/11 to 5/14
Richard F. Wacker |  | 55 |  | ASB President and Chief Executive Officer since 11/10 ASB Director since 11/10

Family relationships; executive arrangements
There are no family relationships between any HEI executive officer and any other HEI executive officer or any HEI director or director nominee. There are no arrangements or understandings between any HEI executive officer and any other person pursuant to which such executive officer was selected.
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PART II

ITEM 5. | MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

HEI:
Certain of the information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to Note 12, “Regulatory restrictions on net assets” and Note 16, “Quarterly information (unaudited)” of the Consolidated Financial Statements and "Item 6. Selected Financial Data” and “Equity compensation plan information” under "Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters" of this Form 10-K. Certain restrictions on dividends and other distributions of HEI are described in this report under “Item 1. Business—HEI—Regulation—Restrictions on dividends and other distributions” and that description is incorporated herein by reference. HEI’s common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange and the total number of holders of record of HEI common stock (i.e., registered shareholders) as of February 13, 2018, was 6,133.
HEI's common stock high and low for the quarters of 2017 and 2016 were as follows:

Quarters ended | 2017 |  | 2016
| High |  | Low |  |  | High |  | Low |
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
March 31 | $ | 33.94 |  | $ | 32.32 |  |  | $ | 32.69 |  | $ | 27.30 |
June 30 | 34.08 |  | 32.01 |  |  | 34.98 |  | 31.35 |
September 30 | 34.64 |  | 31.71 |  |  | 33.57 |  | 29.14 |
December 31 | 38.72 |  | 33.30 |  |  | 34.08 |  | 28.31 |

The dividends declared and paid on HEI's common stock for the quarters of 2017 and 2016 were as follows:

Quarters ended | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
(in thousands) |  |  |
March 31 | $ | 33,713 |  |  | $ | 33,367 |
June 30 | 33,713 |  |  | 33,481 |
September 30 | 33,723 |  |  | 33,550 |
December 31 | 33,724 |  |  | 33,652 |

Purchases of HEI common shares were made during the fourth quarter to satisfy the requirements of certain plans as follows:
ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Period* | Total Number of Shares Purchased ** |  | Average Price Paid per Share ** | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
October 1 to 31, 2017 | 23,311 |  |  | $ | 34.69 |  | — |  |  | NA
November 1 to 30, 2017 | 20,261 |  |  | $ | 37.74 |  | — |  |  | NA
December 1 to 31, 2017 | 171,481 |  |  | $ | 37.68 |  | — |  |  | NA

NA Not applicable.
* Trades (total number of shares purchased) are reflected in the month in which the order is placed.
** The purchases were made to satisfy the requirements of the DRIP, the HEIRSP and the ASB 401(k) Plan for shares purchased for cash or by the reinvestment of dividends by participants under those plans and none of the purchases were made under publicly announced repurchase plans or programs. Average prices per share are calculated exclusive of any commissions payable to the brokers making the purchases for the DRIP, the HEIRSP and the ASB 401(k) Plan. Of the "Total number of shares purchased," 195,253 of the 215,053 shares were purchased for the DRIP; 17,400 of the 215,053 shares were purchased for the HEIRSP; and 2,400 of the 215,053 shares were purchased for the ASB 401(k) Plan. The repurchased shares were issued for the accounts of the participants under registration statements registering the shares issued under these plans.
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Hawaiian Electric:
Since a corporate restructuring on July 1, 1983, all the common stock of Hawaiian Electric has been held solely by its parent, HEI, and is not publicly traded. Accordingly, information required with respect to “Market information” and “holders” is not applicable to Hawaiian Electric.
The dividends declared and paid on Hawaiian Electric’s common stock for the quarters of 2017 and 2016 were as follows:

Quarters ended | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
(in thousands) |  |  |
March 31 | $ | 21,942 |  |  | $ | 23,400 |
June 30 | 21,942 |  |  | 23,400 |
September 30 | 21,941 |  |  | 23,399 |
December 31 | 21,942 |  |  | 23,400 |

Also, see “Liquidity and capital resources” in HEI’s MD&A.
See the discussion of regulatory and other restrictions on dividends or other distributions under “Item 1. Business—HEI—Regulation—Restrictions on dividends and other distributions” and in Note 12 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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ITEM 6. | SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

HEI:

Selected Financial Data |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc. and Subsidiaries |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Years ended December 31 | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |
(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Results of operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | 2,555,625 |  |  | $ | 2,380,654 |  |  | $ | 2,602,982 |  |  | $ | 3,239,542 |  |  | $ | 3,238,470 |
Net income for common stock | $ | 165,297 |  |  | $ | 248,256 |  |  | $ | 159,877 |  |  | $ | 168,129 |  |  | $ | 161,709 |
Basic earnings per common share | $ | 1.52 |  |  | $ | 2.30 |  |  | $ | 1.50 |  |  | $ | 1.65 |  |  | $ | 1.63 |
Diluted earnings per common share | $ | 1.52 |  |  | $ | 2.29 |  |  | $ | 1.50 |  |  | $ | 1.63 |  |  | $ | 1.62 |
Return on average common equity | 7.9 | % |  | 12.4 | % |  | 8.6 | % |  | 9.6 | % |  | 9.7 | %
Financial position * |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 13,099,828 |  |  | $ | 12,425,506 |  |  | $ | 11,782,018 |  |  | $ | 11,177,143 |  |  | $ | 10,331,921 |
Deposit liabilities | 5,890,597 |  |  | 5,548,929 |  |  | 5,025,254 |  |  | 4,623,415 |  |  | 4,372,477 |
Other bank borrowings | 190,859 |  |  | 192,618 |  |  | 328,582 |  |  | 290,656 |  |  | 244,514 |
Long-term debt, net—other than bank | 1,683,797 |  |  | 1,619,019 |  |  | 1,578,368 |  |  | 1,498,547 |  |  | 1,483,960 |
Preferred stock of subsidiaries – not subject to mandatory redemption | 34,293 |  |  | 34,293 |  |  | 34,293 |  |  | 34,293 |  |  | 34,293 |
Common stock equity | 2,097,386 |  |  | 2,066,753 |  |  | 1,927,640 |  |  | 1,790,573 |  |  | 1,726,406 |
Common stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Book value per common share * | $ | 19.28 |  |  | $ | 19.03 |  |  | $ | 17.94 |  |  | $ | 17.46 |  |  | $ | 17.05 |
Market price per common share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
High | 38.72 |  |  | 34.98 |  |  | 34.86 |  |  | 35.00 |  |  | 28.30 |
Low | 31.71 |  |  | 27.30 |  |  | 27.02 |  |  | 22.71 |  |  | 23.84 |
December 31 | 36.15 |  |  | 33.07 |  |  | 28.95 |  |  | 33.48 |  |  | 26.06 |
Dividends declared per common share | 1.24 |  |  | 1.24 |  |  | 1.24 |  |  | 1.24 |  |  | 1.24 |
Dividend payout ratio | 82 | % |  | 54 | % |  | 82 | % |  | 75 | % |  | 76 | %
Market price to book value per common share * | 188 | % |  | 174 | % |  | 161 | % |  | 192 | % |  | 153 | %
Price earnings ratio ** | 23.8x |  |  | 14.4x |  |  | 19.3x |  |  | 20.3 | x |  | 16.0 | x
Common shares outstanding (thousands) * | 108,788 |  |  | 108,583 |  |  | 107,460 |  |  | 102,565 |  |  | 101,260 |
Weighted-average-basic | 108,749 |  |  | 108,102 |  |  | 106,418 |  |  | 101,968 |  |  | 98,968 |
Shareholders *** | 26,064 |  |  | 26,831 |  |  | 27,927 |  |  | 29,415 |  |  | 30,653 |
Employees * | 3,880 |  |  | 3,796 |  |  | 3,918 |  |  | 3,965 |  |  | 3,966 |

* | At December 31.

** | Calculated using December 31 market price per common share divided by basic earnings per common share. The principal trading market for HEI’s common stock is the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).

*** | At December 31. Represents registered shareholders plus participants in the HEI Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan (DRIP) who are not registered shareholders. As of February 13, 2018, HEI had 6,133 registered shareholders (i.e., holders of record of HEI common stock), 23,111 DRIP participants and total shareholders of 25,977.

2017 results include a $14 million adjustment, primarily to reduce deferred tax net asset balances (not accounted for under Utility regulatory ratemaking) to reflect the lower rates enacted by Tax Act (see Note 10 of the Consolidated Financial Statements) and $20 million ($11 million, net of tax impacts) lower in RAM revenues than prior year due to expiration of 2013 settlement agreement that allowed the accrual of RAM revenues on January 1 (vs. June 1) for years 2014 to 2016 at Hawaiian Electric. Results for 2016, 2015 and 2014 include merger- and spin-off-related income/(expenses), net of tax impacts, of $60 million, ($16 million), and ($5 million), respectively (see Note 15 of the Consolidated Financial Statements).
Financial data for periods prior to January 1, 2016 has been updated to reflect the retrospective application of ASU No. 2015-03 (Interest - Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs). See "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" above, HEI's MD&A and “Commitments and contingencies” in Note 3 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for discussions of certain contingencies that could adversely affect future results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
For 2014 and 2013, under the two-class method of computing basic earnings per share, distributed earnings were $1.24 per share each year and undistributed earnings (loss) were $0.41 and $0.39 per share, respectively, for both unvested restricted stock awards and unrestricted common stock. For 2014 and 2013, under the two-class method of computing diluted earnings per share, distributed earnings were $1.24 per share each year and undistributed earnings (loss) were $0.40 and $0.38 per share, respectively, for both unvested restricted stock awards and unrestricted common stock. There were no restricted stock awards outstanding during 2017, 2016 and 2015.
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Hawaiian Electric:
Selected Financial Data
Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Years ended December 31 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
Results of operations |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | 2,257,566 |  | $ | 2,094,368 |  | $ | 2,335,166 |  | $ | 2,987,323 |  | $ | 2,980,172 |
Net income for common stock | 119,951 |  | 142,317 |  | 135,714 |  | 137,641 |  | 122,929 |
Financial position * |  |  |  |  |
Utility plant | $ | 7,282,979 |  | $ | 6,870,627 |  | $ | 6,543,799 |  | $ | 6,220,397 |  | $ | 5,896,991 |
Accumulated depreciation | (2,476,352 | ) | (2,369,282 | ) | (2,266,004 | ) | (2,175,510 | ) | (2,111,229 | )
Net utility plant | $ | 4,806,627 |  | $ | 4,501,345 |  | $ | 4,277,795 |  | $ | 4,044,887 |  | $ | 3,785,762 |
Total assets | $ | 6,196,281 |  | $ | 5,975,428 |  | $ | 5,672,210 |  | $ | 5,550,021 |  | $ | 5,058,065 |
Current portion of long-term debt | $ | 49,963 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 11,383 |
Short-term borrowings from non-affiliates | 4,999 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Long-term debt, net | 1,318,516 |  | 1,319,260 |  | 1,278,702 |  | 1,199,025 |  | 1,198,200 |
Common stock equity | 1,845,283 |  | 1,799,787 |  | 1,728,325 |  | 1,682,144 |  | 1,593,564 |
Cumulative preferred stock-not subject to mandatory redemption | 34,293 |  | 34,293 |  | 34,293 |  | 34,293 |  | 34,293 |
Capital structure | $ | 3,253,054 |  | $ | 3,153,340 |  | $ | 3,041,320 |  | $ | 2,915,462 |  | $ | 2,837,440 |
Capital structure ratios (%) |  |  |  |  |
Debt (short-term borrowings, and long-term debt, net, including current portion) | 42.2 |  | 41.8 |  | 42.1 |  | 41.1 |  | 42.6 |
Cumulative preferred stock | 1.1 |  | 1.1 |  | 1.1 |  | 1.2 |  | 1.2 |
Common stock equity | 56.7 |  | 57.1 |  | 56.8 |  | 57.7 |  | 56.2 |

* | At December 31.

HEI owns all of Hawaiian Electric’s common stock. Therefore, per share data is not meaningful.
2017 results include $20 million ($11 million, net of tax impacts) lower in RAM revenues than prior year due to expiration of 2013 settlement agreement that allowed the accrual of RAM revenues on January 1 (vs. June 1) for years 2014 to 2016 at Hawaiian Electric, and a $9 million adjustment, primarily to reduce deferred tax net asset balances (not accounted for under regulatory ratemaking) to reflect the lower rates enacted by Tax Act (see Note 10 of the Consolidated Financial Statements).
Financial data for periods prior to January 1, 2016 has been updated to reflect the retrospective application of ASU No. 2015-03 (Interest - Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs).
See "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" above, the “electric utility” sections and all information related to, or including, Hawaiian Electric and its subsidiaries in HEI’s MD&A and “Commitments and contingencies” in Note 3 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for discussions of certain contingencies that could adversely affect future results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
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ITEM 7. | MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

HEI and Hawaiian Electric (in the case of Hawaiian Electric, only the information related to Hawaiian Electric and its subsidiaries):
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements. The general discussion of HEI’s consolidated results should be read in conjunction with the electric utility and bank segment discussions that follow.

HEI Consolidated

Executive overview and strategy. HEI is a holding company primarily overseeing operating subsidiaries in Hawaii’s electric utility and banking sectors. A major focus of HEI’s strategy is to grow core earnings and profitability of its Utilities and Bank in a controlled risk manner and improve operating, capital and tax efficiencies in order to support its dividend and deliver shareholder value while also being a catalyst for improving the economy, environment and community in which the Company serves. In addition, HEI and its subsidiaries from time to time consider various strategies designed to enhance their competitive positions and maximize shareholder value.
HEI, through its electric utility subsidiaries (Hawaiian Electric and its subsidiaries, Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric), provides the only electric public utility service to approximately 95% of Hawaii’s population. HEI also provides a wide array of banking and other financial services to consumers and businesses through its bank subsidiary, ASB, one of Hawaii’s largest financial institutions based on total assets. Through its third principal subsidiary, Pacific Current, HEI is focusing on non-regulated investments in renewable energy and infrastructure projects that help to serve Hawaii and help reach the state’s sustainability goals. Together, HEI’s unique combination of power and financial services companies continues to provide the Company with a strong balance sheet and the financial resources to invest in the strategic growth of its subsidiaries while providing an attractive dividend for investors.
In 2017, net income for HEI common stock was $165 million ($1.52 basic earnings per common share), down 33% from $248 million ($2.30 basic earnings per common share) in 2016 primarily due to the merger termination fee paid in 2016 by NEE. Excluding merger and spin-off-related income and expenses ($60 million after-tax), the decrease in net income from 2016 to 2017 was comprised of the Utilities’ $22 million lower net income and the “other” segment’s $10 million higher net loss, partly offset by ASB’s $10 million higher net income. Impacting these results were $14.2 million ($9.2 million at the Utilities; $(1.0) million at ASB; $6.0 million at the "other" segment) of net loss primarily comprised of tax expenses/(benefits) to reduce deferred tax balances to reflect the lower rates enacted by the Tax Act and an ASB special employee bonus awarded after the passing of the Tax Act lowered corporate income taxes in the future.
In 2016, net income for HEI common stock was $248 million, up 55% from $160 million in 2015 primarily due to the 2016 merger- and spin-off-related income and expenses. Basic earnings per share were $2.30 per share in 2016, up 53% from $1.50 per share in 2015. Excluding merger- and spin-off-related income and expenses, net income for HEI common stock would have been $188 million, up 7% from $176 million in 2015 primarily due to the Utilities’ and ASB’s 5% higher net incomes and lower losses at HEI corporate.
The Utilities’ strategic focus has been to meet Hawaii’s energy needs by modernizing and adding needed infrastructure through capital investment, placing emphasis on energy efficiency and conservation, pursuing renewable energy generation and taking the necessary steps to secure regulatory support for their plans. Electric utility net income for common stock in 2017 of $120 million decreased from the prior year by 16% due primarily to the (1) the impact of the federal tax reform recorded in 2017, (2) the expiration of the PUC approved 2013 settlement agreement with the Consumer Advocate that had allowed Hawaiian Electric to record calendar year rate adjustment mechanism revenues from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2016 (versus when billed from June 1 each year to May 31 of the following year), (3) higher O&M expenses compared to 2016 (which included higher O&M expenses from higher overhaul and maintenance expenses and ERP costs), (4) higher depreciation expense (as a result of increasing investments for the integration of more renewable energy, improved service reliability and greater system efficiency), which were partially offset by the recovery of additional investments for clean energy, reliability and system efficiency investments and Hawaii Electric Light’s 2016 test year interim rate relief effective August 31, 2017, and (5) higher allowance for funds used during construction.
ASB continues to deepen customer relationships and build out new products and services in order to meet the needs of both consumer and commercial customers. Additionally, ASB has made process improvements to deliver a continuously better experience for its customers and be a more efficient bank. ASB’s earnings in 2017 of $67 million increased $10 million compared to prior year net income due primarily to higher net interest income and lower provision for loan losses, partly offset
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by higher noninterest expenses and lower noninterest income. In 2017, ASB earnings benefited from higher net interest income as interest income from loan and investment growth were funded primarily by low cost deposit liabilities. The lower provision for loan losses reflects ASB’s strategy to improve credit quality in the commercial and national syndicated loan portfolios. The higher noninterest expenses were due primarily to an increase in compensation and employee benefit expenses, including ASB non-executive employee bonuses awarded in 2017 in connection with the passing of the Tax Act. The lower noninterest income was primarily due to a decrease in mortgage banking income. ASB’s future financial results will continue to be impacted by the interest rate environment and the quality of ASB’s loan portfolio.
HEI’s “other” segment had a net loss in 2017 of $22 million, compared to a net income of $49 million in 2016. Excluding merger- and spin-off-related income and expenses, the “other” segment's net loss was $10 million higher ($22 million in 2017 compared to $12 million in 2016), primarily due to $6 million of tax reform-related tax expense in 2017 and other tax benefits recognized in 2016 as a result of moving out of a federal net operating loss position.
Shareholder dividends are declared and paid quarterly by HEI at the discretion of HEI’s Board of Directors. HEI and its predecessor company, Hawaiian Electric, have paid dividends continuously since 1901. The dividend has been stable at $1.24 per share annually since 1998. The indicated dividend yield as of December 31, 2017 was 3.4%. The dividend payout ratios based on net income for common stock for 2017, 2016 and 2015 were 82%, 54% and 82%, respectively. The HEI Board of Directors considers many factors in determining the dividend quarterly, including but not limited to the Company’s results of operations, the long-term prospects for the Company, and current and expected future economic conditions.
Economic conditions.
Note: The statistical data in this section is from public third-party sources that management believes to be reliable (e.g., Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT), University of Hawaii Economic Research Organization, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Department of Labor and Industrial Relations (DLIR), Hawaii Tourism Authority (HTA), Honolulu Board of REALTORS® and national and local newspapers).
Hawaii’s tourism industry, a significant driver of Hawaii’s economy, ended 2017 with annual record totals in both visitor spending and arrivals for the sixth consecutive year. Visitor expenditures increased 6.2% and arrivals increased 5.0% compared to 2016. Looking ahead, the Hawaii Tourism Authority expects scheduled nonstop seats to Hawaii for the first quarter of 2018 to increase by 10.9% over the first quarter of 2017 driven primarily by an increase in seats from West Coast, East Coast and Asia.
Hawaii’s unemployment rate continued to decline to 2.0% in December 2017, which was lower than the 4.1% rate a year ago in December 2016 and lower than the national unemployment rate of 4.1% in December 2017. It was the lowest unemployment rate in the nation.
Hawaii real estate activity, as indicated by the home resale market, experienced growth in median sales prices in 2017. Median sales prices for single family residential homes and condominiums on Oahu through December 2017 were higher by 2.7% and 3.8%, respectively, over the same time period in 2016. The number of closed sales for single family residential homes was up by 6.3% and for condominiums was up 6.9% through December of 2017 compared to same time period of 2016.
Hawaii’s petroleum product prices reflect supply and demand in the Asia-Pacific region and the price of crude oil in international markets. Following price increases throughout 2016 and the first quarter of 2017, the price of crude oil declined over the next two quarters before resuming to increase in the fourth quarter of 2017.
At its November 2017 meeting, the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) decided to raise the federal funds rate target range of “1.00% to 1.50%” in view of realized and expected labor market conditions and inflation. The FOMC will continue to assess economic conditions relative to its objectives of maximum employment and 2% inflation in determining the size and timing of future adjustments to the target range.
Overall, Hawaii’s economy is expected to see another year of positive growth in 2018, albeit at a more subdued pace. Tourism continues to fare well however, future gains may be hindered by capacity constraints in visitor accommodations. Unemployment has reached new lows making it difficult for job growth. Although the construction market peaked in 2016 projects such as transit oriented development, several high rises in urban Honolulu and large residential projects in central Oahu will continue to support construction activity over the next several years. Hawaii’s economy is subject to uncertainty of the global economy and its potential impact on the U.S. economy.
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Results of operations.

(dollars in millions, except per share amounts) | 2017 |  |  | % change |  |  | 2016 |  |  | % change |  |  | 2015 |
Revenues | $ | 2,556 |  |  | 7 |  |  | $ | 2,381 |  |  | (9 | ) |  | $ | 2,603 |
Operating income | 338 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | 348 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 323 |
Merger termination fee | — |  |  | (100 | ) |  | 90 |  |  | NM |  |  | — |
Net income for common stock | 165 |  |  | (33 | ) |  | 248 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 160 |
Net income (loss) by segment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Electric utility | $ | 120 |  |  | (16 | ) |  | $ | 142 |  |  | 5 |  |  | $ | 136 |
Bank | 67 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 55 |
Other | (22 | ) |  | NM |  |  | 49 |  |  | NM |  |  | (31 | )
Net income for common stock | $ | 165 |  |  | (33 | ) |  | $ | 248 |  |  | 55 |  |  | $ | 160 |
Basic earnings per share | $ | 1.52 |  |  | (34 | ) |  | $ | 2.30 |  |  | 53 |  |  | $ | 1.50 |
Diluted earnings per share | $ | 1.52 |  |  | (34 | ) |  | $ | 2.29 |  |  | 53 |  |  | $ | 1.50 |
Dividends per share | $ | 1.24 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 1.24 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 1.24 |
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding (millions) | 108.7 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 108.1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 106.4 |
Dividend payout ratio | 82 | % |  |  |  |  | 54 | % |  |  |  |  | 82 | %

NM | Not meaningful.

See “Executive overview and strategy” above and the “Other segment,” “Electric utility” and “Bank” sections below for discussions of results of operations.
The Company’s effective tax rate (combined federal and state income tax rates) was higher for 2017 compared to 2016 due primarily to the (1) 2017 adjustment to accumulated deferred income tax balances (ADIT) (exclusive of ADIT related to the regulated rate base of the Utilities) for the new federal corporate tax rate of 21%, (2) 2016 deductibility of previously non-tax-deductible merger costs and (3) higher tax benefits recognized in 2016 for the domestic production activities deduction (DPAD) related to the Utilities’ generation activities. The Company’s effective tax rate was lower for 2016 compared to 2015 due primarily to the 2016 items listed above. The new lower federal tax rate of 21% applicable after 2017 impacts the ADIT on the balance sheet as of December 31, 2017 since the ADIT should reflect the rate applicable when the temporary differences subsequently reverse. 2017 income tax expense is based on the 35% federal tax rate in effect through December 31, 2017 with an adjustment to reduce ADIT for the new lower federal tax rate of 21%.
Other segment. HEI corporate-level operating, general and administrative expenses were $18 million in 2017 compared to $19 million in 2016 and $34 million in 2015. In 2016 and 2015, HEI had approximately $1 million (expenses, net of reimbursements of expenses from NEE and insurance) and $17 million, respectively, of expenses related to the previously proposed merger with NEE. Hamakua Energy's operating, general and administrative expenses were $0.5 million in 2017.
The “other” segment’s interest expenses were $9 million in 2017, $9 million in 2016 and $11 million in 2015. In each of 2017, 2016 and 2015, HEI corporate had lower average borrowings when compared to the prior year. In November 2017, a 2.99% $150 million term loan retired term loans with resetting interest periods based on LIBOR rates. In 2016, a 4.41% senior note was refinanced to a lower rate Eurodollar term loan. In 2015, a $125 million Eurodollar term loan was amended at improved pricing. In late December 2017, Hamakua Energy closed on $67 million of 4.02% senior secured notes.
The “other” segment’s income (taxes) benefits were $6 million in 2017, $(9 million) in 2016 and $16 million in 2015. In 2017, HEI's other segment included $5.7 million of tax reform-related tax expense, primarily to reduce net deferred tax asset balances to reflect the lower federal tax rate. In 2016, HEI’s other segment included $25 million of tax expense relating to merger- and spin-off (net of taxes), comprised of taxes on merger termination fee and reimbursements of expenses from NEE and insurance ($34 million), partly offset by additional tax benefits on the previously non-tax-deductible merger- and spin-off-related expenses incurred in previous years ($6 million) and tax on 2016 merger-related expenses ($3 million). In 2016, HEI’s results also included other tax benefits recognized as a result of moving out of a federal net operating loss position.
Liquidity and capital resources. The Company believes that its ability to generate cash, both internally from electric utility and banking operations and externally from issuances of equity and debt securities, commercial paper and bank borrowings, is adequate to maintain sufficient liquidity to fund its contractual obligations and commercial commitments, its forecasted capital expenditures and investments, its expected retirement benefit plan contributions and other cash requirements for the foreseeable future.
The consolidated capital structure of HEI (excluding deposit liabilities and other bank borrowings) was as follows:
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December 31 | 2017 |  | 2016
(dollars in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term borrowings—other than bank | $ | 118 |  |  | 3 | % |  | $ | — |  |  | — | %
Long-term debt, net—other than bank | 1,684 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 1,619 |  |  | 43 |
Preferred stock of subsidiaries | 34 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 1 |
Common stock equity | 2,097 |  |  | 53 |  |  | 2,067 |  |  | 56 |
| $ | 3,933 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 3,720 |  |  | 100 | %

HEI’s commercial paper borrowings and line of credit facility were as follows:

| Year ended December 31, 2017 |  |
(in millions) | Average balance |  | End-of-period balance |  | December 31, 2016
Commercial paper | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 63 |  |  | $ | — |
Line of credit draws | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Undrawn capacity under HEI’s line of credit facility | — |  |  | 150 |  |  | 150 |

Note: This table does not include Hawaiian Electric’s separate commercial paper issuances and line of credit facilities and draws, which are disclosed below under “Electric utility—Financial Condition—Liquidity and capital resources.” At February 13, 2018, HEI had $20.5 million of outstanding commercial paper and its line of credit facility was undrawn. The maximum amount of HEI’s short-term borrowings in 2017 was $125 million.
HEI utilizes short-term debt, typically commercial paper, to support normal operations, to refinance commercial paper, to retire long-term debt, to pay dividends and for other temporary requirements, including short-term financing needs of its subsidiaries. HEI also periodically makes short-term loans to Hawaiian Electric to meet Hawaiian Electric’s cash requirements, including the funding of loans by Hawaiian Electric to Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric, but no such short-term loans to Hawaiian Electric were outstanding as of December 31, 2017. HEI periodically utilizes long-term debt, historically unsecured indebtedness, to fund investments in and loans to its subsidiaries to support their capital improvement or other requirements, to repay long-term and short-term indebtedness and for other corporate purposes.
In March 2013, HEI entered into equity forward transactions in which a forward counterparty borrowed 7 million shares of HEI’s common stock from third parties and such borrowed shares were sold pursuant to an HEI registered public offering. See Note 7 of the Consolidated Financial Statements. In March 2015, HEI issued the 4.7 million shares remaining under the equity forward transaction for proceeds of $104.5 million.
In October 2017, HEI refinanced a $125 million long-term loan with a 364-day term loan which matures on October 5, 2018.
In November 2017, HEI entered into a five-year, $150 million loan agreement at a fixed interest rate of 2.99%. Proceeds of the loan were used to repay a $75 million term loan ahead of its March, 2018 maturity and to repay $75 million of the $125 million 364-day term loan.
In December 2017, Hamakua Energy issued $67 million of senior secured notes at a fixed interest rate of 4.02% with a maturity date of December 31, 2030.
See Notes 5 and 6 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for a brief description of these loans.
HEI has a $150 million line of credit facility. See Note 5 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
The rating of HEI’s commercial paper and debt securities could significantly impact the ability of HEI to sell its commercial paper and issue debt securities and/or the cost of such debt. The rating agencies use a combination of qualitative measures (i.e., assessment of business risk that incorporates an analysis of the qualitative factors such as management, competitive positioning, operations, markets and regulation) as well as quantitative measures (e.g., cash flow, debt, interest coverage and liquidity ratios) in determining the ratings of HEI securities.
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As of February 13, 2018, the Fitch, Moody's and S&P ratings of HEI were as follows:

| Fitch | Moody’s | S&P
Long-term issuer default and senior unsecured; long term rating*; and corporate credit; respectively | BBB | WR* | BBB-
Commercial paper | F3 | P-3 | A-3
Outlook | Stable | Stable | Stable

* Moody's long-term debt rating was withdrawn because HEI does not currently have any outstanding, publicly traded debt. Moody's continues to rate Hawaiian Electric's long-term debt. See Utility MD&A.
The above ratings reflect only the view, at the time the ratings are issued or affirmed, of the applicable rating agency, from whom an explanation of the significance of such ratings may be obtained. Such ratings are not recommendations to buy, sell or hold any securities; such ratings may be subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the rating agencies; and each rating should be evaluated independently of any other rating.
Management believes that, if HEI’s commercial paper ratings were to be downgraded, or if credit markets for commercial paper with HEI’s ratings or in general were to tighten, it could be more difficult and/or expensive for HEI to sell commercial paper or HEI might not be able to sell commercial paper in the future. Such limitations could cause HEI to draw on its syndicated credit facility instead, and the costs of such borrowings could increase under the terms of the credit agreement as a result of any such ratings downgrades. Similarly, if HEI’s long-term debt ratings were to be downgraded, it could be more difficult and/or expensive for HEI to issue long-term debt. Such limitations and/or increased costs could materially adversely affect the results of operations, financial condition and liquidity of HEI and its subsidiaries.
Issuances of common stock through the Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc. Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan (DRIP), Hawaiian Electric Industries Retirement Savings Plan (HEIRSP) and the ASB 401(k) Plan provided new capital of $30 million (approximately 1 million shares) in 2016. From March 6, 2014 through January 5, 2016, and from December 7, 2016 to date, HEI satisfied the share purchase requirements of the DRIP, HEIRSP and ASB 401(k) Plan through open market purchases of its common stock rather than new issuances. Also, from June 2, 2016 through August 9, 2016, HEI satisfied the share purchase requirements of the HEIRSP and ASB 401(k) Plan through open market purchases of its common stock.
Operating activities provided net cash of $420 million in 2017, $496 million in 2016 and $357 million in 2015. Investing activities used net cash of $815 million in 2017, $736 million in 2016 and $706 million in 2015. In 2017, net cash used in investing activities was primarily due to a Hawaiian Electric’s consolidated capital expenditures (net of contributions in aid of construction), Hamakua Energy’s acquisition of a power plant and ASB's purchases of investment securities, partly offset by the repayments of investment securities, proceeds from sale of commercial loans and a net decrease in loans held for investment.
Financing activities provided net cash of $378 million in 2017, $219 million in 2016 and $474 million in 2015. In 2017, net cash provided by financing activities included net increases in deposits and long-term debt and net increases in short-term borrowings and ASB’s retail repurchase agreements, partly offset by a net decrease in ASB’s other borrowings and payment of common and preferred stock dividends.
Other than capital contributions from their parent company, intercompany services (and related intercompany payables and receivables), Hawaiian Electric’s periodic short-term borrowings from HEI (and related interest) and the payment of dividends to HEI, the electric utility and bank segments are largely autonomous in their operating, investing and financing activities. (See the electric utility and bank segments’ discussions of their cash flows in their respective “Financial condition-Liquidity and capital resources” sections below.) During 2017, Hawaiian Electric and ASB (through ASB Hawaii) paid cash dividends to HEI of $88 million and $38 million, respectively.
A portion of the net assets of Hawaiian Electric and ASB is not available for transfer to HEI in the form of dividends, loans or advances without regulatory approval. One of the conditions to the PUC’s approval of the corporate restructuring of Hawaiian Electric and HEI requires that Hawaiian Electric maintain a consolidated common equity to total capitalization ratio of not less than 35% (actual ratio of 57% at December 31, 2017) and restricts Hawaiian Electric from making distributions to HEI to the extent it would result in that ratio being less than 35%. In the absence of an unexpected material adverse change in the financial condition of the electric utilities or ASB, such restrictions are not expected to significantly affect the operations of HEI, its ability to pay dividends on its common stock or its ability to meet its debt or other cash obligations. See Item I—Business—Restrictions on dividends and other distributions" Note 12 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Forecasted HEI consolidated “net cash used in investing activities” (excluding “investing” cash flows from ASB) for 2018 through 2020 consists primarily of the net capital expenditures of the Utilities. In addition to the funds required for the Utilities’ construction programs (see “Electric utility–Liquidity and capital resources”), approximately $50 million will be required
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during 2018 through 2020 to repay HEI’s remaining $50 million balance on its 364-day term loan maturing in October 2018, which is expected to be repaid with the proceeds from the issuance of commercial paper, bank borrowings, other medium- or long-term debt, common stock and/or dividends from subsidiaries. Additional debt and/or equity financing may be utilized to invest in the Utilities and bank; to pay down commercial paper or other short-term borrowings; or to fund unanticipated expenditures not included in the 2018 through 2020 forecast, such as increases in the costs of or an acceleration of the construction of capital projects of the Utilities, unanticipated utility capital expenditures that may be required by new environmental laws and regulations, unbudgeted acquisitions or investments in new businesses, significant increases in retirement benefit funding requirements and higher tax payments that would result if certain tax positions taken by the Company do not prevail or if taxes are increased by federal or state legislation. In addition, existing debt may be refinanced prior to maturity with additional debt or equity financing (or both).
Selected contractual obligations and commitments. Information about payments under the specified contractual obligations and commercial commitments of HEI and its subsidiaries was as follows:

December 31, 2017 |
(in millions) | Less than 1 year |  | 1-3 years |  | 3-5 years |  | More than 5 years |  | Total
Contractual obligations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment in qualifying affordable housing projects | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 16 |
Time certificates | 402 |  |  | 238 |  |  | 124 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 767 |
Other bank borrowings | 191 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 191 |
Short-term borrowings | 118 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 118 |
Long-term debt | 54 |  |  | 103 |  |  | 260 |  |  | 1,277 |  |  | 1,694 |
Interest on certificates of deposit, other bank borrowings, short-term loan and long-term debt | 85 |  |  | 155 |  |  | 140 |  |  | 790 |  |  | 1,170 |
Operating leases, service bureau contract, maintenance and ASB construction-related agreements | 99 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 215 |
Hawaiian Electric open purchase order obligations 1 | 114 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 135 |
Hawaiian Electric fuel oil purchase obligations (estimate based on December 31, 2017 fuel oil prices) | 130 |  |  | 130 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 260 |
Hawaiian Electric power purchase obligations–minimum fixed capacity charges | 118 |  |  | 235 |  |  | 212 |  |  | 854 |  |  | 1,419 |
Liabilities for uncertain tax positions | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |
Total (estimated) | $ | 1,323 |  |  | $ | 921 |  |  | $ | 776 |  |  | $ | 2,969 |  |  | $ | 5,989 |

1 | Includes contractual obligations and commitments for capital expenditures and expense amounts.

The tables above do not include other categories of obligations and commitments, such as deferred taxes, trade payables, amounts that will become payable in future periods under collective bargaining and other employment agreements and employee benefit plans, obligations that may arise under indemnities provided to purchasers of discontinued operations, and potential refunds of amounts collected from ratepayers (e.g., under the earnings sharing mechanism). As of December 31, 2017, the fair value of the assets held in trusts to satisfy the obligations of the Company’s retirement benefit plans did not exceed the retirement benefit plans’ benefit obligation. Minimum funding requirements for retirement benefit plans have not been included in the tables above; however, see Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for estimated contributions for 2018.
See Note 3 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of fuel and power purchase commitments. See Note 4 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for a further discussion of ASB's commitments.
Off-balance sheet arrangements. Although the Company and the Utilities have off-balance sheet arrangements, management has determined that it has no off-balance sheet arrangements that either have, or are reasonably likely to have, a current or future effect on the Company’s and the Utilities' financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that are material to investors, including the following types of off-balance sheet arrangements:

1. | obligations under guarantee contracts,

2. | retained or contingent interests in assets transferred to an unconsolidated entity or similar arrangements that serve as credit, liquidity or market risk support to that entity for such assets,

3. | obligations under derivative instruments, and

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4. | obligations under a material variable interest held by the Company or the Utilities in an unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit risk support to the Company or the Utilities, or engages in leasing, hedging or research and development services with the Company or the Utilities.

Certain factors that may affect future results and financial condition. The Company’s results of operations and financial condition can be affected by numerous factors, many of which are beyond its control and could cause future results of operations to differ materially from historical results. The following is a discussion of certain of these factors. Also see “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” above and “Certain factors that may affect future results and financial condition” in each of the electric utility and bank segment discussions below.
Economic conditions, U.S. capital markets and credit and interest rate environment. Because the core businesses of HEI’s subsidiaries are providing local electric public utility services and banking services in Hawaii, the Company’s operating results are significantly influenced by Hawaii’s economy, which in turn is influenced by economic conditions in the mainland U.S. (particularly California) and Asia (particularly Japan) as a result of the impact of those conditions on tourism, by the impact of interest rates, particularly on the construction and real estate industries and by the impact of world conditions on federal government spending in Hawaii. The two largest components of Hawaii’s economy are tourism and the federal government (including the military).
If Fitch, Moody's or S&P were to downgrade HEI’s or Hawaiian Electric’s debt ratings or if future events were to adversely affect the availability of capital to the Company, HEI’s and Hawaiian Electric’s ability to borrow and raise capital could be constrained, and their future borrowing costs would likely increase.
Changes in the U.S. capital markets can also have significant effects on the Company. For example, pension funding requirements are affected by the market performance of the assets in the master pension trust and by the discount rate used to estimate the service and interest cost components of net periodic pension cost and value obligations. The Utilities’ pension tracking mechanisms help moderate pension expense; however, a decline in the value of the Company’s defined benefit pension plan assets or the interest rate used to value the obligation may increase the unfunded status of the Company’s pension plans and result in increases in future funding requirements.
Because the earnings of ASB depend primarily on net interest income, interest rate risk is a significant risk of ASB’s operations. Changes in interest rates and credit spreads also affect the fair value of ASB’s investment securities. HEI and its electric utility subsidiaries are also exposed to interest rate risk primarily due to their periodic borrowing requirements, the discount rate used to determine pension funding requirements and the possible effect of interest rates on the electric utilities’ rates of return and overall economic activity. Interest rates are sensitive to many factors, including general economic conditions and the policies of government and regulatory authorities. HEI cannot predict future changes in interest rates, nor be certain that interest rate risk management strategies it or its subsidiaries have implemented will be successful in managing interest rate risk.
Limited insurance. In the ordinary course of business, the Company purchases insurance coverages (e.g., property and liability coverages) to protect itself against loss of or damage to its properties and against claims made by third-parties and employees for property damage or personal injuries. However, the protection provided by such insurance is limited in significant respects and, in some instances, the Company has no coverage. The Utilities’ transmission and distribution systems (excluding substation buildings and contents) have a replacement value roughly estimated at $7 billion and are largely uninsured. Similarly, the Utilities have no business interruption insurance. If a hurricane or other uninsured catastrophic natural disaster were to occur, and if the PUC were not to allow the Utilities to recover from ratepayers restoration costs and revenues lost from business interruption, their results of operations, financial condition and liquidity could be materially adversely impacted. Certain of the Company’s insurance has substantial “deductibles” or has limits on the maximum amounts that may be recovered. Insurers also have exclusions or limitations of coverage for claims related to certain perils. If a series of losses occurred, such as from a series of lawsuits in the ordinary course of business each of which were subject to an insurance deductible amount, or if the maximum limit of the available insurance were substantially exceeded, the Company could incur uninsured losses in amounts that would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.
Environmental matters. HEI and its subsidiaries are subject to environmental laws and regulations that regulate the operation of existing facilities, the construction and operation of new facilities and the proper cleanup and disposal of hazardous waste and toxic substances. These laws and regulations, among other things, may require that certain environmental permits be obtained and maintained as a condition to constructing or operating certain facilities. Obtaining such permits can entail significant expense and cause substantial construction delays. Also, these laws and regulations may be amended from time to time, including amendments that increase the burden and expense of compliance.
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Material estimates and critical accounting policies. In preparing financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.
Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change include the amounts reported for pension and other postretirement benefit obligations; contingencies and litigation; income taxes; property, plant and equipment; regulatory assets and liabilities; electric utility revenues; allowance for loan losses; nonperforming loans; troubled debt restructurings; and fair value. Management considers an accounting estimate to be material if it requires assumptions to be made that were uncertain at the time the estimate was made and changes in the assumptions selected could have a material impact on the estimate and on the Company’s results of operations or financial condition.
In accordance with SEC Release No. 33-8040, “Cautionary Advice Regarding Disclosure About Critical Accounting Policies,” management has identified the accounting policies it believes to be the most critical to the Company’s financial statements--that is, management believes that the policies discussed below are both the most important to the portrayal of the Company’s results of operations and financial condition, and currently require management’s most difficult, subjective or complex judgments. The policies affecting both of the Company’s two principal segments are discussed below and the policies affecting just one segment are discussed in the respective segment’s section of “Material estimates and critical accounting policies.” Management has reviewed the material estimates and critical accounting policies with the HEI Audit Committee and, as applicable, the Hawaiian Electric Audit Committee.
For additional discussion of the Company’s accounting policies, see Note 1 of the Consolidated Financial Statements and for additional discussion of material estimates and critical accounting policies, see the electric utility and bank segment discussions below under the same heading.
Pension and other postretirement benefits obligations. The Company’s reported costs of providing retirement benefits are dependent upon numerous factors resulting from actual plan experience and assumptions about future experience. For example, retirement benefits costs are impacted by actual employee demographics (including age and compensation levels), the level of contributions to the plans, plus earnings and realized and unrealized gains and losses on plan assets, and changes made to the provisions of the plans. Costs may also be significantly affected by changes in key actuarial assumptions, including the expected return on plan assets, the discount rate and mortality. The Company’s accounting for retirement benefits under the plans in which the employees of the Utilities participate is also adjusted to account for the impact of decisions by the Public Utilities Commission of the State of Hawaii (PUC). Changes in obligations associated with the factors noted above may not be immediately recognized as costs on the income statement, but generally are recognized in future years over the remaining average service period of plan participants.
Based on various assumptions in Note 8 of the Consolidated Financial Statements, sensitivities of the projected benefit obligation (PBO) and accumulated postretirement benefit obligation (APBO) as of December 31, 2017, associated with a change in certain actuarial assumptions, were as follows and constitute “forward-looking statements”:

Actuarial assumption | Change in assumption in basis points | Impact on HEI Consolidated PBO or APBO |  | Impact on Consolidated Hawaiian Electric PBO or APBO
(dollars in millions) |  |  |  |
Pension benefits |  |  |  |
Discount rate | +/- 50 | (161)/181 |  | (150)/170
Other benefits |  |  |  |
Discount rate | '+/- 50 | (14)/15 |  | (13)/15
Health care cost trend rate | '+/- 100 | 3/(3) |  | 3/(3)

Also, see Notes 1 and 8 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Contingencies and litigation. The Company is subject to proceedings (including PUC proceedings), lawsuits and other claims. Management assesses the likelihood of any adverse judgments in or outcomes of these matters as well as potential ranges of probable losses, including costs of investigation. A determination of the amount of reserves required, if any, for these contingencies is based on an analysis of each individual case or proceeding often with the assistance of outside counsel. The required reserves may change in the future due to new developments in each matter or changes in approach in dealing with these matters, such as a change in settlement strategy.
In general, environmental contamination treatment costs are charged to expense, unless it is probable that the PUC would allow such costs to be recovered through future rates, in which case such costs would be capitalized as regulatory assets. Also,
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environmental costs are capitalized if the costs extend the life, increase the capacity, or improve the safety or efficiency of property; the costs mitigate or prevent future environmental contamination; or the costs are incurred in preparing the property for sale.
See Notes 3 and 4 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Income taxes. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are established for the temporary differences between the financial reporting bases and the tax bases of the Company’s assets and liabilities using tax rates expected to be in effect when such deferred tax assets or liabilities are realized or settled. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible.
Management evaluates its potential exposures from tax positions taken that have or could be challenged by taxing authorities. These potential exposures result because taxing authorities may take positions that differ from those taken by management in the interpretation and application of statutes, regulations and rules. Management considers the possibility of alternative outcomes based upon past experience, previous actions by taxing authorities (e.g., actions taken in other jurisdictions) and advice from its tax advisors. Management believes that the Company’s provision for tax contingencies is reasonable. However, the ultimate resolution of tax treatments disputed by governmental authorities may adversely affect the Company’s current and deferred income tax amounts.
See Note 10 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Following are discussions of the electric utility and bank segments. Additional segment information is shown in Note 2 of the Consolidated Financial Statements. The discussion concerning Hawaiian Electric should be read in conjunction with its consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes.
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Electric utility

Executive overview and strategy. The Utilities provide electricity on all the principal islands in the state other than Kauai and operate five separate grids. The Utilities’ mission is to provide innovative energy leadership for Hawaii, to meet the needs and expectations of customers and communities, and to empower them with affordable, reliable and clean energy. The goal is to create a modern, flexible, and dynamic electric grid that enables an optimal mix of distributed energy resources (such as private rooftop solar), demand response, and grid-scale resources to achieve the statutory goal of 100% renewable energy by 2045.
Transition to renewable energy. The Utilities are committed to assisting the State of Hawaii in achieving its Renewable Portfolio Standard goal of 100% renewable energy by 2045. Hawaii’s RPS law was revised in the 2015 Legislature and requires electric utilities to meet an RPS of 15%, 30%, 40%, 70% and 100% by December 31, 2015, 2020, 2030, 2040 and 2045, respectively. The Utilities have been successful in adding significant amounts of renewable energy resources to their electric systems and exceeded the 2015 RPS goal. The Utilities' RPS for 2017 was about 27% and on its way to achieving the 2020 RPS goal of 30%. (See "Developments in renewable energy efforts” below).
In April 2014, the PUC issued orders that collectively address certain key policy, resource planning and operational issues for the Utilities. The April 2014 regulatory orders were to address: (1) Integrated Resource Planning and Power Supply Improvement Plans (PSIPs), (2) Reliability Standards Working Group, and (3) Policy Statement and Order Regarding Demand Response Programs, which are described below. The PUC also provided its inclinations on the future of Hawaii’s electric utilities in one of the orders. The PUC provided its perspectives on the vision, business strategies and regulatory policy changes required to align the Utilities' business model with customers’ interests and the state’s public policy goals.
Integrated Resource Planning and Power Supply Improvement Plans. The PUC did not accept the Utilities’ Integrated Resource Plan and Action Plans submission, and, in lieu of an approved plan, commenced other initiatives to enable resource planning. As required by the PUC orders, the Utilities filed proposed PSIPs with the PUC in August 2014. Updated PSIPs were filed in April 2016 and December 2016 in response to PUC orders. The PSIPs provided plans to achieve 100% renewable energy using a diverse mix of energy resources by 2045. Under these plans, the Utilities support sustainable growth of private rooftop solar, expand use of energy storage systems, empower customers by developing smart grids and offer new products and services to customers (e.g., community solar, microgrids and voluntary “demand response” programs).
In the December 2016 PSIP Update Report, the updated plans describe greater and faster expansion of the Utilities’ renewable energy portfolio than in the plans filed in April 2016. The plans include the continued growth of private rooftop solar and describe the grid and generation modernization work needed to reliably integrate an estimated total of 165,000 private systems by 2030, and additional grid-scale renewable energy resources. The Utilities already have the highest percentage of customers using private rooftop solar of any utility in the U.S., and customer-sited resources are seen as a key contributor to the growth of the renewable portfolio on every island. In addition, the plans forecast the addition of 360 MW of grid-scale solar and 157 MW of grid-scale wind, with 8 MW derived from the first phase of the community-based renewable energy (CBRE) program. The plans also include 115 MW from Demand Response (DR) programs, which can shift customer use of electricity to times when more renewable energy is available, potentially making room to add even more renewable resources. Unlike the April 2016 updated PSIPs, the December 2016 update does not include the use of LNG to generate power in the near-term or the Kahe 3x1 Combined Cycle Plant. While LNG remains a potential lower-cost bridge fuel to be evaluated, the Utilities’ priority is to continue replacing fossil fuel generation with renewables over the next five years as federal tax incentives for renewables begin to phase out. An interisland cable is not in the near-term plan, which states that its costs and benefits should continue to be evaluated. The December 2016 Update Report emphasizes work that is in progress or planned over the next five years on each of the five islands the Utilities serve.
On July 14, 2017, the PUC accepted the Utilities’ PSIP December 2016 Update Report and closed the proceeding. In its order, the PUC provided guidance regarding the implementation of the Utilities’ near-term action plan and future planning activities, requiring the Utilities to file a report that details an updated resource planning approach and schedule by March 1, 2018. The PUC order stated that it intends to use the PSIPs in conjunction with its evaluation of specific filings for approval of capital and other projects.
Reliability standards working group. In April 2014, the PUC ordered the Utilities to take timely actions intended to lower energy costs, improve system reliability and address emerging challenges to integrate additional renewable energy. In addition to the PSIPs mentioned above, the PUC ordered certain filing requirements, including a Distributed Generation Interconnection Plan, which the Utilities filed in August 2014.
The PUC also stated it would be opening new dockets to address (1) reliability standards, (2) the technical, economic and policy issues associated with distributed energy resources (DER) and (3) the Hawaii electricity reliability administrator, which is a third-party position that the legislature has authorized the PUC to create by contract to provide support for the PUC in developing and periodically updating local grid reliability standards and procedures and interconnection requirements and
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overseeing grid access and operation. The PUC has not yet opened new dockets to address the first and third topics above. To address DER, the second topic, the PUC opened an investigative proceeding on August 21, 2014 (see “DER investigative proceeding” below).
Policy statement and order regarding demand response programs. The PUC provided guidance concerning the objectives and goals for DR programs, and ordered the Utilities to develop an integrated DR Portfolio Plan that will enhance system operations and reduce costs to customers. The Utilities’ DR Portfolio will create the economic and technical means by which customers can use their own equipment and behavior to have a role in the management of the electricity grid. Participating customers will be empowered with increasing opportunities to simultaneously install DER enabling active participation in the grid and its associated economics. These opportunities will take the form of either rates and incentive-based programs that will compensate customers for their participation, or by way of engagements with turnkey service providers that contract with the Utilities to aggregate and deliver various grid services on behalf of participating customers and their distributed assets.
The Utilities filed their DR Portfolio Plan in July 2014 and an updated Plan in February 2017. In July 2015, the PUC issued an order appointing a special adviser to guide, monitor and review the Utilities’ Plan design and implementation. In December 2015, the Utilities filed an application with the PUC for approval of their proposed DR Portfolio Tariff Structure, Reporting Schedule and Cost Recovery of Program Costs. On January 25, 2018, the PUC approved the Utilities’ revised DR Portfolio tariff structure. The PUC supported the approach of working with aggregators to implement the DR portfolio, and ordered the Utilities to complete contracting by June 2018 and initiate first implementation by the third quarter of 2018.
In October 2017, the PUC approved the Utilities request made in December 2015 to defer and recover certain computer software and software development costs for a DR Management System in an amount not to exceed $3.9 million, exclusive of AFUDC, through the Renewable Energy Infrastructure Program (REIP) Surcharge. The Utilities expect the DR Management System to be in service by the end of 2018.
DER investigative proceedin g. In March 2015, the PUC issued an order to address DER issues.
In June 2015, the Utilities submitted their final Statement of Position in the DER proceeding, which included new pricing provisions for future private rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems, technical standards for advanced inverters, new options for customers including battery-equipped private rooftop PV systems, a pilot time-of-use rate, an improved method of calculating the amount of private rooftop PV that can be safely installed, and a streamlined and standardized PV application process.
In October 2015, the PUC issued a D&O establishing DER reforms that: (1) promote rapid adoption of the next generation of solar PV and other distributed energy technologies; (2) encourage more competitive pricing of distributed energy resource systems; (3) lower overall energy supply costs for all customers; and (4) help to manage DER in terms of each island’s limited grid capacity. The D&O capped the Utilities' Net Energy Metering (NEM) programs at “existing” levels (i.e., for existing NEM customers and customers who already applied and were waiting for approval), closed the NEM programs to new participants, and approved new interim options for customers to interconnect DER to the utility electric grids, including Self Supply and Grid Supply tariff options and modified interconnection standards. The PUC placed caps on the availability of the Grid Supply program. The Self Supply Program is designed for customers who do not export to the grid.
On October 20, 2017, the PUC issued a D&O which further revises interconnection requirements, creates a Smart Export program, modifies the customer-grid supply program (Controllable Customer Grid Supply), clarifies that non-export customer systems can be added to the existing NEM program, and provides guidance and reporting requirements regarding hosting capacity analyses. The Smart Export program is designed for PV systems with battery storage and features zero compensation during mid-day, but enhanced compensation at other times of the day to reflect the value of the energy to the grid at different times of the day. The Controllable Customer Grid Supply program allows PV systems without battery storage to deliver energy to the grid on an as-available basis except when system-wide technical conditions require reduction of output. The D&O specified island-specific pricing and program caps for the Smart Export and Controllable Customer Grid Supply programs. Customers currently under the customer-grid supply program are grandfathered under existing rates for the next five years. The D&O also authorizes activation of new advanced inverter functions in PV and storage systems, which will provide support to the electric grid during different types of grid disturbances.
On February 5, 2018, the PUC issued an order which approved, with certain modifications, new tariffs proposed by the Utilities, which will implement the Smart Export and Controllable Customer Grid Supply programs in manners consistent with the PUC’s October 2017 D&O, and approved, with certain modifications, revisions to existing tariffs also proposed by the Utilities. The February 2018 order denied the Utilities’ proposal to allow NEM customers to add non-export energy storage systems; the Utilities must resubmit their proposal consistent with guidance in the order.
Grid modernization. After launching a smart grid customer engagement plan during the second quarter of 2014, Hawaiian Electric replaced approximately 5,200 residential and commercial meters with smart meters, 160 direct load control switches, fault circuit indicators and remote controlled switches in selected areas across Oahu as part of the Smart Grid Initial Phase
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implementation. Also under the Initial Phase a grid efficiency measure called Volt/Var Optimization (or Conservation Voltage Reduction) was enabled, customer energy portals were launched and are available for customer use and a PrePay Application was launched. The Initial Phase implementation was completed in 2015. The smart grid provides benefits such as customer tools to manage their electric bills, potentially shortening outages and enabling the Utilities to integrate more low-cost renewable energy, like wind and solar, which will reduce Hawaii’s dependence on imported oil.
In March 2016, the Utilities sought PUC approval to commit funds for an expansion of the smart grid project. The proposed smart grid project was estimated to cost $340 million and to be implemented over 5 years. On January 4, 2017, the PUC issued an order dismissing the application without prejudice and directing the Utilities to submit a Grid Modernization Strategy.
The PUC indicated that the overall goal of the Grid Modernization Strategy is to deploy modern grid investments at an appropriate priority, sequence and pace to cost-effectively maximize flexibility, minimize the risk of redundancy and obsolescence, deliver customer benefits and enable greater DER and renewable energy integration. On June 30, 2017, the Utilities filed an initial draft of the Grid Modernization Strategy describing how new technology will help triple private rooftop solar and make use of rapidly evolving products including storage and advanced inverters. The cost of the first segment of the modernization is estimated at about $205 million over six years. The Utilities filed their final Grid Modernization Strategy on August 29, 2017. On February 8, 2018, the PUC issued an order setting forth next steps and directives for the Utilities to implement the Grid Modernization Strategy. The Utilities have begun work to implement the Grid Modernization Strategy by issuing solicitations for advanced meters, a meter data management system, and a communications network; the Utilities are working towards filing its first application with the PUC for the first implementation phase in March 2018. Additional applications will be filed later to implement subsequent phases of the strategy.
Community-Based Renewable Energy. On October 1, 2015, the Utilities filed a proposed CBRE program and tariff with the PUC that would allow customers who cannot, or chose not to, take advantage of private rooftop solar to receive the benefits of renewable energy to help offset their monthly electric bills and support clean energy for Hawaii. In November 2015, the PUC suspended the tariff submittal and opened an investigatory docket.
On December 22, 2017, the PUC issued an order, which adopts a CBRE program framework. The Utilities submitted tariffs and related programmatic filings for PUC review pursuant to the order on February 20, 2018. The first phase of the program will commence upon approval of the tariffs and run for one year. The first phase will total 8 MW of solar PV only with one credit rate for each island. The Utilities' role will be limited to administrative only during the first phase.
The second phase will commence after review of the first full year of the first phase. The second phase is contemplated to be a larger capacity and include multiple credit rates (e.g., time of day) and various technologies. The Utilities will have the opportunity to develop self-build projects, however 50% of utility capacity will be reserved for low to moderate income customers.
Decoupling. See "Decoupling" in Note 3 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of decoupling.
As part of decoupling, the Utilities also track their rate-making ROACEs as calculated under the earnings sharing mechanism, which includes only items considered in establishing rates. At year-end, each utility's rate-making ROACE is compared against its ROACE allowed by the PUC to determine whether earnings sharing has been triggered. Annual earnings of a utility over and above the ROACE allowed by the PUC are shared between the utility and its ratepayers on a tiered basis. Results for 2017, 2016 and 2015 did not trigger the earnings sharing mechanism for the Utilities. For 2014, the earnings sharing mechanism was triggered for Maui Electric, and Maui Electric credited $0.5 million to its customers for their portion of the earnings sharing during the period between June 2015 to May 2016. Earnings sharing credits are included in the annual decoupling filing for the following year.
Regulated returns. Actual and PUC-allowed (as of December 31, 2017) returns were as follows:

% |  | Rate-making Return on rate base (RORB)* |  | ROACE** |  | Rate-making ROACE***
Year ended December 31, 2017 |  | Hawaiian Electric |  | Hawaii Electric Light |  | Maui Electric |  | Hawaiian Electric |  | Hawaii Electric Light |  | Maui Electric |  | Hawaiian Electric |  | Hawaii Electric Light |  | Maui Electric
Utility returns |  | 6.08 |  |  | 6.54 |  |  | 6.10 |  |  | 6.46 |  |  | 6.97 |  |  | 6.76 |  |  | 6.83 |  |  | 7.30 |  |  | 6.84 |
PUC-allowed returns |  | 7.57 |  |  | 7.80 |  |  | 7.34 |  |  | 9.50 |  |  | 9.50 |  |  | 9.00 |  |  | 9.50 |  |  | 9.50 |  |  | 9.00 |
Difference |  | (1.49 | ) |  | (1.26 | ) |  | (1.24 | ) |  | (3.04 | ) |  | (2.53 | ) |  | (2.24 | ) |  | (2.67 | ) |  | (2.20 | ) |  | (2.16 | )

* Based on recorded operating income and average rate base, both adjusted for items not included in determining electric rates.
** Recorded net income divided by average common equity.
*** ROACE adjusted to remove items not included by the PUC in establishing rates, such as incentive compensation.
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The gap between PUC-allowed ROACEs and the ROACEs actually achieved is primarily due to: the consistent exclusion of certain expenses from rates (for example, incentive compensation and charitable contributions), the recognition of annual RAM revenues on June 1 annually rather than on January 1, the low RBA interest rate (currently a short-term debt rate rather than the actual cost of capital), O&M increases and return on capital additions since the last rate case in excess of indexed escalations, and the portion of the pension regulatory asset not earning a return due to pension contributions and pension costs in excess of the pension amount in rates. In 2017, the utility ROACEs actually achieved, reflect negative impacts of the Tax Act on deferred tax assets.
Results of operations.

• | 2017 vs. 2016

2017 |  | 2016 |  | Increase (decrease) |  | (dollars in millions, except per barrel amounts)
$ | 2,258 |  |  | $ | 2,094 |  |  | $ | 164 |  |  |  |  |  | Revenues. Net increase largely due to:
|  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 150 |  |  | higher fuel prices 1
|  |  |  |  |  | 40 |  |  | higher purchased power energy costs 2
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 15 |  |  | higher RAM revenue and interim rate increase at Hawaii Electric Light
|  |  |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  | lower purchased power non-energy costs 2
|  |  |  |  |  |  | (5 | ) |  | lower KWH generated
|  |  |  |  |  | (12 | ) |  | lower KWH purchased
|  |  |  |  |  | (20 | ) |  | lower RAM revenues due to expiration of 2013 settlement agreement that allowed the accrual of RAM revenues on January 1 (vs. June 1) for years 2014 to 2016 at Hawaiian Electric
588 |  |  | 455 |  |  | 133 |  |  |  |  | Fuel oil expense. Increase due to higher fuel oil prices, partially offset by lower KWH generated
587 |  |  | 563 |  |  | 24 |  |  |  |  |  | Purchased power expense. Increase due to higher purchased power energy prices largely due to higher fuel prices, partly offset by lower KWH purchased 2
418 |  |  | 406 |  |  | 12 |  |  |  |  |  | Operation and maintenance expense. Net increase due to:
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 |  |  | higher overhaul costs due to more overhauls being performed in 2017
|  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  |  | higher ERP project costs (project commenced in 2017)
|  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  |  | higher transmission and distribution operation and maintenance costs
|  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | higher Grid modernization consultant cost (none in 2016)
|  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | write off of portion of deferred Geothermal RFP costs
|  |  |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  | higher LNG consulting costs to negotiate LNG contract in 2016, which was subsequently terminated following HEI/Nextera merger termination
|  |  |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  | higher PSIP consulting costs incurred in 2016, in order to complete the PSIP update in April 2016 and December 2016
408 |  |  | 387 |  |  | 21 |  |  |  |  |  | Other expenses. Increase due to higher revenue taxes from higher revenue, coupled with higher depreciation expense for plant investments in 2016
258 |  |  | 284 |  |  | (26 | ) |  |  |  |  | Operating income. Decrease due to lower RAM revenues and higher operation and maintenance and other expenses
120 |  |  | 142 |  |  | (22 | ) |  |  |  |  | Net income for common stock. Decrease due to lower operating income and higher income taxes due to to write-down of deferred tax assets to reflect the lower tax rates enacted by the Tax Act
6.6 | % |  | 8.1 | % |  | (1.5 | )% |  |  |  | Return on average common equity
68.78 |  |  | 53.49 |  |  | 15.29 |  |  |  |  | Average fuel oil cost per barrel 1
8,690 |  |  | 8,845 |  |  | (155 | ) |  |  |  | Kilowatthour sales (millions) 3
2,724 |  |  | 2,662 |  |  | 62 |  |  |  |  | Number of employees (at December 31)

1 | The rate schedules of the electric utilities currently contain energy cost adjustment clauses (ECACs) through which changes in fuel oil prices and certain components of purchased energy costs are passed on to customers.

2 | The rate schedule of the electric utilities currently contain purchase power adjustment clauses (PPACs) through which changes in purchase power expenses (except purchased energy costs) are passed on to customers.

3 | KWH sales were lower in 2017 when compared to the prior year due largely to continued energy efficiency and conservation efforts by customers and increasing levels of private customer-sited renewable generation.

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• | 2016 vs. 2015

2016 |  | 2015 |  | Increase (decrease) |  | (dollars in millions, except per barrel amounts)
$ | 2,094 |  |  | $ | 2,335 |  |  | $ | (241 | ) |  |  |  |  | Revenues. Net decrease largely due to:
|  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (198 | ) |  | lower fuel prices 1
|  |  |  |  |  |  | (33 | ) |  | lower purchased power expense 2
|  |  |  |  |  |  | (25 | ) |  | lower KWH generated
|  |  |  |  |  | 15 |  |  | higher RAM revenues
455 |  |  | 655 |  |  | (200 | ) |  |  |  | Fuel oil expense. Decrease due to lower fuel cost and lower KWH generated
563 |  |  | 594 |  |  | (31 | ) |  |  |  |  | Purchased power expense. Decrease due to lower purchased power energy prices, largely due to lower fuel prices 2
406 |  |  | 413 |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  |  |  | Operation and maintenance expense. Net decrease due to:
|  |  |  |  |  |  | (5 | ) |  | write off of ERP software costs in 2015, as a result of a PUC ERP/EAM decision
|  |  |  |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  | additional reserve for environmental costs in 2015 3
|  |  |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  | lower storm weather repairs
|  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  |  | higher PSIP consulting costs incurred in 2016, in order to complete the PSIP update in April 2016 and December 2016
|  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | higher LNG consulting costs to negotiate LNG contract in 2016, which was subsequently terminated following HEI/Nextera merger termination
387 |  |  | 399 |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  |  |  | Other expenses. Decrease in revenue taxes due to lower revenue, partly offset by higher depreciation expense for plant investments
284 |  |  | 274 |  |  | 10 |  |  |  |  |  | Operating income. Increase due to an overall decrease in expenses
142 |  |  | 136 |  |  | 6 |  |  |  |  |  | Net income for common stock. Increase due to higher operating income
8.1 | % |  | 8.0 | % |  | 0.1 | % |  |  |  | Return on average common equity
53.49 |  |  | 74.71 |  |  | (21.22 | ) |  |  |  | Average fuel oil cost per barrel 1
8,845 |  |  | 8,957 |  |  | (112 | ) |  |  |  | Kilowatthour sales (millions) 4
4,788 |  |  | 5,082 |  |  | (294 | ) |  |  |  | Cooling degree days (Oahu)
2,662 |  |  | 2,727 |  |  | (65 | ) |  |  |  | Number of employees (at December 31)

1 | The rate schedules of the electric utilities currently contain energy cost adjustment clauses (ECACs) through which changes in fuel oil prices and certain components of purchased energy costs are passed on to customers.

2 | The rate schedule of the electric utilities currently contain purchase power adjustment clauses (PPACs) through which changes in purchase power expenses (except purchased energy costs) are passed on to customers.

3 | Costs to complete Waiau Power Plant's onshore and offshore investigations and the remediation of PCB contamination in the offshore sediment in 2015.

4 | KWH sales were lower in 2016 when compared to the prior year due largely to continued energy efficiency and conservation efforts by customers and increasing levels of private customer-sited renewable generation.

Hawaiian Electric’s effective tax rate (combined federal and state income tax rates) was higher for 2017 compared to 2016 and 2015, primarily due to the impact of the 2017 adjustment to accumulated deferred income tax balances (exclusive of accumulated deferred income tax balances related to the regulated rate base of the Utilities) for the new federal corporate tax rate of 21%.
Most recent rate proceedings. Unless otherwise agreed or ordered, each electric utility is currently required by PUC order to initiate a rate proceeding every third year (on a staggered basis) to allow the PUC and the Consumer Advocate to regularly evaluate decoupling and to allow the utility to request electric rate increases to cover rising operating costs and the cost of plant and equipment, including the cost of new capital projects to maintain and improve service reliability and integrate more renewable energy. The PUC may grant an interim increase within 10 to 11 months following the filing of an application, but there is no guarantee of such an interim increase and interim amounts collected are refundable, with interest, to the extent they exceed the amount approved in the PUC’s final D&O. The timing and amount of any final increase is determined at the discretion of the PUC. The adoption of revenue, expense, rate base and cost of capital amounts (including the ROACE and RORB) for purposes of an interim rate increase does not commit the PUC to accept any such amounts in its final D&O.
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Test year (dollars in millions) |  | Date (filed/ implemented) |  | Amount |  | % over rates in effect |  | ROACE (%) |  | RORB (%) |  | Rate base |  | Common equity % |  | Stipulated agreement reached with Consumer Advocate
Hawaiian Electric |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Request |  | 12/16/16 |  | $ | 106.4 |  |  | 6.9 |  |  | 10.60 |  |  | 8.28 |  |  | $ | 2,002 |  |  | 57.36 |  |  | Yes
Interim increase |  | 2/16/18 |  | 36.0 |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | 9.50 |  |  | 7.57 |  |  | 1,980 |  |  | 57.10 |  |  |
Hawaii Electric Light |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Request |  | 9/19/16 |  | $ | 19.3 |  |  | 6.5 |  |  | 10.60 |  |  | 8.44 |  |  | $ | 479 |  |  | 57.12 |  |  | Yes
Interim increase |  | 8/31/17 |  | 9.9 |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | 9.50 |  |  | 7.80 |  |  | 482 |  |  | 56.69 |  |  |
Maui Electric |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Request |  | 10/12/17 |  | $ | 30.1 |  |  | 9.3 |  |  | 10.60 |  |  | 8.05 |  |  | $ | 473 |  |  | 56.94 |  |  |

Note: The “Request date” reflects the application filing date for the rate proceeding. The “Interim increase” date reflects the effective date of the revised schedules and tariffs as a result of the PUC-approved increase. Hawaiian Electric and Maui Electric proposed no increase in rates in their 2014 and 2015 rate cases, and the PUC consolidated each of those proceedings into the Hawaiian Electric 2017 and the Maui Electric 2018 rate cases, respectively.
See “Most recent rate proceedings” in Note 3 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Performance-based regulation. In the Hawaii Electric Light 2016 test year rate case and the Hawaiian Electric 2017 test year rate case, the Utilities recommended that a separate investigatory docket be opened to evaluate PBR on a broader scale that can be implemented across the Utilities, and to fully develop a comprehensive PBR Framework. PBR refers to different ways in which regulators have modified their regulatory approach in an attempt to strengthen financial incentives for Utilities to achieve desired outcomes. In its April 27, 2017 order in the Decoupling Investigative proceeding, the PUC stated that it would initiate a separate investigative docket to examine a full range of Performance Incentive Mechanisms and PBR options.
Depreciation docket. In December 2016, the Utilities filed an application with the PUC for approval of changes in the depreciation and amortization rates and amortization period for contributions in aid of construction (CIAC). The Utilities have requested that the effective date of implementation of the change in depreciation and amortization rates and revised CIAC amortization period, as recommended by the 2015 Book Depreciation Study, coincide with the effective date rates that include the increased expenses resulting from the new depreciation and amortization rates and change in CIAC amortization period are established in each of the Utilities’ next general rate cases (i.e., either at interim rates or final rates). In the interest of simplifying the remainder of this proceeding, the Utilities will hold discussions with the Consumer Advocate to settle the remaining differences.
Developments in renewable energy efforts. Developments in the Utilities’ efforts to further their renewable energy strategy include renewable energy projects discussed in Note 3 of the Consolidated Financial Statements and the following:
New renewable PPAs.

• | In July 2015, the PUC approved a PPA for the 27.6 MW Waianae Solar project that was developed by Eurus Energy America. The project achieved commercial operations in January 2017 and is now the largest solar project in Hawaii.

• | In July 2015, Maui Electric signed two PPAs, with Kuia Solar and South Maui Renewable Resources (which subsequently assigned its PPA to SSA Solar of HI 2, LLC and SSA Solar of HI 3, LLC, respectively), each for a 2.87-MW solar facility. In February 2016, the PUC approved both PPAs, subject to certain conditions and modifications. The guaranteed commercial operations date for the facilities was December 31, 2016, however both projects are experiencing delays and now expected to be completed by the first half of 2018.

• | In December 2014, the PUC approved a PPA for Renewable As-Available Energy dated October 3, 2013 between Hawaiian Electric and Na Pua Makani Power Partners, LLC (NPM) for a proposed 24-MW wind farm on Oahu. The NPM wind farm is expected to be placed into service by August 31, 2019.

• | Hawaiian Electric terminated PPAs to purchase solar energy with three affiliates of SunEdison, which affiliates were acquired by an affiliate of NRG Energy, Inc. (NRG) during SunEdison’s Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings. Hawaiian Electric then negotiated with NRG and its newly acquired affiliates and entered into amended and restated PPAs for

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solar energy on Oahu with Waipio PV, LLC for 45.9 MW, Lanikuhana Solar, LLC for 14.7 MW and Kawailoa Solar, LLC for 49.0 MW. In July 2017, the PUC approved the three NRG PPAs, subject to modifications and conditions. The three projects are expected to be in service by the end of 2019.

• | In February 2018, NRG and GIP III Zephyr Acquisition Partners, a subsidiary of Global Infrastructure Partners (GIP), entered into an agreement where GIP has agreed to purchase substantially all of NRG’s renewable platform, including NRG’s renewable operations, maintenance and development businesses. Kawailoa Solar, LLC, Lahikuhana Solar, LLC, and Waipio PV, LLC, along with NRG Renew LLC, are included in the sale transaction. NRG Renew has confirmed that this transaction will not in any way affect the completion or success of the three PV Projects.

• | In January 2018, Maui Electric signed a PPA, subject to PUC approval, with Molokai New Energy Partners to purchase solar energy from a PV plus battery storage project. The 4.9 MW project will deliver no more than 2.7 MW at any time to the Molokai system and is expected to be in service by end of 2019.

Tariffed renewable resources.

• | As of December 31, 2017, there were approximately 337 MW, 78 MW and 89 MW of installed distributed renewable energy technologies (mainly PV) at Hawaiian Electric, Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric, respectively, for tariff-based private customer generation programs, namely NEM, Customer Grid Supply and Customer Self Supply. As of December 31, 2017, an estimated 27% of single family homes on the islands of Oahu, Hawaii and Maui have installed private rooftop solar systems, and an estimated 30% of single family homes have installed, or have been approved to install, private rooftop solar systems. As of December 31, 2017, approximately 16% of the Utilities' total customers have solar systems.

• | The Utilities began accepting energy from feed-in tariff projects in 2011. As of December 31, 2017, there were 30 MW, 3 MW and 5 MW of installed feed-in tariff capacity from renewable energy technologies at Hawaiian Electric, Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric, respectively.

Biofuel sources.

• | In September 2015, the PUC approved Hawaiian Electric’s 2-year biodiesel supply contract with Pacific Biodiesel Technologies, LLC (PBT) to supply 2 million to 3 million gallons of biodiesel at Campbell Industrial Park combustion turbine No. 1 (CIP CT-1) and the Honolulu International Airport Emergency Power Facility beginning in November 2015. The PBT contract is set to expire on November 2, 2018. PBT also has a spot buy contract with Hawaiian Electric to purchase additional quantities of biodiesel at or below the price of diesel. Some purchases of “at parity” biodiesel have been made under the spot purchase contract, which was recently extended through June 2018. REG Marketing & Logistics Group, LLC has a contingency supply contract with Hawaiian Electric to also supply biodiesel to CIP CT-1 in the event PBT is not able to supply necessary quantities. This contingency contract has been extended to November 2018, and will continue with no volume purchase requirements.

• | On October 27, 2017, Hawaiian Electric entered into a new biodiesel supply contract with PBT, subject to PUC approval, to supply 2 million to 4 million gallons of biodiesel per year for three years. The new PBT contract is expected to commence as early as November 2018 to be used as fuel for power generation at Hawaiian Electric’s Schofield Generating Station, the Honolulu International Airport Emergency Power Facility and any other generating unit on Oahu, as necessary.

Requests for renewable proposals, expressions of interest, and information.

• | In response to requests filed by the Utilities, on October 6, 2017, the PUC opened a docket to receive filings, review approval requests, and resolve disputes, if necessary, related to the Utilities' plan to proceed with a competitive bidding process for dispatchable firm renewable generation and variable renewable generation. On October 23, 2017, the Utilities filed draft requests for proposals for 220 MW of renewable generation on Oahu (Oahu Variable RFP), 50 MW of renewable generation on Hawaii Island (Hawaii Variable RFP), and 100 MW of renewable generation on Maui, including 40 MW of firm renewable generation, comprising the Maui Variable RFP and Maui Firm RFP (all resources to be in service by the end of 2022). With this filing, the Utilities also filed proposed model power purchase agreements and timelines for each proposed procurement. In January 2018, the PUC issued an order appointing Independent Observers for the RFPs and directed the Utilities to move forward with the three Variable RFPs. On February 20, 2018, the PUC approved, with minor modification, the proposed Variable RFPs and directed the Utilities to issue the RFPs, as modified. On February 27, 2018, the Utilities opened the RFPs to receive proposals. The PUC indicated it would provide further guidance on the Maui Firm RFP in the first quarter of 2018.

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• | On January 5, 2017, Hawaiian Electric issued requests for Onshore Wind Expression of Interest to developers that are capable of developing utility scale onshore wind projects that are eligible to capture the federal Investment Tax Credit for Large Wind on the island of Oahu. Hawaiian Electric is in non-binding confidential negotiations with a developer that responded.

• | On December 12, 2016, the Utilities issued a request for information asking interested landowners to provide information about properties available for utility-scale renewable energy projects or for growing biofuel feedstock on the islands of Oahu, Hawaii, Maui, Molokai and Lanai. Responses have been made available to developers interested in developing renewable energy projects on these five islands.

Adequacy of supply.
Hawaiian Electric. In January 2018, Hawaiian Electric filed its 2018 Adequacy of Supply (AOS) letter, which indicated that based on its June 2017 sales and peak forecast for the 2018-2023 time period, Hawaiian Electric's generation capacity will be sufficient to meet reasonably expected demands for service and provide reasonable reserves for emergencies through 2021, but may have shortfalls in meeting the Utilities’ generating system reliability guideline. The calculated reliability guideline shortfalls are relatively small and Hawaiian Electric can implement mitigation measures.
In accordance with its planning criteria, Hawaiian Electric deactivated two fossil fuel generating units from active service at its Honolulu Power Plant in January 2014. Hawaiian Electric acquired new firm capacity of 8 MW with the commissioning of the State of Hawaii Department of Transportation’s emergency power facility in June 2017. Hawaiian Electric is proceeding with a future firm capacity addition with the U.S. Department of the Army for a utility owned and operated renewable, dispatchable, including black start capabilities, generation security project on federal lands, which is expected to be in service in the second quarter of 2018. Hawaiian Electric is continuing negotiations with firm capacity IPPs on Oahu. On August 31, 2017, Hawaiian Electric and Kalaeloa entered into an agreement that neither party will give written notice of termination of the Kalaeloa PPA prior to October 31, 2018. The PPA with AES Hawaii is scheduled to expire in 2022.
Hawaii Electric Light. In January 2018, Hawaii Electric Light filed its 2018 AOS letter, which indicated that Hawaii Electric Light’s generation capacity through 2020 is sufficient to meet reasonably expected demands for service and provide for reasonable reserves for emergencies. Hawaii Electric Light is anticipating the addition of the firm dispatchable Hu Honua facility to be online by the end of 2018.
Maui Electric. In January 2018, Maui Electric filed its 2018 AOS letter, which indicated that Maui Electric’s generation capacity for the islands of Lanai and Molokai for the next three years is sufficiently large to meet all reasonably expected demands for service and provide reasonable reserves for emergencies. The 2018 AOS letter also indicated that without the peak reduction benefits of demand response but with the equivalent firm capacity value of wind generation, Maui Electric expects to have a reserve capacity shortfall from 2018 to 2020 on the island of Maui. Maui Electric is evaluating several measures to mitigate the anticipated reserve capacity shortfall. Maui Electric anticipates needing a significant amount of additional firm capacity on Maui in the 2022 timeframe after the planned retirement of the Kahului Power Plant.
In May 2016, Maui Electric requested that the PUC open a new docket for Maui Electric’s competitive bidding process for additional firm capacity resources. In October 2017, Maui Electric filed a draft RFP and supporting documents as requested by the PUC. In January 2018, the PUC issued an order appointing an Independent Observer of the RFP process that reports to the PUC for Maui Firm RFP. However, the PUC stated Maui Electric should focus on its variable RFP and noted that it would provide further guidance on the Firm RFP during the first quarter of 2018.
In September 2016, Maui Electric submitted an application to purchase and install three temporary mobile distributed generation diesel engines to address increasing reserve capacity shortfalls on the island of Maui. Maui Electric has since requested the PUC to suspend the proceeding to evaluate contingency measures and permanent solutions to minimize or eliminate the risk of near-term capacity shortfalls on the island of Maui.
Legislation and regulation. Congress and the Hawaii legislature periodically consider legislation that could have positive or negative effects on the Utilities and their customers. Also see “Environmental regulation” in Note 3 and “Recent tax developments” in Note 10 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Clean Water Act Section 316(b). On August 14, 2014, the EPA published in the Federal Register the final regulations required by section 316(b) of the CWA designed to protect aquatic organisms from adverse impacts associated with existing power plant cooling water intake structures. The regulations were effective October 14, 2014 and apply to the cooling water systems for the steam generating units at three of Hawaiian Electric’s power plants on the island of Oahu. The regulations prescribe a process, including a number of required site-specific studies, for states to develop facility-specific entrainment and impingement controls to be incorporated in each facility’s National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit. Hawaiian Electric submitted the final site specific studies to the DOH in December 2016 for the Honolulu and Waiau power plants and in
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September 2017 for the Kahe power plant. Hawaiian Electric will work with the DOH to identify the appropriate compliance methods for the 316(b) rule.
Mercury Air Toxics Standards. On February 16, 2012, the EPA published the final rule establishing the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for fossil-fuel fired steam electrical generating units (EGUs) in the Federal Register. The final rule, known as the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS), applies to the 14 EGUs at Hawaiian Electric’s power plants. MATS established the Maximum Achievable Control Technology standards for the control of hazardous air pollutants emissions from new and existing EGUs. Hawaiian Electric initially selected a MATS compliance strategy based on switching to lower emission fuels, but has since continued developing and refining its emission control strategy. Hawaiian Electric’s liquid oil-fired steam generating units that are subject to the MATS limits are able to comply with the new standards without a significant fuel switch in combination with a suite of operational changes.
Hawaiian Electric has proceeded with the implementation of its MATS Compliance Plan and has met all compliance requirements to date.
Liquidity and capital resources. Management believes that Hawaiian Electric’s ability, and that of its subsidiaries, to generate cash, both internally from operations and externally from issuances of equity and debt securities and commercial paper and draws on lines of credit, is adequate to maintain sufficient liquidity to fund their respective capital expenditures and investments and to cover debt, retirement benefits and other cash requirements in the foreseeable future.
Hawaiian Electric’s consolidated capital structure was as follows:

December 31 | 2017 |  | 2016
(dollars in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term borrowings | $ | 5 |  |  | — | % |  | $ | — |  |  | — | %
Long-term debt, net | 1,369 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 1,319 |  |  | 42 |
Preferred stock | 34 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 1 |
Common stock equity | 1,845 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 1,800 |  |  | 57 |
| $ | 3,253 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 3,153 |  |  | 100 | %

Information about Hawaiian Electric’s short-term borrowings (other than from Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric) and Hawaiian Electric’s line of credit facility were as follows:

| Year ended December 31, 2017 |  |
(in millions) | Average balance |  | End-of-period balance |  | December 31, 2016
Short-term borrowings 1 |  |  |  |  |
Commercial paper | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | — |
Line of credit draws | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Borrowings from HEI | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Undrawn capacity under line of credit facility | — |  |  | 200 |  |  | 200 |

1 | The maximum amount of external short-term borrowings by Hawaiian Electric during 2017 was $48 million. At December 31, 2017, Hawaiian Electric had short-term borrowings from Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric of nil and $12 million, respectively, which intercompany borrowings are eliminated in consolidation. At February 13, 2018, Hawaiian Electric had $90 million outstanding commercial paper, its line of credit facility was undrawn and it had no borrowings from HEI. Also, at February 13, 2018, Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric had short-term borrowings from Hawaiian Electric of $4.5 million and $1.5 million, respectively.

Hawaiian Electric utilizes short-term debt, typically commercial paper, to support normal operations, to refinance short-term debt and for other temporary requirements. Hawaiian Electric also borrows short-term from HEI for itself and on behalf of Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric, and Hawaiian Electric may borrow from or loan to Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric short-term. The intercompany borrowings among the Utilities, but not the borrowings from HEI, are eliminated in the consolidation of Hawaiian Electric’s financial statements. The Utilities periodically utilize long-term debt, borrowings of the proceeds of special purpose revenue bonds (SPRBs) issued by the Department of Budget and Finance of the State of Hawaii (DBF) and the issuance of privately placed unsecured senior notes bearing taxable interest, to finance the Utilities’ capital improvement projects, or to repay short-term borrowings used to finance such projects. The PUC must approve issuances, if any, of equity and long-term debt securities by the Utilities.
Hawaiian Electric has a $200 million line of credit facility. See Note 5 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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The ratings of Hawaiian Electric’s commercial paper and debt securities could significantly impact the ability of Hawaiian Electric to sell its commercial paper and issue debt securities and/or the cost of such debt. The rating agencies use a combination of qualitative measures (e.g., assessment of business risk that incorporates an analysis of the qualitative factors such as management, competitive positioning, operations, markets and regulation) as well as quantitative measures (e.g., cash flow, debt, interest coverage and liquidity ratios) in determining the ratings of Hawaiian Electric securities.
As of February 13, 2018, the Fitch, Moody’s and S&P ratings of Hawaiian Electric were as follows:

| Fitch | Moody’s | S&P
Long-term issuer default, long-term issuer and corporate credit, respectively | BBB+ | Baa2 | BBB-
Commercial paper | F2 | P-2 | A-3
Senior unsecured debt/special purpose revenue bonds | A- | Baa2 | BBB-
Hawaiian Electric-obligated preferred securities of trust subsidiary | * | Baa3 | BB
Cumulative preferred stock (selected series) | * | Ba1 | *
Subordinated debt | BBB | * | *
Outlook | Stable | Stable | Stable

* Not rated.
The above ratings reflect only the view, at the time the ratings are issued or affirmed, of the applicable rating agency, from whom an explanation of the significance of such ratings may be obtained. Such ratings are not recommendations to buy, sell or hold any securities; such ratings may be subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the rating agencies; and each rating should be evaluated independently of any other rating.
Management believes that, if Hawaiian Electric’s commercial paper ratings were to be downgraded or if credit markets were to further tighten, it could be more difficult and/or expensive to sell commercial paper or secure other short-term borrowings. Similarly, management believes that if Hawaiian Electric’s long-term credit ratings were to be downgraded or further downgraded, or if credit markets further tighten, it could be more difficult and/or expensive for DBF and/or the Utilities to sell SPRBs and other debt securities, respectively, for the benefit of the Utilities in the future. Such limitations and/or increased costs could materially adversely affect the results of operations, financial condition and liquidity of the Utilities.
SPRBs have been issued by the DBF to finance (and refinance) capital improvement projects of Hawaiian Electric and its subsidiaries, but the sources of their repayment are the non-collateralized obligations of Hawaiian Electric and its subsidiaries under loan agreements and notes issued to the DBF, including Hawaiian Electric’s guarantees of its subsidiaries’ obligations.
In May 2015, up to $80 million of SPRBs ($70 million for Hawaiian Electric, $2.5 million for Hawaii Electric Light and $7.5 million for Maui Electric) were authorized by the Hawaii legislature for issuance, with PUC approval, prior to June 30, 2020 to finance the Utilities’ capital improvement programs.
On January 26, 2017, Hawaiian Electric, Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric obtained PUC approval to issue, on or before December 31, 2017, unsecured obligations bearing taxable interest (Hawaiian Electric up to $100 million, Hawaii Electric Light up to $10 million and Maui Electric up to $30 million), with the proceeds expected to be used, as applicable, to finance capital expenditures, repay long-term and/or short term debt used to finance or refinance capital expenditures and/or to reimburse funds used for payment of capital expenditures. On December 14, 2017, Hawaiian Electric and Maui Electric issued through a private placement, $40 million and $10 million, respectively, of unsecured senior notes bearing 4.31% taxable interest. See Note 6 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
On April 28, 2017, Hawaiian Electric, Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric received PUC approval to issue unsecured obligations bearing taxable interest and/or refunding SPRBs with principal amounts totaling up to $252 million, $88 million and $75 million, respectively, to refinance three series of outstanding revenue bonds. The approval was limited to 2017, and an expedited approval procedure would apply for refinancings during January 2018 through December 2020. Pursuant to this approval, on June 29, 2017, the DBF issued, at par, Refunding Series 2017A SPRBs in the aggregate principal amount of $125 million with a maturity of May 1, 2026 and Refunding Series 2017B SPRBs in the aggregate principal amount of $140 million with a maturity of March 1, 2037, with the proceeds of each issuance used to refinance outstanding revenue bonds. See Note 6 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
In September 2017, the Utilities requested PUC approval to issue, over a four-year period from 2018 to December 31, 2021, unsecured obligations bearing taxable interest (Hawaiian Electric up to $280 million, Hawaii Electric Light up to $30 million and Maui Electric up to $10 million), with the proceeds expected to be used, as applicable, to finance capital expenditures, repay long-term and/or short term debt used to finance or refinance capital expenditures and/or to reimburse funds used for payment of capital expenditures.
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On October 31, 2017, the Utilities received PUC approval to issue and sell each utility’s common stock through December 31, 2021 (Hawaiian Electric’s sale/s to HEI of up to $150 million and Hawaii Electric Light’s and Maui Electric’s sale/s to Hawaiian Electric of up to $10 million each) and the purchase of Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric common stock by Hawaiian Electric through December 31, 2021. Pursuant to this approval, in December 2017, Hawaiian Electric sold $14 million of its common stock to HEI and Maui Electric sold $4.8 million of its common stock to Hawaiian Electric. Hawaii Electric Light did not issue common stock in 2017.
Cash flows.

| Years ended December 31
(in thousands) | 2017 |  | Change |  | 2016 |  | Change |  | 2015
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 335,186 |  |  | $ | (34,731 | ) |  | $ | 369,917 |  |  | $ | 36,511 |  |  | $ | 333,406 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (372,287 | ) |  | (84,088 | ) |  | (288,199 | ) |  | 20,583 |  |  | (308,782 | )
Net cash used in financing activities | (24,668 | ) |  | 7,213 |  |  | (31,881 | ) |  | (17,944 | ) |  | (13,937 | )

2017 Cash Flows Compared to 2016:
Net cash provided by operating activities: Cash flows from operating activities generally relate to the amount and timing of cash received from customers and payments made to third parties. Using the indirect method of determining cash flows from operating activities, noncash expense items such as depreciation and amortization, as well as changes in certain assets and liabilities, are added to (or deducted from ) net income.
The decrease in net cash provided by operating activities in 2017 over 2016 was impacted by the following:

• | Lower cash from an increase in fuel oil stock due to an increase in fuel prices

• | Lower cash from an increase in unbilled revenues due to higher fuel prices

• | Lower cash due to refund of federal income taxes in 2016 based on bonus depreciation enacted in the fourth quarter of 2015 (similar treatment was not granted in the fourth quarter of 2016).

Net cash used in investing activities: The increase in net cash used in investing activities in 2017 over 2016 was driven primarily by an increase in capital expenditures related to construction activities, offset by higher contribution in aid of construction and capital goods tax credit.
Net cash used in financing activities: Financing activities provide supplemental cash for both day-to-day operations and capital requirements as needed. The decrease in net cash used in financing activities in 2017 over 2016 was driven primarily by lower common stock dividends paid in 2017.
2016 Cash Flows Compared to 2015:
Net cash provided by operating activities: The increase in net cash provided by operating activities in 2016 over 2015 was impacted by the following:

• | Higher cash from a refund of federal income taxes in 2016 due to the extension of bonus depreciation enacted in the fourth quarter of 2015 and lower revenue taxes paid resulting from lower revenues due largely to lower fuel prices.

• | Lower unbilled revenues due to timing and lower fuel prices.

Net cash used in investing activities: The decrease in net cash used in investing activities in 2016 from 2015 was driven primarily by decreased capital expenditures, offset by lower proceeds from contributions in aid of construction.
Net cash used in financing activities: The increase in net cash used in financing activities was driven primarily by decreased proceeds from issuance of long-term debt, partially offset by proceeds from issuance of common stock.
2018 forecast capital expenditures. For 2018, the Utilities forecast $450 million of net capital expenditures, which could change over time based upon external factors such as the timing and scope of environmental regulations, unforeseen delays in permitting and timing of PUC decisions. Proceeds from the issuance of equity and long-term debt, cash flows from operating activities, temporary increases in short-term borrowings and existing cash and cash equivalents are expected to provide the funds needed for the net capital expenditures in 2018, to pay down commercial paper or other short-term borrowings, as well as to fund any unanticipated expenditures not included in the 2018 forecast (such as increases in the costs or acceleration of capital projects, or unanticipated capital expenditures that may be required by new environmental laws and regulations).
Management periodically reviews capital expenditure estimates and the timing of construction projects. These estimates may change significantly as a result of many considerations, including changes in economic conditions, changes in forecasts of
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KWH sales and peak load, the availability of purchased power and changes in expectations concerning the construction and ownership of future generation units, the availability of generating sites and transmission and distribution corridors, the need for fuel infrastructure investments, the ability to obtain adequate and timely rate increases, escalation in construction costs, the effects of opposition to proposed construction projects and requirements of environmental and other regulatory and permitting authorities.
Selected contractual obligations and commitments. The following table presents aggregated information about total payments due from the Utilities during the indicated periods under the specified contractual obligations and commitments:

December 31, 2017 | Payments due by period
(in millions) | Less than 1 year |  | 1-3 years |  | 3-5 years |  | More than 5 years |  | Total
Short-term borrowings | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5 |
Long-term debt | 50 |  |  | 96 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 1,179 |  |  | 1,377 |
Interest on long-term debt | 65 |  |  | 123 |  |  | 119 |  |  | 780 |  |  | 1,087 |
Operating leases | 9 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 67 |
Open purchase order obligations ¹ | 114 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 135 |
Fuel oil purchase obligations (estimate based on December 31, 2017 fuel oil prices) | 130 |  |  | 130 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 260 |
Purchase power obligations-minimum fixed capacity charges | 118 |  |  | 235 |  |  | 212 |  |  | 854 |  |  | 1,419 |
Liabilities for uncertain tax positions | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
Total (estimated) | $ | 491 |  |  | $ | 614 |  |  | $ | 403 |  |  | $ | 2,845 |  |  | $ | 4,353 |

¹ Includes contractual obligations and commitments for capital expenditures and expense amounts.
The table above does not include other categories of obligations and commitments, such as deferred taxes, trade payables, amounts that will become payable in future periods under collective bargaining and other employment agreements and employee benefit plans and potential refunds of amounts collected from ratepayers (e.g., under the earnings sharing mechanism). As of December 31, 2017, the fair value of the assets held in trusts to satisfy the obligations of the Utilities’ retirement benefit plans did not exceed the retirement benefit plans’ benefit obligation. Minimum funding requirements for retirement benefit plans have not been included in the table above. See Note 8 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for retirement benefit plan obligations and estimated contributions for 2018.
See Note 3 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of fuel and power purchase commitments.
Certain factors that may affect future results and financial condition. Also see “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Certain factors that may affect future results and financial condition” for Consolidated HEI above.
Clean energy initiatives and Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS). The far-reaching nature of the Utilities’ renewable energy commitments and the RPS goals presents risks to the Utilities. Among such risks are: (1) the dependence on third party suppliers of renewable purchased energy, which if the Utilities are unsuccessful in negotiating purchased power agreements with such IPPs or if a major IPP fails to deliver the anticipated capacity in its purchased power agreement, could impact the Utilities’ achievement of their commitments to RPS goals and/or the Utilities’ ability to deliver reliable service; (2) delays in acquiring or unavailability of non-fossil fuel supplies for renewable generation; (3) the impact of intermittent power to the electrical grid and reliability of service if appropriate supporting infrastructure is not installed or does not operate effectively; (4) the likelihood that the Utilities may need to make substantial investments in related infrastructure, which could result in increased borrowings and, therefore, materially impact the financial condition and liquidity of the Utilities; and (5) the commitment to support a variety of initiatives, which, if approved by the PUC, may have a material impact on the results of operations and financial condition of the Utilities depending on their design and implementation. These initiatives include, but are not limited to, removing the system-wide caps on net energy metering (but studying distributed generation interconnections on a per-circuit basis); and developing an Energy Efficiency Portfolio Standard. The implementation of these or other programs may adversely impact the results of operations, financial condition and liquidity of the Utilities.
Regulation of electric utility rates. The rates the electric utilities are allowed to charge for their services, and the timeliness of permitted rate increases, are among the most important items influencing their results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. The PUC has broad discretion over the rates the electric utilities charge and other matters. Any adverse decision by the PUC concerning the level or method of determining electric utility rates, the items and amounts permitted to be included in rate base, the authorized returns on equity or rate base found to be reasonable, the potential consequences of exceeding or not meeting such returns, or any prolonged delay in rendering a decision in a rate or other proceeding could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s and Hawaiian Electric’s consolidated results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. Upon a showing of probable entitlement, the PUC is required to issue an interim D&O in a rate case within 10 months from the date of
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filing a completed application if the evidentiary hearing is completed (subject to extension for 30 days if the evidentiary hearing is not completed). There is no time limit for rendering a final D&O and interim rate increases are subject to refund with interest if the interim increase is greater than the increase approved in the final D&O.
Fuel oil and purchased power. The electric utilities rely on fuel oil suppliers and IPPs to deliver fuel oil and power, respectively. See “Fuel contracts” and “Power purchase agreements” in Note 3 of the Consolidated Financial Statements. Approximately 69%, 68% and 70% of the net energy generated or purchased by the Utilities in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, were generated from the burning of fossil fuel oil. Purchased KWHs provided approximately 46%, 47% and 46% of the total net energy generated and purchased in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
Failure or delay by the electric utilities’ oil suppliers and shippers to provide fuel pursuant to existing supply contracts, or failure by a major IPP to deliver the firm capacity anticipated in its PPA, could interrupt the ability of the electric utilities to deliver electricity, thereby materially adversely affecting the Company’s and the Utilities' results of operations and financial condition. Hawaiian Electric generally maintains an average system fuel inventory level equivalent to 47 days of forward consumption. Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric generally maintain an inventory level equivalent to one month’s supply of both medium sulfur fuel oil and diesel fuel. Some, but not all, of the Utilities’ PPAs require that the IPPs maintain minimum fuel inventory levels and all of the firm capacity PPAs include provisions imposing substantial penalties for failure to produce the firm capacity anticipated by those agreements.
Other regulatory and permitting contingencies. Many public utility projects require PUC approval and various permits (e.g., environmental and land use permits) from other agencies. Delays in obtaining PUC approval or permits can result in increased costs. If a project does not proceed or if the PUC disallows costs of the project, the project costs may need to be written off in amounts that could have a material adverse effect on the Company and the Utilities. Significant write-offs of this type were made in 2007, 2011 and 2012. See Note 3 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of additional regulatory contingencies.
Competition. Although competition in the generation sector in Hawaii is moderated by the scarcity of generation sites, various permitting processes and lack of interconnections to other electric utilities, the PUC has promoted a more competitive electric industry environment through its decisions concerning competitive bidding and distributed generation (DG). An increasing amount of generation is provided by IPPs and customer distributed generation.
Competitive bidding. In December 2006, the PUC issued a decision that included a final competitive bidding framework, which became effective immediately. The final framework states, among other things, that: (1) a utility is required to use competitive bidding to acquire a future generation resource or a block of generation resources unless the PUC finds bidding to be unsuitable; (2) the framework does not apply in certain situations identified in the framework; (3) waivers from competitive bidding for certain circumstances will be considered; (4) the utility is required to select an independent observer from a list approved by the PUC whenever the utility or its affiliate seeks to advance a project proposal (i.e., in competition with those offered by bidders); (5) the utility may consider its own self-bid proposals in response to generation needs identified in its RFP; and (6) for any resource to which competitive bidding does not apply (due to waiver or exemption), the utility retains its traditional obligation to offer to purchase capacity and energy from a Qualifying Facility (QF) at avoided cost upon reasonable terms and conditions approved by the PUC.
Environmental matters. The Utilities' generating stations operate under air pollution control permits issued by the Hawaii Department of Health (DOH) and, in a limited number of cases, by the federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Hawaii law requires an environmental assessment for proposed waste-to-energy facilities, landfills, oil refineries, power-generating facilities greater than 5 MW and wastewater facilities, except individual wastewater systems. Meeting this requirement for environmental assessments results in increased project costs.
Changes to environmental laws and legally required updates of the rules promulgated pursuant to those laws may increase costs and cause substantial changes in the way electric utilities operate. For example, as Clean Air Act programs are updated, such as the updates to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) or the Clean Water Act program governing cooling water intakes, or if new legislation or rules are adopted by the federal or state governments, operation of the Hawaiian Electric steam generating facilities may be significantly impacted. Hawaiian Electric may be required to retire older generating units, add pollutions controls or switch to fuels that emit lower emissions. Management believes that the recovery through rates of most, if not all, of any costs incurred by the Utilities in complying with environmental requirements would be allowed by the PUC, but no assurance can be given that this will in fact be the case. In addition, there can be no assurance that a significant environmental liability will not be incurred by the Utilities or that the related costs will be recoverable through rates. See “Environmental regulation” in Note 3 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Technological developments. New emerging and breakthrough technological developments (e.g., the commercial development of energy storage, grid support utility interactive inverters, fuel cells, DG, grid modernization, electrification of
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transportation, and generation from renewable sources) may impact the Utilities’ future competitive position, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. The Utilities continue to seek prudent opportunities to develop and implement advanced technologies that align with its technical and business plans.
Material estimates and critical accounting policies. Also see “Material estimates and critical accounting policies” for Consolidated HEI above.
Property, plant and equipment. The Utilities believe that the PUC will allow recovery of property, plant and equipment in its electric rates. If the PUC does not allow recovery of any such costs, the electric utility would be required to write off the disallowed costs at that time. See the discussion under “Utility projects” in Note 3 of the Consolidated Financial Statements concerning costs of major projects that have not yet been approved for inclusion in the applicable utility’s rate base.
Regulatory assets and liabilities. The Utilities are regulated by the PUC. In accordance with accounting standards for regulatory operations, the Company’s and the Utilities’ financial statements reflect assets, liabilities, revenues and costs of the Utilities based on current cost-based rate-making regulations. The actions of regulators can affect the timing of recognition of revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities.
Regulatory liabilities represent amounts collected from customers for costs that are expected to be incurred in the future, or amounts collected in excess of costs incurred that are refundable to customers. Regulatory assets represent incurred costs that have been deferred because their recovery in future customer rates is probable. As of December 31, 2017, the consolidated regulatory liabilities and regulatory assets of the Utilities amounted to $881 million and $869 million, respectively, compared to $411 million and $957 million as of December 31, 2016, respectively. Regulatory liabilities and regulatory assets are itemized in Note 3 of the Consolidated Financial Statements. Management continually assesses whether the regulatory assets are probable of future recovery by considering factors such as changes in the applicable regulatory environment. Because current rates include the recovery of regulatory assets existing as of the last rate case and rates in effect allow the Utilities to earn a reasonable rate of return, management believes that the recovery of the regulatory assets as of December 31, 2017 is probable. This determination assumes continuation of the current political and regulatory climate in Hawaii, and is subject to change in the future.
Management believes that the operations of the Utilities currently satisfy the criteria for regulatory accounting. If events or circumstances should change so that those criteria are no longer satisfied, the Utilities expect that their regulatory assets, net of regulatory liabilities, would be charged to the statement of income in the period of discontinuance, which may result in a material adverse effect on the Company’s and the Utilities’ results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.
Revenues. Electric utility revenues are based on rates authorized by the PUC and include revenues applicable to energy consumed in the accounting period, but not yet billed to customers, and RBA revenues or refunds for the difference between PUC-approved target revenues and recorded adjusted revenues, which delinks revenues from kilowatthour sales. As of December 31, 2017, revenues applicable to energy consumed, but not yet billed to customers, amounted to $107 million and the RBA revenues recognized in 2017 amounted to $66 million.
The rate schedules of the Utilities include ECACs under which electric rates are adjusted for changes in the weighted-average price paid for fuel oil and certain components of purchased power, and the relative amounts of company-generated power and purchased power. The rate schedules of the Utilities also include PPACs under which electric rates are more closely aligned with purchase power costs incurred. Management believes that a material adverse effect on the Company’s and the Utilities’ results of operations, financial condition and liquidity may result if the ECACs, PPACs or RBAs were lost or adversely modified.
Consolidation of variable interest entities. A business enterprise must evaluate whether it should consolidate a variable interest entity (VIE). The Utilities evaluate the impact of applying accounting standards for consolidation to its relationships with IPPs with whom the Utilities execute new PPAs or execute amendments of existing PPAs. A possible outcome of the analysis is that Hawaiian Electric or its subsidiaries may be found to meet the definition of a primary beneficiary of a VIE which finding may result in the consolidation of the IPP in the Consolidated Financial Statements. The consolidation of IPPs could have a material effect on the Consolidated Financial Statements, including the recognition of a significant amount of assets and liabilities, and, if such a consolidated IPP were operating at a loss and had insufficient equity, the potential recognition of such losses. The Utilities do not know how the consolidation of IPPs would be treated for regulatory or credit ratings purposes. See Notes 1 and 3 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Bank

Executive overview and strategy. When ASB was acquired by HEI in 1988, it was a traditional thrift with assets of $1 billion and net income of about $13 million. Since then, ASB has grown by both acquisition and internal growth. Over the last several years the focus has been on efficient growth to maximize profitability and capital efficiency. ASB ended 2017 with assets of $6.8 billion and net income of $67 million, compared to assets of $6.4 billion as of December 31, 2016 and net income of $57 million in 2016.
ASB is a full-service community bank serving both consumer and commercial customers. In order to remain competitive and continue building core franchise value, ASB continues to develop and introduce new products and services in order to meet the needs of those markets such as mobile banking. Additionally, the banking industry is constantly changing and ASB is making the investments in people and technology necessary to adapt and remain competitive. ASB’s ongoing challenge is to continue to increase revenues and control expenses. Key strategies to drive organic growth include:

1. | deepening customer relationships;

2. | building out product and service offerings to open new segments;

3. | fully deploying online and remotely-assisted account opening capabilities; and

4. | prioritizing efficiency actions to gain earnings leverage on organic growth.

The interest rate environment and the quality of ASB’s assets will continue to impact its financial results. A flattened yield curve as a result of an increase in short-term interest rates and excess liquidity in the financial system have made it challenging to grow the bank's loan portfolio and find investments with adequate risk-adjusted returns. The potential for compression of ASB’s margin when interest rates rise is a risk that is actively managed.
As part of its interest rate risk management process, ASB uses simulation analysis to measure net interest income sensitivity to changes in interest rates (see “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk”). ASB then employs strategies to limit the impact of changes in interest rates on net interest income. ASB’s key strategies to manage interest rate risk include:

1. | attracting and retaining low-cost deposits, particularly those in non-interest bearing transaction accounts;

2. | diversifying the loan portfolio with higher-spread, shorter-maturity loans and/or variable rate loans;

3. | focusing investment growth in securities that exhibit less extension risk (i.e., risk of longer average lives) as rates rise.

ASB’s loan quality benefited in 2017 from increasing property values, more financial flexibility of borrowers, and overall general economic improvement in the state of Hawaii. ASB’s net charge-offs as a percentage of total average loans was 0.27% for 2017 compared to 0.24% for 2016. The higher net charge-off ratio was primarily due to charge offs of unsecured consumer loans. ASB’s provision for loan losses decreased from $16.8 million for 2016 to $10.9 million for 2017, primarily due to lower reserves for the commercial and commercial real estate loan portfolios as a result of lower portfolio balances and improving credit trends, partly offset by higher loan loss reserves needed for the growing consumer loan portfolio.
Effective July 2013, ASB became non-exempt from the Durbin Amendment to the Dodd-Frank Act which resulted in lower debit card interchange fees. For 2017, 2016 and 2015, the estimated net income impact of the lower debit card interchange fees was $6 million per year.
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Results of operations.

• | 2017 vs. 2016

(in millions) |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | Increase (decrease) |  | Primary reason(s)
Interest income |  | $ | 236 |  |  | $ | 219 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | Higher interest income was due to higher average earning asset balances and an increase in yields on earning assets. ASB's average investment and mortgage-related securities portfolio balance for 2017 increased by $345 million compared to the average balance in 2016 as ASB purchased investments with liquidity not used to fund the loan portfolio. The average loan portfolio balance for 2017 was $11 million lower than 2016 primarily due to a decrease in the average commercial loan portfolio balance of $112 million. The decrease was due to the strategic reduction of the national syndicated lending portfolio ($88 million decrease in average balance) and paydowns in the commercial portfolio. The average consumer, HELOC and commercial real estate loan balances increased by $56 million, $29 million and $15 million, respectively. The growth in these loan portfolios was consistent with ASB’s portfolio mix targets and loan growth strategy. The yield on earning assets increased 8 basis points as the increase in short-term interest rates during the year repriced the adjustable rate loans upward and increased the yields for the investment securities.
Noninterest income |  | 62 |  |  | 67 |  |  | (5 | ) |  | Noninterest income was lower due to a decrease in mortgage banking income and lower fee income from other financial products. The lower mortgage banking income was due to lower residential loan production and ASB's decision to portfolio a larger portion of the residential loan production.
Revenues |  | 298 |  |  | 286 |  |  | 12 |  |  |
Interest expense |  | 12 |  |  | 13 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | Lower interest expense was due to the payoff of a maturing other borrowing, partly offset by higher interest expense from an increase in average interest-bearing liabilities. Average deposit balances for 2017 increased by $451 million compared to 2016 due to an increase in core deposits and time certificates of $319 million and $132 million, respectively. The other borrowings average balance decreased by $94 million primarily due to a decrease in repurchase agreements.
Provision for loan losses |  | 11 |  |  | 17 |  |  | (6 | ) |  | Lower provision for loan losses for 2017 was primarily due to a decrease in reserves for the commercial and commercial real estate loan portfolios as a result of lower portfolio balances and improving credit trends, partly offset by increased provision for loan losses for the consumer loan portfolio as a result of growth and increased charge-offs. The provision for loan losses in 2016 was used primarily to establish loan loss reserves for the growth in the commercial real estate and consumer loan portfolios and additional reserve levels for specific commercial credits.
Noninterest expense |  | 176 |  |  | 169 |  |  | 7 |  |  | Higher noninterest expense was primarily due to higher compensation and employee benefit costs.
Expenses |  | 199 |  |  | 199 |  |  | — |  |  |
Operating income |  | 99 |  |  | 87 |  |  | 12 |  |  | Higher interest income and lower provision for loan losses, partly offset by lower noninterest income and higher noninterest expenses.
Net income |  | 67 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 10 |  |  | Higher operating income and tax benefit from the Tax Act.
Return on average common equity 1 |  | 11.2 | % |  | 9.9 | % |  | 1.3 | % |  |

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• | 2016 vs. 2015

(in millions) |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | Increase (decrease) |  | Primary reason(s)
Interest income |  | $ | 219 |  |  | $ | 200 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | Higher interest income was due to higher average earning asset balances and higher loan yields. ASB’s average loan portfolio balance for 2016 was $223 million higher than 2015 as the average commercial real estate, HELOC and consumer loan balances increased by $204 million, $32 million and $30 million, respectively. The growth in these loan portfolios was consistent with ASB’s portfolio mix targets and loan growth strategy. The commercial loan average balance decreased $55 million due to the strategic reduction of the national syndicated lending portfolio. The loan portfolio yield benefited from a shift in the mix of the loan portfolio and the repricing of the adjustable rate loans with the increase in the prime rate. The average investment and mortgage-related securities portfolio balance increased by $248 million as ASB purchased investments with liquidity in excess of loan growth funding.
Noninterest income |  | 67 |  |  | 67 |  |  | — |  |  | Noninterest income was flat as higher gains on sales of investment securities and insurance proceeds in 2016 were offset by lower gains on sales of real estate and mortgage servicing rights.
Revenues |  | 286 |  |  | 267 |  |  | 19 |  |  |
Interest expense |  | 13 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 1 |  |  | Higher interest expense was due to an increase in average interest-bearing liabilities. Average deposit balances for 2016 increased by $438 million compared to 2015 due to an increase in core deposits and time certificates of $322 million and $116 million, respectively. The other borrowings average balance decreased by $48 million due to a decrease in repurchase agreements.
Provision for loan losses |  | 17 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 11 |  |  | Higher provision for loan losses for 2016 was primarily due to growth in the commercial real estate and consumer loan portfolios and additional reserves for specific commercial credits. The provision for loan losses in 2015 was used primarily to establish loan loss reserves for the growth in the loan portfolio and additional reserve levels for the commercial and unsecured consumer loan portfolios.
Noninterest expense |  | 169 |  |  | 166 |  |  | 3 |  |  | Higher noninterest expense was primarily due to costs related to replacement and upgrade of ASB's electronic banking platform in mid 2016 to enhance the Bank's online and mobile banking services to consumer and business customers as well as expand its distribution channels.
Expenses |  | 199 |  |  | 184 |  |  | 15 |  |  |
Operating income |  | 87 |  |  | 83 |  |  | 4 |  |  | Higher interest income, partly offset by higher provision for loan losses and noninterest expenses.
Net income |  | 57 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 2 |  |  | Higher operating income, partly offset by higher taxes.
Return on average common equity 1 |  | 9.9 | % |  | 9.9 | % |  | — | % |  |

1 | Calculated using the average daily balances.

See Note 4 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of guarantees and further information about ASB.
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Average balance sheet and net interest margin. The following table provides a summary of average balances, including major categories of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities:

| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
(dollars in thousands) | Average balance |  | Interest 1 income/ expense |  | Yield/ rate (%) |  | Average balance |  | Interest 1 income/ expense |  | Yield/ rate (%) |  | Average balance |  | Interest 1 income/ expense |  | Yield/ rate (%)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-earning deposits | $ | 79,927 |  |  | $ | 898 |  |  | 1.12 |  |  | $ | 75,092 |  |  | $ | 383 |  |  | 0.51 |  |  | $ | 124,874 |  |  | $ | 323 |  |  | 0.26 |
FHLB stock | 10,770 |  |  | 208 |  |  | 1.93 |  |  | 11,153 |  |  | 191 |  |  | 1.72 |  |  | 32,140 |  |  | 148 |  |  | 0.46 |
Investment securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable | 1,265,240 |  |  | 27,291 |  |  | 2.16 |  |  | 934,469 |  |  | 18,592 |  |  | 1.99 |  |  | 687,215 |  |  | 14,649 |  |  | 2.13 |
Non-taxable | 15,427 |  |  | 655 |  |  | 4.24 |  |  | 717 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 3.87 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total investment securities | 1,280,667 |  |  | 27,946 |  |  | 2.18 |  |  | 935,186 |  |  | 18,620 |  |  | 1.99 |  |  | 687,215 |  |  | 14,649 |  |  | 2.13 |
Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential 1-4 family | 2,077,705 |  |  | 86,934 |  |  | 4.18 |  |  | 2,074,564 |  |  | 88,274 |  |  | 4.26 |  |  | 2,064,170 |  |  | 89,933 |  |  | 4.36 |
Commercial real estate | 887,890 |  |  | 37,806 |  |  | 4.26 |  |  | 872,694 |  |  | 35,940 |  |  | 4.12 |  |  | 669,184 |  |  | 26,558 |  |  | 3.97 |
Home equity line of credit | 889,360 |  |  | 30,001 |  |  | 3.37 |  |  | 859,955 |  |  | 28,249 |  |  | 3.28 |  |  | 828,129 |  |  | 26,511 |  |  | 3.20 |
Residential land | 16,837 |  |  | 1,011 |  |  | 6.00 |  |  | 18,850 |  |  | 1,118 |  |  | 5.93 |  |  | 17,304 |  |  | 1,101 |  |  | 6.36 |
Commercial | 631,170 |  |  | 27,405 |  |  | 4.34 |  |  | 743,586 |  |  | 29,743 |  |  | 4.00 |  |  | 798,182 |  |  | 29,282 |  |  | 3.67 |
Consumer | 205,334 |  |  | 24,098 |  |  | 11.74 |  |  | 149,287 |  |  | 16,450 |  |  | 11.02 |  |  | 119,267 |  |  | 11,397 |  |  | 9.56 |
Total loans 2,3 | 4,708,296 |  |  | 207,255 |  |  | 4.40 |  |  | 4,718,936 |  |  | 199,774 |  |  | 4.23 |  |  | 4,496,236 |  |  | 184,782 |  |  | 4.11 |
Total interest-earning assets | 6,079,660 |  |  | 236,307 |  |  | 3.89 |  |  | 5,740,367 |  |  | 218,968 |  |  | 3.81 |  |  | 5,340,465 |  |  | 199,902 |  |  | 3.74 |
Allowance for loan losses | (55,629 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (54,338 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (46,881 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-earning assets | 546,523 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 507,850 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 490,187 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Assets | $ | 6,570,554 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,193,879 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,783,771 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities and Shareholder’s Equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Savings | $ | 2,278,396 |  |  | 1,567 |  |  | 0.07 |  |  | $ | 2,117,186 |  |  | 1,402 |  |  | 0.07 |  |  | $ | 1,980,151 |  |  | 1,257 |  |  | 0.06 |
Interest-bearing checking | 902,678 |  |  | 238 |  |  | 0.03 |  |  | 839,339 |  |  | 173 |  |  | 0.02 |  |  | 782,811 |  |  | 139 |  |  | 0.02 |
Money market | 142,068 |  |  | 168 |  |  | 0.12 |  |  | 160,700 |  |  | 202 |  |  | 0.13 |  |  | 164,568 |  |  | 205 |  |  | 0.12 |
Time certificates | 696,799 |  |  | 7,687 |  |  | 1.10 |  |  | 565,135 |  |  | 5,390 |  |  | 0.95 |  |  | 449,179 |  |  | 3,747 |  |  | 0.83 |
Total interest-bearing deposits | 4,019,941 |  |  | 9,660 |  |  | 0.24 |  |  | 3,682,360 |  |  | 7,167 |  |  | 0.19 |  |  | 3,376,709 |  |  | 5,348 |  |  | 0.16 |
Advances from Federal Home Loan Bank | 79,374 |  |  | 2,245 |  |  | 2.83 |  |  | 101,597 |  |  | 3,160 |  |  | 3.11 |  |  | 100,438 |  |  | 3,146 |  |  | 3.13 |
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 97,535 |  |  | 251 |  |  | 0.26 |  |  | 169,730 |  |  | 2,428 |  |  | 1.43 |  |  | 219,351 |  |  | 2,832 |  |  | 1.29 |
Total interest-bearing liabilities | 4,196,850 |  |  | 12,156 |  |  | 0.29 |  |  | 3,953,687 |  |  | 12,755 |  |  | 0.32 |  |  | 3,696,498 |  |  | 11,326 |  |  | 0.31 |
Noninterest bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | 1,672,780 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,559,132 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,426,962 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other | 102,789 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 102,302 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 109,386 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shareholder’s equity | 598,135 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 578,758 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 550,925 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Liabilities and Shareholder’s Equity | $ | 6,570,554 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,193,879 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,783,771 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  |  |  | $ | 224,151 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 206,213 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 188,576 |  |  |  |
Net interest margin (%)4 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.69 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.59 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.53 |

1 | Interest income includes taxable equivalent basis adjustments, based upon a federal statutory tax rate of 35%, of $0.2 million, $0.01 million and nil for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

2 | Includes loans held for sale, at lower of cost or fair value, of $7.4 million, $5.4 million and $5.6 million as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

3 | Includes recognition of net deferred loan fees of $1.7 million, $2.8 million and $2.7 million for 2017, 2016 and 2015 respectively, together with interest accrued prior to suspension of interest accrual on nonaccrual loans.

4 | Defined as net interest income, on a fully taxable equivalent basis, as a percentage of average total interest-earning assets.

Earning assets, costing liabilities and other factors. Earnings of ASB depend primarily on net interest income, which is the difference between interest earned on earning assets and interest paid on costing liabilities. The interest rate environment has been impacted by disruptions in the financial markets over a period of several years. These conditions have begun to
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moderate with the interest rate increases in the past year which resulted in an increase in ASB's net interest income and net interest margin.
Loan originations and mortgage-related securities are ASB’s primary earning assets.
Loan portfolio. ASB’s loan volumes and yields are affected by market interest rates, competition, demand for financing, availability of funds and management’s responses to these factors. See Note 4 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for the composition of ASB’s loans receivable.
The decrease in the total loan portfolio from $4.7 billion at the end of 2016 to $4.6 billion at the end of 2017 was primarily due to a decrease in the commercial real estate and commercial loan portfolios. The decrease in the commercial real estate loan portfolio was primarily due to the payoff of a large commercial real estate credit. The decrease in the commercial loan portfolio was primarily due to ASB's strategic reduction in its national syndicated lending portfolio. The bank experienced growth in the residential 1-4 family, HELOC, and consumer loan portfolios, which was consistent with ASB’s portfolio mix targets and loan growth strategy. See “Loans receivable” in Note 4 of the Consolidated Financial Statements, which sets forth ASB's loan balances as of December 31, 2017 and 2016.
Home equity — key credit statistics. Attention has been given by regulators and rating agencies to the potential for increased exposure to credit losses associated with HELOCs that were originated during the period of rapid home price appreciation between 2003 and 2007 as they have reached, or are starting to reach, the end of their 10-year, interest only payment periods. Once the interest only payment period has ended, payments are reset to include principal repayments along with interest. ASB does not have a large exposure to HELOCs originated between 2003 and 2007. Nearly all of the HELOC originations prior to 2008 consisted of amortizing equity lines that have structured principal payments during the draw period. These older equity lines represent 1% of the portfolio and are included in the amortizing balances identified in the loan portfolio table below.

December 31 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Outstanding balance of home equity loans (in thousands) |  | $ | 913,052 |  |  | $ | 863,163 |
Percent of portfolio in first lien position |  | 48.0 | % |  | 45.1 | %
Net charge-off (recovery) ratio |  | (0.03 | )% |  | 0.01 | %
Delinquency ratio |  | 0.28 | % |  | 0.35 | %

|  |  |  |  |  | End of draw period – interest only |  | Current
December 31, 2017 |  | Total |  | Interest only |  | 2018-2019 |  | 2020-2022 |  | Thereafter |  | amortizing
Outstanding balance (in thousands) |  | $ | 913,052 |  |  | $ | 718,231 |  |  | $ | 70,443 |  |  | $ | 116,936 |  |  | $ | 530,852 |  |  | $ | 194,821 |
% of total |  | 100 | % |  | 79 | % |  | 8 | % |  | 13 | % |  | 58 | % |  | 21 | %

The HELOC portfolio makes up 20% of the total loan portfolio and is generally an interest-only revolving loan for a 10-year period, after which time the HELOC outstanding balance converts to a fully amortizing variable rate term loan with a 20-year amortization period. This product type comprises 79% of the total HELOC portfolio and is the current product offering. Borrowers also have a “Fixed Rate Loan Option” to convert a part of their available line of credit into a 5, 7 or 10-year fully amortizing fixed rate loan with level principal and interest payments. As of December 31, 2017, approximately 20% of the portfolio balances were amortizing loans under the Fixed Rate Loan Option.
Loan portfolio risk elements. When a borrower fails to make a required payment on a loan and does not cure the delinquency promptly, the loan is classified as delinquent. If delinquencies are not cured promptly, ASB normally commences a collection action, including foreclosure proceedings in the case of real estate secured loans. In a foreclosure action, the property securing the delinquent debt is sold at a public auction in which ASB may participate as a bidder to protect its interest. If ASB is the successful bidder, the property is classified as real estate owned until it is sold.
See “Allowance for loan losses” in Note 4 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for information with respect to nonperforming assets. The level of nonperforming loans has continued to decrease with the improving Hawaii economy.
Allowance for loan losses. See “Allowance for loan losses” in Note 4 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for the tables which sets forth the allocation of ASB’s allowance for loan losses. For 2017, the allowance for loan losses decreased by $1.9 million primarily due to lower loan loss reserves for the commercial, commercial construction and commercial real estate loan portfolios as a result of a decrease in the portfolio balances and improving credit trends, partly offset by additional loss reserves for the consumer and HELOC loan portfolios.
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Investment securities. ASB’s investment portfolio was comprised as follows:

December 31 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
(dollars in thousands) |  | Balance |  | % of total |  | Balance |  | % of total |  | Balance |  | % of total
U.S. Treasury and federal agency obligations |  | $ | 184,298 |  |  | 13 | % |  | $ | 192,281 |  |  | 18 | % |  | $ | 212,959 |  |  | 26 | %
Mortgage-related securities — FNMA, FHLMC and GNMA |  | 1,245,988 |  |  | 86 |  |  | 897,474 |  |  | 81 |  |  | 607,689 |  |  | 74 |
Mortgage revenue bond |  | 15,427 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 15,427 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total investment securities |  | $ | 1,445,713 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 1,105,182 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 820,648 |  |  | 100 | %

Principal and interest on mortgage-related securities issued by Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA), Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC) and Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA) are guaranteed by the issuer and, in the case of GNMA, backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government. U.S. Treasury securities are also backed by the full faith of the U.S. government. The increase in investment securities was due to the purchase of agency mortgage-related securities with excess liquidity.
The net unrealized losses on ASB’s investment securities were primarily caused by movements in interest rates. All contractual cash flows of those investments are guaranteed by an agency of the U.S. government. Based upon ASB's evaluation at December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 there was no indicated impairment as the Bank expects to collect the contractual cash flows for these investments. See “Investment securities” in Note 1 of the Consoldiated Financial Statements for a discussion of securities impairment assessment.
As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, ASB did not have any private-issue mortgage-related securities.
Deposits and other borrowings. Deposits continue to be the largest source of funds for ASB and are affected by market interest rates, competition and management’s responses to these factors. Deposit retention and growth will remain challenging in the current environment due to competition for deposits and the low level of short-term interest rates. Advances from the FHLB of Des Moines and securities sold under agreements to repurchase continue to be additional sources of funds. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, ASB’s costing liabilities consisted of 97% deposits and 3% other borrowings. See Note 4 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for the composition of ASB’s deposit liabilities and other borrowings.
Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, ASB had $50 million and $100 million, respectively, of advances outstanding at the FHLB of Des Moines. The decrease in advances outstanding was due to the payoff of a maturing FHLB advance. As of December 31, 2017, the unused borrowing capacity with the FHLB of Des Moines was $1.8 billion. The FHLB of Des Moines continues to be an important source of liquidity for ASB.
Other factors. Interest rate risk is a significant risk of ASB’s operations and also represents a market risk factor affecting the fair value of ASB’s investment securities. Increases and decreases in prevailing interest rates generally translate into decreases and increases in the fair value of the investment securities, respectively. In addition, changes in credit spreads also impact the fair values of the investment securities.
As of December 31, 2017, ASB had an unrealized loss, net of taxes, on available-for-sale investment securities (including securities pledged for repurchase agreements) in AOCI of $15.0 million compared to an unrealized loss, net of taxes, of $7.9 million as of December 31, 2016. See “Quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk.”
Legislation and regulation. ASB is subject to extensive regulation, principally by the OCC and the FDIC. Depending on ASB’s level of regulatory capital and other considerations, these regulations could restrict the ability of ASB to compete with other institutions and to pay dividends to its shareholder. See the discussion below under “Liquidity and capital resources.” Also see “Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Assessment” in Note 4 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act). Regulation of the financial services industry, including regulation of HEI, ASB Hawaii and ASB, has changed and will continue to change as a result of the enactment of the Dodd-Frank Act, which became law in July 2010. Importantly for HEI, ASB Hawaii and ASB, under the Dodd-Frank Act all of the functions of the OTS transferred on July 21, 2011 to the OCC, the FDIC, the FRB and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (Bureau). Supervision and regulation of HEI and ASB Hawaii, as thrift holding companies, moved to the FRB, and supervision and regulation of ASB, as a federally chartered savings bank, moved to the OCC. While the laws and regulations applicable to HEI and ASB did not generally change, the applicable laws and regulations are being interpreted, and new and amended regulations may be adopted, by the FRB, the OCC and the Bureau. In addition, HEI will continue to be required to serve as a source of strength to ASB in the event of its financial distress. The Dodd-Frank Act also imposed new restrictions on the ability of a savings bank to pay dividends should it fail to remain a qualified thrift lender.
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More stringent affiliate transaction rules now apply to ASB in the securities lending, repurchase agreement and derivatives areas. Standards were raised with respect to the ability of ASB to merge with or acquire another institution. In reviewing a potential merger or acquisition, the approving federal agency will need to consider the extent to which the proposed transaction will result in “greater or more concentrated risks to the stability of the U.S. banking or financial system.”
The Dodd-Frank Act established the Bureau. It has authority to prohibit practices it finds to be unfair, deceptive or abusive, and it may also issue rules requiring specified disclosures and the use of new model forms. On January 10, 2013, the Bureau issued the Ability-to-Repay rule which closed for comment on February 25, 2013. For mortgages, among other things, (i) potential borrowers have to supply financial information, and lenders must verify it, (ii) to qualify for a particular loan, a consumer has to have sufficient assets or income to pay back the loan, and (iii) lenders have to determine the consumer’s ability to repay both the principal and the interest over the long term - not just during an introductory period when the rate may be lower.
ASB may also be subject to new state regulation because of a provision in the Dodd-Frank Act that acknowledges that a federal savings bank may be subject to state regulation and allows federal law to preempt a state consumer financial law on a “case by case” basis only when (1) the state law would have a discriminatory effect on the bank compared to that on a bank chartered in that state, (2) the state law prevents or significantly interferes with a bank’s exercise of its power or (3) the state law is preempted by another federal law.
The Dodd-Frank Act also adopts a number of provisions that impact the mortgage industry, including the imposition of new specific duties on the part of mortgage originators (such as ASB) to act in the best interests of consumers and to take steps to ensure that consumers will have the capability to repay loans they may obtain, as well as provisions imposing new disclosure requirements and requiring appraisal reforms.
Also, the Dodd-Frank Act directs the Bureau to publish rules and forms that combine certain disclosures that consumers receive in connection with applying for and closing on a mortgage loan under the Truth in Lending Act and the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act. Consistent with this requirement, the Bureau amended Regulation X (Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act) and Regulation Z (Truth in Lending) to establish new disclosure requirements and forms in Regulation Z for most closed-end consumer credit transactions secured by real property. In addition to combining the existing disclosure requirements and implementing new requirements, the final rule provides extensive guidance regarding compliance with those requirements. This rule was effective October 3, 2015.
The “Durbin Amendment” to the Dodd-Frank Act required the FRB to issue rules to ensure that debit card interchange fees are “reasonable and proportional” to the processing costs incurred. In June 2011, the FRB issued a final rule establishing standards for debit card interchange fees and prohibiting network exclusivity arrangements and routing restrictions. Under the final rule, effective October 1, 2011, the maximum permissible interchange fee that an issuer may receive for an electronic debit transaction is 21-24 cents, depending on certain components. Financial institutions and their affiliates that have less than $10 billion in assets are exempt from this Amendment; however, on July 1, 2013, ASB became non-exempt as the consolidated assets of HEI exceeded $10 billion. The debit card interchange fees received by ASB have been lower as a result of the application of this Amendment.
Final Capital Rules. On July 2, 2013, the FRB finalized its rule implementing the Basel III regulatory capital framework. The final rule would apply to banking organizations of all sizes and types regulated by the FRB and the OCC, except bank holding companies subject to the FRB’s Small Bank Holding Company Policy Statement and Savings & Loan Holding Companies (SLHCs) substantially engaged in insurance underwriting or commercial activities. HEI currently meets the requirements of the exemption as a top-tier grandfathered unitary SLHC that derived, as of June 30 of the previous calendar year, either 50% or more of its total consolidated assets or 50% or more of its total revenues on an enterprise-wide basis (calculated under GAAP) from activities that are not financial in nature pursuant to Section 4(k) of the Bank Holding Company Act. The FRB is temporarily excluding these SLHCs from the final rule while it considers a proposal relating to capital and other requirements for SLHC intermediate holding companies (such as ASB Hawaii). The FRB indicated that it would release a proposal on intermediate holding companies that would specify the criteria for establishing and transferring activities to intermediate holding companies and propose to apply the FRB’s capital requirements to such intermediate holding companies. The FRB has not yet issued such a proposal, or a proposal on how to apply the Basel III capital rules to SLHCs that are substantially engaged in commercial or insurance underwriting activities, such as grandfathered unitary SLHCs like HEI.
Pursuant to the final rule and consistent with the proposals, all banking organizations, including covered holding companies, would initially be subject to the following minimum regulatory capital requirements: a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 4.5%, a Tier 1 capital ratio of 6%, a total capital ratio of 8% of risk-weighted assets and a tier 1 leverage ratio of 4%, and these requirements would increase in subsequent years. In order to avoid restrictions on capital distributions and discretionary bonus payments to executive officers, the final rule requires a banking organization to hold a buffer of common equity tier 1 capital above its minimum capital requirements in an amount greater than 2.5% of total risk-weighted assets
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(capital conservation buffer). In addition, a countercyclical capital buffer would expand the capital conservation buffer by up to 2.5% of a banking organization’s total risk-weighted assets for advanced approaches banking organizations. The final rule would establish qualification criteria for common equity, additional tier 1 and tier 2 capital instruments that help to ensure their ability to absorb losses. All banking organizations would be required to calculate risk-weighted assets under the standardized approach, which harmonizes the banking agencies’ calculation of risk-weighted assets and address shortcomings in capital requirements identified by the agencies. The phased-in effective dates of the capital requirements under the final rule are:
Minimum Capital Requirements

Effective dates |  | 1/1/2015 |  | 1/1/2016 |  | 1/1/2017 |  | 1/1/2018 |  | 1/1/2019
Capital conservation buffer |  |  |  |  | 0.625 | % |  | 1.25 | % |  | 1.875 | % |  | 2.50 | %
Common equity Tier 1 ratio + conservation buffer |  | 4.50 | % |  | 5.125 | % |  | 5.75 | % |  | 6.375 | % |  | 7.00 | %
Tier 1 capital ratio + conservation buffer |  | 6.00 | % |  | 6.625 | % |  | 7.25 | % |  | 7.875 | % |  | 8.50 | %
Total capital ratio + conservation buffer |  | 8.00 | % |  | 8.625 | % |  | 9.25 | % |  | 9.875 | % |  | 10.50 | %
Tier 1 leverage ratio |  | 4.00 | % |  | 4.00 | % |  | 4.00 | % |  | 4.00 | % |  | 4.00 | %
Countercyclical capital buffer — not applicable to ASB |  |  |  |  | 0.625 | % |  | 1.25 | % |  | 1.875 | % |  | 2.50 | %

The final rule was effective January 1, 2015 for ASB. As of December 31, 2017, ASB met the new capital requirements with a Common equity Tier-1 ratio of 13.0%, a Tier-1 capital ratio of 13.0%, a Total capital ratio of 14.2% and a Tier-1 leverage ratio of 8.6%.
Subject to the timing and final outcome of the FRB’s SLHC intermediate holding company proposal, HEI anticipates that the capital requirements in the final rule will eventually be effective for HEI or ASB Hawaii as well. If the fully phased-in capital requirements were currently applicable to HEI, management believes HEI would satisfy the capital requirements, including the fully phased-in capital conservation buffer. Management cannot predict what final rule the FRB may adopt concerning intermediate holding companies or their impact on ASB Hawaii, if any.
Military Lending Act. The Department of Defense (DOD) amended its regulation that implements the Military Lending Act (MLA), which became effective on October 3, 2016. The DOD amended its regulation primarily for the purpose of extending the protections of the MLA to a broader range of closed-end and open-end credit products. It initially applied to three narrowly-defined “consumer credit” products: closed-end payday loans; closed-end auto title loans; and closed-end tax refund anticipation loans. The DOD revised the scope of the definition of ‘‘consumer credit’’ to be generally consistent with the credit products that have been subject to the requirements of the Regulation Z, namely: credit offered or extended to a covered borrower primarily for personal, family, or household purposes and that is (i) subject to a finance charge or (ii) payable by a written agreement in more than four installments.
Additionally, the DOD elected to exercise its discretion by generally requiring any fees for credit insurance products or for credit-related ancillary products to be included in the Military Annual Percentage Rate. The DOD also modified the disclosures that a creditor must provide to a covered borrower and implemented the enforcement provisions of the MLA. ASB has modified certain products, practices and associated training to conform to these changes.
Effective December 14, 2017, the DOD released changes to its interpretive rule clarifying provisions of the MLA. Among the amendments is a clarification that the exemption for purchase money loans includes loans that are used not only to purchase the item securing the loan but also to purchase related items, such as extended warranties on a car. The release also clarified the foregoing in the context of loans secured by a deposit account, remotely created checks to make loan payments, lenders' use of the right of offset and the timing of checking military status to qualify for the MLA safe harbor.
Overtime Rules. The Secretary of Labor updated the overtime regulations of the Fair Labor Standards Act to simplify and modernize them. The Department of Labor issued final rules that will raise the salary threshold indicating eligibility from $455/week to $913/week ($47,476 per year), and update automatically the salary threshold every three years, based on wage growth over time, increasing predictability. The final rule was to become effective on December 1, 2016. In late-November 2016 however, the U.S. District Court in the Eastern District of Texas granted a nationwide preliminary injunction that blocked the final rule, saying the Department of Labor's rule exceeds the authority the agency was delegated by Congress. Despite this block, ASB modified its salaries in the fourth quarter of 2016 such that it is in voluntary compliance with the final rule. On July 26, 2017, the Department of Labor published a Request for Information Defining and Delimiting the Exemptions for Executive, Administrative, Professional, Outside Sales and Computer Employees (RFI). On August 31, 2017, U.S. District Court in the Eastern District of Texas granted summary judgment against the Department of Labor in consolidated cases challenging the final rule published on May 23, 2016. The court held that the final rule's salary level exceeded the Department of Labor's
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authority and concluded that the final rule was invalid. The Department of Labor has not yet released a proposed rule associated with RFI.
Arbitration Agreements. Pursuant to section 1028(b) of the Dodd-Frank Act, on July 19, 2017, the Bureau issued a final rule to regulate arbitration agreements in contracts for specified consumer financial product and services. First, the final rule prohibits covered providers of certain consumer financial products and services from using an agreement with a consumer that provides for arbitration of any future dispute between the parties to bar the consumer from filing or participating in a class action concerning the covered consumer financial product or service. Second, the final rule requires covered providers that are involved in arbitration pursuant to a pre-dispute arbitration agreement to submit specified arbitral records to the Bureau and also to submit specified court records. The compliance date for this regulation is March 19, 2018. Under the Congressional Review Act, the U.S. House of Representatives voted to overturn the final rule on July 25, 2017, and the U.S. Senate did the same on October 24, 2017. On November 1, 2017, the President signed the repeal of the final rule. In light of this, ASB did not modify its existing agreements.
Stock in FHLB. In the second quarter of 2015, the FHLB of Des Moines and the FHLB of Seattle successfully completed the merger of the two banks and operated as one under the name FHLB of Des Moines as of June 1, 2015. The FHLB of Des Moines will continue to be a source of liquidity for ASB.
As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, ASB’s stock in FHLB of Des Moines ($9.7 million and $11.2 million, respectively) was carried at cost because it can only be redeemed at par. There is a minimum required investment in such stock based on measurements of ASB’s capital, assets and/or borrowing levels. In 2017, 2016 and 2015, ASB received cash dividends of $208,000, $191,000 and $147,000, respectively, on its FHLB Stock.
Mortgage Servicing Rights. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, ASB's mortgage servicing rights had a net carrying amount of $8.6 million and $9.4 million, respectively. The decrease in the net carrying amount was due to amortization expense recorded during the year.
Liquidity and capital resources.

December 31 | 2017 |  |  | % change |  |  | 2016 |  |  | % change |
(dollars in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 6,799 |  |  | 6 |  |  | $ | 6,421 |  |  | 7 |
Investment securities | 1,446 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 1,105 |  |  | 35 |
Loans receivable held for investment, net | 4,617 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 4,683 |  |  | 3 |
Deposit liabilities | 5,891 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 5,549 |  |  | 10 |
Other bank borrowings | 191 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 193 |  |  | (41 | )

As of December 31, 2017, ASB was one of Hawaii’s largest financial institutions based on assets of $6.8 billion and deposits of $5.9 billion.
ASB’s principal sources of liquidity are customer deposits, borrowings and the maturity and repayment of portfolio loans and securities. ASB’s deposits as of December 31, 2017 were $342 million higher than December 31, 2016. ASB’s principal sources of borrowings are advances from the FHLB and securities sold under agreements to repurchase from broker/dealers and commercial account holders. As of December 31, 2017, FHLB borrowings totaled $50 million, representing 0.7% of assets. ASB is approved to borrow from the FHLB up to 35% of ASB’s assets to the extent it provides qualifying collateral and holds sufficient FHLB stock. As of December 31, 2017, ASB’s unused FHLB borrowing capacity was approximately $1.8 billion. As of December 31, 2017, securities sold under agreements to repurchase totaled $141 million, representing 2.1% of assets. ASB utilizes deposits, advances from the FHLB and securities sold under agreements to repurchase to fund maturing and withdrawn deposits, repay maturing borrowings, fund existing and future loans and purchase investment and mortgage-related securities. As of December 31, 2017, ASB had commitments to borrowers for loans and unused lines and letters of credit of $1.8 billion, of which, ASB did not have commitments to borrowers whose loan terms have been modified in troubled debt restructurings. Management believes ASB’s current sources of funds will enable it to meet these obligations while maintaining liquidity at satisfactory levels.
As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, ASB had $23.6 million and $23.3 million of loans on nonaccrual status, respectively, or 0.5% of net loans outstanding for both years ended. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, ASB had $0.1 million and $1.2 million, respectively, of real estate acquired in settlement of loans.
In 2017, operating activities provided cash of $109 million. Net cash of $366 million was used by investing activities primarily due to purchases of available-for-sale investment securities of $528 million, capital expenditures of $53 million,
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purchases of held-to-maturity investment securities of $45 million, and contributions to low-income housing investments of $18 million, partly offset by receipt of repayments from available-for-sale investment securities of $220 million, proceeds from the sale of commercial loans of $37 million, and a net decrease in loans receivable of $16 million. Financing activities provided net cash of $302 million primarily due to a net increase in deposits of $342 million, a net increase in retail repurchase agreements of $62 million, proceeds from FHLB advances of $60 million, partly offset by principal payments on FHLB advances of $110 million, common stock dividends to HEI (through ASB Hawaii) of $38 million, and repayments of securities sold under agreements to repurchase of $14 million.
ASB believes that maintaining a satisfactory regulatory capital position provides a basis for public confidence, affords protection to depositors, helps to ensure continued access to capital markets on favorable terms and provides a foundation for growth. FDIC regulations restrict the ability of financial institutions that are not well-capitalized to compete on the same terms as well-capitalized institutions, such as by offering interest rates on deposits that are significantly higher than the rates offered by competing institutions. As of December 31, 2017, ASB was well-capitalized (see “Regulation—Capital requirements” below for ASB’s capital ratios).
For a discussion of ASB dividends, see “Common stock equity” in Note 4 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
See "Commitments" and "Contingency" in Note 4 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of commitments and contingencies and off-balance sheet arrangements.
Certain factors that may affect future results and financial condition. Also see “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Certain factors that may affect future results and financial condition” for Consolidated HEI above.
Competition. The banking industry in Hawaii is highly competitive. ASB is one of Hawaii’s largest financial institutions, based on total assets, and is in direct competition for deposits and loans, not only with larger institutions, but also with smaller institutions that are heavily promoting their services in certain niche areas, such as providing financial services to small- and medium-sized businesses, and national organizations offering financial services. ASB’s main competitors are banks, savings associations, credit unions, mortgage brokers, finance companies and securities brokerage firms. These competitors offer a variety of lending, deposit and investment products to retail and business customers.
The primary factors in competing for deposits are interest rates, the quality and range of services offered, marketing, convenience of locations, hours of operation, other non-branch channels such as online and mobile banking and perceptions of the institution’s financial soundness and safety. To meet competition, ASB offers a variety of savings and checking accounts at competitive rates, convenient business hours, convenient branch locations with interbranch deposit and withdrawal privileges at each branch, convenient automated teller machines and an upgrade of the Bank's electronic banking platform. ASB also conducts advertising and promotional campaigns.
The primary factors in competing for first mortgage and other loans are interest rates, loan origination fees and the quality and range of lending and other services offered. ASB believes that it is able to compete for such loans primarily through the competitive interest rates and loan fees it charges, the type of mortgage loan programs it offers and the efficiency and quality of the services it provides to individual borrowers and the business community.
ASB is a full-service community bank serving both consumer and commercial customers and has been diversifying its loan portfolio from single-family home mortgages to higher-spread, shorter-duration consumer, commercial and commercial real estate loans. The origination of consumer, commercial and commercial real estate loans involves risks and other considerations different from those associated with originating residential real estate loans. For example, the sources and level of competition may be different and credit risk is generally higher than for residential mortgage loans. These different risk factors are considered in the underwriting and pricing standards and in the allowance for loan losses established by ASB for its consumer, commercial and commercial real estate loans.
U.S. capital markets and credit and interest rate environment. Volatility in U.S. capital markets may negatively impact the fair values of investment and mortgage-related securities held by ASB. As of December 31, 2017, the fair value and carrying value of the investment and mortgage-related securities held by ASB was $1.4 billion.
Interest rate risk is a significant risk of ASB’s operations. ASB actively manages this risk, including managing the relationship of its interest-sensitive assets to its interest-sensitive liabilities. Persistent low levels of interest rates have made it challenging to find investments with adequate risk-adjusted returns and had a negative impact on ASB’s asset yields and net interest margin. If the current interest rate environment persists, the potential for compression of ASB’s net interest margin will continue. ASB also manages the credit risk associated with its lending and securities portfolios, but a deep and prolonged recession led by a material decline in housing prices could materially impair the value of its portfolios. See “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” below.
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Technological developments. New technological developments (e.g., significant advances in internet banking) may impact ASB’s future competitive position, results of operations and financial condition.
Environmental matters. Prior to extending a loan collateralized by real property, ASB conducts due diligence to assess whether or not the property may present environmental risks and potential cleanup liability. In the event of default and foreclosure of a loan, ASB may become the owner of the mortgaged property. For that reason, ASB seeks to avoid lending upon the security of, or acquiring through foreclosure, any property with significant potential environmental risks; however, there can be no assurance that ASB will successfully avoid all such environmental risks.
Regulation. ASB is subject to examination and comprehensive regulation by the Department of Treasury, OCC and the FDIC, and is subject to reserve requirements established by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Regulation by these agencies focuses in large measure on the adequacy of ASB’s capital and the results of periodic “safety and soundness” examinations conducted by the OCC.
Capital requirements. The OCC, which is ASB’s principal regulator, administers two sets of capital standards—minimum regulatory capital requirements and prompt corrective action requirements. The FDIC also has prompt corrective action capital requirements. As of December 31, 2017, ASB was in compliance with OCC minimum regulatory capital requirements and was “well-capitalized” within the meaning of OCC prompt corrective action regulations and FDIC capital regulations, as follows:

• | ASB met applicable minimum regulatory capital requirements (noted in parentheses) as of December 31, 2017 with a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 8.6% (4.0%), a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 13.0% (4.5%), a Tier 1 capital ratio of 13.0% (6.0%) and a total capital ratio of 14.2% (8.0%).

• | ASB met the capital requirements to be generally considered “well-capitalized” (noted in parentheses) as of December 31, 2017 with a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 8.6% (5.0%), a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 13.0% (6.5%), a Tier 1 capital ratio of 13.0% (8.0%) and a total capital ratio of 14.2% (10.0%).

The purpose of the prompt corrective action capital requirements is to establish thresholds for varying degrees of oversight and intervention by regulators. Declines in levels of capital, depending on their severity, will result in increasingly stringent mandatory and discretionary regulatory consequences. Capital levels may decline for any number of reasons, including reductions that would result if there were losses from operations, deterioration in collateral values or the inability to dispose of real estate owned (typically acquired by foreclosure). The regulators have substantial discretion in the corrective actions they might direct and could include restrictions on dividends and other distributions that ASB may make to HEI (through ASB Hawaii) and the requirement that ASB develop and implement a plan to restore its capital. Under an agreement with regulators entered into by HEI when it acquired ASB, HEI currently could be required to contribute to ASB up to an additional $28.3 million of capital, if necessary, to maintain ASB’s capital position.
Examinations. ASB is subject to periodic “safety and soundness” examinations and other examinations by the OCC. In conducting its examinations, the OCC utilizes the Uniform Financial Institutions Rating System adopted by the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, which system utilizes the “CAMELS” criteria for rating financial institutions. The six components in the rating system are: C apital adequacy, A sset quality, M anagement, E arnings, L iquidity and S ensitivity to market risk. The OCC examines and rates each CAMELS component. An overall CAMELS rating is also given, after taking into account all of the component ratings. A financial institution may be subject to formal regulatory or administrative direction or supervision such as a “memorandum of understanding” or a “cease and desist” order following an examination if its CAMELS rating is not satisfactory. An institution is prohibited from disclosing the OCC’s report of its safety and soundness examination or the component and overall CAMELS rating to any person or organization not officially connected with the institution as an officer, director, employee, attorney or auditor, except as provided by regulation. The OCC also regularly examines ASB’s information technology practices and its performance under Community Reinvestment Act measurement criteria.
The Federal Deposit Insurance Act, as amended, addresses the safety and soundness of the deposit insurance system, supervision of depository institutions and improvement of accounting standards. Pursuant to this Act, federal banking agencies have promulgated regulations that affect the operations of ASB and its holding companies (e.g., standards for safety and soundness, real estate lending, accounting and reporting, transactions with affiliates and loans to insiders). FDIC regulations restrict the ability of financial institutions that fail to meet relevant capital measures to engage in certain activities, such as offering interest rates on deposits that are significantly higher than the rates offered by competing institutions. As of December 31, 2017, ASB was “well-capitalized” and thus not subject to these restrictions.
Qualified Thrift Lender status. ASB is a “qualified thrift lender” (QTL) under its federal thrift charter and, in order to maintain this status, ASB is required to maintain at least 65% of its assets in “qualified thrift investments,” which include housing-related loans (including mortgage-related securities) as well as certain small business loans, education loans, loans
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made through credit card accounts and a basket (not exceeding 20% of total assets) of other consumer loans and other assets. Institutions that fail to maintain QTL status are subject to various penalties, including limitations on their activities. In ASB’s case, the activities of HEI, ASB Hawaii and HEI’s other subsidiaries would also be subject to restrictions if ASB failed to maintain its QTL status, and a failure or inability to comply with those restrictions could effectively result in the required divestiture of ASB. As of December 31, 2017, ASB was a qualified thrift lender.
Unitary savings and loan holding company. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 (Gramm Act) permitted banks, insurance companies and investment firms to compete directly against each other, thereby allowing “one-stop shopping” for an array of financial services. Although the Gramm Act further restricted the creation of so-called “unitary savings and loan holding companies” (i.e., companies such as HEI whose subsidiaries include one or more savings associations and one or more nonfinancial subsidiaries), the unitary savings and loan holding company relationship among HEI, ASB Hawaii and ASB is “grandfathered” under the Gramm Act so that HEI and its subsidiaries will be able to continue to engage in their current activities so long as ASB maintains its QTL status. Under the Gramm Act, any proposed sale of ASB would have to satisfy applicable statutory and regulatory requirements and potential acquirers of ASB would most likely be limited to companies that are already qualified as, or capable of qualifying as, either a traditional savings and loan association holding company or a bank holding company, or as one of the authorized financial holding companies permitted under the Gramm Act. There have been legislative proposals in the past which would operate to eliminate the thrift charter or the grandfathered status of HEI as a unitary thrift holding company and effectively require the divestiture of ASB.
Material estimates and critical accounting policies. Also see “Material estimates and critical accounting policies” for Consolidated HEI above.
Allowance for loan losses. See Note 1 of the Consolidated Financial Statements and the discussion above under “Earning assets, costing liabilities and other factors.” ASB maintains an allowance for loan losses believed to be adequate to absorb losses inherent in its loan portfolio. The level of allowance for loan losses is based on a continuing assessment of existing risks in the loan portfolio, historical loss experience, changes in collateral values and current conditions (for example, economic conditions, real estate market conditions and interest rate environment). The allowance for loan losses is allocated to loan types using both a formula-based approach applied to groups of loans and an analysis of certain individual loans for impairment. The formula-based approach emphasizes loss factors primarily derived from actual historical default and loss rates, which are combined with an assessment of certain qualitative factors to determine the allowance amounts allocated to the various loan categories. Adverse changes in any of these factors could result in higher charge-offs and provision for loan losses.
ASB disaggregates the loan portfolio into loan segments for purposes of determining the allowance for loan losses. Commercial and commercial real estate loans are defined as non-homogeneous loans. ASB utilizes a risk rating system for evaluating the credit quality of such loans. Loans are rated based on the degree of risk at origination and periodically thereafter, as appropriate. Values are applied separately to the probability of default (borrower risk) and loss given default (transaction risk). ASB's credit review department performs an evaluation of these loan portfolios to ensure compliance with the internal risk rating system and timeliness of rating changes. Non-homogeneous loans are categorized into the regulatory asset quality classifications: Pass, Special Mention, Substandard, Doubtful, and Loss based on credit quality. For loans classified as substandard, an analysis is done to determine if the loan is impaired. A loan is deemed impaired when it is probable that ASB will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Once a loan is deemed impaired, ASB applies a valuation methodology to determine whether there is an impairment shortfall. The measurement of impairment may be based on (i) the present value of the expected future cash flows of the impaired loan discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate, (ii) the observable market price of the impaired loan, or (iii) the fair value of the collateral, net of costs to sell. For all loans collateralized by real estate whose repayment is dependent on the sale of the underlying collateral property, ASB measures impairment by utilizing the fair value of the collateral, net of costs to sell; for other loans that are not considered collateral dependent, generally the discounted cash flow method is used to measure impairment. For loans collateralized by real estate that are classified as troubled debt restructured (TDR) loans, the present value of the expected future cash flows of the loans may also be used to measure impairment as these loans are expected to perform according to their restructured terms. Impairment shortfalls are charged to the provision for loan losses and included in the allowance for loan losses. However, impairment shortfalls that are deemed to be confirmed losses (uncollectible) are charged off, with the loan written down by the amount of the confirmed loss.
Residential, consumer and credit scored business loans are considered homogeneous loans, which are typically underwritten based on common, uniform standards, and are generally classified as to the level of loss exposure based on delinquency status. The homogeneous loan portfolios are stratified into individual products with common risk characteristics and segmented into various secured and unsecured loan product types. For the homogeneous portfolio, the quality of the loan is best indicated by the repayment performance of an individual borrower. ASB supplements performance data with external credit bureau data and credit scores such as the Fair Isaac Corporation (FICO) score on a quarterly basis. ASB has built
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portfolio loss models for each major segment based on the combination of internal and external data to predict the probability of default at the loan level.
ASB's methodology for determining the allowance for loan losses was generally based on historic loss rates using various look-back periods. During the second quarter of 2014, ASB implemented enhancements to the loss rate calculation for estimating the allowance for loan losses that included several refinements to determining the probability of default and the loss given default for the various segments of the loan portfolio that are more statistically sound than those previously employed. The result is an estimated loss rate established for each loan. ASB believes that these enhancements improve the precision in estimating the allowance for loan losses. The enhancement did not have a material effect on the total allowance for loan losses or the provision for loan losses for 2014 and did result in the full allocation of the previously unallocated portion of the allowance for loan losses.
In conjunction with the above enhancement, management also adopted an enhanced risk rating system for monitoring and managing credit risk in the non-homogeneous loan portfolios that measures general creditworthiness at the borrower level. The numerical-based, risk rating “PD Model” takes into consideration fiscal year-end financial information of the borrower and identified financial attributes including retained earnings, operating cash flows, interest coverage, liquidity and leverage that demonstrate a strong correlation with default to assign default probabilities at the borrower level. In addition, a loss given default value is assigned to each loan to measure loss in the event of default based on loan specific features such as collateral that mitigates the amount of loss in the event of default. Together the PD Model and loss given default construct provide a more quantitative, data driven and consistent framework for measuring risk within the portfolio, on a loan by loan basis and for the ultimate collectability of each loan. Additionally, qualitative factors may be included in the estimation process.
The reserve for unfunded commitments is maintained at a level believed by management to be sufficient to absorb estimated probable losses related to unfunded credit facilities and is included in accounts payable and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. The determination of the adequacy of the reserve is based upon an evaluation of the unfunded credit facilities, including an assessment of historical commitment utilization experience, credit risk grading and historical loss rates. This process takes into consideration the same risk elements that are analyzed in the determination of the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses, as discussed above. Net adjustments to the reserve for unfunded commitments are included in other noninterest expense in the consolidated statements of income.
Management believes its allowance for loan losses adequately estimates actual loan losses that will ultimately be incurred. However, such estimates are based on currently available information and historical experience, and future adjustments may be required from time to time to the allowance for loan losses based on new information and changes that occur (e.g., due to changes in economic conditions, particularly in Hawaii). Actual losses could differ from management’s estimates, and these differences and subsequent adjustments could be material.
Nonperforming loans. Loans are generally placed on nonaccrual status when contractually past due 90 days or more, or earlier if management believes that the probability of collection is insufficient to warrant further accrual. All interest that is accrued but not collected is reversed. A loan may be returned to accrual status if (i) principal and interest payments have been brought current and ASB expects repayment of the remaining contractual principal and interest, (ii) the loan has otherwise become well-secured and collection efforts are reasonably expected to result in repayment of the debt, or (iii) the borrower has been making regularly scheduled payments in full for the prior six months and it is reasonably assured that the loan will be brought fully current within a reasonable period. Cash receipts on nonaccruing loans are generally applied to reduce the unpaid principal balance.
Loans considered to be uncollectible are charged-off against the allowance. The amount and timing of charge-offs on loans includes consideration of the loan type, length of delinquency, insufficiency of collateral value, lien priority and the overall financial condition of the borrower. Recoveries on loans previously charged-off are credited back to the allowance. Loans that have been charged-off against the allowance are periodically monitored to evaluate whether further adjustments to the allowance are necessary.
Loans in the commercial and commercial real estate portfolio are charged-off when the loan is risk rated “doubtful” or “loss.” The loan or a portion thereof is determined to be uncollectible after considering the borrower’s overall financial condition and collateral deficiency. A loan is considered uncollectible when: (a) the borrower is delinquent in principal or interest 90 days or more; (b) significant improvement in the borrower’s repayment capacity is doubtful; and/or (c) collateral value is insufficient to cover outstanding indebtedness and no other viable assets exist.
Loans in the residential mortgage and home equity portfolios are charged-off when the loan or a portion thereof is determined to be uncollectible after considering the borrower’s overall financial condition and collateral deficiency. A loan is considered uncollectible when: (a) the borrower is delinquent in principal or interest 180 days or more; (b) it is probable that collateral value is insufficient to cover outstanding indebtedness and no other viable assets exist; (c) notification of the
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borrower’s bankruptcy is received; or (d) in cases where ASB is in a subordinate position to other debt, the senior lien holder has foreclosed and extinguished the junior lien.
Other consumer loans are generally charged-off when the balance becomes 120 days delinquent.
See "Nonperforming loans" in Note 1 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding ASB's nonperforming loans.
Troubled debt restructurings. A loan modification is deemed to be a TDR when the borrower is determined to be experiencing financial difficulties and ASB grants a concession it would not otherwise consider. When a borrower experiencing financial difficulty fails to make a required payment on a loan or is in imminent default, ASB takes a number of steps to improve the collectability of the loan and maximize the likelihood of full repayment. At times, ASB may modify or restructure a loan to help a distressed borrower improve their financial position to eventually be able to repay the loan fully, provided the borrower has demonstrated both the willingness and the ability to fulfill the modified terms. TDR loans are considered an alternative to foreclosure or liquidation with the goal of minimizing losses and maximizing recovery.
ASB may consider various types of concessions in granting a TDR, including maturity date extensions, extended amortization of principal, temporary deferral of principal payments, and temporary interest rate reductions. ASB rarely grants principal forgiveness in TDR modifications. Residential loan modifications generally involve interest rate reduction, extending the amortization period or interest only payments for a period of time. Land loans at origination are typically structured as a three-year term, interest-only monthly payment with a balloon payment due at maturity. Land loan TDR modifications typically involve extending the maturity date up to five years and converting the payments from interest-only to principal and interest monthly payments. Commercial loan modifications generally involve extensions of maturity dates, extending the amortization period and temporary deferral of principal payments. ASB generally do not reduce the interest rate on commercial loan TDR modifications. Occasionally, additional collateral and/or guaranties are obtained.
Certain TDRs that are current in payment status are classified as nonaccrual in accordance with regulatory guidance. These nonaccruing TDRs can be returned to accrual status when principal and interest have been current for at least six months and a well-documented evaluation of the borrower’s financial condition has been performed and indicates future payments are reasonably assured.
All TDR loans are classified as impaired and are segregated and reviewed separately when assessing the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses based on the appropriate method of measuring impairment. The financial impact of the calculated impairment amount is an increase to the allowance for loan losses associated with the modified loan. When available information confirms that specific loans or portions thereof are uncollectible (confirmed losses), these amounts are charged off against the allowance for loan losses.
Fair value. Fair value estimates are based on the price that would be received to sell an asset, or paid upon the transfer of a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value estimates are generally determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability and are based on market data obtained from independent third party sources. However, in certain cases, ASB uses its own assumptions based on the best information available in certain circumstances. These valuations are estimates at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information, information about the financial instrument and judgments regarding future expected loss experience, economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments and other factors. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result if ASB were to sell its entire holdings of a particular financial instrument at one time. Because no active trading market exists for a portion of its financial instruments, fair value estimates cannot be determined with precision. Changes in the underlying assumptions used, including discount rates and estimates of future cash flows, could significantly affect the estimates. In addition, the tax ramifications related to the realization of the unrealized gains and losses could have a significant effect on fair value estimates, but have not been considered in making such estimates.
ASB classifies its financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value in accordance with the three level valuation hierarchy outlined as follows:
Level 1: Inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices, unadjusted, for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. A quoted price in an active market provides the most reliable evidence of fair value and is used t measure fair value whenever available.
Level 2: Inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; or inputs to the valuation methodology that are derived principally from or can be corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.
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Level 3: Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement. Level 3 assets and liabilities include financial instruments whose value is determined using discounted cash flow methodologies, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation.
Classification in the hierarchy is based upon the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the asset or liability. For instruments classified in Level 1 and 2 where inputs are primarily based upon observable market data, there is less judgment applied in arriving at the fair value. For instruments classified in Level 3, management judgment is more significant due to the lack of observable market data.
Significant assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis include ASB's mortgage-related securities available for sale. These instruments are priced using an external pricing service and are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy. The third-party pricing services use a variety of methods to determine fair value including quoted prices for similar securities in an active market, yield spreads for similar trades, adjustments for liquidity, size, collateral characteristics, historic and generic prepayment speeds and other observable market factors. To enhance the robustness of the pricing process, ASB compares its standard third-party vendor’s price with that of another third-party vendor. If the prices are within an acceptable tolerance range, the price of the standard vendor will be accepted. If the variance is beyond the tolerance range, an evaluation will be conducted by the investment manager and a challenge to the price may be made. Fair value in such cases will be based on the value that best reflects the data and observable characteristics of the security. In all cases, the fair value used will have been independently determined by a third-party pricing vendor or non-affiliated broker.
Fair value is also used on a nonrecurring basis to evaluate certain assets for impairment or for disclosure purposes. Examples of nonrecurring uses of fair value include mortgage servicing rights accounted for by the amortization method, loan impairments for certain loans, real estate acquired in settlement of loans and goodwill.
See "Investment securities" and "Derivative financial instruments" in Note 4 and Note 14 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding ASB's fair value measurements.

ITEM 7A. | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

HEI and Hawaiian Electric (in the case of Hawaiian Electric, only the information related to Hawaiian Electric and its subsidiaries is applicable):
The Company manages various market risks in the ordinary course of business, including credit risk and liquidity risk. The Company believes the electric utility and the “other” segment’s exposures to these two risks were not material as of December 31, 2017.
Credit risk for ASB is the risk that borrowers or issuers of securities will not be able to repay their obligations to the bank. Credit risk associated with ASB’s lending portfolios is controlled through its underwriting standards, loan rating of commercial and commercial real estate loans, on-going monitoring by loan officers, credit review and quality control functions in these lending areas and adequate allowance for loan losses. Credit risk associated with the securities portfolio is mitigated through investment portfolio limits, experienced staff working with analytical tools, monthly fair value analysis and on-going monitoring and reporting such as investment watch reports and loss sensitivity analysis. See “Allowance for loan losses” above and in Note 4 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Liquidity risk for ASB is the risk that the bank will not meet its obligations when they become due. Liquidity risk is mitigated by ASB’s asset/liability management process, on-going analytical analysis, monitoring and reporting information such as weekly cash-flow analyses and maintenance of liquidity contingency plans.
The Utilities are exposed to some commodity price risk primarily related to their fuel supply and IPP contracts. The Utilities' commodity price risk is substantially mitigated so long as they have their current ECACs in their rate schedules. The Utilities currently have no hedges against its commodity price risk.
The Company currently has no direct exposure to market risk from trading activities nor foreign currency exchange rate risk.
The Company considers interest rate risk to be a very significant market risk as it could potentially have a significant effect on the Company’s results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, especially as it relates to ASB, but also as it may affect the discount rate used to determine retirement benefit liabilities, the market value of retirement benefit plans’ assets and the Utilities’ allowed rates of return. Interest rate risk can be defined as the exposure of the Company’s earnings to adverse movements in interest rates.
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Bank interest rate risk

The Company’s success is dependent, in part, upon ASB’s ability to manage interest rate risk (IRR). ASB’s interest-rate risk profile is strongly influenced by its primary business of making fixed-rate residential mortgage loans and taking in retail deposits. Large mismatches in the amounts or timing between the maturity or repricing of interest sensitive assets or liabilities could adversely affect ASB’s earnings and the market value of its interest-sensitive assets and liabilities in the event of significant changes in the level of interest rates. Many other factors also affect ASB’s exposure to changes in interest rates, such as general economic and financial conditions, customer preferences and competition for loans or deposits.
ASB’s Asset/Liability Management Committee (ALCO), whose voting members are officers and employees of ASB, is responsible for managing interest rate risk and carrying out the overall asset/liability management objectives and activities of ASB as approved by the ASB Board of Directors. ALCO establishes policies under which management monitors and coordinates ASB’s assets and liabilities.
See Note 4 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of the use of rate lock commitments on loans held for sale and forward sale contracts to manage some interest rate risk associated with ASB’s residential loan sale program.
Management of ASB measures interest-rate risk using simulation analysis with an emphasis on measuring changes in net interest income (NII) and the market value of interest-sensitive assets and liabilities in different interest-rate environments. The simulation analysis is performed using a dedicated asset/liability management software system enhanced with a mortgage prepayment model and a collateralized mortgage obligation database. The simulation software is capable of generating scenario-specific cash flows for all instruments using the specified contractual information for each instrument and product specific prepayment assumptions for mortgage loans and mortgage-related securities.
NII sensitivity analysis measures the change in ASB’s twelve-month, pretax NII in alternate interest rate scenarios. NII sensitivity is measured as the change in NII in the alternate interest-rate scenarios as a percentage of the base case NII. The base case interest-rate scenario is established using the current yield curve and assumes interest rates remain constant over the next twelve months. The alternate scenarios are created by assuming “rate ramps” or gradual interest changes and accomplished by moving the yield curve in a parallel fashion, over the next twelve month period, in increments of +/- 100 basis points. The simulation model forecasts scenario-specific principal and interest cash flows for the interest-bearing assets and liabilities, and the NII is calculated for each scenario. Key balance sheet modeling assumptions used in the NII sensitivity analysis include: the size of the balance sheet remains relatively constant over the simulation horizon and maturing assets or liabilities are reinvested in similar instruments in order to maintain the current mix of the balance sheet. In addition, assumptions are made about the prepayment behavior of mortgage-related assets, future pricing spreads for new assets and liabilities and the speed and magnitude with which deposit rates change in response to changes in the overall level of interest rates. Other NII sensitivity analysis may include scenarios such as yield curve twists or non-static balance sheet changes (such as changes to key balance sheet drivers).
Consistent with OCC guidelines, the market value or economic capitalization of ASB is measured as economic value of equity (EVE). EVE represents the theoretical market value of ASB’s net worth and is defined as the present value of expected net cash flows from existing assets minus the present value of expected cash flows from existing liabilities plus the present value of expected net cash flows from existing off-balance sheet contracts. Key assumptions used in the calculation of ASB’s EVE include the prepayment behavior of loans and investments, the possible distribution of future interest rates, pricing spreads for assets and liabilities in the alternate scenarios and the rate and balance behavior of deposit accounts with indeterminate maturities. EVE is calculated in multiple scenarios. As with the NII simulation, the base case is represented by the current yield curve. Alternate scenarios are created by assuming immediate parallel shifts in the yield curve in increments of +/- 100 basis points (bp) up to + 300 bp. The change in EVE is measured as the change in EVE in a given rate scenario from the base case and expressed as a percentage. To gain further insight into the IRR profile, additional analysis is periodically performed in alternate scenarios including rate shifts of greater magnitude and changes in key balance sheet drivers.
ASB’s interest-rate risk sensitivity measures as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 constitute “forward-looking statements” and were as follows:
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|  | Change in NII (gradual change in interest rates) |  | Change in EVE (instantaneous change in interest rates)
Change in interest rates (basis points) |  | December 31, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
+300 |  | 3.0 | % |  | 1.9 | % |  | (8.0 | )% |  | (8.0 | )%
+200 |  | 2.4 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | (4.0 | ) |  | (4.6 | )
+100 |  | 1.6 |  |  | — |  |  | (0.6 | ) |  | (1.6 | )
-100 |  | (2.7 | ) |  | (0.5 | ) |  | (6.0 | ) |  | (1.6 | )

Management believes that ASB’s interest rate risk position as of December 31, 2017 represents a reasonable level of risk. The NII profile under the rising interest rate scenarios were more asset sensitive for all rate increases as of December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016. Asset sensitivity increased due to growth and shortening in duration of the investment portfolio allowing more assets to reprice up over a 12-month horizon. The implementation of a new asset/liability management system in the third quarter along with some modeling improvements further improved sensitivity.
ASB’s base EVE increased to $1.2 billion as of December 31, 2017 from $1.1 billion as of December 31, 2016 due to the growth and mix of the balance sheet. Growth in the investment portfolio was funded primarily with core deposits. The upward shift in short rates resulted in the market valuation of assets exceeding the valuation of liabilities.
EVE sensitivity to rising rates declined as of December 31, 2017, compared to December 31, 2016. Growth in shorter duration investment securities was funded with longer duration core deposits resulting in a net decrease in EVE sensitivity. In addition, the implementation of the new asset/liability management system along with some modeling improvements further decreased sensitivity.
The computation of the prospective effects of hypothetical interest rate changes on the NII sensitivity and the percentage change in EVE is based on numerous assumptions, including relative levels of market interest rates, loan prepayments, balance changes and pricing strategies, and should not be relied upon as indicative of actual results. To the extent market conditions and other factors vary from the assumptions used in the simulation analysis, actual results may differ materially from the simulation results. Furthermore, NII sensitivity analysis measures the change in ASB’s twelve-month, pretax NII in alternate interest rate scenarios, and is intended to help management identify potential exposures in ASB’s current balance sheet and formulate appropriate strategies for managing interest rate risk. The simulation does not contemplate any actions that ASB management might undertake in response to changes in interest rates. Further, the changes in NII vary in the twelve-month simulation period and are not necessarily evenly distributed over the period. These analyses are for analytical purposes only and do not represent management’s views of future market movements, the level of future earnings, or the timing of any changes in earnings within the twelve month analysis horizon. The actual impact of changes in interest rates on NII will depend on the magnitude and speed with which rates change, actual changes in ASB’s balance sheet, and management’s responses to the changes in interest rates.

Other than bank interest rate risk

The Company’s general policy is to manage “other than bank” interest rate risk through use of a combination of short-term debt, long-term debt and preferred securities. As of December 31, 2017, the Company was exposed to “other than bank” interest rate risk because of its periodic borrowing requirements, the impact of interest rates on the discount rate and the market value of plan assets used to determine retirement benefits expenses and obligations (see “Pension and other postretirement benefits obligations” in HEI’s MD&A and “Retirement benefits” in Notes 1 and 8 of the Consolidated Financial Statements) and the possible effect of interest rates on the electric utilities’ allowed rates of return (see “Electric utility—Certain factors that may affect future results and financial condition—Regulation of electric utility rates”). Other than these exposures, management believes its exposure to “other than bank” interest rate risk is not material. The Company’s long-term debt, in the form of borrowings of proceeds of revenue bonds, privately-placed senior notes and bank term loans, is predominately at fixed rates (see Note 14 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for the fair value of long-term debt, net-other than bank).
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ITEM 8. | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

HEI and Hawaiian Electric:

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements | Page
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms - HEI | 85
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms - Hawaiian Electric | 87
Consolidated Financial Statements | 88
HEI |
Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 | 88
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 | 89
Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2017 and 2016 | 90
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 | 91
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 | 92
Hawaiian Electric |
Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 | 94
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 | 94
Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2017 and 2016 | 95
Consolidated Statements of Capitalization at December 31, 2017 and 2016 | 96
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Common Stock Equity for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 | 98
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 | 99
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 100

83

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc.
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2017, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders' equity, and cash flows, for the year ended December 31, 2017, and the related notes to consolidated financial statements and the schedules listed in the Index at Item 15(a)(2) (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2017, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also, in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.
Basis for Opinions
The Company’s management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit of the financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures to respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
Honolulu, Hawaii
March 1, 2018
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2017.
84

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of
Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc.
In our opinion, the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2016 and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2016 present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc. and its subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2016, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. In addition, in our opinion, the financial statement schedules listed in the index appearing under Item 15(a)(2) for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2016 present fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein when read in conjunction with the related consolidated financial statements. These financial statements and financial statement schedules are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and financial statement schedules based on our audits. We conducted our audits of these financial statements in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Los Angeles, California
February 24, 2017
85

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the S hareholder and the Board of Directors of Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2017, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, capitalization, changes in common stock equity, and cash flows, for the year ended December 31, 2017, and the related notes to consolidated financial statements and the schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a)(2) (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2017, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
Honolulu, Hawaii
March 1, 2018
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2017.
86

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Shareholder
of Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc.
In our opinion, the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2016 and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, capitalization, changes in common stock equity, and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2016 present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. and its subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2016, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. In addition, in our opinion, the financial statement schedule listed in the index appearing under Item 15(a)(2) for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2016 presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein when read in conjunction with the related consolidated financial statements. These financial statements and financial statement schedule are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and financial statement schedule based on our audits. We conducted our audits of these financial statements in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Los Angeles, California
February 24, 2017
87

Consolidated Statements of Income

Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Years ended December 31 | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
(in thousands, except per share amounts) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Electric utility | $ | 2,257,566 |  |  | $ | 2,094,368 |  |  | $ | 2,335,166 |
Bank | 297,640 |  |  | 285,924 |  |  | 267,733 |
Other | 419 |  |  | 362 |  |  | 83 |
Total revenues | 2,555,625 |  |  | 2,380,654 |  |  | 2,602,982 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Electric utility | 2,000,045 |  |  | 1,809,900 |  |  | 2,061,050 |
Bank | 198,924 |  |  | 198,572 |  |  | 183,921 |
Other | 18,365 |  |  | 24,007 |  |  | 35,458 |
Total expenses | 2,217,334 |  |  | 2,032,479 |  |  | 2,280,429 |
Operating income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Electric utility | 257,521 |  |  | 284,468 |  |  | 274,116 |
Bank | 98,716 |  |  | 87,352 |  |  | 83,812 |
Other | (17,946 | ) |  | (23,645 | ) |  | (35,375 | )
Total operating income | 338,291 |  |  | 348,175 |  |  | 322,553 |
Merger termination fee | — |  |  | 90,000 |  |  | — |
Interest expense, net – other than on deposit liabilities and other bank borrowings | (78,972 | ) |  | (75,803 | ) |  | (77,150 | )
Allowance for borrowed funds used during construction | 4,778 |  |  | 3,144 |  |  | 2,457 |
Allowance for equity funds used during construction | 12,483 |  |  | 8,325 |  |  | 6,928 |
Income before income taxes | 276,580 |  |  | 373,841 |  |  | 254,788 |
Income taxes | 109,393 |  |  | 123,695 |  |  | 93,021 |
Net income | 167,187 |  |  | 250,146 |  |  | 161,767 |
Preferred stock dividends of subsidiaries | 1,890 |  |  | 1,890 |  |  | 1,890 |
Net income for common stock | $ | 165,297 |  |  | $ | 248,256 |  |  | $ | 159,877 |
Basic earnings per common share | $ | 1.52 |  |  | $ | 2.30 |  |  | $ | 1.50 |
Diluted earnings per common share | $ | 1.52 |  |  | $ | 2.29 |  |  | $ | 1.50 |
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding | 108,749 |  |  | 108,102 |  |  | 106,418 |
Net effect of potentially dilutive shares | 184 |  |  | 207 |  |  | 303 |
Weighted-average shares assuming dilution | 108,933 |  |  | 108,309 |  |  | 106,721 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
88

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Years ended December 31 | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income for common stock | $ | 165,297 |  |  | $ | 248,256 |  |  | $ | 159,877 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized losses on available-for sale investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized losses on available-for sale investment securities arising during the period, net of tax benefits of $2,886, $3,763 and $1,541 for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively | (4,370 | ) |  | (5,699 | ) |  | (2,334 | )
Reclassification adjustment for net realized gains included in net income, net of taxes of nil, $238 and nil for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively | — |  |  | (360 | ) |  | — |
Derivatives qualified as cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Effective portion of foreign currency hedge net unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period, net of (taxes) benefits of nil, $179 and nil for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively | — |  |  | (281 | ) |  | — |
Reclassification adjustment to net income, net of (taxes) benefits of $289, $(76) and $150 for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively | 454 |  |  | (119 | ) |  | 235 |
Retirement benefit plans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net gains (losses) arising during the period, net of (taxes) benefits of $(41,129), $27,703 and $(3,753) for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively | 65,531 |  |  | (43,510 | ) |  | 5,889 |
Adjustment for amortization of prior service credit and net losses recognized during the period in net periodic benefit cost, net of tax benefits of $10,041, $9,267 and $14,344 for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively | 15,737 |  |  | 14,518 |  |  | 22,465 |
Reclassification adjustment for impact of D&Os of the PUC included in regulatory assets, net of (taxes) benefits of $49,523, $(18,206) and $16,011 for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively | (78,724 | ) |  | 28,584 |  |  | (25,139 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes | (1,372 | ) |  | (6,867 | ) |  | 1,116 |
Comprehensive income attributable to Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc. | $ | 163,925 |  |  | $ | 241,389 |  |  | $ | 160,993 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
89

Consolidated Balance Sheets

Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc. and Subsidiaries

December 31 |  |  |  | 2017 |  |  |  |  |  | 2016 |
(dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  | $ | 261,881 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 278,452 |
Accounts receivable and unbilled revenues, net |  |  |  | 263,209 |  |  |  |  |  | 237,950 |
Available-for-sale investment securities, at fair value |  |  |  | 1,401,198 |  |  |  |  |  | 1,105,182 |
Held-to-maturity investment securities, at amortized cost |  |  | 44,515 |  |  |  |  | — |
Stock in Federal Home Loan Bank, at cost |  |  |  | 9,706 |  |  |  |  |  | 11,218 |
Loans receivable held for investment, net |  |  |  | 4,617,131 |  |  |  |  |  | 4,683,160 |
Loans held for sale, at lower of cost or fair value |  |  |  | 11,250 |  |  |  |  |  | 18,817 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land | $ | 106,435 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 97,423 |  |  |  |
Plant and equipment | 7,140,427 |  |  |  |  |  | 6,727,935 |  |  |  |
Construction in progress | 332,349 |  |  |  |  |  | 222,455 |  |  |  |
| 7,579,211 |  |  |  |  |  | 7,047,813 |  |  |  |
Less – accumulated depreciation | (2,553,295 | ) |  | 5,025,916 |  |  | (2,444,348 | ) |  | 4,603,465 |
Regulatory assets |  |  |  | 869,297 |  |  |  |  |  | 957,451 |
Other |  |  |  | 513,535 |  |  |  |  |  | 447,621 |
Goodwill |  |  |  | 82,190 |  |  |  |  |  | 82,190 |
Total assets |  |  |  | $ | 13,099,828 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 12,425,506 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  |  |  | $ | 193,714 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 143,279 |
Interest and dividends payable |  |  |  | 25,837 |  |  |  |  |  | 25,225 |
Deposit liabilities |  |  |  | 5,890,597 |  |  |  |  |  | 5,548,929 |
Short-term borrowings—other than bank |  |  |  | 117,945 |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Other bank borrowings |  |  |  | 190,859 |  |  |  |  |  | 192,618 |
Long-term debt, net—other than bank |  |  |  | 1,683,797 |  |  |  |  |  | 1,619,019 |
Deferred income taxes |  |  |  | 388,430 |  |  |  |  |  | 728,806 |
Regulatory liabilities |  |  |  | 880,770 |  |  |  |  |  | 410,693 |
Contributions in aid of construction |  |  |  | 565,668 |  |  |  |  |  | 543,525 |
Defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans liability |  |  |  | 509,514 |  |  |  |  |  | 638,854 |
Other |  |  |  | 521,018 |  |  |  |  |  | 473,512 |
Total liabilities |  |  |  | 10,968,149 |  |  |  |  |  | 10,324,460 |
Preferred stock of subsidiaries - not subject to mandatory redemption |  |  |  | 34,293 |  |  |  |  |  | 34,293 |
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 3 and 4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, no par value, authorized 10,000,000 shares; issued: none |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Common stock, no par value, authorized 200,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding: 108,787,807 shares and 108,583,413 shares at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively |  |  |  | 1,662,491 |  |  |  |  |  | 1,660,910 |
Retained earnings |  |  |  | 476,836 |  |  |  |  |  | 438,972 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax benefits |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized losses on securities | $ | (14,951 | ) |  |  |  |  | $ | (7,931 | ) |  |  |
Unrealized losses on derivatives | — |  |  |  |  |  | (454 | ) |  |  |
Retirement benefit plans | (26,990 | ) |  | (41,941 | ) |  | (24,744 | ) |  | (33,129 | )
Total shareholders’ equity |  |  |  | 2,097,386 |  |  |  |  |  | 2,066,753 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  |  |  | $ | 13,099,828 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 12,425,506 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
90

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc. and Subsidiaries

| Common stock |  | Retained |  | Accumulated other comprehensive |  |
(in thousands, except per share amounts) | Shares |  | Amount |  | earnings |  | income (loss) |  | Total
Balance, December 31, 2014 | 102,565 |  |  | $ | 1,521,297 |  |  | $ | 296,654 |  |  | $ | (27,378 | ) |  | $ | 1,790,573 |
Net income for common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | 159,877 |  |  | — |  |  | 159,877 |
Other comprehensive income, net of taxes | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,116 |  |  | 1,116 |
Issuance of common stock: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Partial settlement of equity forward | 4,700 |  |  | 109,183 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 109,183 |
Retirement savings and other plans | 195 |  |  | 5,578 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,578 |
Expenses and other, net | — |  |  | (6,922 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,922 | )
Common stock dividends ($1.24 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (131,765 | ) |  | — |  |  | (131,765 | )
Balance, December 31, 2015 | 107,460 |  |  | 1,629,136 |  |  | 324,766 |  |  | (26,262 | ) |  | 1,927,640 |
Net income for common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | 248,256 |  |  | — |  |  | 248,256 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax benefits | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,867 | ) |  | (6,867 | )
Issuance of common stock: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dividend reinvestment and stock purchase plan | 859 |  |  | 26,844 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26,844 |
Retirement savings and other plans | 264 |  |  | 9,298 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,298 |
Expenses and other, net | — |  |  | (4,368 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,368 | )
Common stock dividends ($1.24 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (134,050 | ) |  | — |  |  | (134,050 | )
Balance, December 31, 2016 | 108,583 |  |  | 1,660,910 |  |  | 438,972 |  |  | (33,129 | ) |  | 2,066,753 |
Net income for common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | 165,297 |  |  | — |  |  | 165,297 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax benefits | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,372 | ) |  | (1,372 | )
Reclass of AOCI for tax rate reduction impact | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,440 |  |  | (7,440 | ) |  | — |
Issuance of common stock: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retirement savings and other plans | 205 |  |  | 4,664 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,664 |
Expenses and other, net | — |  |  | (3,083 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,083 | )
Common stock dividends ($1.24 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (134,873 | ) |  | — |  |  | (134,873 | )
Balance, December 31, 2017 | 108,788 |  |  | $ | 1,662,491 |  |  | $ | 476,836 |  |  | $ | (41,941 | ) |  | $ | 2,097,386 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
91

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Years ended December 31 | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 167,187 |  |  | $ | 250,146 |  |  | $ | 161,767 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation of property, plant and equipment | 200,658 |  |  | 194,273 |  |  | 183,966 |
Other amortization | 21,340 |  |  | 10,473 |  |  | 11,619 |
Provision for loan losses | 10,901 |  |  | 16,763 |  |  | 6,275 |
Impairment of utility assets | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,021 |
Loans receivable originated and purchased, held for sale | (115,104 | ) |  | (236,769 | ) |  | (268,279 | )
Proceeds from sale of loans receivable, held for sale | 127,951 |  |  | 236,062 |  |  | 275,296 |
Deferred income taxes | 37,835 |  |  | 47,118 |  |  | 41,432 |
Share-based compensation expense | 5,404 |  |  | 4,789 |  |  | 6,542 |
Allowance for equity funds used during construction | (12,483 | ) |  | (8,325 | ) |  | (6,928 | )
Other | (3,324 | ) |  | (12,422 | ) |  | 1,672 |
Changes in assets and liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Decrease (increase) in accounts receivable and unbilled revenues, net | (12,875 | ) |  | (898 | ) |  | 62,304 |
Decrease (increase) in fuel oil stock | (20,794 | ) |  | 4,786 |  |  | 34,830 |
Increase in regulatory assets | (17,256 | ) |  | (18,273 | ) |  | (24,182 | )
Increase (decrease) in accounts, interest and dividends payable | 34,985 |  |  | (9,643 | ) |  | (52,663 | )
Change in prepaid and accrued income taxes, tax credits and utility revenue taxes | 20,685 |  |  | 39,109 |  |  | (42,596 | )
Increase (decrease) in defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans liability | 882 |  |  | 1,587 |  |  | 852 |
Change in other assets and liabilities | (25,551 | ) |  | (23,118 | ) |  | (41,070 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities | 420,441 |  |  | 495,658 |  |  | 356,858 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale investment securities purchased | (528,379 | ) |  | (533,956 | ) |  | (429,262 | )
Principal repayments on available-for-sale investment securities | 220,231 |  |  | 219,845 |  |  | 153,271 |
Proceeds from sale of available-for-sale investment securities | — |  |  | 16,423 |  |  | — |
Purchases of held-to-maturity investment securities | (44,515 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Purchase of stock from Federal Home Loan Bank | (2,868 | ) |  | (7,773 | ) |  | (1,600 | )
Redemption of stock from Federal Home Loan Bank | 4,380 |  |  | 7,233 |  |  | 60,223 |
Net decrease (increase) in loans held for investment | 15,887 |  |  | (194,042 | ) |  | (181,343 | )
Proceeds from sale of commercial loans | 36,760 |  |  | 52,299 |  |  | — |
Proceeds from sale of real estate acquired in settlement of loans | 1,019 |  |  | 829 |  |  | 1,329 |
Proceeds from sale of real estate held for sale | — |  |  | 1,764 |  |  | 7,283 |
Capital expenditures | (495,187 | ) |  | (330,043 | ) |  | (363,804 | )
Contributions in aid of construction | 64,733 |  |  | 30,100 |  |  | 40,239 |
Contributions to low income housing investments | (17,505 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Acquisition of business | (76,323 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Other | 6,468 |  |  | 856 |  |  | 7,940 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (815,299 | ) |  | (736,465 | ) |  | (705,724 | )

(continued)
92

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (continued)

Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Years ended December 31 | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net increase in deposit liabilities | 341,668 |  |  | 523,675 |  |  | 401,839 |
Net increase (decrease) in short-term borrowings with original maturities of three months or less | 67,992 |  |  | (103,063 | ) |  | (15,909 | )
Proceeds from issuance of short-term debt | 125,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Repayment of short-term debt | (75,000 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Net increase (decrease) in retail repurchase agreements | 61,776 |  |  | (43,601 | ) |  | 37,925 |
Proceeds from other bank borrowings | 59,500 |  |  | 180,835 |  |  | 50,000 |
Repayments of other bank borrowings | (123,034 | ) |  | (272,902 | ) |  | (50,000 | )
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt | 532,325 |  |  | 115,000 |  |  | 80,000 |
Repayment of long-term debt and funds transferred for redemption of special purpose revenue bonds | (465,000 | ) |  | (75,000 | ) |  | — |
Withheld shares for employee taxes on vested share-based compensation | (3,828 | ) |  | (2,416 | ) |  | (3,260 | )
Net proceeds from issuance of common stock | — |  |  | 13,220 |  |  | 104,435 |
Common stock dividends | (134,873 | ) |  | (117,274 | ) |  | (131,765 | )
Preferred stock dividends of subsidiaries | (1,890 | ) |  | (1,890 | ) |  | (1,890 | )
Other | (6,349 | ) |  | 2,197 |  |  | 2,427 |
Net cash provided by financing activities | 378,287 |  |  | 218,781 |  |  | 473,802 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | (16,571 | ) |  | (22,026 | ) |  | 124,936 |
Cash and cash equivalents, January 1 | 278,452 |  |  | 300,478 |  |  | 175,542 |
Cash and cash equivalents, December 31 | $ | 261,881 |  |  | $ | 278,452 |  |  | $ | 300,478 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
93

Consolidated Statements of Income

Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Years ended December 31 | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | 2,257,566 |  |  | $ | 2,094,368 |  |  | $ | 2,335,166 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel oil | 587,768 |  |  | 454,704 |  |  | 654,600 |
Purchased power | 586,634 |  |  | 562,740 |  |  | 594,096 |
Other operation and maintenance | 417,910 |  |  | 405,533 |  |  | 413,089 |
Depreciation | 192,784 |  |  | 187,061 |  |  | 177,380 |
Taxes, other than income taxes | 214,949 |  |  | 199,862 |  |  | 221,885 |
Total expenses | 2,000,045 |  |  | 1,809,900 |  |  | 2,061,050 |
Operating income | 257,521 |  |  | 284,468 |  |  | 274,116 |
Allowance for equity funds used during construction | 12,483 |  |  | 8,325 |  |  | 6,928 |
Interest expense and other charges, net | (69,637 | ) |  | (66,824 | ) |  | (66,370 | )
Allowance for borrowed funds used during construction | 4,778 |  |  | 3,144 |  |  | 2,457 |
Income before income taxes | 205,145 |  |  | 229,113 |  |  | 217,131 |
Income taxes | 83,199 |  |  | 84,801 |  |  | 79,422 |
Net income | 121,946 |  |  | 144,312 |  |  | 137,709 |
Preferred stock dividends of subsidiaries | 915 |  |  | 915 |  |  | 915 |
Net income attributable to Hawaiian Electric | 121,031 |  |  | 143,397 |  |  | 136,794 |
Preferred stock dividends of Hawaiian Electric | 1,080 |  |  | 1,080 |  |  | 1,080 |
Net income for common stock | $ | 119,951 |  |  | $ | 142,317 |  |  | $ | 135,714 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Years ended December 31 | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
Net income for common stock | $ | 119,951 |  |  | $ | 142,317 |  |  | $ | 135,714 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives qualified as cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |
Effective portion of foreign currency hedge net unrealized losses arising during the period, net of tax benefits of nil, $179 and nil for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively | — |  |  | (281 | ) |  | — |
Reclassification adjustment to net income, net of taxes of $289, $110 and nil for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively | 454 |  |  | (173 | ) |  | — |
Retirement benefit plans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net gains (losses) arising during the period, net of (taxes) benefits of $(39,587), $27,153 and $(3,590) for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively | 63,105 |  |  | (42,631 | ) |  | 5,638 |
Adjustment for amortization of prior service credit and net losses recognized during the period in net periodic benefit cost, net of tax benefits of $9,221, $8,442 and $12,981 for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively | 14,477 |  |  | 13,254 |  |  | 20,381 |
Reclassification adjustment for impact of D&Os of the PUC included in regulatory assets, net of (taxes) benefits of $49,523, $(18,206) and $16,011 for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively | (78,724 | ) |  | 28,584 |  |  | (25,139 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes | (688 | ) |  | (1,247 | ) |  | 880 |
Comprehensive income attributable to Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. | $ | 119,263 |  |  | $ | 141,070 |  |  | $ | 136,594 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
94

Consolidated Balance Sheets

Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. and Subsidiaries

December 31 | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment |  |  |
Utility property, plant and equipment |  |  |  |  |
Land | $ | 53,177 |  |  | $ | 53,153 |
Plant and equipment | 6,946,563 |  |  | 6,605,732 |
Less accumulated depreciation | (2,476,352 | ) |  | (2,369,282 | )
Construction in progress | 283,239 |  |  | 211,742 |
Utility property, plant and equipment, net | 4,806,627 |  |  | 4,501,345 |
Nonutility property, plant and equipment, less accumulated depreciation of $1,251 as of December 31, 2017 and $1,232 as of December 31, 2016 | 7,580 |  |  | 7,407 |
Total property, plant and equipment, net | 4,814,207 |  |  | 4,508,752 |
Current assets |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | 12,517 |  |  | 74,286 |
Customer accounts receivable, net | 127,889 |  |  | 123,688 |
Accrued unbilled revenues, net | 107,054 |  |  | 91,693 |
Other accounts receivable, net | 7,163 |  |  | 5,233 |
Fuel oil stock, at average cost | 86,873 |  |  | 66,430 |
Materials and supplies, at average cost | 54,397 |  |  | 53,679 |
Prepayments and other | 25,355 |  |  | 23,100 |
Regulatory assets | 88,390 |  |  | 66,032 |
Total current assets | 509,638 |  |  | 504,141 |
Other long-term assets |  |  |  |  |
Regulatory assets | 780,907 |  |  | 891,419 |
Unamortized debt expense | 611 |  |  | 208 |
Other | 90,918 |  |  | 70,908 |
Total other long-term assets | 872,436 |  |  | 962,535 |
Total assets | $ | 6,196,281 |  |  | $ | 5,975,428 |
Capitalization and liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Capitalization (see Consolidated Statements of Capitalization) |  |  |  |  |
Common stock equity | $ | 1,845,283 |  |  | $ | 1,799,787 |
Cumulative preferred stock – not subject to mandatory redemption | 34,293 |  |  | 34,293 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 3) |  |  |  |  |
Long-term debt, net | 1,318,516 |  |  | 1,319,260 |
Total capitalization | 3,198,092 |  |  | 3,153,340 |
Current liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Current portion of long-term debt | 49,963 |  |  | — |
Short-term borrowings from non-affiliate | 4,999 |  |  | — |
Accounts payable | 159,610 |  |  | 117,814 |
Interest and preferred dividends payable | 22,575 |  |  | 22,838 |
Taxes accrued, including revenue taxes | 199,101 |  |  | 172,730 |
Regulatory liabilities | 3,401 |  |  | 3,762 |
Other | 59,456 |  |  | 55,221 |
Total current liabilities | 499,105 |  |  | 372,365 |
Deferred credits and other liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Deferred income taxes | 394,041 |  |  | 733,659 |
Regulatory liabilities | 877,369 |  |  | 406,931 |
Unamortized tax credits | 90,369 |  |  | 88,961 |
Defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans liability | 472,948 |  |  | 599,726 |
Other | 98,689 |  |  | 76,921 |
Total deferred credits and other liabilities | 1,933,416 |  |  | 1,906,198 |
Contributions in aid of construction | 565,668 |  |  | 543,525 |
Total capitalization and liabilities | $ | 6,196,281 |  |  | $ | 5,975,428 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
95

Consolidated Statements of Capitalization

Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. and Subsidiaries

December 31 | 2017 |  | 2016
(dollars in thousands, except par value) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock of $6 2/3 par value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Authorized: 50,000,000 shares. Outstanding: 16,142,216 shares and |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
16,019,785 shares at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively |  |  | $ | 107,634 |  |  |  |  | $ | 106,818 |
Premium on capital stock |  |  | 614,675 |  |  |  |  | 601,491 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 1,124,193 |  |  |  |  | 1,091,800 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized losses on derivatives | — |  |  |  |  | (454 | ) |  |
Retirement benefit plans | (1,219 | ) |  | (1,219 | ) |  | 132 |  |  | (322 | )
Common stock equity |  |  | 1,845,283 |  |  |  |  | 1,799,787 |
Cumulative preferred stock not subject to mandatory redemption |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Authorized: 5,000,000 shares of $20 par value and 7,000,000 shares of $100 par value. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Series |  | Par Value |  |  |  | Shares outstanding December 31, 2017 and 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
(dollars in thousands, except par value and shares outstanding) |  |  |  |
C-4 1/4% |  | $ | 20 |  |  | (Hawaiian Electric) |  | 150,000 |  |  | $ | 3,000 |  |  | $ | 3,000 |
D-5% |  | 20 |  |  | (Hawaiian Electric) |  | 50,000 |  |  | 1,000 |  |  | 1,000 |
E-5% |  | 20 |  |  | (Hawaiian Electric) |  | 150,000 |  |  | 3,000 |  |  | 3,000 |
H-5 1/4% |  | 20 |  |  | (Hawaiian Electric) |  | 250,000 |  |  | 5,000 |  |  | 5,000 |
I-5% |  | 20 |  |  | (Hawaiian Electric) |  | 89,657 |  |  | 1,793 |  |  | 1,793 |
J-4 3/4% |  | 20 |  |  | (Hawaiian Electric) |  | 250,000 |  |  | 5,000 |  |  | 5,000 |
K-4.65% |  | 20 |  |  | (Hawaiian Electric) |  | 175,000 |  |  | 3,500 |  |  | 3,500 |
G-7 5/8% |  | 100 |  |  | (Hawaii Electric Light) |  | 70,000 |  |  | 7,000 |  |  | 7,000 |
H-7 5/8% |  | 100 |  |  | (Maui Electric) |  | 50,000 |  |  | 5,000 |  |  | 5,000 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,234,657 |  |  | 34,293 |  |  | 34,293 |

(continued)
96

Consolidated Statements of Capitalization (continued)

Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. and Subsidiaries

December 31 | 2017 |  | 2016
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
Long-term debt |  |  |  |  |
Obligations to the State of Hawaii for the repayment of Special Purpose Revenue Bonds (subsidiary obligations unconditionally guaranteed by Hawaiian Electric): |  |  |
3.10%, Refunding series 2017A, due 2026 | $ | 125,000 |  |  | $ | — |
4.00%, Refunding series 2017B, due 2037 | 140,000 |  |  | — |
3.25%, Refunding series 2015, due 2025 | 47,000 |  |  | 47,000 |
6.50%, Series 2009, due 2039 | 150,000 |  |  | 150,000 |
4.65%, Series 2007A, paid in 2017 | — |  |  | 140,000 |
4.60%, Refunding series 2007B, paid in 2017 | — |  |  | 125,000 |
Total obligations to the State of Hawaii | $ | 462,000 |  |  | $ | 462,000 |
Other long-term debt – unsecured: |  |  |  |  |
Taxable senior notes: |  |  |
4.31%, Series 2017A, due 2047 | $ | 50,000 |  |  | $ | — |
4.54%, Series 2016A, due 2046 | 40,000 |  |  | 40,000 |
5.23%, Series 2015A, due 2045 | 80,000 |  |  | 80,000 |
3.83%, Series 2013A, due 2020 | 14,000 |  |  | 14,000 |
4.45%, Series 2013A and 2013B, due 2022 | 52,000 |  |  | 52,000 |
4.84%, Series 2013A, 2013B and 2013C, due 2027 | 100,000 |  |  | 100,000 |
5.65%, Series 2013B and 2013C, due 2043 | 70,000 |  |  | 70,000 |
3.79%, Series 2012A, due 2018 | 50,000 |  |  | 50,000 |
4.03%, Series 2012B, due 2020 | 82,000 |  |  | 82,000 |
4.55%, Series 2012B and 2012C, due 2023 | 100,000 |  |  | 100,000 |
4.72%, Series 2012D, due 2029 | 35,000 |  |  | 35,000 |
5.39%, Series 2012E, due 2042 | 150,000 |  |  | 150,000 |
4.53%, Series 2012F, due 2032 | 40,000 |  |  | 40,000 |
Total taxable senior notes | 863,000 |  |  | 813,000 |
6.50 %, series 2004, Junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures, due 2034 | 51,546 |  |  | 51,546 |
Total other long-term debt – unsecured | 914,546 |  |  | 864,546 |
Total long-term debt | 1,376,546 |  |  | 1,326,546 |
Less unamortized debt issuance costs | 8,067 |  |  | 7,286 |
Less current portion long-term debt, net of unamortized debt issuance costs | 49,963 |  |  | — |
Long-term debt, net | 1,318,516 |  |  | 1,319,260 |
Total capitalization | $ | 3,198,092 |  |  | $ | 3,153,340 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
97

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Common Stock Equity

Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. and Subsidiaries

| Common stock |  | Premium on capital |  | Retained |  | Accumulated other comprehensive |  |
(in thousands) | Shares |  | Amount |  | stock |  | earnings |  | income (loss) |  | Total
Balance, December 31, 2014 | 15,805 |  |  | $ | 105,388 |  |  | $ | 578,938 |  |  | $ | 997,773 |  |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 1,682,144 |
Net income for common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 135,714 |  |  | — |  |  | 135,714 |
Other comprehensive income, net of taxes | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 880 |  |  | 880 |
Issuance of common stock, net of expenses | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8 | )
Common stock dividends | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (90,405 | ) |  | — |  |  | (90,405 | )
Balance, December 31, 2015 | 15,805 |  |  | 105,388 |  |  | 578,930 |  |  | 1,043,082 |  |  | 925 |  |  | 1,728,325 |
Net income for common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 142,317 |  |  | — |  |  | 142,317 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax benefits | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,247 | ) |  | (1,247 | )
Issuance of common stock, net of expenses | 215 |  |  | 1,430 |  |  | 22,561 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23,991 |
Common stock dividends | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (93,599 | ) |  | — |  |  | (93,599 | )
Balance, December 31, 2016 | 16,020 |  |  | 106,818 |  |  | 601,491 |  |  | 1,091,800 |  |  | (322 | ) |  | 1,799,787 |
Net income for common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 119,951 |  |  | — |  |  | 119,951 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax benefits | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (688 | ) |  | (688 | )
Reclass of AOCI for tax rate reduction impact | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 209 |  |  | (209 | ) |  | — |
Issuance of common stock, net of expenses | 122 |  |  | 816 |  |  | 13,184 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,000 |
Common stock dividends | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (87,767 | ) |  | — |  |  | (87,767 | )
Balance, December 31, 2017 | 16,142 |  |  | $ | 107,634 |  |  | $ | 614,675 |  |  | $ | 1,124,193 |  |  | $ | (1,219 | ) |  | $ | 1,845,283 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
98

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Years ended December 31 | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 121,946 |  |  | $ | 144,312 |  |  | $ | 137,709 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation of property, plant and equipment | 192,784 |  |  | 187,061 |  |  | 177,380 |
Other amortization | 8,498 |  |  | 6,935 |  |  | 8,939 |
Impairment of utility assets | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,021 |
Deferred income taxes | 38,037 |  |  | 74,386 |  |  | 75,626 |
Allowance for equity funds used during construction | (12,483 | ) |  | (8,325 | ) |  | (6,928 | )
Other | (1,066 | ) |  | (3,700 | ) |  | 6,516 |
Changes in assets and liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Decrease in accounts receivable | 2,914 |  |  | 8,551 |  |  | 23,727 |
Decrease (increase) in accrued unbilled revenues | (15,361 | ) |  | (7,184 | ) |  | 40,093 |
Decrease (increase) in fuel oil stock | (20,443 | ) |  | 4,786 |  |  | 34,830 |
Decrease (increase) in materials and supplies | (718 | ) |  | 750 |  |  | 2,821 |
Increase in regulatory assets | (17,256 | ) |  | (18,273 | ) |  | (24,182 | )
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable | 25,734 |  |  | (10,614 | ) |  | (54,555 | )
Change in prepaid and accrued income taxes, tax credits and revenue taxes | 29,862 |  |  | 2,123 |  |  | (63,096 | )
Increase in defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans liability | 604 |  |  | 484 |  |  | 1,125 |
Change in other assets and liabilities | (17,866 | ) |  | (11,375 | ) |  | (32,620 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities | 335,186 |  |  | 369,917 |  |  | 333,406 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures | (441,598 | ) |  | (320,437 | ) |  | (350,161 | )
Contributions in aid of construction | 64,733 |  |  | 30,100 |  |  | 40,239 |
Other | 4,578 |  |  | 2,138 |  |  | 1,140 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (372,287 | ) |  | (288,199 | ) |  | (308,782 | )
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock dividends | (87,767 | ) |  | (93,599 | ) |  | (90,405 | )
Preferred stock dividends of Hawaiian Electric and subsidiaries | (1,995 | ) |  | (1,995 | ) |  | (1,995 | )
Proceeds from issuance of common stock | 14,000 |  |  | 24,000 |  |  | — |
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt | 315,000 |  |  | 40,000 |  |  | 80,000 |
Funds transferred for redemption of special purpose revenue bonds | (265,000 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Net increase in short-term borrowings from non-affiliates and affiliate with original maturities of three months or less | 4,999 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other | (3,905 | ) |  | (287 | ) |  | (1,537 | )
Net cash used in financing activities | (24,668 | ) |  | (31,881 | ) |  | (13,937 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | (61,769 | ) |  | 49,837 |  |  | 10,687 |
Cash and cash equivalents, January 1 | 74,286 |  |  | 24,449 |  |  | 13,762 |
Cash and cash equivalents, December 31 | $ | 12,517 |  |  | $ | 74,286 |  |  | $ | 24,449 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
99

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1 · Summary of significant accounting policies

General

Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc. (HEI) is a holding company with direct and indirect subsidiaries principally engaged in electric utility and banking businesses, primarily in the State of Hawaii. HEI is the parent holding company of Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. (Hawaiian Electric) and indirect parent holding company of American Savings Bank, F. S. B. (ASB) and Hamakua Energy, LLC (Hamakua Energy). HEI’s common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange.
Hawaiian Electric and its wholly-owned operating subsidiaries, Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. (Hawaii Electric Light) and Maui Electric Company, Limited (Maui Electric), are regulated public electric utilities (collectively, the Utilities) in the business of generating, purchasing, transmitting, distributing and selling electric energy on all major islands in Hawaii other than Kauai. See Note 2.
ASB is a federally chartered savings bank providing a full range of banking services to individual and business customers through its branch system in Hawaii.
Hamakua Energy owns and operates a 60-megawatt (MW) combined-cycle power plant, which sells the power it produces only to Hawaii Electric Light.
Basis of presentation. In preparing the consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP), management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.
Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change for HEI and its subsidiaries (collectively, the Company) include the amounts reported for investment securities (ASB only); property, plant and equipment; pension and other postretirement benefit obligations; contingencies and litigation; income taxes; regulatory assets and liabilities (Utilities only); electric utility unbilled revenues (Utilities only); and allowance for loan losses (ASB only).
Consolidation. The HEI consolidated financial statements include the accounts of HEI and its subsidiaries, except for HECO Capital Trust III (Trust III), as the Company does not exercise control over Trust III. Hamakua Energy, LLC (which was formed in 2017) has been included in the HEI consolidated financial statements. The Hawaiian Electric consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Hawaiian Electric and its subsidiaries, except for Trust III. When HEI or Hawaiian Electric has a controlling financial interest in another entity (usually, majority voting interest), that entity is consolidated. Investments in companies over which the Company or the Utilities have the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, are accounted for using the equity method. The consolidated financial statements exclude variable interest entities (VIEs) when the Company or the Utilities are not the primary beneficiaries. Hawaiian Electric is not the primary beneficiary of Trust III, which is a VIE, and accounts for Trust III under the equity method. See Note 3 for information regarding unconsolidated VIEs. In general, intercompany amounts are eliminated in consolidation (see Note 2 for exceptions).
Cash and cash equivalents. The Utilities consider cash on hand, deposits in banks, money market accounts, certificates of deposit, short-term commercial paper of non-affiliates and liquid investments (with original maturities of three months or less) to be cash and cash equivalents. The Company considers the same items to be cash and cash equivalents as well as ASB’s deposits with the Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB), federal funds sold (excess funds that ASB loans to other banks overnight at the federal funds rate) and securities purchased under resale agreements.
Property, plant and equipment. Property, plant and equipment are reported at cost. Self-constructed electric utility plant includes engineering, supervision, administrative and general costs and an allowance for the cost of funds used during the construction period. These costs are recorded in construction in progress and are transferred to utility plant when construction is completed and the facilities are either placed in service or become useful for public utility purposes. Costs for betterments that make utility plant more useful, more efficient, of greater durability or of greater capacity are also capitalized. Upon the retirement or sale of electric utility plant, generally no gain or loss is recognized. The cost of the plant retired is charged to accumulated depreciation. Amounts collected from customers for cost of removal are included in regulatory liabilities. See discussion regarding “Utility projects” in Note 3.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Depreciation. Depreciation is computed primarily using the straight-line method over the estimated lives of the assets being depreciated. Electric utility plant additions in the current year are depreciated beginning January 1 of the following year in accordance with rate-making. Electric utility plant has lives ranging from 20 to 88 years for production plant, from 25 to 65 years for transmission and distribution plant and from 5 to 65 years for general plant. The Utilities’ composite annual depreciation rate, which includes a component for cost of removal, was 3.2% in 2017, 2016 and 2015.
Leases. HEI, the Utilities and ASB have entered into lease agreements for the use of equipment and office space. The provisions of some of the lease agreements contain renewal options.
HEI's consolidated operating lease expense was $20 million, $19 million and $18 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The Utilities' operating lease expense was $11 million, $10 million and $9 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. HEI's consolidated and the Utilities' future minimum lease payments are as follows:

(in millions) | HEI |  | Hawaiian Electric
2018 | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 6 |
2019 | 10 |  |  | 5 |
2020 | 8 |  |  | 5 |
2021 | 7 |  |  | 5 |
2022 | 4 |  |  | 3 |
Thereafter | 36 |  |  | 29 |
| $ | 76 |  |  | $ | 53 |

Retirement benefits. Pension and other postretirement benefit costs are charged primarily to expense and electric utility plant (in the case of the Utilities). Funding for the Company’s qualified pension plans (Plans) is based on actuarial assumptions adopted by the Pension Investment Committee administering the Plans. The participating employers contribute amounts to a master pension trust for the Plans in accordance with the funding requirements of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (ERISA), including changes promulgated by the Pension Protection Act of 2006, and considering the deductibility of contributions under the Internal Revenue Code. The Company generally funds at least the net periodic pension cost during the year, subject to limits and targeted funded status. Under a pension tracking mechanism approved by the Public Utilities Commission of the State of Hawaii (PUC), the Utilities generally will make contributions to the pension fund at the greater of the minimum level required under the law or net periodic pension cost.
Certain health care and/or life insurance benefits are provided to eligible retired employees and the employees’ beneficiaries and covered dependents. The Company generally funds the net periodic postretirement benefit costs other than pensions (except for executive life) for postretirement benefits other than pensions (OPEB), while maximizing the use of the most tax advantaged funding vehicles, subject to cash flow requirements and reviews of the funded status with the consulting actuary. The Utilities must fund OPEB costs as specified in the OPEB tracking mechanisms, which were approved by the PUC. Future decisions in rate cases could further impact funding amounts.
Environmental expenditures. The Company and the Utilities are subject to numerous federal and state environmental statutes and regulations. In general, environmental contamination treatment costs are charged to expense. Environmental costs are capitalized if the costs extend the life, increase the capacity, or improve the safety or efficiency of property; the costs mitigate or prevent future environmental contamination; or the costs are incurred in preparing the property for sale. Environmental costs are either capitalized or charged to expense when environmental assessments and/or remedial efforts are probable and the cost can be reasonably estimated. The Utilities review their sites and measure the liability quarterly by assessing a range of reasonably likely costs of each identified site using currently available information, including existing technology, presently enacted laws and regulations, experience gained at similar sites, and the probable level of involvement and financial condition of other potentially responsible parties.
Income taxes. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are established for the temporary differences between the financial reporting bases and the tax bases of the Company’s and the Utilities' assets and liabilities at federal and state tax rates expected to be in effect when such deferred tax assets or liabilities are realized or settled. As a result of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (Tax Act), the accumulated deferred income tax balances (ADIT) were adjusted in 2017 for the lower federal income tax rate expected to be in effect when the deferred tax assets or liabilities are realized or settled. See further discussion under "Recent tax developments" in Note 10. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred income tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.
The Utilities' investment tax credits are deferred and amortized over the estimated useful lives of the properties to which the credits relate, in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 980, “Regulated Operations.”
The Utilities are included in the consolidated income tax returns of HEI. However, income tax expense has been computed for financial statement purposes as if each utility filed a separate income tax return and Hawaiian Electric filed a consolidated Hawaiian Electric income tax return.
Governmental tax authorities could challenge a tax return position taken by the Company. If the Company’s position does not prevail, the Company’s results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected as the related deferred or current income tax asset might be impaired and charged to expense or an unanticipated tax liability might be incurred.
The Company and the Utilities use a “more-likely-than-not” recognition threshold and measurement standard for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return.
Fair value measurements. Fair value estimates are estimates of the price that would be received to sell an asset, or paid upon the transfer of a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value estimates are generally determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability and are based on market data obtained from independent sources. However, in certain cases, the Company and the Utilities use their own assumptions about market participant assumptions based on the best information available in the circumstances. These valuations are estimates at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information, information about the financial instrument and judgments regarding future expected loss experience, economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments and other factors. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result if the Company or the Utilities were to sell its entire holdings of a particular financial instrument at one time. Because no active trading market exists for a portion of the Company’s and the Utilities' financial instruments, fair value estimates cannot be determined with precision. Changes in the underlying assumptions used, including discount rates and estimates of future cash flows, could significantly affect the estimates. In addition, the tax ramifications related to the realization of the unrealized gains and losses could have a significant effect on fair value estimates, but have not been considered in making such estimates.
The Company and the Utilities group their financial assets measured at fair value in three levels outlined as follows:

Level 1: | Inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices, unadjusted, for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. A quoted price in an active market provides the most reliable evidence of fair value and is used to measure fair value whenever available.

Level 2: | Inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; or inputs to the valuation methodology that are derived principally from or can be corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.

Level 3: | Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement. Level 3 assets and liabilities include financial instruments whose value is determined using discounted cash flow methodologies, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation.

Classification in the hierarchy is based upon the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the asset or liability. For instruments classified in Level 1 and 2 where inputs are primarily based upon observable market data, there is less judgment applied in arriving at the fair value. For instruments classified in Level 3, management judgment is more significant due to the lack of observable market data.
The Company reviews and updates the fair value hierarchy classifications on a quarterly basis. Changes from one quarter to the next related to the observability of inputs in fair value measurements may result in a reclassification between the fair value hierarchy levels and are recognized based on period-end balances.
Fair value is also used on a nonrecurring basis to evaluate certain assets for impairment or for disclosure purposes. Examples of nonrecurring uses of fair value include mortgage servicing rights accounted for by the amortization method, loan impairments for certain loans, real estate acquired in settlement of loans, goodwill and asset retirement obligations (AROs).
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Earnings per share (HEI only). Basic earnings per share (EPS) is computed by dividing net income for common stock by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS is computed similarly, except that dilutive common shares for stock compensation and the equity forward transactions are added to the denominator.
Impairment of long-lived assets and long-lived assets to be disposed of. The Company and the Utilities review long-lived assets and certain identifiable intangibles for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value, less costs to sell.
Recent accounting pronouncements.
Stock compensation. In March 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-09, “Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting,” which simplifies several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions.
The Company adopted ASU No. 2016-09 in the first quarter of 2017. From January 1, 2017, all excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies are recognized as income tax expense or benefit in the income statement. From January 1, 2017, no excess tax benefits or deficiencies are included in determining the assumed proceeds under the treasury stock method of calculating diluted EPS. As of January 1, 2017, HEI adopted an accounting policy to account for forfeitures when they occur.
From January 1, 2017, HEI retrospectively applied the cashflow guidance for taxes paid (equivalent to the value of withheld shares for tax withholding purposes) and excess tax benefits. Excess tax benefits are classified along with other income tax cash flows as an operating activity and the cash payments made to taxing authorities on the employees’ behalf for withheld shares are classified as financing activities on the Company's consolidated statements of cash flows for all periods that are presented.
Goodwill impairment. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, “Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment.” Prior to the adoption of ASU No. 2017-04, an entity was required to perform a two-step test to determine the amount, if any, of goodwill impairment. In Step 1, an entity compared the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeded its fair value, the entity performed Step 2 and compared the implied fair value of goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill for that reporting unit. An impairment charge equal to the amount by which the carrying amount of goodwill for the reporting unit exceeded the implied fair value of that goodwill would then be recorded. ASU No. 2017-04 removes the second step of the test. An entity will apply a one-step quantitative test and record the amount of goodwill impairment as the excess of a reporting unit's carrying amount over its fair value. ASU No. 2017-04 does not amend the optional qualitative assessment of goodwill impairment.
The Company adopted ASU No. 2017-04 prospectively in the fourth quarter of 2017 and the adoption had no impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
Revenues from contracts with customers. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606).” The core principle of the guidance in ASU No. 2014-09 is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve that core principle, an entity should: (1) identify the contract/s with a customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (5) recognize revenue when, or as, the entity satisfies a performance obligation. ASU No. 2014-09 also requires disclosure of the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers.
As of December 31, 2017, the Company has identified its revenue streams from, and performance obligations related to, contracts with customers and has performed an analysis of these revenue streams for the impacts of Topic 606. The revenue subject to Topic 606 is largely the Utilities’ electric sales revenue and the Utilities’ and ASB’s fee income. The Company and Hawaiian Electric adopted ASU No. 2014-09 (and subsequently issued revenue-related ASUs) in the first quarter of 2018 using the modified retrospective approach with no impact on the timing or pattern of revenue recognition, but with impacts on the presentation of revenues. Also, expanded disclosures around the amount, timing, nature and uncertainty of revenues from contracts with customers will be presented.
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Financial instruments. In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, “Financial Instruments-Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities,” which, among other things:

• | Requires equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting, or those that result in consolidation of the investee) to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income.

• | Requires public business entities to use the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes.

• | Requires separate presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial asset (i.e., securities or loans and receivables).

• | Eliminates the requirement for public business entities to disclose the method(s) and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value that is required to be disclosed for financial instruments measured at amortized cost.

The Company adopted ASU No. 2016-01 in the first quarter of 2018 and expects changes to disclosures, but otherwise the impact of adoption is not material to the Company’s and Hawaiian Electric’s consolidated financial statements.
Cash flows. In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments,” which provides guidance on eight specific cash flow issues - debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs, settlement of zero-coupon debt instruments or other debt instruments with coupon interest rates that are insignificant in relation to the effective interest rate of the borrowing, contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims, proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance policies (including bank-owned life insurance policies), distributions received from equity method investees, beneficial interests in securitization transactions, and separately identifiable cash flows and application of the predominance principle.
The Company adopted ASU No. 2016-15 in the first quarter of 2018 using a retrospective transition method and the impact of adoption is not material to the Company’s and Hawaiian Electric’s consolidated statements of cash flows.
Restricted cash. In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash,” which requires that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents.
The Company adopted ASU No. 2016-18 in the first quarter of 2018 using a retrospective transition method and the impact of adoption is not material to the Company’s and Hawaiian Electric’s consolidated statements of cash flows.
Net periodic pension cost and net periodic postretirement benefit cost. In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-07, “Compensation-Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost,” which requires that an employer report the service cost component in the same line item or items as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by the pertinent employees during the period. It also requires the other components of net periodic pension cost (NPPC) and net periodic postretirement benefit cost (NPBC) as defined in paragraphs 715-30-35-4 and 715-60-35-9 to be presented in the income statement separately from the service cost component and outside a subtotal of income from operations. Additionally, only the service cost component is eligible for capitalization under GAAP, when applicable.
The Company adopted ASU No. 2017-07 in the first quarter of 2018: (1) retrospectively for the presentation in the income statement of the service cost component and the other components of NPPC and NPBC, and (2) prospectively for the capitalization in assets of the service cost component of NPPC and NPBC. HEI and ASB do not capitalize pension and OPEB costs.
In Settlement Agreements in the 2017 Hawaiian Electric and 2016 Hawaii Electric Light rate cases, Hawaiian Electric and Hawaii Electric Light, respectively, and the Consumer Advocate agreed to the deferral of the non-service cost components of NPPC and NPBC which would have been capitalized as part of the pension tracking mechanism. In the Hawaiian Electric Interim D&O, the PUC did not identify this item for further review, and Hawaiian Electric will follow the Settlement Agreement. Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric plan to seek PUC clarification to follow Hawaiian Electric’s treatment until rates are set in the next rate cases. The treatment under the Settlement Agreement will be followed beginning in 2018 until each utility’s next rate case. In the next rate cases, each utility’s future rates would include recovery of the deferred non-service cost components and seek to adopt the capitalization policy which reflects the requirements of ASU No. 2017-07 (i.e., only the service cost components of NPPC and NPBC will be capitalized).
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Thus, the adoption of ASU 2017-07 in the first quarter of 2018 does not have a net income impact.
Leases. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842),” which requires that lessees recognize a liability to make lease payments (the lease liability) and a right-of-use asset, representing its right to use the underlying asset for the lease term, for all leases (except short-term leases) at the commencement date. For leases with a term of 12 months or less, a lessee is permitted to make an accounting policy election and recognize lease expense for such leases generally on a straight-line basis over the lease term. For finance leases, a lessee is required to recognize interest on the lease liability separately from amortization of the right-of-use asset in the consolidated statements of income. For operating leases, a lessee is required to recognize a single lease cost, calculated so that the cost of the lease is allocated over the lease term on a generally straight-line basis.
The Company plans to adopt ASU No. 2016-02 in the first quarter of 2019 and has not yet determined the impact of adoption.
Credit losses. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” which is intended to improve financial reporting by requiring timelier recording of credit losses on loans and other financial instruments held by financial institutions and other organizations. ASU No. 2016-13 requires the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date (based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts) and enhanced disclosures to help financial statement users better understand significant estimates and judgments used in estimating credit losses, as well as the credit quality and underwriting standards of an organization’s portfolio. In addition, ASU No. 2016-13 amends the accounting for credit losses on available-for-sale (AFS) debt securities and purchased financial assets with credit deterioration. The other-than-temporary impairment model of accounting for credit losses on AFS debt securities will be replaced with an estimate of expected credit losses only when the fair value is below the amortized cost of the asset. The length of time the fair value of an AFS debt security has been below the amortized cost will no longer impact the determination of whether a credit loss exists. The AFS debt security model will also require the use of an allowance to record the estimated losses (and subsequent recoveries). The accounting for the initial recognition of the estimated expected credit losses for purchased financial assets with credit deterioration would be recognized through an allowance for credit losses with an offset to the cost basis of the related financial asset at acquisition (i.e., there is no impact to net income at initial recognition).
The Company plans to adopt ASU No. 2016-13 in the first quarter of 2020 and has not yet determined the impact of adoption.
Tax effects in AOCI. In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, “Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects From Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income,” which contains amendments that allow a reclassification from AOCI to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (Tax Act) and requires certain disclosures regarding the stranded tax effects.
The Company and the Utilities adopted ASU No. 2018-02 as of the beginning of the fourth quarter of 2017 and elected to reclassify the income tax effects of the Tax Act (i.e., the effect of the federal tax rate change only) of $7.4 million and $0.2 million, respectively, from AOCI to retained earnings. Other than this reclassification to retained earnings, the Company and the Utilities release the income tax effects in AOCI from AOCI when the specific AOCI items (e.g., on a security-by-security basis for ASB’s gains/losses on investment securities) are included in net income.

Electric utility

Regulation by the Public Utilities Commission of the State of Hawaii (PUC). The Utilities are regulated by the PUC and account for the effects of regulation under FASB ASC Topic 980, “Regulated Operations.” As a result, the Utilities’ financial statements reflect assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses based on current cost-based rate-making regulations. Their continued accounting under ASC Topic 980 generally requires that rates are established by an independent, third-party regulator; rates are designed to recover the costs of providing service; and it is reasonable to assume that rates can be charged to, and collected from, customers. Management believes the Utilities’ operations currently satisfy the ASC Topic 980 criteria. If events or circumstances should change so that those criteria are no longer satisfied, the Utilities expect that their regulatory assets, net of regulatory liabilities, would be charged to the statement of income in the period of discontinuance.
Accounts receivable. Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount. The Utilities generally assess a late payment charge on balances unpaid from the previous month. The allowance for doubtful accounts is the Utilities’ best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in the Utilities existing accounts receivable. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, the allowance for customer accounts receivable, accrued unbilled revenues and other accounts receivable was $1.2 million and $1.1 million, respectively.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Contributions in aid of construction. The Utilities receive contributions from customers for special construction requirements. As directed by the PUC, contributions are amortized on a straight-line basis over 30 to 55 years as an offset against depreciation expense.
Electric utility revenues. Electric utility revenues are based on rates authorized by the PUC. Revenues related to electric service are generally recorded when service is rendered and include revenues applicable to energy consumed in the accounting period but not yet billed to the customers. Under decoupling, electric utility revenues also incorporate: (1) monthly revenue balancing account (RBA) revenues or refunds for the difference between PUC-approved target revenues and recorded adjusted revenues, which delinks revenues from kilowatthour sales, (2) rate adjustment mechanism (RAM) revenues for escalation in certain operation and maintenance (O&M) expenses and rate base changes and (3) an earnings sharing mechanism, which reduces revenues between rate cases in the event the utility’s ratemaking return on average common equity (ROACE) exceeds the ROACE allowed in its most recent rate case. Under the decoupling tariff approved in 2011, the prior year accrued RBA revenues (regulatory asset) and the annual RAM amount are billed from June 1 of each year through May 31 of the following year, which is within 24 months following the end of the year in which they are recorded as required by the accounting standard for alternative revenue programs. See "Decoupling" discussion in Note 3 Electric Utility segment.
The rate schedules of the Utilities include energy cost adjustment clauses (ECACs) under which electric rates are adjusted for changes in the weighted-average price paid for fuel oil and certain components of purchased power, and the relative amounts of company-generated power and purchased power. The rate schedules also include purchased power adjustment clauses (PPACs) under which the remaining purchase power expenses are recovered through surcharge mechanisms. The amounts collected through the ECACs and PPACs are required to be reconciled quarterly.
The Utilities’ revenues include amounts for recovery of various Hawaii state revenue taxes. Revenue taxes are generally recorded as an expense in the year the related revenues are recognized. For 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Utilities’ revenues include recovery of revenue taxes of approximately $202 million, $187 million and $209 million, respectively, which amounts are in “Taxes, other than income taxes” expense. However, the Utilities pay revenue taxes to the taxing authorities based on (1) the prior year’s billed revenues (in the case of public service company taxes and PUC fees) in the current year or (2) the current year’s cash collections from electric sales (in the case of franchise taxes) after year end. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Utilities had recorded $115 million and $104 million, respectively, in “Taxes accrued, including revenue taxes” on the Utilities’ consolidated balance sheet for amounts previously collected from customers or accrued for public service company taxes and PUC fees, net of amounts paid to the taxing authorities. Such amounts will be used to pay public service company taxes and PUC fees owed for the following year.
Repairs and maintenance costs. Repairs and maintenance costs for overhauls of generating units are generally expensed as they are incurred.
Allowance for funds used during construction (AFUDC). AFUDC is an accounting practice whereby the costs of debt and equity funds used to finance plant construction are credited on the statement of income and charged to construction in progress on the balance sheet. If a project under construction is delayed for an extended period of time, AFUDC on the delayed project may be stopped after assessing the causes of the delay and probability of recovery.
The weighted-average AFUDC rate was 7.7% in 2017, 7.6% in 2016 and 7.6% in 2015, and reflected quarterly compounding.

Bank (HEI only)

Investment securities. Investments in debt and equity securities are classified as held-to-maturity (HTM), trading or available-for-sale (AFS). ASB determines the appropriate classification at the time of purchase. Debt securities that ASB intends to and has the ability to hold to maturity are classified as HTM securities and reported at amortized cost. Marketable debt and equity securities that are bought and held principally for the purpose of selling them in the near term are classified as trading securities and reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses included in earnings. Marketable debt and equity securities not classified as either HTM or trading securities are classified as AFS and reported at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses for AFS securities are excluded from earnings and reported on a net basis in accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) until realized.
Interest income is recorded on an accrual basis. Discounts and premiums on securities are accreted or amortized into interest income using the interest method over the remaining contractual lives of the agency obligation securities and the estimated lives of the mortgage-related securities adjusted for anticipated prepayments. ASB uses actual prepayment experience and estimates of future prepayments to determine the constant effective yield necessary to apply the interest method of income recognition. The discounts and premiums on the agency obligations portfolio are accreted or amortized on a prospective basis
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
using expected contractual cash flows. The discounts and premiums on the mortgage-related securities portfolio are accreted or amortized on a retrospective basis using changes in anticipated prepayments. This method requires a retrospective adjustment of the effective yield each time ASB changes the estimated life as if the new estimate had been known since the original acquisition date of the securities. Estimates of future prepayments are based on the underlying collateral characteristics and historic or projected prepayment behavior of each security. The specific identification method is used in determining realized gains and losses on the sales of securities.
For securities that are not trading securities, individual securities are assessed for impairment at least on a quarterly basis, and more frequently when economic or market conditions warrant. A security is impaired if the fair value of the security is less than its carrying value at the financial statement date. When a security is impaired, ASB determines whether this impairment is temporary or other-than-temporary. If ASB does not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security or there is a change in the expected cash flows, an OTTI exists. If ASB intends to sell the security, or will more likely than not be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost, the OTTI must be recognized in earnings. If ASB does not intend to sell the security, and it is not more likely than not that ASB will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost, the OTTI must be separated into the amount representing the credit loss and the amount related to all other factors. The amount of OTTI related to the credit loss is recognized in earnings, while the remaining OTTI is recognized in AOCI. Based on ASB's evaluation as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, there was no indicated impairment as the bank expects to collect the contractual cash flows for these investments.
Stock in Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) is carried at cost and is reviewed at least periodically for impairment, with valuation adjustments recognized in noninterest income.
Loans receivable. ASB carries loans receivable at amortized cost less the allowance for loan losses, loan origination fees (net of direct loan origination costs), commitment fees and purchase premiums and discounts. Interest on loans is credited to income as it is earned. Discounts and premiums are accreted or amortized over the life of the loans using the interest method.
Loan origination fees (net of direct loan origination costs) are deferred and recognized as an adjustment in yield over periods not exceeding the contractual life of the loan using the interest method or taken into income when the loan is paid off or sold. Nonrefundable commitment fees (net of direct loan origination costs, if applicable) received for commitments to originate or purchase loans are deferred and, if the commitment is exercised, recognized as an adjustment of yield over the life of the loan using the interest method. Nonrefundable commitment fees received for which the commitment expires unexercised are recognized as income upon expiration of the commitment.
Loans held for sale are stated at the lower of cost or estimated fair value on an aggregate basis. Premiums, discounts and net deferred loan fees are not amortized while a loan is classified as held for sale. A sale is recognized only when the consideration received is other than beneficial interests in the assets sold and control over the assets is transferred irrevocably to the buyer. Gains or losses on sales of loans are recognized at the time of sale and are determined by the difference between the net sales proceeds and the allocated basis of the loans sold.
Allowance for loan losses. ASB maintains an allowance for loan losses to absorb losses inherent in its loan portfolio. The level of allowance for loan losses is based on a continuing assessment of existing risks in the loan portfolio, historical loss experience, changes in collateral values and current conditions (e.g., economic conditions, real estate market conditions and interest rate environment). The allowance for loan losses is allocated to loan types using both a formula-based approach applied to groups of loans and an analysis of certain individual loans for impairment. The formula-based approach emphasizes loss factors primarily derived from actual historical default and loss rates, which are combined with an assessment of certain qualitative factors to determine the allowance amounts allocated to the various loan categories. Adverse changes in any of these factors could result in higher charge-offs and provision for loan losses.
ASB disaggregates its portfolio loans into portfolio segments for purposes of determining the allowance for loan losses. Commercial and commercial real estate loans are defined as non-homogeneous loans and ASB utilizes a risk rating system for evaluating the credit quality of the loans. Loans are rated based on the degree of risk at origination and periodically thereafter, as appropriate. Values are applied separately to the probability of default (borrower risk) and loss given default (transaction risk). ASB’s credit review department performs an evaluation of these loan portfolios to ensure compliance with the internal risk rating system and timeliness of rating changes. Non-homogeneous loans are categorized into the regulatory asset quality classifications-Pass, Special Mention, Substandard, Doubtful, and Loss based on credit quality. For loans classified as substandard, an analysis is done to determine if the loan is impaired. A loan is deemed impaired when it is probable that ASB will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the original contractual terms of the loan agreement. Once a loan is deemed impaired, ASB applies a valuation methodology to determine whether there is an impairment shortfall. The measurement of impairment may be based on (i) the present value of the expected future cash flows of the impaired loan
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate, (ii) the observable market price of the impaired loan, or (iii) the fair value of the collateral, net of costs to sell. For all loans collateralized by real estate whose repayment is dependent on the sale of the underlying collateral property, ASB measures impairment by utilizing the fair value of the collateral, net of costs to sell; for other loans that are not considered collateral dependent, generally the discounted cash flow method is used to measure impairment. For loans collateralized by real estate that are classified as troubled debt restructured loans, the present value of the expected future cash flows of the loans may also be used to measure impairment as these loans are expected to perform according to their restructured terms. Impairments are charged to the provision for loan losses and included in the allowance for loan losses. However, confirmed losses (uncollectible) are charged off, with the loan written down by the amount of the confirmed loss.
Residential, consumer and credit scored business loans are considered homogeneous loans, which are typically underwritten based on common, uniform standards, and are generally classified as to the level of loss exposure based on delinquency status. The homogeneous loan portfolios are stratified into individual products with common risk characteristics and segmented into various secured and unsecured loan product types. For the homogeneous portfolio, the quality of the loan is best indicated by the repayment performance of an individual borrower. ASB supplements performance data with external credit bureau data and credit scores such as the Fair Isaac Corporation (FICO) score on a quarterly basis. ASB has built portfolio loss models for each major segment based on the combination of internal and external data to predict the probability of default at the loan level.
ASB also considers the following qualitative factors for all loans in estimating the allowance for loan losses:

• | changes in lending policies and procedures;

• | changes in economic and business conditions and developments that affect the collectability of the portfolio;

• | changes in the nature, volume and terms of the loan portfolio;

• | changes in lending management and other relevant staff;

• | changes in loan quality (past due, non-accrual, classified loans);

• | changes in the quality of the loan review system;

• | changes in the value of underlying collateral;

• | effect of, and changes in the level of, any concentrations of credit; and

• | effect of other external and internal factors.

ASB’s methodology for determining the allowance for loan losses was generally based on historic loss rates using various look-back periods. In the second quarter of 2014, ASB implemented enhancements to the loss rate calculation for estimating the allowance for loan losses that included several refinements to determining the probability of default and the loss given default for the various segments of the loan portfolio that are more statistically sound than those previously employed. The result is an estimated loss rate established for each borrower. ASB also updated its measurement of the loss emergence period in the calculation of the allowance for loan losses. The loss emergence period is broadly defined as the period that it takes, on average, for the lender to identify the specific borrower and amount of loss incurred by the bank for a loan that has suffered from a loss-causing event.
In conjunction with the above enhancement, management also adopted an enhanced risk rating system for monitoring and managing credit risk in the non-homogeneous loan portfolios, that measures general creditworthiness at the borrower level. The numerical-based, risk rating “PD Model” takes into consideration fiscal year-end financial information of the borrower and identified financial attributes including retained earnings, operating cash flows, interest coverage, liquidity and leverage that demonstrate a strong correlation with default to assign default probabilities at the borrower level. In addition, a loss given default (LGD) value is assigned to each loan to measure loss in the event of default based on loan specific features such as collateral that mitigates the amount of loss in the event of default. Together the PD Model and LGD construct provide a more quantitative, data driven and consistent framework for measuring risk within the portfolio, on a loan by loan basis and for the ultimate collectability of each loan.
The reserve for unfunded commitments is maintained at a level believed by management to be sufficient to absorb estimated probable losses related to unfunded credit facilities and is included in accounts payable and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. The determination of the adequacy of the reserve is based upon an evaluation of the unfunded credit facilities, including an assessment of historical commitment utilization experience, credit risk grading and historical loss rates. This process takes into consideration the same risk elements that are analyzed in the determination of the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses, as discussed above. Net adjustments to the reserve for unfunded commitments are included in other noninterest expense in the consolidated statements of income.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The allowance for loan losses is based on currently available information and historical experience, and future adjustments may be required from time to time to the allowance for loan losses based on new information and changes that occur (e.g., due to changes in economic conditions, particularly in Hawaii). Actual losses could differ from management’s estimates, and these differences and subsequent adjustments could be material.
Nonperforming loans. Loans are generally placed on nonaccrual status when contractually past due 90 days or more, or earlier if the probability of collection is insufficient to warrant further accrual. All interest that is accrued but not collected is reversed. A loan may be returned to accrual status if (i) principal and interest payments have been brought current and repayment of the remaining contractual principal and interest is expected to be made, (ii) the loan has otherwise become well-secured and in the process of collection, or (iii) the borrower has been making regularly scheduled payments in full for the prior six months and it is reasonably assured that the loan will be brought fully current within a reasonable period. Cash receipts on nonaccruing loans are generally applied to reduce the unpaid principal balance.
Loans considered to be uncollectible are charged-off against the allowance for loan losses. The amount and timing of charge-offs on loans includes consideration of the loan type, length of delinquency, insufficiency of collateral value, lien priority and the overall financial condition of the borrower. Recoveries on loans previously charged-off are credited back to the allowance for loan losses. Loans that have been charged-off against the allowance for loan losses are periodically monitored to evaluate whether further adjustments to the allowance are necessary.
Loans in the commercial and commercial real estate portfolio are charged-off when the loan is risk rated “Doubtful” or “Loss.” The loan or a portion thereof is determined to be uncollectible after considering the borrower’s overall financial condition and collateral deficiency. A commercial or commercial real estate loan is considered uncollectible when: (a) the borrower is delinquent in principal or interest 90 days or more; (b) significant improvement in the borrower’s repayment capacity is doubtful; and/or (c) collateral value is insufficient to cover outstanding indebtedness and no other viable assets or repayment sources exist.
Loans in the residential mortgage and home equity portfolios are charged-off when the loan or a portion thereof is determined to be uncollectible after considering the borrower’s overall financial condition and collateral deficiency. Such loan is considered uncollectible when: (a) the borrower is delinquent in principal or interest 180 days or more; (b) it is probable that collateral value is insufficient to cover outstanding indebtedness and no other viable assets or repayment sources exist; (c) borrower’s debt is discharged in bankruptcy and the loan is not reaffirmed; or (d) in cases where ASB is in a subordinate position to other debt, the senior lien holder has foreclosed and ASB's junior lien is extinguished.
Other consumer loans are generally charged-off when the balance becomes 120 days delinquent.
Loans modified in a troubled debt restructuring. Loans are considered to have been modified in a troubled debt restructuring (TDR) when, due to a borrower’s financial difficulties, ASB makes concessions to the borrower that it would not otherwise consider for a non-troubled borrower. Modifications may include interest rate reductions, interest only payments for an extended period of time, protracted terms such as amortization and maturity beyond the customary length of time found in the normal market place, and other actions intended to minimize economic loss and to provide alternatives to foreclosure or repossession of collateral. Generally, a nonaccrual loan that has been modified in a TDR remains on nonaccrual status until the borrower has demonstrated sustained repayment performance for a period of six consecutive months. However, performance prior to the modification, or significant events that coincide with the modification, are included in assessing whether the borrower can meet the new terms and may result in the loan being returned to accrual status at the time of loan modification or after a shorter performance period. If the borrower’s ability to meet the revised payment schedule is uncertain, or there is reasonable doubt over the full collectability of principal and interest, the loan remains on nonaccrual status.
Real estate acquired in settlement of loans. ASB records real estate acquired in settlement of loans at fair value, less estimated selling expenses. ASB obtains appraisals based on recent comparable sales to assist management in estimating the fair value of real estate acquired in settlement of loans. Subsequent declines in value are charged to expense through a valuation allowance. Costs related to holding real estate are charged to operations as incurred.
Goodwill. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, the amount of goodwill was $82.2 million. The goodwill is with respect to ASB and is the Company’s only intangible asset with an indefinite useful life and is tested for impairment annually at December 31.
ASC Topic 350 "Intangibles-Goodwill and Other" (ASC 350) permits an entity to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not (that is, a likelihood of more than 50%) that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative impairment test. An entity has an unconditional option to bypass the qualitative assessment and proceed directly to performing the quantitative impairment
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
test. An entity shall assess relevant events and circumstances and determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount.
If, after assessing the totality of events or circumstances, an entity determines that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then the quantitative impairment test is unnecessary. ASB performed a qualitative analysis and determined that it was not more than likely than not that the fair value of ASB was less than its carrying amount and, accordingly, a quantitative impairment analysis was not considered necessary. For the three years ended December 31, 2017, there has been no impairment of goodwill.
Mortgage banking. Mortgage loans held for sale are stated at the lower of cost or estimated fair value on an aggregate basis. Premiums, discounts and net deferred loan fees are not amortized while a loan is classified as held for sale. A sale is recognized only when the consideration received is other than beneficial interests in the assets sold and control over the assets is transferred irrevocably to the buyer. Gains or losses on sales of loans are recognized at the time of sale and are determined by the difference between the net sales proceeds and the allocated basis of the loans sold. ASB is obligated to subsequently repurchase a loan if the purchaser discovers a standard representation or warranty violation such as noncompliance with eligibility requirements, customer fraud or servicing violations. This primarily occurs during a loan file review. ASB considers and records a reserve for loan repurchases if appropriate.
ASB recognizes a mortgage servicing asset when a mortgage loan is sold with servicing rights retained. This mortgage servicing right (MSR) is initially capitalized at its presumed fair value based on market data at the time of sale and accounted for in subsequent periods at the lower of amortized cost or fair value. Mortgage servicing assets or liabilities are included as a component of gain on sale of loans. Under ASC Topic 860, “Transfers and Servicing,” ASB amortizes the MSRs in proportion to and over the period of estimated net servicing income and assess for impairment at each reporting date.
ASB's MSRs are stratified based on predominant risk characteristics of the underlying loans including loan type such as fixed-rate 15 and 30 year mortgages and note rate in bands primarily of 50 to 100 basis points. For each stratum, fair value is calculated by discounting expected net income streams using discount rates that reflect industry pricing for similar assets. Expected net income streams are estimated based on industry assumptions regarding prepayment expectations and income and expenses associated with servicing residential mortgage loans for others.
ASB uses a present value cash flow model using techniques described above to estimate the fair value of MSRs. Because observable market prices with exact terms and conditions may not be readily available, ASB compares the fair value of MSRs to an estimated value calculated by an independent third-party on a semi-annual basis. The third-party relies on both published and unpublished sources of market related assumptions and their own experience and expertise to arrive at a value. ASB uses the third-party value only to assess the reasonableness of fair value generated by the valuation model.
Impairment is recognized through a valuation allowance for each stratum when the carrying amount exceeds fair value, with any associated provision recorded as a component of loan servicing fees included in "Revenues - bank" in the consolidated statements of income. A direct write-down is recorded when the recoverability of the valuation allowance is deemed to be unrecoverable.
Loan servicing fee income represents income earned for servicing mortgage loans owned by investors. It includes mortgage servicing fees and other ancillary servicing income, net of guaranty fees. Servicing fees are generally calculated on the outstanding principal balances of the loans serviced and are recorded as income when earned.
Tax credit investments. ASB invests in limited liability entities formed to operate qualifying affordable housing projects.
The affordable housing investments provide tax benefits to investors in the form of tax deductions from operating losses and tax credits. As a limited partner, ASB has no significant influence over the operations. These investments are initially recorded at the initial capital contribution with a liability recognized for the commitment to contribute additional capital over the term of the investment.
The Company uses the proportional amortization method of accounting for its investments. Under the proportional amortization method, the Company amortizes the cost of its investments in proportion to the tax credits and other tax benefits it receives. The amortization, tax credits and tax benefits are reported as a component of income tax expense.
For these limited liability entities, ASB assesses whether it is the primary beneficiary of the limited liability entity, which is a variable interest entity (VIE). The primary beneficiary of a VIE is determined to be the party that meets both of the following criteria: (i) has the power to make decisions that most significantly affect the economic performance of the VIE; and (ii) has the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that in either case could potentially be significant to the VIE.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Generally, ASB, as a limited partner, is not deemed to be the primary beneficiary as it does not meet the power criterion, i.e., no power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and no direct ability to unilaterally remove the general partner.
All tax credit investments are evaluated for potential impairment at least annually, or more frequently, when events or conditions indicate that it is deemed probable that ASB will not recover its investment. If an investment is determined to be impaired, it is written down to its estimated fair value and the new cost basis of the investment is not adjusted for subsequent recoveries in value. As of December 31, 2017, ASB did not have any impairment losses resulting from forfeiture or ineligibility of tax credits or other circumstances related to its low income housing tax credit (LIHTC) investments.
At December 31, 2017 and 2016, the carrying amount of qualifying affordable housing investments was $59.0 million and $47.1 million, respectively, and included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets.
ASB’s unfunded commitments to fund to its qualifying affordable housing investments were $15.8 million and $14.0 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. These unfunded commitments are unconditional and legally binding and are recorded in accounts payable and other liabilities with an increase in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets.
The table below summarizes the amounts in income tax expense related to ASB's investments in qualifying affordable housing projects:

Years ended December 31 | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amounts in income taxes related to investments in qualifying affordable housing projects |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization recognized in the provision for income taxes | $ | (7.4 | ) |  | $ | (5.8 | ) |  | $ | (5.4 | )
Tax credits and other tax benefits recognized in the provision for income taxes | 10.7 |  |  | 8.4 |  |  | 8.0 |
Net benefit to income tax expense | $ | 3.3 |  |  | $ | 2.6 |  |  | $ | 2.6 |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

2 · Segment financial information

The electric utility and bank segments are strategic business units of the Company that offer different products and services and operate in different regulatory environments. The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described for the Company in the summary of significant accounting policies, except as otherwise indicated and except that federal and state income taxes for each segment are calculated on a “stand-alone” basis. HEI evaluates segment performance based on net income. Each segment accounts for intersegment sales and transfers as if the sales and transfers were to third parties, that is, at current market prices. Intersegment revenues consist primarily of Hamakua Energy revenues, interest, rent and preferred stock dividends.

Electric utility

Hawaiian Electric and its wholly-owned operating subsidiaries, Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric, are public electric utilities in the business of generating, purchasing, transmitting, distributing and selling electric energy on all major islands in Hawaii other than Kauai, and are regulated by the PUC. The utility subsidiaries are aggregated within the electric utility segment because they: (1) are involved in the business of supplying electric energy in the same geographical location (i.e., the State of Hawaii), (2) have similar production processes that include electric generators (e.g., conventional oil-fired steam units and combustion turbines), (3) serve similar customers within their franchise territories (e.g., residential, commercial and industrial customers), (4) use similar electric grids to distribute the energy to their customers, (5) are regulated by the PUC and undergo similar rate-making processes, (6) have similar economic characteristics and (7) perform financial reporting oversight and management of the business at the consolidated level.

Bank

ASB is a federally chartered savings bank providing a full range of banking services to individual and business customers through its branch system in Hawaii. ASB is subject to examination and comprehensive regulation by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), and is subject to reserve requirements established by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.

Other

“Other” includes amounts for the holding companies (HEI and ASB Hawaii, Inc.), other subsidiaries not qualifying as reportable segments and intercompany eliminations.
Acquisition of Hamakua power plant. In September 2017, HEI formed new 100% owned subsidiaries--Pacific Current, LLC and its subsidiary Hamakua Holdings, LLC and its subsidiary, Hamakua Energy, LLC. On November 24, 2017, Hamakua Energy, LLC acquired Hamakua Energy Partners, L.P.’s 60-MW combined cycle power plant and other assets from affiliates of ArcLight Capital Partners, a private equity firm focused on energy infrastructure investments. The plant sells the power it produces only to Hawaii Electric Light under an existing power purchase agreement (PPA) that expires in 2030. On December 26, 2017, Hamakua Energy, LLC closed on $67 million of non-recourse project financing in the form of 4.02% senior secured notes due December 31, 2030.
Acquisition of a Solar + Storage Power Purchase Agreement (PPA). In November 2017, HEI, through its wholly-owned subsidiary Pacific Current, LLC, formed a new subsidiary, Mauo Holdings, LLC and its subsidiary Mauo, LLC. On February 2, 2018, Mauo, LLC executed definitive agreements to acquire a solar-plus-storage PPA for a multi-site, commercial-scale project that will provide 8.6 MW of solar capacity and 42.3 MWH of storage capacity on the islands of Maui and Oahu. The PPA has a 15-year term with an option to extend for an additional five years. The system will be constructed by a third party contractor under an Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) contract that was contemporaneously negotiated and executed by Mauo, LLC. The EPC contract provides a fixed price for the purchase of the completed system, a project completion schedule and performance obligations designed to match the requirements of the PPA. Mauo, LLC plans to fund the construction of the project with a construction facility that will be repaid at the commercial operation date (ultimately with cash from investment tax credits, state renewable tax credits and non-recourse project debt). The facilities are expected to be operational in 2019.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Segment financial information was as follows:

(in thousands) | Electric utility |  | Bank |  |  | Other |  |  | Total |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues from external customers | $ | 2,257,455 |  |  | $ | 297,640 |  |  | $ | 530 |  |  | $ | 2,555,625 |
Intersegment revenues (eliminations) | 111 |  |  | — |  |  | (111 | ) |  | — |
Revenues | 2,257,566 |  |  | 297,640 |  |  | 419 |  |  | 2,555,625 |
Depreciation and amortization | 201,282 |  |  | 19,416 |  |  | 1,300 |  |  | 221,998 |
Interest expense, net | 69,637 |  |  | 12,156 |  |  | 9,335 |  |  | 91,128 |
Income (loss) before income taxes | 205,145 |  |  | 98,716 |  |  | (27,281 | ) |  | 276,580 |
Income taxes (benefit) | 83,199 |  |  | 31,719 |  |  | (5,525 | ) |  | 109,393 |
Net income (loss) | 121,946 |  |  | 66,997 |  |  | (21,756 | ) |  | 167,187 |
Preferred stock dividends of subsidiaries | 1,995 |  |  | — |  |  | (105 | ) |  | 1,890 |
Net income (loss) for common stock | 119,951 |  |  | 66,997 |  |  | (21,651 | ) |  | 165,297 |
Capital expenditures | 441,598 |  |  | 53,272 |  |  | 317 |  |  | 495,187 |
Assets (at December 31, 2017) | 6,196,281 |  |  | 6,798,659 |  |  | 104,888 |  |  | 13,099,828 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues from external customers | $ | 2,094,224 |  |  | $ | 285,924 |  |  | $ | 506 |  |  | $ | 2,380,654 |
Intersegment revenues (eliminations) | 144 |  |  | — |  |  | (144 | ) |  | — |
Revenues | 2,094,368 |  |  | 285,924 |  |  | 362 |  |  | 2,380,654 |
Depreciation and amortization | 193,996 |  |  | 9,813 |  |  | 937 |  |  | 204,746 |
Interest expense, net | 66,824 |  |  | 12,755 |  |  | 8,979 |  |  | 88,558 |
Income before income taxes | 229,113 |  |  | 87,352 |  |  | 57,376 |  |  | 373,841 |
Income taxes | 84,801 |  |  | 30,073 |  |  | 8,821 |  |  | 123,695 |
Net income | 144,312 |  |  | 57,279 |  |  | 48,555 |  |  | 250,146 |
Preferred stock dividends of subsidiaries | 1,995 |  |  | — |  |  | (105 | ) |  | 1,890 |
Net income for common stock | 142,317 |  |  | 57,279 |  |  | 48,660 |  |  | 248,256 |
Capital expenditures | 320,437 |  |  | 9,394 |  |  | 212 |  |  | 330,043 |
Assets (at December 31, 2016) | 5,975,428 |  |  | 6,421,357 |  |  | 28,721 |  |  | 12,425,506 |
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues from external customers | $ | 2,335,135 |  |  | $ | 267,733 |  |  | $ | 114 |  |  | $ | 2,602,982 |
Intersegment revenues (eliminations) | 31 |  |  | — |  |  | (31 | ) |  | — |
Revenues | 2,335,166 |  |  | 267,733 |  |  | 83 |  |  | 2,602,982 |
Depreciation and amortization | 186,319 |  |  | 7,928 |  |  | 1,338 |  |  | 195,585 |
Interest expense, net | 66,370 |  |  | 11,326 |  |  | 10,780 |  |  | 88,476 |
Income (loss) before income taxes | 217,131 |  |  | 83,812 |  |  | (46,155 | ) |  | 254,788 |
Income taxes (benefit) | 79,422 |  |  | 29,082 |  |  | (15,483 | ) |  | 93,021 |
Net income (loss) | 137,709 |  |  | 54,730 |  |  | (30,672 | ) |  | 161,767 |
Preferred stock dividends of subsidiaries | 1,995 |  |  | — |  |  | (105 | ) |  | 1,890 |
Net income (loss) for common stock | 135,714 |  |  | 54,730 |  |  | (30,567 | ) |  | 159,877 |
Capital expenditures | 350,161 |  |  | 13,470 |  |  | 173 |  |  | 363,804 |
Assets (at December 31, 2015) | 5,672,210 |  |  | 6,014,755 |  |  | 95,053 |  |  | 11,782,018 |

Intercompany electricity sales of the Utilities to the bank and “other” segments are not eliminated because those segments would need to purchase electricity from another source if it were not provided by the Utilities and the profit on such sales is nominal.
Bank fees that ASB charges the Utilities and “other” segments are not eliminated because those segments would pay fees to another financial institution if they were to bank with another institution and the profit on such fees is nominal.
Hamakua Energy's profit on electricity sales to Hawaii Electric Light are not eliminated because profit on sales to regulated affiliates is not required to be eliminated because the PPA was approved by the PUC and it is probable that, through the
113

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
ratemaking process, future revenue from Hawaii Electric Light’s sale of the electricity will approximate its purchase price from Hamakua Energy under the PPA.

3 · Electric utility segment

Regulatory assets and liabilities. Regulatory assets represent deferred costs and accrued decoupling revenues which are expected to be recovered through rates over PUC-authorized periods. Generally, the Utilities do not earn a return on their regulatory assets; however, they have been allowed to recover interest on certain regulatory assets and to include certain regulatory assets in rate base. Regulatory liabilities represent amounts included in rates and collected from ratepayers for costs expected to be incurred in the future, or amounts collected in excess of costs incurred that are refundable to customers. For example, the regulatory liability for cost of removal in excess of salvage value represents amounts that have been collected from ratepayers for costs that are expected to be incurred in the future to retire utility plant. Generally, the Utilities include regulatory liabilities in rate base or are required to apply interest to certain regulatory liabilities. In the table below, noted in parentheses are the original PUC authorized amortization or recovery periods and, if different, the remaining amortization or recovery periods as of December 31, 2017 are noted.
Regulatory assets were as follows:

December 31 | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
Retirement benefit plans (balance primarily varies with plans’ funded statuses) | $ | 637,204 |  |  | $ | 745,367 |
Income taxes (1 to 55 years) | 118,201 |  |  | 90,100 |
Decoupling revenue balancing account and RAM regulatory asset (1 to 2 years) | 64,087 |  |  | 73,485 |
Unamortized expense and premiums on retired debt and equity issuances (19 to 30 years; 6 to 18 years remaining) | 11,993 |  |  | 12,299 |
Vacation earned, but not yet taken (1 year) | 11,224 |  |  | 10,970 |
Other (1 to 50 years; 1 to 46 years remaining) | 26,588 |  |  | 25,230 |
| $ | 869,297 |  |  | $ | 957,451 |
Included in: |  |  |  |  |
Current assets | $ | 88,390 |  |  | $ | 66,032 |
Long-term assets | 780,907 |  |  | 891,419 |
| $ | 869,297 |  |  | $ | 957,451 |

Regulatory liabilities were as follows:

December 31 | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
Cost of removal in excess of salvage value (1 to 60 years) | $ | 453,986 |  |  | $ | 394,072 |
Income taxes (1 to 55 years) | 406,324 |  |  | — |
Retirement benefit plans (5 years beginning with respective utility’s next rate case) | 9,961 |  |  | 10,824 |
Other (5 years; 1 to 2 years remaining) | 10,499 |  |  | 5,797 |
| $ | 880,770 |  |  | $ | 410,693 |
Included in: |  |  |
Current liabilities | $ | 3,401 |  |  | $ | 3,762 |
Long-term liabilities | 877,369 |  |  | 406,931 |
| $ | 880,770 |  |  | $ | 410,693 |

The regulatory asset and liability relating to retirement benefit plans was recorded as a result of pension and OPEB tracking mechanisms adopted by the PUC in rate case decisions for the Utilities in 2007 (see Note 8).
Major customers. The Utilities received 11% ($239 million), 11% ($226 million) and 11% ($265 million) of their operating revenues from the sale of electricity to various federal government agencies in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
Cumulative preferred stock. The following series of cumulative preferred stock are redeemable only at the option of the respective company at the following prices in the event of voluntary liquidation or redemption:
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

December 31, 2017 | Voluntary liquidation price |  | Redemption price
Series |  |  |  |  |
C, D, E, H, J and K (Hawaiian Electric) | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 21 |
I (Hawaiian Electric) | 20 |  |  | 20 |
G (Hawaii Electric Light) | 100 |  |  | 100 |
H (Maui Electric) | 100 |  |  | 100 |

Hawaiian Electric is obligated to make dividend, redemption and liquidation payments on the preferred stock of each of its subsidiaries if the respective subsidiary is unable to make such payments, but this obligation is subordinated to Hawaiian Electric's obligation to make payments on its own preferred stock.
Related-party transactions. HEI charged the Utilities $6.2 million, $6.5 million and $6.5 million for general management and administrative services in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The amounts charged by HEI to its subsidiaries for services provided by HEI employees are allocated primarily on the basis of time expended in providing such services.
From November 24, 2017 to December 31, 2017, Hamakua Energy, LLC (an indirect subsidiary of HEI) sold energy and capacity to Hawaii Electric Light (subsidiary of Hawaiian Electric and indirect subsidiary of HEI) under a PPA in the amount of $3 million.
Hawaiian Electric’s short-term borrowings totaled nil at December 31, 2017 and 2016. The interest charged on short-term borrowings from HEI is based on the lower of HEI’s or Hawaiian Electric’s effective weighted average short-term external borrowing rate. If both HEI and Hawaiian Electric do not have short-term external borrowings, the interest is based on the average of the effective rate for 30-day dealer-placed commercial paper quoted by the Wall Street Journal plus 0.15%.
Borrowings among the Utilities are eliminated in consolidation. Interest charged by HEI to Hawaiian Electric was not material for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.
Unconsolidated variable interest entities.
HECO Capital Trust III. Trust III was created and exists for the exclusive purposes of (i) issuing in March 2004 2,000,000 6.50% Cumulative Quarterly Income Preferred Securities, Series 2004 (2004 Trust Preferred Securities) ($50 million aggregate liquidation preference) to the public and trust common securities ($1.5 million aggregate liquidation preference) to Hawaiian Electric, (ii) investing the proceeds of these trust securities in 2004 Debentures issued by Hawaiian Electric in the principal amount of$31.5 million and issued by Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric each in the principal amount of $10 million, (iii) making distributions on these trust securities and (iv) engaging in only those other activities necessary or incidental thereto. The 2004 Trust Preferred Securities are mandatorily redeemable at the maturity of the underlying debt on March 18, 2034, which maturity may be extended to no later than March 18, 2053; and are currently redeemable at the issuer’s option without premium. The 2004 Debentures, together with the obligations of the Utilities under an expense agreement and Hawaiian Electric’s obligations under its trust guarantee and its guarantee of the obligations of Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric under their respective debentures, are the sole assets of Trust III. Taken together, Hawaiian Electric’s obligations under the Hawaiian Electric debentures, the Hawaiian Electric indenture, the subsidiary guarantees, the trust agreement, the expense agreement and trust guarantee provide, in the aggregate, a full, irrevocable and unconditional guarantee of payments of amounts due on the Trust Preferred Securities. Trust III has at all times been an unconsolidated subsidiary of Hawaiian Electric. Since Hawaiian Electric, as the holder of 100% of the trust common securities, does not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of Trust III nor the obligation to absorb their expected losses, if any, that could potentially be significant to the Trust III, Hawaiian Electric is not the primary beneficiary and does not consolidate Trust III in accordance with accounting rules on the consolidation of VIEs. Trust III’s balance sheet as of December 31, 2017 consisted of $51.5 million of 2004 Debentures; $50.0 million of 2004 Trust Preferred Securities; and $1.5 million of trust common securities. Trust III’s income statement for 2017 consisted of $3.4 million of interest income received from the 2004 Debentures; $3.3 million of distributions to holders of the Trust Preferred Securities; and $0.1 million of common dividends on the trust common securities to Hawaiian Electric. As long as the 2004 Trust Preferred Securities are outstanding, Hawaiian Electric is not entitled to receive any funds from Trust III other than pro-rata distributions, subject to certain subordination provisions, on the trust common securities. In the event of a default by Hawaiian Electric in the performance of its obligations under the 2004 Debentures or under its Guarantees, or in the event any of the Utilities elect to defer payment of interest on any of their respective 2004 Debentures, then Hawaiian Electric will be subject to a number of restrictions, including a prohibition on the payment of dividends on its common stock.
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Power purchase agreements. As of December 31, 2017, the Utilities had five PPAs for firm capacity and other PPAs with IPPs and Schedule Q providers (i.e., customers with cogeneration and/or power production facilities who buy power from or sell power to the Utilities), none of which is currently required to be consolidated as VIEs.
Pursuant to the current accounting standards for VIEs, the Utilities are deemed to have a variable interest in Kalaeloa Partners, L.P. (Kalaeloa), AES Hawaii, Inc. (AES Hawaii) and Hamakua Energy by reason of the provisions of the PPA that the Utilities have with the three IPPs. However, management has concluded that the Utilities are not the primary beneficiary of Kalaeloa, AES Hawaii and Hamakua Energy because the Utilities do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the three IPPs’ economic performance nor the obligation to absorb their expected losses, if any, that could potentially be significant to the IPPs. Thus, the Utilities have not consolidated Kalaeloa, AES Hawaii and Hamakua Energy in its consolidated financial statements. HEI, however, owns Hamakua Energy and consolidates it in the HEI consolidated financial statements.
For the other IPPs, the Utilities have concluded that the consolidation of the IPPs was not required because either the Utilities do not have variable interests in the IPPs due to the absence of obligation in the PPAs for the Utilities to absorb any variability of the IPPs, or the IPPs were either a “business” or “governmental organization,” and thus excluded from the scope of accounting standards for VIEs. Two IPPs of as-available energy declined to provide the information necessary for Utilities to determine the applicability of accounting standards for VIEs.
If information is ultimately received from the IPPs, a possible outcome of future analyses of such information is the consolidation of one or both of such IPPs in the Consolidated Financial Statements. The consolidation of any significant IPP could have a material effect on the Consolidated Financial Statements, including the recognition of a significant amount of assets and liabilities and, if such a consolidated IPP were operating at a loss and had insufficient equity, the potential recognition of such losses. If the Utilities determine they are required to consolidate the financial statements of such an IPP and the consolidation has a material effect, the Utilities would retrospectively apply accounting standards for VIEs.
Commitments and contingencies.
Fuel contracts. The Utilities have contractual agreements to purchase minimum quantities of low sulfur fuel oil (LSFO), industrial fuel oil (IFO), diesel fuel and biodiesel for multi-year periods, some through December 2019. Fossil fuel prices are tied to the market prices of crude oil and petroleum products in the Far East and U.S. West Coast and the biodiesel price is tied to the market prices of animal fat feedstocks in the U.S. West Coast and U.S. Midwest. Based on the average price per barrel as of December 31, 2017, the estimated cost of minimum purchases under the fuel supply contracts is $130 million in 2018 and $130 million in 2019. The actual cost of purchases in 2018 and future years could vary substantially from this estimate of minimum purchases as a result of changes in market prices, quantities actually purchased, entry into new supply contracts and/or other factors. The Utilities purchased $0.6 billion, $0.4 billion and $0.6 billion of fuel under contractual agreements in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
On February 18, 2016, the Utilities signed two fuel supply contracts with Chevron Products Company (Chevron) for: (1) Oahu’s LSFO and diesel (for purposes of blending with LSFO) to meet the Environmental Protection Agency’s Mercury and Air Toxic Standards; and (2) IFO, diesel and ultra-low sulfur diesel for Oahu, Maui, Molokai and the island of Hawaii. The contract began on January 1, 2017, terminates on December 31, 2019 and may automatically renew for annual terms thereafter unless terminated earlier by either party. Both of these fuel contracts were recently assigned by Chevron to Island Energy Services, LLC, a subsidiary of One Rock Capital Partners, L.P., who purchased Chevron’s Hawaii assets on November 1, 2016. Both of these fuel contracts replace prior fuel supply contracts with Chevron and Par Hawaii Refining, LLC (Par), which both expired on December 31, 2016.
Hawaii Electric Light also signed a contract with Chevron, now Island Energy Services, LLC, for terminalling services in Hilo, Hawaii for 2017 through 2019. The terminalling services were provided by Chevron as part of the fuel supply contract but as mentioned above, that contract expired December 31, 2016. Now Hilo terminalling services are contracted in a stand-alone contract.
The PUC approved all of the contracts with Chevron, now Island Energy Services, LLC. All of the costs incurred under these contracts are included in the Utilities’ respective Energy Cost Adjustment Clauses (ECACs) to the extent such costs are not recovered through the base rates.
Hawaiian Electric also has three contracts for biodiesel. Two of the contracts are with Pacific Biodiesel Technologies, LLC (PBT) and one contingency contract is in place with REG Marketing & Logistics, LLC (REG). PBT has agreed to supply biodiesel to Hawaiian Electric’s Campbell Industrial Park (CIP) generating facility through November 2018. While fuel is delivered to CIP, the contract provides that biodiesel can be trucked to the Honolulu International Airport Emergency Facility and to any other generating facility on Oahu owned by Hawaiian Electric. Hawaiian Electric intends to shift the biodiesel supply to Schofield generating station when that new facility comes online and as long as the PBT contract remains in effect.
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On October 27, 2017, Hawaiian Electric signed a new biodiesel supply contract with PBT that will replace the existing PBT contract in November 2018, upon PUC approval. PBT also has a spot buy contract with Hawaiian Electric to purchase additional quantities of biodiesel at or below the price of diesel. Very few purchases of “at parity” biodiesel have been purchased, however the contract remains in effect and was recently extended through June 2018.
Hawaiian Electric also has a contingency contract with REG. REG will supply biodiesel in the event PBT is unable to supply quantities above the contract maximum volume, should something unexpected occur. Hawaiian Electric did not purchase any biofuel from REG during 2016 and 2017. Hawaiian Electric has secured a one-year extension of this contract through November 2018.
The costs incurred under the Utilities’ biodiesel contracts are included in their respective ECACs, to the extent such costs are not recovered through the Utilities’ base rates.
The energy charge for energy purchased from Kalaeloa Partners, L.P. (Kalaeloa) under Hawaiian Electric’s purchase power agreement (PPA) with Kalaeloa is based in part on the price Kalaeloa pays PAR (formerly known as Hawaii Independent Energy, LLC) for LSFO in a fuel contract between the two parties.
The costs incurred for LSFO under Hawaiian Electric's fuel contract with Kalaeloa is included in Hawaiian Electric's ECAC, to the extent such costs are not recovered through base rates.
Contingencies. The Utilities are subject in the normal course of business to pending and threatened legal proceedings. Management does not anticipate that the aggregate ultimate liability arising out of these pending or threatened legal proceedings will be material to its financial position. However, the Utilities cannot rule out the possibility that such outcomes could have a material effect on the results of operations or liquidity for a particular reporting period in the future.
Interim increases. For the year ended December 31, 2017, the Utilities recognized $3 million of revenues with respect to interim orders related to general rate increase requests. Such amounts recorded are subject to refund, with interest, if they exceed amounts in a final order.
Power purchase agreements. Purchases from all IPPs were as follows:

Years ended December 31 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |
Kalaeloa |  | $ | 180 |  |  | $ | 152 |  |  | $ | 187 |
AES Hawaii |  | 140 |  |  | 149 |  |  | 134 |
HPOWER |  | 67 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 66 |
Puna Geothermal Venture |  | 38 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 29 |
Hamakua Energy |  | 35 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 44 |
Hawaiian Commercial & Sugar |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 8 |
Other IPPs |  | 127 |  |  | 133 |  |  | 126 |
Total IPPs |  | $ | 587 |  |  | $ | 563 |  |  | $ | 594 |

As of December 31, 2017, the Utilities had five firm capacity PPAs for a total of 551 megawatts (MW) of firm capacity. The PUC allows rate recovery for energy and firm capacity payments to IPPs under these agreements. Assuming that each of the agreements remains in place for its current term (and as amended) and the minimum availability criteria in the PPAs are met, aggregate minimum fixed capacity charges are expected to be approximately $0.1 billion per year for 2018 through 2022 and a total of $0.9 billion in the period from 2023 through 2048.
In general, the Utilities base their payments under the PPAs upon available capacity and actually supplied energy and they are generally not required to make payments for capacity if the contracted capacity is not available, and payments are reduced, under certain conditions, if available capacity drops below contracted levels. In general, the payment rates for capacity have been predetermined for the terms of the agreements. Energy payments will vary over the terms of the agreements. The Utilities pass on changes in the fuel component of the energy charges to customers through the ECAC in their rate schedules. The Utilities do not operate, or participate in the operation of, any of the facilities that provide power under the agreements. Title to the facilities does not pass to Hawaiian Electric or its subsidiaries upon expiration of the agreements, and the agreements do not contain bargain purchase options for the facilities.
Purchase power adjustment clause. The PUC has approved purchased power adjustment clauses (PPACs) for the Utilities. Purchased power capacity, O&M and other non-energy costs previously recovered through base rates are now
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recovered in the PPACs and, subject to approval by the PUC, such costs resulting from new purchased power agreements can be added to the PPACs outside of a rate case. Purchased energy costs continue to be recovered through the ECAC to the extent they are not recovered through base rates.
Kalaeloa Partners, L.P. In October 1988, Hawaiian Electric entered into a PPA with Kalaeloa, subsequently approved by the PUC, which provided that Hawaiian Electric would purchase 180 MW of firm capacity for a period of 25 years beginning in May 1991. In October 2004, Hawaiian Electric and Kalaeloa entered into amendments to the PPA, subsequently approved by the PUC, which together effectively increased the firm capacity from 180 MW to 208 MW.
Hawaiian Electric and Kalaeloa are in negotiations to address the PPA term that ended on May 23, 2016. The PPA automatically extends on a month-to-month basis as long as the parties are still negotiating in good faith, but would end 60 days after either party notifies the other in writing that negotiations have terminated. Hawaiian Electric and Kalaeloa have agreed that neither party will terminate the PPA prior to October 31, 2018. This agreement contemplates continued negotiations between the parties and accounts for time needed for PUC approval of a negotiated resolution.
AES Hawaii, Inc. Under a PPA entered into in March 1988, as amended (through Amendment No. 2), for a period of 30 years beginning September 1992, Hawaiian Electric agreed to purchase 180 MW of firm capacity from AES Hawaii. In August 2012, Hawaiian Electric filed an application with the PUC seeking an exemption from the PUC’s Competitive Bidding Framework to negotiate an amendment to the PPA to purchase 186 MW of firm capacity, and amend the energy pricing formula in the PPA. The PUC approved the exemption in April 2013, but Hawaiian Electric and AES Hawaii were not able to reach agreement on the amendment. In June 2015, AES Hawaii filed an arbitration demand regarding a dispute about whether Hawaiian Electric was obligated to buy up to 9 MW of additional capacity based on a 1992 letter. Hawaiian Electric responded to the arbitration demand and, in October 2015, AES Hawaii and Hawaiian Electric entered into a Settlement Agreement to stay the arbitration proceeding. The Settlement Agreement included certain conditions precedent which, if satisfied would have released the parties from the claims under the arbitration proceeding. Among the conditions precedent was the successful negotiation and PUC approval of an amendment to the existing PPA.
In November 2015, Hawaiian Electric entered into Amendment No. 3 for which PUC approval was requested and
subsequently denied in January 2017. Approval of Amendment No. 3 would have satisfied the final condition for effectiveness
of the Settlement Agreement and resolved AES Hawaii’s claims. Following the PUC’s decision, the parties agreed to extend the
stay of the arbitration proceeding while settlement discussions continued. In February 2018, Hawaiian Electric reached agreement with AES Hawaii on Amendment No. 4 which is subject to PUC approval. Amendment No. 4 among other things, provides, (1) that AES Hawaii will make certain operational commitments to improve reliability, (2) for inclusion of AES Hawaii in the Utilities’ greenhouse gas partnership, (3) provisions to allow AES Hawaii to reduce coal combustion by modifying its fuel consumption to include biomass upon approval, and (4) for release of an option agreement by Hawaiian Electric for land owned by AES Hawaii. Amendment No. 4 includes a stay of the arbitration proceeding pending review by the PUC. If approved by the PUC, Amendment No. 4 will resolve AES Hawaii’s claims.
Hu Honua Bioenergy, LLC. In May 2012, Hawaii Electric Light signed a PPA, which the PUC approved in December 2013, with Hu Honua Bioenergy, LLC (Hu Honua) for 21.5 MW of renewable, dispatchable firm capacity fueled by locally grown biomass from a facility on the island of Hawaii. Per the terms of the PPA, the Hu Honua plant was scheduled to be in service in 2016. However, Hu Honua encountered construction delays, failed to meet its obligations under the PPA and failed to provide adequate assurances that it could perform or had the financial means to perform. Hawaii Electric Light terminated the PPA on March 1, 2016. On November 30, 2016, Hu Honua filed a civil complaint in the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii that included claims purportedly arising out of the termination of Hu Honua’s PPA. On May 26, 2017, Hawaii Electric Light and Hu Honua entered into a settlement agreement that will settle all claims related to the termination of the original PPA. The settlement agreement was contingent on the PUC’s approval of an amended and restated PPA between Hawaii Electric Light and Hu Honua dated May 5, 2017. In July 2017, the PUC approved the amended and restated PPA. On August 25, 2017, the PUC’s approval was appealed by a third party. The appeal is still pending. Hu Honua is expected to be on-line by the end of 2018.
Utility projects. Many public utility projects require PUC approval and various permits from other governmental agencies. Difficulties in obtaining, or the inability to obtain, the necessary approvals or permits can result in significantly increased project costs or even cancellation of projects. In the event a project does not proceed, or if it becomes probable the PUC will disallow cost recovery for all or part of a project, or if PUC imposed caps on project costs are expected to be exceeded, project costs may need to be written off in amounts that could result in significant reductions in Hawaiian Electric’s consolidated net income.
Enterprise Resource Planning/Enterprise Asset Management (ERP/EAM) implementation project. On August 11, 2016, the PUC approved the Utilities’ request to commence the ERP/EAM implementation project, subject to certain conditions, including a $77.6 million cap on cost recovery as well as a requirement that the Utilities pass onto customers a
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minimum of $244 million in benefits associated with the system over its 12-year service life. The decision and order (D&O) approved the deferral of certain project costs and allowed the accrual of allowance for funds used during construction (AFUDC), but limited the AFUDC rate to 1.75%. Pursuant to the D&O and subsequent orders, in September 2017, the Utilities filed a bottom-up, low-level analysis of the project’s benefits and performance metrics and tracking mechanism for passing the project’s benefits on to customers.
On November 30, 2017, the PUC issued an order, which, among other things, directed the Utilities’ to file a position statement regarding the reasonableness of the project, a reworked low-level benefits analysis and initial details of the metrics that will be used to demonstrate the achievement of benefits. On December 18, 2017, the Utilities’ filed their response to the order, re-affirming the need for the project and guaranteed minimum level of $244 million in benefits to customers. The updated low-level benefits analysis provided in the response estimated total benefits to be as much as $256 million. The response further noted that in Hawaiian Electric’s 2017 test year rate case, Hawaiian Electric and the Consumer Advocate have agreed in principle to a “rate case-centric” approach for a benefits delivery mechanism pending PUC approval. On January 4, 2018, the Consumer Advocate filed a statement of position on the Utilities’ response, stating that it does not recommend revocation of the PUC’s prior conditional approval of the project or reductions to the previously ordered cost caps, and continues to recommend the use of a rate case-centric approach to facilitate pass through of the system’s benefits to customers. Monthly reports on the status and costs of the project continue to be filed.
The ERP/EAM Implementation Project is expected to go-live by October 1, 2018. As of December 31, 2017, the Project incurred costs of $35.3 million of which $6.7 million were charged to other operation and maintenance expense, $2.6 million relate to capital costs and $26.0 million are deferred costs.
Schofield Generating Station Project. In August 2012, the PUC approved a waiver from the competitive bidding framework to allow Hawaiian Electric to negotiate with the U.S. Army for the construction of a 50 MW utility-owned and operated firm, renewable and dispatchable generation facility at Schofield Barracks. In September 2015, the PUC approved Hawaiian Electric’s application to expend $167 million for the project. In approving the project, the PUC placed a cost cap of $167 million for the project, stated 90% of the cap is allowed for cost recovery through cost recovery mechanisms other than base rates, and stated the $167 million cap will be adjusted downward due to any reduction in the cost of the engine contract due to a reduction in the foreign exchange rate. Hawaiian Electric was required to take all necessary steps to lock in the lowest possible exchange rate. On January 5, 2016, Hawaiian Electric executed window forward contracts which lowered the cost of the engine contract by $9.7 million, resulting in a revised project cost cap of $157.3 million. Hawaiian Electric has received all of the major permits for the project, including a 35-year site lease from the U.S. Army. Construction of the facility began in October 2016, and the facility is expected to be placed in service in the second quarter of 2018. A request to recover the costs of the project and related operations and maintenance expense through the newly-established Major Project Interim Recovery (MPIR) adjustment mechanism is pending PUC approval. (See “Decoupling” section below for MPIR guidelines and capital cost recovery discussion.) Project costs incurred as of December 31, 2017 amounted to $121.6 million.
West Loch PV Project. In July 2016, Hawaiian Electric announced plans to build, own and operate a utility-owned, grid-tied 20-MW (ac) solar facility in conjunction with the Department of the Navy at a Navy/Air Force joint base. In June 2017, the PUC approved the expenditure of funds for the project, including Hawaiian Electric’s proposed project cost cap of $67 million and a performance guarantee to provide energy at 9.56 cents/KWH or less to the system. Project costs incurred as of December 31, 2017 amounted to $6.4 million.
In approving the project, the PUC agreed that the project is eligible for recovery of costs offset by related net benefits under the newly-established MPIR adjustment mechanism. (See “Decoupling” section below for MPIR guidelines and capital cost recovery discussion.) Hawaiian Electric provided supplemental materials in August 2017, as requested by the PUC, to support meeting the MPIR guidelines, accompanied by system performance guarantee and cost savings sharing mechanisms. A decision on these matters is pending.
Hawaiian Electric executed a fixed-price Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) contract for the project on December 5, 2017.
Hawaiian Telcom. The Utilities each have separate agreements for the joint ownership and maintenance of utility poles with Hawaiian Telcom, Inc. (Hawaiian Telcom), the respective county or counties in which each utility operates and other third parties, such as the State of Hawaii. The agreements set forth various circumstances requiring pole removal/installation/replacement and the sharing of costs among the joint pole owners. The agreements allow for the cost of work done by one joint pole owner to be shared by the other joint pole owners based on the apportionment of costs in the agreements. The Utilities have maintained, replaced and installed the majority of the jointly-owned poles in each of the respective service territories, and have billed the other joint pole owners for their respective share of the costs. The counties and the State have been reimbursing the Utilities for their share of the costs. However, Hawaiian Telcom has been delinquent in reimbursing the Utilities for its share of the costs.
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Hawaiian Electric has initiated a dispute resolution process to collect the unpaid amounts from Hawaiian Telcom as specified by the joint pole agreement. This dispute resolution process is stayed pending settlement negotiations. For Hawaii Electric Light, the agreement does not specify an alternative dispute resolution process, and thus a complaint for payment was filed with the Circuit Court in June 2016. This complaint is stayed pending settlement negotiations. Maui Electric has not yet commenced any legal action to recover the delinquent amounts. The Utilities and Hawaiian Telcom have entered into a non-binding memorandum of understanding to endeavor to negotiate agreements, subject to PUC approval, for purchase by the Utilities of Hawaiian Telcom’s interest in all the joint poles, with payment of the purchase price of such interest in the poles to be offset in part by the receivables owed by Hawaiian Telcom to the Utilities. As of December 31, 2017, total receivables under the joint pole agreement, including interest, from Hawaiian Telcom are $22.3 million ($15.0 million at Hawaiian Electric, $6.0 million at Hawaii Electric Light, and $1.3 million at Maui Electric). Management expects to prevail on these claims but has reserved for the accrued interest of $4.9 million on the receivables.
Environmental regulation. The Utilities are subject to environmental laws and regulations that regulate the operation of existing facilities, the construction and operation of new facilities and the proper cleanup and disposal of hazardous waste and toxic substances.
Hawaiian Electric, Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric, like other utilities, periodically encounter petroleum or other chemical releases into the environment associated with current or previous operations. The Utilities report and take action on these releases when and as required by applicable law and regulations. The Utilities believe the costs of responding to such releases identified to date will not have a material effect, individually or in the aggregate, on Hawaiian Electric’s consolidated results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.
Former Molokai Electric Company generation site. In 1989, Maui Electric acquired by merger Molokai Electric Company. Molokai Electric Company had sold its former generation site (Site) in 1983, but continued to operate at the Site under a lease until 1985. The EPA has since identified environmental impacts in the subsurface soil at the Site. Although Maui Electric never operated at the Site or owned the Site property, after discussions with the EPA and the DOH Maui Electric agreed to undertake additional investigations at the Site and an adjacent parcel that Molokai Electric Company had used for equipment storage (the Adjacent Parcel) to determine the extent of environmental contamination. A 2011 assessment by a Maui Electric contractor of the Adjacent Parcel identified environmental impacts, including elevated polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the subsurface soils. In cooperation with the DOH and EPA, Maui Electric is further investigating the Site and the Adjacent Parcel to determine the extent of impacts of PCBs, residual fuel oils, and other subsurface contaminants. Maui Electric has a reserve balance of $3.0 million as of December 31, 2017, representing the probable and reasonably estimated cost to complete the additional investigation and estimated cleanup costs at the Site and the Adjacent Parcel; however, final costs of remediation will depend on the results of continued investigation.
Pearl Harbor sediment study. In July 2014, the U.S. Navy notified Hawaiian Electric of the Navy’s determination that Hawaiian Electric is a Potentially Responsible Party responsible for cleanup of PCB contamination in sediment in the area offshore of the Waiau Power Plant as part of the Pearl Harbor Superfund Site. The Navy has also requested that Hawaiian Electric reimburse the costs incurred by the Navy to investigate the area. The Navy has completed a remedial investigation and a feasibility study (FS) for the remediation of contaminated sediment at several locations in Pearl Harbor and issued its Final FS Report on June 29, 2015. On February 2, 2016, the Navy released the Proposed Plan for Pearl Harbor Sediment Remediation and Hawaiian Electric submitted comments. The extent of the contamination, the appropriate remedial measures to address it and Hawaiian Electric’s potential responsibility for any associated costs have not been determined.
On March 23, 2015, Hawaiian Electric received a letter from the EPA requesting that Hawaiian Electric submit a work plan to assess potential sources and extent of PCB contamination onshore at the Waiau Power Plant. Hawaiian Electric submitted a sampling and analysis (SAP) work plan to the EPA and the DOH. Onshore sampling at the Waiau Power Plant was completed in two phases in December 2015 and June 2016. Appropriate remedial measures are being developed to address the extent of the onshore contamination, and any associated costs have not yet been determined.
As of December 31, 2017, the reserve account balance recorded by Hawaiian Electric to address the PCB contamination was $4.8 million. The reserve represents the probable and reasonably estimable cost to complete the onshore and offshore investigations and the remediation of PCB contamination in the offshore sediment. The final remediation costs will depend on the assessment of potential source control requirements, as well as the further investigation of contaminated sediment offshore from the Waiau Power Plant by the Navy.
Asset retirement obligations. AROs represent legal obligations associated with the retirement of certain tangible long-lived assets, are measured as the present value of the projected costs for the future retirement of specific assets and are recognized in the period in which the liability is incurred if a reasonable estimate of fair value can be made. The Utilities’ recognition of AROs have no impact on their earnings. The cost of the AROs is recovered over the life of the asset through depreciation.
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AROs recognized by the Utilities relate to legal obligations associated with the retirement of plant and equipment, including removal of asbestos and other hazardous materials.
The Utilities recorded AROs related to the removal of retired generating units at Hawaiian Electric’s Honolulu and Waiau power plants, certain types of transformers and underground storage tanks, and the abandonment of fuel pipelines, underground injection and supply wells. In 2017, for the retired generating unit removal projects, the AROs were reassessed (resulting in a downward revision in estimated cash flows), the removal projects were completed and the AROs were reduced to nil.
Changes to the ARO liability included in “Other liabilities” on Hawaiian Electric’s balance sheet were as follows:

(in thousands) | 2017 |  | 2016
Balance, January 1 | $ | 25,589 |  |  | $ | 26,848 |
Accretion expense | 10 |  |  | 10 |
Liabilities incurred | 5,370 |  |  | — |
Liabilities settled | (527 | ) |  | (1,269 | )
Revisions in estimated cash flows | (24,407 | ) |  | — |
Balance, December 31 | $ | 6,035 |  |  | $ | 25,589 |

The Utilities have not recorded AROs for assets that are expected to operate indefinitely or where the Utilities cannot estimate a settlement date (or range of potential settlement dates). As such ARO liabilities are not recorded for certain asset retirement activities, including various Utilities-owned generating facilities and certain electric transmission, distribution and telecommunications assets resulting from easements over property not owned by the Utilities.
Regulatory proceedings
Decoupling. Decoupling is a regulatory model that is intended to facilitate meeting the State of Hawaii’s goals to transition to a clean energy economy and achieve an aggressive renewable portfolio standard. The decoupling model implemented in Hawaii delinks revenues from sales and includes annual rate adjustments. The decoupling mechanism has three components: (1) a sales decoupling component via a revenue balancing account (RBA), (2) a revenue escalation component via a rate adjustment mechanism (RAM) and (3) an earnings sharing mechanism, which would provide for a reduction of revenues between rate cases in the event the utility exceeds the ROACE allowed in its most recent rate case. Decoupling provides for more timely cost recovery and earning on investments.
For the RAM years 2014 - 2016, Hawaiian Electric was allowed to record RAM revenue beginning on January 1 and to bill such amounts from June 1 of the applicable year through May 31 of the following year. Subsequent to 2016, Hawaiian Electric reverted to the RAM provisions initially approved in March 2011— i.e., RAM is both accrued and billed from June 1 of each year through May 31 of the following year, and RAM revenues for the year 2017 were approximately $20 million lower than 2016 as a result of the reversion.
2015 decoupling order. On March 31, 2015, the PUC issued an Order (the 2015 Decoupling Order) that modified the RAM portion of the decoupling mechanism to be capped at the lesser of the RAM revenue adjustment as then determined (based on an inflationary adjustment for certain O&M expenses and return on investment for certain rate base changes) and a RAM revenue adjustment calculated based on the cumulative annual compounded increase in Gross Domestic Product Price Index applied to annualized target revenues (the RAM Cap). The 2015 Decoupling Order provided a specific basis for calculating the target revenues until the next rate case, at which time the target revenues will reset upon the issuance of an interim or final D&O in a rate case. The triennial rate case cycle required under the decoupling mechanism continues to serve as the maximum period between the filing of general rate cases.
The RAM Cap impacted the Utilities' recovery of capital investments as follows:

• | Hawaiian Electric's RAM revenues were limited to the RAM Cap in 2015, 2016 and 2017.

• | Maui Electric's RAM revenues were limited to the RAM Cap in 2015 and 2016; however, the 2017 RAM revenues were below the RAM Cap.

• | Hawaii Electric Light’s RAM revenues were below the RAM Cap in 2015, 2016 and 2017.

2017 decoupling order. On April 27, 2017, the PUC issued an Order (the 2017 Decoupling Order) that required the establishment of specific performance incentive mechanisms and provided guidelines for interim recovery of revenues to support major projects placed in service between general rate cases.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Measurement of performance under the following performance incentive mechanisms began January 1, 2018:

• | Service Reliability Performance measured by System Average Interruption Duration and Frequency Indexes (penalties only). Target performance is based on each utility’s historical 10-year average performance with a deadband of one standard deviation. The maximum penalty for each performance index is 20 basis points applied to the common equity share of each respective utility’s rate base (or approximately $6 million penalty for both in total for the three utilities).

• | Call Center Performance measured by the percentage of calls answered within 30 seconds. Target performance is based on the annual average performance for each utility for the most recent 8 quarters with a deadband of 3% above and below the target. The maximum penalty or incentive is 8 basis points applied to the common equity share of each respective utility’s rate base (or approximately $1.2 million penalty or incentive in total for the three utilities).

The 2017 Decoupling Order also established guidelines for MPIR. Projects eligible for recovery through the MPIR adjustment mechanism are major projects (i.e., projects with capital expenditures net of customer contributions in excess of $2.5 million), including but not restricted to renewable energy, energy efficiency, utility scale generation, grid modernization and smaller qualifying projects grouped into programs for review. The MPIR adjustment mechanism provides the opportunity to recover revenues for net costs of approved eligible projects placed in service between general rate cases wherein cost recovery is limited by a revenue cap and is not provided by other effective recovery mechanisms. The request for PUC approval must include a business case and all costs that are allowed to be recovered through the MPIR adjustment mechanism shall be offset by any related benefits. The guidelines provide for accrual of revenues approved for recovery upon in-service date to be collected from customers through the annual RBA tariff. Capital projects which are not recovered through the MPIR would be included in the RAM and be subject to the RAM cap, until the next rate case when the utilities would request recovery in base rates.
In the 2017 Decoupling Order, the PUC indicated that, in pending and subsequent rate cases, the PUC intends to require all fuel expenses and purchased energy expenses be recovered through an appropriately modified energy cost adjustment mechanism rather than through base rates, and will consider adopting processes to periodically reset fuel efficiency measures embedded in the energy cost adjustment mechanism to account for changes in the generating system.
Annual decoupling filings. On March 31, 2017, the Utilities submitted to the PUC, their annual decoupling filings. Maui Electric amended its annual decoupling filing on May 22, 2017, to update and revise certain cost information. On May 31, 2017, the PUC approved the annual decoupling filings for tariffed rates that are effective from June 1, 2017 through May 31, 2018. The net annual incremental amounts to be collected (refunded) are as follows:

($ in millions) |  | Hawaiian Electric |  | Hawaii Electric Light |  | Maui Electric
2017 Annual incremental RAM adjusted revenues |  | $ | 12.7 |  |  | $ | 3.2 |  |  | $ | 1.6 |
Annual change in accrued RBA balance as of December 31, 2016 (and associated revenue taxes) (refunded) |  | $ | (2.4 | ) |  | $ | (2.5 | ) |  | $ | (0.2 | )
Net annual incremental amount to be collected under the tariffs |  | $ | 10.3 |  |  | $ | 0.7 |  |  | $ | 1.4 |

Most recent rate proceedings.
Hawaiian Electric consolidated 2014 and 2017 test year rate cases. On June 27, 2014, Hawaiian Electric submitted its 2014 test year rate case filing, stating that it intended to forgo the opportunity to seek a general rate increase in base rates. On December 16, 2016, Hawaiian Electric filed an application with the PUC for a general rate increase of $106.4 million over revenues at current effective rates, based on a 2017 test year and an 8.28% rate of return (which incorporated a ROACE of 10.6%).
On December 23, 2016, the PUC issued an order consolidating the Hawaiian Electric filings for the 2014 and 2017 test year rate cases. The order concluded that Hawaiian Electric's 2014 rate case filing did not comply with the requirement in the decoupling order that Hawaiian Electric file an application for a general rate case every three years.
On November 15, 2017, Hawaiian Electric and the Consumer Advocate filed a Stipulated Settlement Letter indicating that it had resolved all issues in this proceeding, except for the narrow issue on whether the stipulated ROACE should be reduced from 9.75% (by up to 25 basis points) based solely on the impact of decoupling. Hawaiian Electric and the Consumer Advocate also agreed to certain revisions to the ECAC tariff, including increasing the LSFO target sales heat rate, the pass-through of minor energy generation for 100% fuel recovery, and the removal of target heat rates for the company-owned minor energy composite costs for diesel and biodiesel fuel.
On December 15, 2017, the PUC issued an interim decision and order (Interim D&O), which approved the interim rate relief set forth in Hawaiian Electric’s statement of probable entitlement filed on November 17, 2017, including the ROR of
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
7.57% and the ROACE of 9.50% and a capital structure that includes 57% common equity, but made the following downward adjustments: (1) reduced (estimated to be approximately $6 million in revenue requirement) the pension regulatory asset (and increased the post-retirement benefits other than pension (OPEB) regulatory liability) (net pension regulatory asset) that have accrued under the PUC-approved tracking mechanisms since Hawaiian Electric’s last base rate increase in 2011 and the corresponding amortization expense, based on the PUC’s rationale that by Hawaiian Electric’s request to forego a base rate increase in the 2014 test year rate case, Hawaiian Electric relinquished a part of the recovery of the net pension regulatory asset that would have been recovered as a result of the 2014 rate case; (2) reduced (estimated to be approximately $5 million in revenue requirement) the pension contribution regulatory asset established in 2011 by $17.2 million and the corresponding amortization expense, based on a finding that Hawaiian Electric should have begun amortizing the regulatory asset on July 22, 2011, the date of the interim rate increase for Hawaiian Electric’s 2011 test year rate case; and (3) a “hold-back” of $5 million relating to baseline plant additions from 2014 through the 2017 test year, pending further examination of the prudence of Hawaiian Electric’s baseline plant additions. The interim D&O indicated that the PUC intends to further review Hawaiian Electric’s ROACE, Hawaiian Electric’s change in methodology for allocation of indirect costs, modifications to the ECAC and the components of target revenues used in the decoupling mechanism in the remainder of the proceeding.
Hawaiian Electric filed a motion for partial reconsideration of the Interim D&O, and on January 18, 2018, the PUC issued an Order (January 18 Order) irrevocably reversing the net pension regulatory asset adjustment in the Interim D&O, among other things, and instead imposed a hold back of $6 million of revenues, and indicated the PUC will verify whether the $6 million is the appropriate revenue reduction amount to benefit customers; however no further adjustment will be made to the net pension regulatory asset in the final D&O.
On January 11, 2018, the PUC issued an amended procedural order, which narrowed the statement of issues for the remainder of the proceeding and included the issue of what adjustments are necessary as a result of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (Tax Act). Evidentiary hearings are now scheduled for March 12 to 16, 2018.
On January 19, 2018, Hawaiian Electric submitted revised schedules and revised revenue requirements, reflecting the Interim D&O and January 18 Order. The revised revenues requirements, based on an overall rate of return of 7.57%, which reflects a capital structure that includes 57% common equity and ROACE for interim purposes of 9.5%, and the adjustments resulting from the Interim D&O, indicated an interim increase in revenues of $36 million. On February 9, 2018, the PUC approved Hawaiian Electric’s proposed interim schedules, reflecting an interim increase of $36 million, to be effective on February 16, 2018.
On February 14, 2018, the Parties and Participants filed simultaneous testimonies on the amended statement of issues. Hawaiian Electric’s testimonies proposed an increase of $15.6 million over revenues at current effective rates, which reflected an ROACE of 9.75%, an alternative proposed treatment of the pension contributions regulatory asset and the reduction of the corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% due to the Tax Act, and excluded any disallowance of baseline plant.
Maui Electric consolidated 2015 and 2018 test year rate cases. On December 30, 2014, Maui Electric submitted its 2015 test year rate case filing, proposing no change to its base rates. On June 9, 2017, Maui Electric filed a notice of intent with the PUC to file a general rate case application by December 30, 2017 for a 2018 test year. On August 4, 2017, the PUC issued an order consolidating the Maui Electric filings for the 2015 and 2018 test year rate cases. Similar to the PUC’s conclusion regarding Hawaiian Electric’s 2014 rate case filing, the order also found and concluded that Maui Electric’s 2015 rate case filing did not comply with the Mandatory Triennial Rate Case Cycle requirement in the decoupling order that Maui Electric file an application for a general rate case every three years. The order further stated that the PUC is not initiating an investigation/enforcement proceeding against Maui Electric regarding its compliance with the decoupling order, and the transfer and consolidation of Maui Electric’s 2015 rate case with the 2018 rate case is intended to ensure that ratepayers receive the attendant benefits of Maui Electric’s decision to voluntarily forgo a general rate increase in base rates for its mandated 2015 test year. The order stated that: “[T]he determination and disposition of any rates, accounts, adjustment mechanisms, and practices that would have been subject to review in the context of a 2015 test year rate case proceeding are subject to appropriate adjustment based on evidence and findings in the consolidated rate case proceeding.”
On October 12, 2017, Maui Electric filed its 2018 test year rate case application with the PUC for a general rate increase of $30.1 million over revenues at current effective rates (for a 9.3% increase in revenues) based on a 2018 test year and an 8.05% rate of return (which incorporates a ROACE of 10.6% and a capital structure that includes a 56.9% common equity capitalization) on a $473 million rate base. The requested rate increase is primarily to pay for operating costs, including system upgrades to increase reliability, integrate more renewable energy, and improve customer service. Further, Maui Electric requested that if a decision in a docket (filed in December 2016) seeking approval of new depreciation rates is rendered prior to new rates being established in the Maui Electric 2018 test year rate case, the new electric rates be based on the depreciation rates as a result of that docket. If the proposed depreciation rates are used to calculate Maui Electric’s 2018 test year revenue requirement, the requested revenue increase would be $46.6 million (14.3%) over revenues at current effective rates.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Maui Electric filed an exhibit with information responding to the PUC’s consolidation order, and explained why its forgoing of a general rate increase in the 2015 test year should not result in any further adjustments to Maui Electric’s revenue requirement in the 2018 test year.
On December 26, 2017, the PUC issued a procedural schedule that includes Maui Electric and the Consumer Advocate submitting statements of probable entitlement on June 25, 2018, an evidentiary hearing from July 16 to 20, 2018, and an interim D&O on August 13, 2018.
Hawaii Electric Light 2016 test year rate case. On September 19, 2016, Hawaii Electric Light filed an application with the PUC for a general rate increase of $19.3 million, based on an 8.44% rate of return (which incorporated a ROACE of 10.60%).
On July 11, 2017, Hawaii Electric Light and the Consumer Advocate filed a Stipulated Settlement Letter, which documented agreements reached with the Consumer Advocate on all of the issues in the proceeding, except for whether the stipulated ROACE should be reduced from 9.75% (by up to 25 basis points) based solely on the impact of decoupling, considering current circumstances and relevant precedents. On August 21, 2017, the PUC issued an order granting an interim rate increase of $9.9 million based on the Stipulated Settlement and an ROACE of 9.5% and subject to refund with interest, if it exceeds amounts allowed in a final order. The interim rate increase was implemented on August 31, 2017.
Tax Cuts and Jobs Act impact on utility rates. On January 26, 2018, the PUC issued an order opening a proceeding to investigate the impacts of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (Tax Act), naming multiple public utilities in Hawaii as parties to the proceeding. The order directed the parties to immediately begin tracking the impacts of the Tax Act, as of January 1, 2018, and to use deferred regulatory accounting practices, such as the use of regulatory assets and liabilities, to record the differences resulting from the Tax Act and what would have been recorded if the Tax Act did not go into effect. The order further stated that the PUC will provide further direction regarding final utility rate adjustments as a result of the Tax Act through subsequent orders in dockets outside of this proceeding (i.e., in rate cases or order to show cause proceedings).
In accordance with the order, on January 31, 2018, the Utilities filed estimated impacts of the Tax Act. The filing stated that the lower corporate income tax rate would decrease the Utilities’ income tax expense starting in 2018 and accordingly reduce the income tax expense, net of rate base impacts, in revenue requirements by approximately $28.0 million for Hawaiian Electric, $6.6 million for Hawaii Electric Light, and $2.5 million for Maui Electric. The filing stated that the Utilities would propose reflecting the reduction in income tax expense into rates through the Hawaiian Electric 2017 rate case interim increase, the Hawaii Electric Light 2016 rate case interim increase, and through a separate sur-credit in advance of the interim D&O in the Maui Electric 2018 rate case. The filing further provided estimates of the impacts on revenue requirements due to the amortization of the credit for excess accumulated deferred income taxes (ADIT) and the offsetting rate base impact of a decrease in ADIT from the loss of bonus depreciation and the loss of the exclusion from taxability of contributions in aid of construction received from governmental entities (included in the income tax expense impact above). The Utilities indicated that they will track all of these impacts and begin to roll them into rates at a future date, when the methodology of the return to customers is decided. The Utilities will consider additional tax items as the Internal Revenue Service and Joint Committee on Taxation issue additional guidance.
Consolidating financial information. Hawaiian Electric is not required to provide separate financial statements or other disclosures concerning Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric to holders of the 2004 Debentures issued by Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric to HECO Capital Trust III (Trust III) since all of their voting capital stock is owned, and their obligations with respect to these securities have been fully and unconditionally guaranteed, on a subordinated basis, by Hawaiian Electric. Consolidating information is provided below for Hawaiian Electric and each of its subsidiaries for the periods ended and as of the dates indicated.
Hawaiian Electric also unconditionally guarantees Hawaii Electric Light’s and Maui Electric’s obligations (a) to the State of Hawaii for the repayment of principal and interest on Special Purpose Revenue Bonds issued for the benefit of Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric, (b) under their respective private placement note agreements and the Hawaii Electric Light notes and Maui Electric notes issued thereunder (see Hawaiian Electric and Subsidiaries' Consolidated Statements of Capitalization) and (c) relating to the trust preferred securities of Trust III (see above under unconsolidated variable interest entities). Hawaiian Electric is also obligated, after the satisfaction of its obligations on its own preferred stock, to make dividend, redemption and liquidation payments on Hawaii Electric Light’s and Maui Electric’s preferred stock if the respective subsidiary is unable to make such payments.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Consolidating statement of income
Year ended December 31, 2017

(in thousands) | Hawaiian Electric |  | Hawaii Electric Light |  | Maui Electric |  | Other subsidiaries |  | Consolidating adjustments |  |  | Hawaiian Electric Consolidated
Revenues | $ | 1,598,504 |  |  | 333,467 |  |  | 325,678 |  |  | — |  |  | (83 | ) | [1] |  | $ | 2,257,566 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel oil | 408,204 |  |  | 63,894 |  |  | 115,670 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 587,768 |
Purchased power | 454,189 |  |  | 87,772 |  |  | 44,673 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 586,634 |
Other operation and maintenance | 279,440 |  |  | 66,277 |  |  | 72,193 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 417,910 |
Depreciation | 130,889 |  |  | 38,741 |  |  | 23,154 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 192,784 |
Taxes, other than income taxes | 152,933 |  |  | 31,184 |  |  | 30,832 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 214,949 |
Total expenses | 1,425,655 |  |  | 287,868 |  |  | 286,522 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,000,045 |
Operating income | 172,849 |  |  | 45,599 |  |  | 39,156 |  |  | — |  |  | (83 | ) |  |  | 257,521 |
Allowance for equity funds used during construction | 10,896 |  |  | 554 |  |  | 1,033 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12,483 |
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries | 38,057 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (38,057 | ) | [2] |  | — |
Interest expense and other charges, net | (48,277 | ) |  | (11,799 | ) |  | (9,644 | ) |  | — |  |  | 83 |  | [1] |  | (69,637 | )
Allowance for borrowed funds used during construction | 4,089 |  |  | 238 |  |  | 451 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,778 |
Income before income taxes | 177,614 |  |  | 34,592 |  |  | 30,996 |  |  | — |  |  | (38,057 | ) |  |  | 205,145 |
Income taxes | 56,583 |  |  | 13,912 |  |  | 12,704 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 83,199 |
Net income | 121,031 |  |  | 20,680 |  |  | 18,292 |  |  | — |  |  | (38,057 | ) |  |  | 121,946 |
Preferred stock dividends of subsidiaries | — |  |  | 534 |  |  | 381 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 915 |
Net income attributable to Hawaiian Electric | 121,031 |  |  | 20,146 |  |  | 17,911 |  |  | — |  |  | (38,057 | ) |  |  | 121,031 |
Preferred stock dividends of Hawaiian Electric | 1,080 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,080 |
Net income for common stock | $ | 119,951 |  |  | 20,146 |  |  | 17,911 |  |  | — |  |  | (38,057 | ) |  |  | $ | 119,951 |

Consolidating statement of comprehensive income
Year ended December 31, 2017

(in thousands) | Hawaiian Electric |  | Hawaii Electric Light |  | Maui Electric |  | Other subsidiaries |  | Consolidating adjustments |  |  | Hawaiian Electric Consolidated
Net income for common stock | $ | 119,951 |  |  | 20,146 |  |  | 17,911 |  |  | — |  |  | (38,057 | ) |  |  | $ | 119,951 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives qualified as cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reclassification adjustment to net income, net of taxes | 454 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 454 |
Retirement benefit plans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net gains arising during the period, net of taxes | 63,105 |  |  | 3,093 |  |  | 7,329 |  |  | — |  |  | (10,422 | ) | [1] |  | 63,105 |
Adjustment for amortization of prior service credit and net losses recognized during the period in net periodic benefit cost, net of tax benefits | 14,477 |  |  | 1,903 |  |  | 1,619 |  |  | — |  |  | (3,522 | ) | [1] |  | 14,477 |
Reclassification adjustment for impact of D&Os of the PUC included in regulatory assets, net of taxes | (78,724 | ) |  | (4,994 | ) |  | (9,003 | ) |  | — |  |  | 13,997 |  | [1] |  | (78,724 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes | (688 | ) |  | 2 |  |  | (55 | ) |  | — |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | (688 | )
Comprehensive income attributable to common shareholder | $ | 119,263 |  |  | 20,148 |  |  | 17,856 |  |  | — |  |  | (38,004 | ) |  |  | $ | 119,263 |

125

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Consolidating statement of income
Year ended December 31, 2016

(in thousands) | Hawaiian Electric |  | Hawaii Electric Light |  | Maui Electric |  | Other subsidiaries |  | Consolidating adjustments |  |  | Hawaiian Electric Consolidated
Revenues | $ | 1,474,384 |  |  | 311,385 |  |  | 308,705 |  |  | — |  |  | (106 | ) | [1] |  | $ | 2,094,368 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel oil | 305,359 |  |  | 55,094 |  |  | 94,251 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 454,704 |
Purchased power | 431,009 |  |  | 81,018 |  |  | 50,713 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 562,740 |
Other operation and maintenance | 273,176 |  |  | 63,897 |  |  | 68,460 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 405,533 |
Depreciation | 126,086 |  |  | 37,797 |  |  | 23,178 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 187,061 |
Taxes, other than income taxes | 141,615 |  |  | 29,017 |  |  | 29,230 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 199,862 |
Total expenses | 1,277,245 |  |  | 266,823 |  |  | 265,832 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,809,900 |
Operating income | 197,139 |  |  | 44,562 |  |  | 42,873 |  |  | — |  |  | (106 | ) |  |  | 284,468 |
Allowance for equity funds used during construction | 6,659 |  |  | 765 |  |  | 901 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,325 |
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries | 42,391 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (42,391 | ) | [2] |  | — |
Interest expense and other charges, net | (45,839 | ) |  | (11,555 | ) |  | (9,536 | ) |  |  |  | 106 |  | [1] |  | (66,824 | )
Allowance for borrowed funds used during construction | 2,484 |  |  | 294 |  |  | 366 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,144 |
Income before income taxes | 202,834 |  |  | 34,066 |  |  | 34,604 |  |  | — |  |  | (42,391 | ) |  |  | 229,113 |
Income taxes | 59,437 |  |  | 12,277 |  |  | 13,087 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 84,801 |
Net income | 143,397 |  |  | 21,789 |  |  | 21,517 |  |  | — |  |  | (42,391 | ) |  |  | 144,312 |
Preferred stock dividends of subsidiaries | — |  |  | 534 |  |  | 381 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 915 |
Net income attributable to Hawaiian Electric | 143,397 |  |  | 21,255 |  |  | 21,136 |  |  | — |  |  | (42,391 | ) |  |  | 143,397 |
Preferred stock dividends of Hawaiian Electric | 1,080 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,080 |
Net income for common stock | $ | 142,317 |  |  | 21,255 |  |  | 21,136 |  |  | — |  |  | (42,391 | ) |  |  | $ | 142,317 |

Consolidating statement of comprehensive income
Year ended December 31, 2016

(in thousands) | Hawaiian Electric |  | Hawaii Electric Light |  | Maui Electric |  | Other subsidiaries |  | Consolidating adjustments |  |  | Hawaiian Electric Consolidated
Net income for common stock | $ | 142,317 |  |  | 21,255 |  |  | 21,136 |  |  | — |  |  | (42,391 | ) |  |  | $ | 142,317 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives qualified as cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Effective portion of foreign currency hedge net unrealized losses arising during the period, net of tax benefits | (281 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (281 | )
Reclassification adjustment to net income, net of taxes | (173 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (173 | )
Retirement benefit plans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net losses arising during the period, net of tax benefits | (42,631 | ) |  | (5,141 | ) |  | (5,447 | ) |  | — |  |  | 10,588 |  | [1] |  | (42,631 | )
Adjustment for amortization of prior service credit and net losses recognized during the period in net periodic benefit cost, net of tax benefits | 13,254 |  |  | 1,718 |  |  | 1,549 |  |  | — |  |  | (3,267 | ) | [1] |  | 13,254 |
Reclassification adjustment for impact of D&Os of the PUC included in regulatory assets, net of taxes | 28,584 |  |  | 3,269 |  |  | 3,852 |  |  | — |  |  | (7,121 | ) | [1] |  | 28,584 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax benefits | (1,247 | ) |  | (154 | ) |  | (46 | ) |  | — |  |  | 200 |  |  |  | (1,247 | )
Comprehensive income attributable to common shareholder | $ | 141,070 |  |  | 21,101 |  |  | 21,090 |  |  | — |  |  | (42,191 | ) |  |  | $ | 141,070 |

126

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Consolidating statement of income
Year ended December 31, 2015

(in thousands) | Hawaiian Electric |  | Hawaii Electric Light |  | Maui Electric |  | Other subsidiaries |  | Consolidating adjustments |  |  | Hawaiian Electric Consolidated
Revenues | $ | 1,644,181 |  |  | 345,549 |  |  | 345,517 |  |  | — |  |  | (81 | ) | [1] |  | $ | 2,335,166 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel oil | 458,069 |  |  | 71,851 |  |  | 124,680 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 654,600 |
Purchased power | 440,983 |  |  | 97,503 |  |  | 55,610 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 594,096 |
Other operation and maintenance | 284,583 |  |  | 63,098 |  |  | 65,408 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 413,089 |
Depreciation | 117,682 |  |  | 37,250 |  |  | 22,448 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 177,380 |
Taxes, other than income taxes | 156,871 |  |  | 32,312 |  |  | 32,702 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 221,885 |
Total expenses | 1,458,188 |  |  | 302,014 |  |  | 300,848 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,061,050 |
Operating income | 185,993 |  |  | 43,535 |  |  | 44,669 |  |  | — |  |  | (81 | ) |  |  | 274,116 |
Allowance for equity funds used during construction | 5,641 |  |  | 604 |  |  | 683 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,928 |
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries | 42,920 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (42,920 | ) | [2] |  | — |
Interest expense and other charges, net | (45,899 | ) |  | (10,773 | ) |  | (9,779 | ) |  | — |  |  | 81 |  | [1] |  | (66,370 | )
Allowance for borrowed funds used during construction | 1,967 |  |  | 215 |  |  | 275 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,457 |
Income before income taxes | 190,622 |  |  | 33,581 |  |  | 35,848 |  |  | — |  |  | (42,920 | ) |  |  | 217,131 |
Income taxes | 53,828 |  |  | 12,292 |  |  | 13,302 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 79,422 |
Net income | 136,794 |  |  | 21,289 |  |  | 22,546 |  |  | — |  |  | (42,920 | ) |  |  | 137,709 |
Preferred stock dividends of subsidiaries | — |  |  | 534 |  |  | 381 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 915 |
Net income attributable to Hawaiian Electric | 136,794 |  |  | 20,755 |  |  | 22,165 |  |  | — |  |  | (42,920 | ) |  |  | 136,794 |
Preferred stock dividends of Hawaiian Electric | 1,080 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,080 |
Net income for common stock | $ | 135,714 |  |  | 20,755 |  |  | 22,165 |  |  | — |  |  | (42,920 | ) |  |  | $ | 135,714 |

Consolidating statement of comprehensive income
Year ended December 31, 2015

(in thousands) | Hawaiian Electric |  | Hawaii Electric Light |  | Maui Electric |  | Other subsidiaries |  | Consolidating adjustments |  |  | Hawaiian Electric Consolidated
Net income for common stock | $ | 135,714 |  |  | 20,755 |  |  | 22,165 |  |  | — |  |  | (42,920 | ) |  |  | $ | 135,714 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retirement benefit plans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net gains (losses) arising during the period, net of taxes | 5,638 |  |  | (2,710 | ) |  | (1,352 | ) |  | — |  |  | 4,062 |  | [1] |  | 5,638 |
Adjustment for amortization of prior service credit and net losses recognized during the period in net periodic benefit cost, net of tax benefits | 20,381 |  |  | 2,728 |  |  | 2,503 |  |  | — |  |  | (5,231 | ) | [1] |  | 20,381 |
Reclassification adjustment for impact of D&Os of the PUC included in regulatory assets, net of tax benefits | (25,139 | ) |  | 104 |  |  | (1,107 | ) |  | — |  |  | 1,003 |  | [1] |  | (25,139 | )
Other comprehensive income, net of taxes | 880 |  |  | 122 |  |  | 44 |  |  | — |  |  | (166 | ) |  |  | 880 |
Comprehensive income attributable to common shareholder | $ | 136,594 |  |  | 20,877 |  |  | 22,209 |  |  | — |  |  | (43,086 | ) |  |  | $ | 136,594 |

127

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Consolidating balance sheet
December 31, 2017

(in thousands) | Hawaiian Electric |  | Hawaii Electric Light |  | Maui Electric |  | Other subsidiaries |  | Consolidating adjustments |  |  | Hawaiian Electric Consolidated
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Utility property, plant and equipment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land | $ | 43,972 |  |  | 6,189 |  |  | 3,016 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | $ | 53,177 |
Plant and equipment | 4,492,568 |  |  | 1,299,920 |  |  | 1,154,075 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,946,563 |
Less accumulated depreciation | (1,451,612 | ) |  | (528,024 | ) |  | (496,716 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,476,352 | )
Construction in progress | 245,995 |  |  | 11,922 |  |  | 25,322 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 283,239 |
Utility property, plant and equipment, net | 3,330,923 |  |  | 790,007 |  |  | 685,697 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,806,627 |
Nonutility property, plant and equipment, less accumulated depreciation | 5,933 |  |  | 115 |  |  | 1,532 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,580 |
Total property, plant and equipment, net | 3,336,856 |  |  | 790,122 |  |  | 687,229 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,814,207 |
Investment in wholly-owned subsidiaries, at equity | 557,013 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (557,013 | ) | [2] |  | — |
Current assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | 2,059 |  |  | 4,025 |  |  | 6,332 |  |  | 101 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12,517 |
Advances to affiliates | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,000 |  |  | — |  |  | (12,000 | ) | [1] |  | — |
Customer accounts receivable, net | 86,987 |  |  | 22,510 |  |  | 18,392 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 127,889 |
Accrued unbilled revenues, net | 77,176 |  |  | 15,940 |  |  | 13,938 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 107,054 |
Other accounts receivable, net | 11,376 |  |  | 2,268 |  |  | 1,210 |  |  | — |  |  | (7,691 | ) | [1] |  | 7,163 |
Fuel oil stock, at average cost | 64,972 |  |  | 8,698 |  |  | 13,203 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 86,873 |
Materials and supplies, at average cost | 28,325 |  |  | 8,041 |  |  | 18,031 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 54,397 |
Prepayments and other | 17,928 |  |  | 4,514 |  |  | 2,913 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 25,355 |
Regulatory assets | 76,203 |  |  | 5,038 |  |  | 7,149 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 88,390 |
Total current assets | 365,026 |  |  | 71,034 |  |  | 93,168 |  |  | 101 |  |  | (19,691 | ) |  |  | 509,638 |
Other long-term assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Regulatory assets | 557,464 |  |  | 122,783 |  |  | 100,660 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 780,907 |
Unamortized debt expense | 436 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 98 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 611 |
Other | 59,721 |  |  | 16,234 |  |  | 14,963 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 90,918 |
Total other long-term assets | 617,621 |  |  | 139,094 |  |  | 115,721 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 872,436 |
Total assets | $ | 4,876,516 |  |  | 1,000,250 |  |  | 896,118 |  |  | 101 |  |  | (576,704 | ) |  |  | $ | 6,196,281 |
Capitalization and liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capitalization |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock equity | $ | 1,845,283 |  |  | 286,647 |  |  | 270,265 |  |  | 101 |  |  | (557,013 | ) | [2] |  | $ | 1,845,283 |
Cumulative preferred stock–not subject to mandatory redemption | 22,293 |  |  | 7,000 |  |  | 5,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 34,293 |
Long-term debt, net | 924,979 |  |  | 202,701 |  |  | 190,836 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,318,516 |
Total capitalization | 2,792,555 |  |  | 496,348 |  |  | 466,101 |  |  | 101 |  |  | (557,013 | ) |  |  | 3,198,092 |
Current liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current portion of long-term debt | 29,978 |  |  | 10,992 |  |  | 8,993 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 49,963 |
Short-term borrowings-non-affiliate | 4,999 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,999 |
Short-term borrowings-affiliate | 12,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12,000 | ) | [1] |  | — |
Accounts payable | 121,328 |  |  | 17,855 |  |  | 20,427 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 159,610 |
Interest and preferred dividends payable | 15,677 |  |  | 4,174 |  |  | 2,735 |  |  | — |  |  | (11 | ) | [1] |  | 22,575 |
Taxes accrued | 133,839 |  |  | 34,950 |  |  | 30,312 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 199,101 |
Regulatory liabilities | 607 |  |  | 1,245 |  |  | 1,549 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,401 |
Other | 43,121 |  |  | 9,818 |  |  | 14,197 |  |  | — |  |  | (7,680 | ) | [1] |  | 59,456 |
Total current liabilities | 361,549 |  |  | 79,034 |  |  | 78,213 |  |  | — |  |  | (19,691 | ) |  |  | 499,105 |
Deferred credits and other liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred income taxes | 281,223 |  |  | 56,955 |  |  | 55,863 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 394,041 |
Regulatory liabilities | 613,329 |  |  | 169,139 |  |  | 94,901 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 877,369 |
Unamortized tax credits | 59,039 |  |  | 16,167 |  |  | 15,163 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 90,369 |
Defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans liability | 340,983 |  |  | 66,447 |  |  | 65,518 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 472,948 |
Other | 61,738 |  |  | 19,276 |  |  | 17,675 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 98,689 |
Total deferred credits and other liabilities | 1,356,312 |  |  | 327,984 |  |  | 249,120 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,933,416 |
Contributions in aid of construction | 366,100 |  |  | 96,884 |  |  | 102,684 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 565,668 |
Total capitalization and liabilities | $ | 4,876,516 |  |  | 1,000,250 |  |  | 896,118 |  |  | 101 |  |  | (576,704 | ) |  |  | $ | 6,196,281 |

128

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Consolidating balance sheet
December 31, 2016

(in thousands) | Hawaiian Electric |  | Hawaii Electric Light |  | Maui Electric |  | Other subsidiaries |  | Consolidating adjustments |  |  | Hawaiian Electric Consolidated
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Utility property, plant and equipment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land | $ | 43,956 |  |  | 6,181 |  |  | 3,016 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | $ | 53,153 |
Plant and equipment | 4,241,060 |  |  | 1,255,185 |  |  | 1,109,487 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,605,732 |
Less accumulated depreciation | (1,382,972 | ) |  | (507,666 | ) |  | (478,644 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,369,282 | )
Construction in progress | 180,194 |  |  | 12,510 |  |  | 19,038 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 211,742 |
Utility property, plant and equipment, net | 3,082,238 |  |  | 766,210 |  |  | 652,897 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,501,345 |
Nonutility property, plant and equipment, less accumulated depreciation | 5,760 |  |  | 115 |  |  | 1,532 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,407 |
Total property, plant and equipment, net | 3,087,998 |  |  | 766,325 |  |  | 654,429 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,508,752 |
Investment in wholly-owned subsidiaries, at equity | 550,946 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (550,946 | ) | [2] |  | — |
Current assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | 61,388 |  |  | 10,749 |  |  | 2,048 |  |  | 101 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 74,286 |
Advances to affiliates | — |  |  | 3,500 |  |  | 10,000 |  |  | — |  |  | (13,500 | ) | [1] |  | — |
Customer accounts receivable, net | 86,373 |  |  | 20,055 |  |  | 17,260 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 123,688 |
Accrued unbilled revenues, net | 65,821 |  |  | 13,564 |  |  | 12,308 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 91,693 |
Other accounts receivable, net | 7,652 |  |  | 2,445 |  |  | 1,416 |  |  | — |  |  | (6,280 | ) | [1] |  | 5,233 |
Fuel oil stock, at average cost | 47,239 |  |  | 8,229 |  |  | 10,962 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 66,430 |
Materials and supplies, at average cost | 29,928 |  |  | 7,380 |  |  | 16,371 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 53,679 |
Prepayments and other | 16,502 |  |  | 5,352 |  |  | 2,179 |  |  | — |  |  | (933 | ) | [3] |  | 23,100 |
Regulatory assets | 60,185 |  |  | 3,483 |  |  | 2,364 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 66,032 |
Total current assets | 375,088 |  |  | 74,757 |  |  | 74,908 |  |  | 101 |  |  | (20,713 | ) |  |  | 504,141 |
Other long-term assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Regulatory assets | 662,232 |  |  | 120,863 |  |  | 108,324 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 891,419 |
Unamortized debt expense | 151 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 34 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 208 |
Other | 43,743 |  |  | 13,573 |  |  | 13,592 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 70,908 |
Total other long-term assets | 706,126 |  |  | 134,459 |  |  | 121,950 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 962,535 |
Total assets | $ | 4,720,158 |  |  | 975,541 |  |  | 851,287 |  |  | 101 |  |  | (571,659 | ) |  |  | $ | 5,975,428 |
Capitalization and liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capitalization |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock equity | $ | 1,799,787 |  |  | 291,291 |  |  | 259,554 |  |  | 101 |  |  | (550,946 | ) | [2] |  | $ | 1,799,787 |
Cumulative preferred stock–not subject to mandatory redemption | 22,293 |  |  | 7,000 |  |  | 5,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 34,293 |
Long-term debt, net | 915,437 |  |  | 213,703 |  |  | 190,120 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,319,260 |
Total capitalization | 2,737,517 |  |  | 511,994 |  |  | 454,674 |  |  | 101 |  |  | (550,946 | ) |  |  | 3,153,340 |
Current liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term borrowings-affiliate | 13,500 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (13,500 | ) | [1] |  | — |
Accounts payable | 86,369 |  |  | 18,126 |  |  | 13,319 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 117,814 |
Interest and preferred dividends payable | 15,761 |  |  | 4,206 |  |  | 2,882 |  |  | — |  |  | (11 | ) | [1] |  | 22,838 |
Taxes accrued | 120,176 |  |  | 28,100 |  |  | 25,387 |  |  | — |  |  | (933 | ) | [3] |  | 172,730 |
Regulatory liabilities | — |  |  | 2,219 |  |  | 1,543 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,762 |
Other | 41,352 |  |  | 7,637 |  |  | 12,501 |  |  | — |  |  | (6,269 | ) | [1] |  | 55,221 |
Total current liabilities | 277,158 |  |  | 60,288 |  |  | 55,632 |  |  | — |  |  | (20,713 | ) |  |  | 372,365 |
Deferred credits and other liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred income taxes | 524,433 |  |  | 108,052 |  |  | 100,911 |  |  | — |  |  | 263 |  | [1] |  | 733,659 |
Regulatory liabilities | 281,112 |  |  | 93,974 |  |  | 31,845 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 406,931 |
Unamortized tax credits | 57,844 |  |  | 15,994 |  |  | 15,123 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 88,961 |
Defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans liability | 444,458 |  |  | 75,005 |  |  | 80,263 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 599,726 |
Other | 49,191 |  |  | 13,024 |  |  | 14,969 |  |  | — |  |  | (263 | ) | [1] |  | 76,921 |
Total deferred credits and other liabilities | 1,357,038 |  |  | 306,049 |  |  | 243,111 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,906,198 |
Contributions in aid of construction | 348,445 |  |  | 97,210 |  |  | 97,870 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 543,525 |
Total capitalization and liabilities | $ | 4,720,158 |  |  | 975,541 |  |  | 851,287 |  |  | 101 |  |  | (571,659 | ) |  |  | $ | 5,975,428 |

129

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Consolidating statements of changes in common stock equity

(in thousands) | Hawaiian Electric |  | Hawaii Electric Light |  | Maui Electric |  | Other subsidiaries |  | Consolidating adjustments |  | Hawaiian Electric Consolidated
Balance, December 31, 2014 | $ | 1,682,144 |  |  | 281,846 |  |  | 256,692 |  |  | 101 |  |  | (538,639 | ) |  | $ | 1,682,144 |
Net income for common stock | 135,714 |  |  | 20,755 |  |  | 22,165 |  |  | — |  |  | (42,920 | ) |  | 135,714 |
Other comprehensive income, net of taxes | 880 |  |  | 122 |  |  | 44 |  |  | — |  |  | (166 | ) |  | 880 |
Issuance of common stock, net of expenses | (8 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (8 | )
Common stock dividends | (90,405 | ) |  | (10,021 | ) |  | (15,175 | ) |  | — |  |  | 25,196 |  |  | (90,405 | )
Balance, December 31, 2015 | $ | 1,728,325 |  |  | 292,702 |  |  | 263,725 |  |  | 101 |  |  | (556,528 | ) |  | $ | 1,728,325 |
Net income for common stock | 142,317 |  |  | 21,255 |  |  | 21,136 |  |  | — |  |  | (42,391 | ) |  | 142,317 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax benefits | (1,247 | ) |  | (154 | ) |  | (46 | ) |  | — |  |  | 200 |  |  | (1,247 | )
Issuance of common stock, net of expenses | 23,991 |  |  | (5 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | 23,991 |
Common stock dividends | (93,599 | ) |  | (22,507 | ) |  | (25,261 | ) |  | — |  |  | 47,768 |  |  | (93,599 | )
Balance, December 31, 2016 | $ | 1,799,787 |  |  | 291,291 |  |  | 259,554 |  |  | 101 |  |  | (550,946 | ) |  | $ | 1,799,787 |
Net income for common stock | 119,951 |  |  | 20,146 |  |  | 17,911 |  |  | — |  |  | (38,057 | ) |  | 119,951 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes | (688 | ) |  | 2 |  |  | (55 | ) |  | — |  |  | 53 |  |  | (688 | )
Issuance of common stock, net of expenses | 14,000 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 4,801 |  |  | — |  |  | (4,805 | ) |  | 14,000 |
Common stock dividends | (87,767 | ) |  | (24,796 | ) |  | (11,946 | ) |  | — |  |  | 36,742 |  |  | (87,767 | )
Balance, December 31, 2017 | $ | 1,845,283 |  |  | 286,647 |  |  | 270,265 |  |  | 101 |  |  | (557,013 | ) |  | $ | 1,845,283 |

130

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Consolidating statement of cash flows
Year ended December 31, 2017

(in thousands) | Hawaiian Electric |  | Hawaii Electric Light |  | Maui Electric |  | Other subsidiaries |  | Consolidating adjustments |  |  | Hawaiian Electric Consolidated
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 121,031 |  |  | 20,680 |  |  | 18,292 |  |  | — |  |  | (38,057 | ) | [2] |  | $ | 121,946 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries | (38,157 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 38,057 |  | [2] |  | (100 | )
Common stock dividends received from subsidiaries | 36,867 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (36,742 | ) | [2] |  | 125 |
Depreciation of property, plant and equipment | 130,889 |  |  | 38,741 |  |  | 23,154 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 192,784 |
Other amortization | 2,398 |  |  | 3,225 |  |  | 2,875 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,498 |
Deferred income taxes | 26,342 |  |  | 3,954 |  |  | 8,004 |  |  | — |  |  | (263 | ) | [1] |  | 38,037 |
Allowance for equity funds used during construction | (10,896 | ) |  | (554 | ) |  | (1,033 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (12,483 | )
Other | (1,154 | ) |  | 430 |  |  | (342 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,066 | )
Changes in assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Decrease (increase) in accounts receivable | 1,817 |  |  | (359 | ) |  | 45 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,411 |  | [1] |  | 2,914 |
Increase in accrued unbilled revenues | (11,355 | ) |  | (2,376 | ) |  | (1,630 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (15,361 | )
Increase in fuel oil stock | (17,733 | ) |  | (469 | ) |  | (2,241 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (20,443 | )
Decrease (increase) in materials and supplies | 1,603 |  |  | (661 | ) |  | (1,660 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (718 | )
Increase in regulatory assets | (8,395 | ) |  | (4,007 | ) |  | (4,854 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (17,256 | )
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable | 23,519 |  |  | (3,547 | ) |  | 5,762 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 25,734 |
Change in prepaid and accrued income taxes, tax credits and revenue taxes | 16,716 |  |  | 7,961 |  |  | 5,362 |  |  | — |  |  | (177 | ) | [1] |  | 29,862 |
Increase (decrease) in defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans liability | 709 |  |  | 52 |  |  | (157 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 604 |
Change in other assets and liabilities | (16,213 | ) |  | (433 | ) |  | 166 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,411 | ) | [1] |  | (17,891 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities | 257,988 |  |  | 62,637 |  |  | 51,743 |  |  | — |  |  | (37,182 | ) |  |  | 335,186 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures | (339,279 | ) |  | (52,077 | ) |  | (50,242 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (441,598 | )
Contributions in aid of construction | 57,527 |  |  | 4,293 |  |  | 2,913 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 64,733 |
Advances from (to) affiliates | — |  |  | 3,500 |  |  | (2,000 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,500 | ) | [1] |  | — |
Other | (1,711 | ) |  | 649 |  |  | 400 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,240 |  | [1], [2] |  | 4,578 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (283,463 | ) |  | (43,635 | ) |  | (48,929 | ) |  | — |  |  | 3,740 |  |  |  | (372,287 | )
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock dividends | (87,767 | ) |  | (24,796 | ) |  | (11,946 | ) |  | — |  |  | 36,742 |  | [2] |  | (87,767 | )
Preferred stock dividends of Hawaiian Electric and subsidiaries | (1,080 | ) |  | (534 | ) |  | (381 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,995 | )
Proceeds from issuance of common stock | 14,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,800 |  |  | — |  |  | (4,800 | ) | [2] |  | 14,000 |
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt | 202,000 |  |  | 28,000 |  |  | 85,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 315,000 |
Funds transferred for redemption of special purpose revenue bonds | (162,000 | ) |  | (28,000 | ) |  | (75,000 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (265,000 | )
Net increase in short-term borrowings from non-affiliates and affiliate with original maturities of three months or less | 3,499 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,500 |  | [1] |  | 4,999 |
Other | (2,506 | ) |  | (396 | ) |  | (1,003 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,905 | )
Net cash used in financing activities | (33,854 | ) |  | (25,726 | ) |  | 1,470 |  |  | — |  |  | 33,442 |  |  |  | (24,668 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | (59,329 | ) |  | (6,724 | ) |  | 4,284 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (61,769 | )
Cash and cash equivalents, January 1 | 61,388 |  |  | 10,749 |  |  | 2,048 |  |  | 101 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 74,286 |
Cash and cash equivalents, December 31 | $ | 2,059 |  |  | 4,025 |  |  | 6,332 |  |  | 101 |  |  | — |  |  |  | $ | 12,517 |

131

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Consolidating statement of cash flows
Year ended December 31, 2016

(in thousands) | Hawaiian Electric |  | Hawaii Electric Light |  | Maui Electric |  | Other subsidiaries |  | Consolidating adjustments |  |  | Hawaiian Electric Consolidated
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 143,397 |  |  | 21,789 |  |  | 21,517 |  |  | — |  |  | (42,391 | ) | [2] |  | $ | 144,312 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries | (42,491 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 42,391 |  | [2] |  | (100 | )
Common stock dividends received from subsidiaries | 47,843 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (47,768 | ) | [2] |  | 75 |
Depreciation of property, plant and equipment | 126,086 |  |  | 37,797 |  |  | 23,178 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 187,061 |
Other amortization | 2,979 |  |  | 1,817 |  |  | 2,139 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,935 |
Deferred income taxes | 54,721 |  |  | 7,027 |  |  | 12,661 |  |  | — |  |  | (23 | ) | [1] |  | 74,386 |
Allowance for equity funds used during construction | (6,659 | ) |  | (765 | ) |  | (901 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (8,325 | )
Other | (2,517 | ) |  | (750 | ) |  | (433 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,700 | )
Changes in assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Decrease (increase) in accounts receivable | 10,175 |  |  | (718 | ) |  | 1,776 |  |  | — |  |  | (2,682 | ) | [1] |  | 8,551 |
Increase in accrued unbilled revenues | (5,741 | ) |  | (1,033 | ) |  | (410 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (7,184 | )
Decrease in fuel oil stock | 2,216 |  |  | 81 |  |  | 2,489 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,786 |
Decrease (increase) in materials and supplies | 993 |  |  | (515 | ) |  | 272 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 750 |
Increase in regulatory assets | (16,161 | ) |  | (1,243 | ) |  | (869 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (18,273 | )
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable | (10,247 | ) |  | 768 |  |  | (1,135 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (10,614 | )
Change in prepaid and accrued income taxes, tax credits and revenue taxes | 2,933 |  |  | 2,645 |  |  | (3,478 | ) |  | — |  |  | 23 |  | [1] |  | 2,123 |
Increase (decrease) in defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans liability | 599 |  |  | 53 |  |  | (168 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 484 |
Change in other assets and liabilities | (11,682 | ) |  | (78 | ) |  | (2,272 | ) |  | — |  |  | 2,682 |  | [1] |  | (11,350 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities | 296,444 |  |  | 66,875 |  |  | 54,366 |  |  | — |  |  | (47,768 | ) |  |  | 369,917 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures | (236,425 | ) |  | (51,344 | ) |  | (32,668 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (320,437 | )
Contributions in aid of construction | 23,611 |  |  | 3,412 |  |  | 3,077 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 30,100 |
Advances from (to) affiliates | — |  |  | 12,000 |  |  | (2,500 | ) |  | — |  |  | (9,500 | ) | [1] |  | — |
Other | 1,932 |  |  | 175 |  |  | 31 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,138 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (210,882 | ) |  | (35,757 | ) |  | (32,060 | ) |  | — |  |  | (9,500 | ) |  |  | (288,199 | )
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock dividends | (93,599 | ) |  | (22,507 | ) |  | (25,261 | ) |  | — |  |  | 47,768 |  | [2] |  | (93,599 | )
Preferred stock dividends of Hawaiian Electric and subsidiaries | (1,080 | ) |  | (534 | ) |  | (381 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,995 | )
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock | 24,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 24,000 |
Proceeds from the issuance of long-term debt | 40,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 40,000 |
Net decrease in short-term borrowings from non-affiliates and affiliate with original maturities of three months or less | (9,500 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,500 |  | [1] |  | — |
Other | (276 | ) |  | (10 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (287 | )
Net cash used in financing activities | (40,455 | ) |  | (23,051 | ) |  | (25,643 | ) |  | — |  |  | 57,268 |  |  |  | (31,881 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 45,107 |  |  | 8,067 |  |  | (3,337 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 49,837 |
Cash and cash equivalents, January 1 | 16,281 |  |  | 2,682 |  |  | 5,385 |  |  | 101 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 24,449 |
Cash and cash equivalents, December 31 | $ | 61,388 |  |  | 10,749 |  |  | 2,048 |  |  | 101 |  |  | — |  |  |  | $ | 74,286 |

132

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Consolidating statement of cash flows
Year ended December 31, 2015

(in thousands) | Hawaiian Electric |  | Hawaii Electric Light |  | Maui Electric |  | Other subsidiaries |  | Consolidating adjustments |  |  | Hawaiian Electric Consolidated
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 136,794 |  |  | 21,289 |  |  | 22,546 |  |  | — |  |  | (42,920 | ) | [2] |  | $ | 137,709 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries | (43,020 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 42,920 |  | [2] |  | (100 | )
Common stock dividends received from subsidiaries | 25,296 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (25,196 | ) | [2] |  | 100 |
Depreciation of property, plant and equipment | 117,682 |  |  | 37,250 |  |  | 22,448 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 177,380 |
Other amortization | 4,678 |  |  | 2,124 |  |  | 2,137 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,939 |
Impairment of assets | 4,573 |  |  | 724 |  |  | 724 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,021 |
Deferred income taxes | 53,338 |  |  | 8,295 |  |  | 13,707 |  |  | — |  |  | 286 |  | [1] |  | 75,626 |
Allowance for equity funds used during construction | (5,641 | ) |  | (604 | ) |  | (683 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (6,928 | )
Other | 8,687 |  |  | (1,949 | ) |  | (222 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,516 |
Changes in assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Decrease in accounts receivable | 15,652 |  |  | 3,420 |  |  | 4,617 |  |  | — |  |  | 38 |  | [1] |  | 23,727 |
Decrease in accrued unbilled revenues | 29,733 |  |  | 4,593 |  |  | 5,767 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 40,093 |
Decrease in fuel oil stock | 25,060 |  |  | 5,490 |  |  | 4,280 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 34,830 |
Decrease (increase) in materials and supplies | 2,233 |  |  | (201 | ) |  | 789 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,821 |
Decrease (increase) in regulatory assets | (20,356 | ) |  | (3,930 | ) |  | 104 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (24,182 | )
Decrease in accounts payable | (42,751 | ) |  | (6,425 | ) |  | (5,379 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (54,555 | )
Change in prepaid and accrued income taxes, tax credits and revenue taxes | (50,382 | ) |  | (6,166 | ) |  | (6,548 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (63,096 | )
Decrease in defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans liability | 870 |  |  | (161 | ) |  | 416 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,125 |
Change in other assets and liabilities | (24,197 | ) |  | (3,545 | ) |  | (4,554 | ) |  | — |  |  | (324 | ) | [1] |  | (32,620 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities | 238,249 |  |  | 60,204 |  |  | 60,149 |  |  | — |  |  | (25,196 | ) |  |  | 333,406 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures | (267,621 | ) |  | (48,645 | ) |  | (33,895 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (350,161 | )
Contributions in aid of construction | 35,955 |  |  | 2,160 |  |  | 2,124 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 40,239 |
Advances from (to) affiliates | 16,100 |  |  | (15,500 | ) |  | (7,500 | ) |  | — |  |  | 6,900 |  | [1] |  | — |
Other | 924 |  |  | 132 |  |  | 84 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,140 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (214,642 | ) |  | (61,853 | ) |  | (39,187 | ) |  | — |  |  | 6,900 |  |  |  | (308,782 | )
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock dividends | (90,405 | ) |  | (10,021 | ) |  | (15,175 | ) |  | — |  |  | 25,196 |  | [2] |  | (90,405 | )
Preferred stock dividends of Hawaiian Electric and subsidiaries | (1,080 | ) |  | (534 | ) |  | (381 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,995 | )
Proceeds from the issuance of long-term debt | 50,000 |  |  | 25,000 |  |  | 5,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 80,000 |
Net increase (decrease) in short-term borrowings from non-affiliates and affiliate with original maturities of three months or less | 23,000 |  |  | (10,500 | ) |  | (5,600 | ) |  | — |  |  | (6,900 | ) | [1] |  | — |
Other | (1,257 | ) |  | (226 | ) |  | (54 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,537 | )
Net cash used in financing activities | (19,742 | ) |  | 3,719 |  |  | (16,210 | ) |  | — |  |  | 18,296 |  |  |  | (13,937 | )
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents | 3,865 |  |  | 2,070 |  |  | 4,752 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10,687 |
Cash and cash equivalents, January 1 | 12,416 |  |  | 612 |  |  | 633 |  |  | 101 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,762 |
Cash and cash equivalents, December 31 | $ | 16,281 |  |  | 2,682 |  |  | 5,385 |  |  | 101 |  |  | — |  |  |  | $ | 24,449 |

Explanation of consolidating adjustments on consolidating schedules:

[1] | Eliminations of intercompany receivables and payables and other intercompany transactions.

[2] | Elimination of investment in subsidiaries, carried at equity.

[3] | Reclassification of accrued income taxes for financial statement presentation.

133

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

4· Bank segment (HEI only)

Selected financial information
American Savings Bank, F.S.B.
Statements of Income Data

Years ended December 31 | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and dividend income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and fees on loans | $ | 207,255 |  |  | $ | 199,774 |  |  | $ | 184,782 |
Interest and dividends on investment securities | 28,823 |  |  | 19,184 |  |  | 15,120 |
Total interest and dividend income | 236,078 |  |  | 218,958 |  |  | 199,902 |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest on deposit liabilities | 9,660 |  |  | 7,167 |  |  | 5,348 |
Interest on other borrowings | 2,496 |  |  | 5,588 |  |  | 5,978 |
Total interest expense | 12,156 |  |  | 12,755 |  |  | 11,326 |
Net interest income | 223,922 |  |  | 206,203 |  |  | 188,576 |
Provision for loan losses | 10,901 |  |  | 16,763 |  |  | 6,275 |
Net interest income after provision for loan losses | 213,021 |  |  | 189,440 |  |  | 182,301 |
Noninterest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fees from other financial services | 22,796 |  |  | 22,384 |  |  | 22,211 |
Fee income on deposit liabilities | 22,204 |  |  | 21,759 |  |  | 22,368 |
Fee income on other financial products | 7,205 |  |  | 8,707 |  |  | 8,094 |
Bank-owned life insurance | 5,539 |  |  | 4,637 |  |  | 4,078 |
Mortgage banking income | 2,201 |  |  | 6,625 |  |  | 6,330 |
Gains on sale of investment securities, net | — |  |  | 598 |  |  | — |
Other income, net | 1,617 |  |  | 2,256 |  |  | 4,750 |
Total noninterest income | 61,562 |  |  | 66,966 |  |  | 67,831 |
Noninterest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and employee benefits | 95,751 |  |  | 90,117 |  |  | 90,518 |
Occupancy | 16,699 |  |  | 16,321 |  |  | 16,365 |
Data processing | 13,280 |  |  | 13,030 |  |  | 12,103 |
Services | 10,994 |  |  | 11,054 |  |  | 10,204 |
Equipment | 7,232 |  |  | 6,938 |  |  | 6,577 |
Office supplies, printing and postage | 6,182 |  |  | 6,075 |  |  | 5,749 |
Marketing | 3,501 |  |  | 3,489 |  |  | 3,463 |
FDIC insurance | 2,904 |  |  | 3,543 |  |  | 3,274 |
Other expense | 19,324 |  |  | 18,487 |  |  | 18,067 |
Total noninterest expense | 175,867 |  |  | 169,054 |  |  | 166,320 |
Income before income taxes | 98,716 |  |  | 87,352 |  |  | 83,812 |
Income taxes | 31,719 |  |  | 30,073 |  |  | 29,082 |
Net income | $ | 66,997 |  |  | $ | 57,279 |  |  | $ | 54,730 |

134

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Reconciliation to amounts per HEI Consolidated Statements of Income*:

Years ended December 31 | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Interest and dividend income | $ | 236,078 |  |  | $ | 218,958 |  |  | $ | 199,902 |
Noninterest income | 61,562 |  |  | 66,966 |  |  | 67,831 |
*Revenues-Bank | 297,640 |  |  | 285,924 |  |  | 267,733 |
Total interest expense | 12,156 |  |  | 12,755 |  |  | 11,326 |
Provision for loan losses | 10,901 |  |  | 16,763 |  |  | 6,275 |
Total noninterest expense | 175,867 |  |  | 169,054 |  |  | 166,320 |
*Expenses-Bank | 198,924 |  |  | 198,572 |  |  | 183,921 |
Income before income taxes/*Operating income-Bank | $ | 98,716 |  |  | $ | 87,352 |  |  | $ | 83,812 |

Statements of Comprehensive Income Data

Years ended December 31 | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 66,997 |  |  | $ | 57,279 |  |  | $ | 54,730 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized losses on available-for sale investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized losses on available-for sale investment securities arising during the period, net of tax benefits of $2,886, $3,763 and $1,541 for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively | (4,370 | ) |  | (5,699 | ) |  | (2,334 | )
Reclassification adjustment for net realized gains included in net income, net of taxes of nil, $238 and nil for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively | — |  |  | (360 | ) |  | — |
Retirement benefit plans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net gains arising during the period, net of taxes of nil, nil and $59 for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively | — |  |  | — |  |  | 90 |
Adjustment for amortization of prior service credit and net losses recognized during the period in net periodic benefit cost, net of tax benefits of $812, $566 and $1,011 for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively | 1,231 |  |  | 857 |  |  | 1,531 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax benefits | (3,139 | ) |  | (5,202 | ) |  | (713 | )
Comprehensive income | $ | 63,858 |  |  | $ | 52,077 |  |  | $ | 54,017 |

135

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Balance Sheets Data

December 31 |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  | $ | 140,934 |  |  | $ | 137,083 |
Interest-bearing deposits |  | 93,165 |  |  | 52,128 |
Restricted cash |  | — |  |  | 1,764 |
Investment securities |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale, at fair value |  | 1,401,198 |  |  | 1,105,182 |
Held-to-maturity, at amortized cost (fair value of $44,412 and nil, respectively) |  | 44,515 |  |  | — |
Stock in Federal Home Loan Bank, at cost |  | 9,706 |  |  | 11,218 |
Loans receivable held for investment |  | 4,670,768 |  |  | 4,738,693 |
Allowance for loan losses |  | (53,637 | ) |  | (55,533 | )
Net loans |  | 4,617,131 |  |  | 4,683,160 |
Loans held for sale, at lower of cost or fair value |  | 11,250 |  |  | 18,817 |
Other |  | 398,570 |  |  | 329,815 |
Goodwill |  | 82,190 |  |  | 82,190 |
Total assets |  | $ | 6,798,659 |  |  | $ | 6,421,357 |
Liabilities and shareholder’s equity |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposit liabilities–noninterest-bearing |  | $ | 1,760,233 |  |  | $ | 1,639,051 |
Deposit liabilities–interest-bearing |  | 4,130,364 |  |  | 3,909,878 |
Other borrowings |  | 190,859 |  |  | 192,618 |
Other |  | 110,356 |  |  | 101,635 |
Total liabilities |  | 6,191,812 |  |  | 5,843,182 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Additional paid in capital |  | 345,018 |  |  | 342,704 |
Retained earnings |  | 292,957 |  |  | 257,943 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax benefits |  |  |  |
Net unrealized losses on securities | $ | (14,951 | ) |  | $ | (7,931 | ) |
Retirement benefit plans | (16,178 | ) | (31,129 | ) | (14,542 | ) | (22,473 | )
Total shareholder’s equity |  | 606,847 |  |  | 578,175 |
Total liabilities and shareholder’s equity |  | $ | 6,798,659 |  |  | $ | 6,421,357 |

136

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

December 31 |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
Other assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Bank-owned life insurance |  | $ | 148,775 |  |  | $ | 143,197 |
Premises and equipment, net |  | 136,270 |  |  | 90,570 |
Prepaid expenses |  | 3,961 |  |  | 3,348 |
Accrued interest receivable |  | 18,724 |  |  | 16,824 |
Mortgage-servicing rights |  | 8,639 |  |  | 9,373 |
Low-income housing investments |  | 59,016 |  |  | 47,081 |
Real estate acquired in settlement of loans, net |  | 133 |  |  | 1,189 |
Other |  | 23,052 |  |  | 18,233 |
|  | $ | 398,570 |  |  | $ | 329,815 |
Other liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrued expenses |  | $ | 39,312 |  |  | $ | 36,754 |
Federal and state income taxes payable |  | 3,736 |  |  | 4,728 |
Cashier’s checks |  | 27,000 |  |  | 24,156 |
Advance payments by borrowers |  | 10,245 |  |  | 10,335 |
Other |  | 30,063 |  |  | 25,662 |
|  | $ | 110,356 |  |  | $ | 101,635 |

Bank-owned life insurance is life insurance purchased by ASB on the lives of certain key employees, with ASB as the beneficiary. The insurance is used to fund employee benefits through tax-free income from increases in the cash value of the policies and insurance proceeds paid to ASB upon an insured’s death.
The increase in premises and equipment, net was due to the expenditures of $32.7 million for the new campus project.
Investment securities. The major components of investment securities were as follows:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Gross unrealized losses
|  |  | Gross |  | Gross |  | Estimated |  | Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or longer
(dollars in thousands) | Amortized cost |  | unrealized gains |  | unrealized losses |  | fair value |  | Number of issues |  | Fair value |  | Amount |  | Number of issues |  | Fair value |  | Amount
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and federal agency obligations | $ | 185,891 |  |  | $ | 438 |  |  | $ | (2,031 | ) |  | $ | 184,298 |  |  | 15 |  | $ | 83,137 |  |  | $ | (825 | ) |  | 8 |  | $ | 62,296 |  |  | $ | (1,206 | )
Mortgage-related securities- FNMA, FHLMC and GNMA | 1,220,304 |  |  | 793 |  |  | (19,624 | ) |  | 1,201,473 |  |  | 67 |  | 653,635 |  |  | (6,839 | ) |  | 77 |  | 459,912 |  |  | (12,785 | )
Mortgage revenue bond | 15,427 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,427 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |
| $ | 1,421,622 |  |  | $ | 1,231 |  |  | $ | (21,655 | ) |  | $ | 1,401,198 |  |  | 82 |  | $ | 736,772 |  |  | $ | (7,664 | ) |  | 85 |  | $ | 522,208 |  |  | $ | (13,991 | )
Held-to-maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-related securities- FNMA, FHLMC and GNMA | $ | 44,515 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (104 | ) |  | $ | 44,412 |  |  | 2 |  | $ | 35,744 |  |  | $ | (104 | ) |  | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
| $ | 44,515 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (104 | ) |  | $ | 44,412 |  |  | 2 |  | $ | 35,744 |  |  | $ | (104 | ) |  | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
December 31, 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and federal agency obligations | $ | 193,515 |  |  | $ | 920 |  |  | $ | (2,154 | ) |  | $ | 192,281 |  |  | 18 |  | $ | 123,475 |  |  | $ | (2,010 | ) |  | 1 |  | $ | 3,485 |  |  | $ | (144 | )
Mortgage-related securities- FNMA, FHLMC and GNMA | 909,408 |  |  | 1,742 |  |  | (13,676 | ) |  | 897,474 |  |  | 88 |  | 709,655 |  |  | (12,143 | ) |  | 13 |  | 47,485 |  |  | (1,533 | )
Mortgage revenue bond | 15,427 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,427 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |
| $ | 1,118,350 |  |  | $ | 2,662 |  |  | $ | (15,830 | ) |  | $ | 1,105,182 |  |  | 106 |  | $ | 833,130 |  |  | $ | (14,153 | ) |  | 14 |  | $ | 50,970 |  |  | $ | (1,677 | )

ASB did not have any investment securities classified as held-to-maturity as of December 31, 2016.
ASB does not believe that the investment securities that were in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2017, represent an OTTI. Total gross unrealized losses were primarily attributable to rising interest rates relative to when the
137

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
investment securities were purchased and not due to the credit quality of the investment securities. The contractual cash flows of the U.S. Treasury, federal agency obligations and mortgage-related securities are backed by the full faith and credit guaranty of the United States government or an agency of the government. ASB does not intend to sell the securities before the recovery of its amortized cost basis and there have been no adverse changes in the timing of the contractual cash flows for the securities. ASB did not recognize OTTI for 2017, 2016 and 2015.
U.S. Treasury, federal agency obligations, and the mortgage revenue bond have contractual terms to maturity. Mortgage-related securities have contractual terms to maturity, but require periodic payments to reduce principal. In addition, expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers have the right to prepay the underlying mortgages.
The contractual maturities of investment securities were as follows:

| Amortized |  | Fair
December 31, 2017 | Cost |  | value
(in thousands) |  |  |
Available-for-sale |  |  |
Due in one year or less | $ | 5,000 |  |  | $ | 4,992 |
Due after one year through five years | 87,404 |  |  | 87,020 |
Due after five years through ten years | 80,161 |  |  | 79,358 |
Due after ten years | 28,753 |  |  | 28,355 |
| 201,318 |  |  | 199,725 |
Mortgage-related securities-FNMA, FHLMC and GNMA | 1,220,304 |  |  | 1,201,473 |
| $ | 1,421,622 |  |  | $ | 1,401,198 |
Held-to-maturity |  |  |
Mortgage-related securities-FNMA, FHLMC and GNMA | $ | 44,515 |  |  | $ | 44,412 |
| $ | 44,515 |  |  | $ | 44,412 |

The proceeds, gross gains and losses from sales of available-for-sale investment securities were as follows:

Years ended December 31 | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
(in millions) |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16.4 |  |  | $ | — |
Gross gains | — |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | — |
Gross losses | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |

Interest income from taxable and non-taxable investment securities were as follows:

Years ended December 31 | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
Taxable | $ | 28,398 |  |  | $ | 19,166 |  |  | $ | 15,120 |
Non-taxable | 425 |  |  | 18 |  |  | — |
| $ | 28,823 |  |  | $ | 19,184 |  |  | $ | 15,120 |

ASB pledged securities with a market value of approximately $411.4 million and $277.1 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, as collateral for public funds and other deposits, automated clearinghouse transactions with Bank of Hawaii, borrowing at the discount window of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, and deposits in ASB’s bankruptcy account with the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, securities with a carrying value of $165.1 million and $114.9 million, respectively, were pledged as collateral for securities sold under agreements to repurchase.
Stock in FHLB. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, ASB’s stock in FHLB was carried at cost ($9.7 million and $11.2 million, respectively) because it can only be redeemed at par and it is a required investment based on measurements of ASB’s capital, assets and borrowing levels.
138

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Periodically and as conditions warrant, ASB reviews its investment in the stock of the FHLB for impairment. ASB evaluated its investment in FHLB stock for OTTI as of December 31, 2017, consistent with its accounting policy. ASB did not recognize an OTTI loss for 2017 based on its evaluation of the underlying investment.
Future deterioration in the FHLB's financial position and/or negative developments in any of the factors considered in ASB's impairment evaluation may result in future impairment losses.
Loans receivable. The components of loans receivable were summarized as follows:

December 31 | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |
Residential 1-4 family | $ | 2,118,047 |  |  | $ | 2,048,051 |
Commercial real estate | 733,106 |  |  | 800,395 |
Home equity line of credit | 913,052 |  |  | 863,163 |
Residential land | 15,797 |  |  | 18,889 |
Commercial construction | 108,273 |  |  | 126,768 |
Residential construction | 14,910 |  |  | 16,080 |
Total real estate | 3,903,185 |  |  | 3,873,346 |
Commercial | 544,828 |  |  | 692,051 |
Consumer | 223,564 |  |  | 178,222 |
Total loans | 4,671,577 |  |  | 4,743,619 |
Less: Deferred fees and discounts | (809 | ) |  | (4,926 | )
Allowance for loan losses | (53,637 | ) |  | (55,533 | )
Total loans, net | $ | 4,617,131 |  |  | $ | 4,683,160 |

ASB's policy is to require private mortgage insurance on all real estate loans when the loan-to-value ratio of the property exceeds 80% of the lower of the appraised value or purchase price at origination. For non-owner occupied residential properties, the loan-to-value ratio may not exceed 80% of the lower of the appraised value or purchase price at origination. ASB is subject to the risk that the insurance company cannot satisfy the bank's claim on policies.
ASB services real estate loans for investors (principal balance of $1.2 billion, $1.2 billion and $1.5 billion as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively), which are not included in the accompanying balance sheets data. ASB reports fees earned for servicing such loans as income when the related mortgage loan payments are collected and charges loan servicing cost to expense as incurred.
As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, ASB had pledged loans with an amortized cost of approximately $2.4 billion as collateral to secure advances from the FHLB.
As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the aggregate amount of loans to directors and executive officers of ASB and its affiliates and any related interests (as defined in Federal Reserve Board (FRB) Regulation O) of such individuals, was $23.8 million and $22.9 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, $18.7 million and $19.0 million of the loan balances, respectively, were to related interests of individuals who are directors of ASB. All such loans were made at ASB’s normal credit terms.
Allowance for loan losses. As discussed in Note 1, ASB must maintain an allowance for loan losses that is adequate to absorb estimated probable credit losses associated with its loan portfolio.
139

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The allowance for loan losses (balances and changes) and financing receivables were as follows:

(in thousands) | Residential 1-4 family |  | Commercial real estate |  | Home equity line of credit |  | Residential land |  | Commercial construction |  | Residential construction |  | Commercial |  | Consumer |  | Unallo- cated |  | Total
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $ | 2,873 |  |  | $ | 16,004 |  |  | $ | 5,039 |  |  | $ | 1,738 |  |  | $ | 6,449 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 16,618 |  |  | $ | 6,800 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 55,533 |
Charge-offs | (826 | ) |  | — |  |  | (14 | ) |  | (210 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,006 | ) |  | (11,757 | ) |  | — |  |  | (16,813 | )
Recoveries | 157 |  |  | — |  |  | 308 |  |  | 482 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,852 |  |  | 1,217 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,016 |
Provision | 698 |  |  | (208 | ) |  | 2,189 |  |  | (1,114 | ) |  | (1,778 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3,613 | ) |  | 14,727 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,901 |
Ending balance | $ | 2,902 |  |  | $ | 15,796 |  |  | $ | 7,522 |  |  | $ | 896 |  |  | $ | 4,671 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 10,851 |  |  | $ | 10,987 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 53,637 |
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment | $ | 1,248 |  |  | $ | 65 |  |  | $ | 647 |  |  | $ | 47 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 694 |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,730 |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment | $ | 1,654 |  |  | $ | 15,731 |  |  | $ | 6,875 |  |  | $ | 849 |  |  | $ | 4,671 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 10,157 |  |  | $ | 10,958 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 50,907 |
Financing Receivables: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance | $ | 2,118,047 |  |  | $ | 733,106 |  |  | $ | 913,052 |  |  | $ | 15,797 |  |  | $ | 108,273 |  |  | $ | 14,910 |  |  | $ | 544,828 |  |  | $ | 223,564 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,671,577 |
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment | $ | 18,284 |  |  | $ | 1,016 |  |  | $ | 8,188 |  |  | $ | 1,265 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,574 |  |  | $ | 66 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 33,393 |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment | $ | 2,099,763 |  |  | $ | 732,090 |  |  | $ | 904,864 |  |  | $ | 14,532 |  |  | $ | 108,273 |  |  | $ | 14,910 |  |  | $ | 540,254 |  |  | $ | 223,498 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,638,184 |
December 31, 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $ | 4,186 |  |  | $ | 11,342 |  |  | $ | 7,260 |  |  | $ | 1,671 |  |  | $ | 4,461 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 17,208 |  |  | $ | 3,897 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 50,038 |
Charge-offs | (639 | ) |  | — |  |  | (112 | ) |  | (138 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,943 | ) |  | (7,413 | ) |  | — |  |  | (14,245 | )
Recoveries | 421 |  |  | — |  |  | 59 |  |  | 461 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,093 |  |  | 943 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,977 |
Provision | (1,095 | ) |  | 4,662 |  |  | (2,168 | ) |  | (256 | ) |  | 1,988 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 4,260 |  |  | 9,373 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,763 |
Ending balance | $ | 2,873 |  |  | $ | 16,004 |  |  | $ | 5,039 |  |  | $ | 1,738 |  |  | $ | 6,449 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 16,618 |  |  | $ | 6,800 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 55,533 |
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment | $ | 1,352 |  |  | $ | 80 |  |  | $ | 215 |  |  | $ | 789 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,641 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,083 |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment | $ | 1,521 |  |  | $ | 15,924 |  |  | $ | 4,824 |  |  | $ | 949 |  |  | $ | 6,449 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 14,977 |  |  | $ | 6,794 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 51,450 |
Financing Receivables: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance | $ | 2,048,051 |  |  | $ | 800,395 |  |  | $ | 863,163 |  |  | $ | 18,889 |  |  | $ | 126,768 |  |  | $ | 16,080 |  |  | $ | 692,051 |  |  | $ | 178,222 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,743,619 |
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment | $ | 19,854 |  |  | $ | 1,569 |  |  | $ | 6,158 |  |  | $ | 3,629 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 20,539 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 51,759 |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment | $ | 2,028,197 |  |  | $ | 798,826 |  |  | $ | 857,005 |  |  | $ | 15,260 |  |  | $ | 126,768 |  |  | $ | 16,080 |  |  | $ | 671,512 |  |  | $ | 178,212 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,691,860 |
December 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $ | 4,662 |  |  | $ | 8,954 |  |  | $ | 6,982 |  |  | $ | 1,875 |  |  | $ | 5,471 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 14,017 |  |  | $ | 3,629 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 45,618 |
Charge-offs | (356 | ) |  | — |  |  | (205 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,074 | ) |  | (4,791 | ) |  | — |  |  | (6,426 | )
Recoveries | 226 |  |  | — |  |  | 80 |  |  | 507 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,773 |  |  | 985 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,571 |
Provision | (346 | ) |  | 2,388 |  |  | 403 |  |  | (711 | ) |  | (1,010 | ) |  | (15 | ) |  | 1,492 |  |  | 4,074 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,275 |
Ending balance | $ | 4,186 |  |  | $ | 11,342 |  |  | $ | 7,260 |  |  | $ | 1,671 |  |  | $ | 4,461 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 17,208 |  |  | $ | 3,897 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 50,038 |
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment | $ | 1,453 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 442 |  |  | $ | 891 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,527 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,320 |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment | $ | 2,733 |  |  | $ | 11,342 |  |  | $ | 6,818 |  |  | $ | 780 |  |  | $ | 4,461 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 13,681 |  |  | $ | 3,890 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 43,718 |
Financing Receivables: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance | $ | 2,069,665 |  |  | $ | 690,561 |  |  | $ | 846,294 |  |  | $ | 18,229 |  |  | $ | 100,796 |  |  | $ | 14,089 |  |  | $ | 758,659 |  |  | $ | 123,775 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,622,068 |
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment | $ | 22,457 |  |  | $ | 1,188 |  |  | $ | 3,225 |  |  | $ | 5,683 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 21,119 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 53,685 |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment | $ | 2,047,208 |  |  | $ | 689,373 |  |  | $ | 843,069 |  |  | $ | 12,546 |  |  | $ | 100,796 |  |  | $ | 14,089 |  |  | $ | 737,540 |  |  | $ | 123,762 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,568,383 |

140

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Credit quality. ASB performs an internal loan review and grading on an ongoing basis. The review provides management with periodic information as to the quality of the loan portfolio and effectiveness of its lending policies and procedures. The objectives of the loan review and grading procedures are to identify, in a timely manner, existing or emerging credit trends so that appropriate steps can be initiated to manage risk and avoid or minimize future losses. Loans subject to grading include commercial, commercial real estate and commercial construction loans.
Each loan is assigned an Asset Quality Rating (AQR) reflecting the likelihood of repayment or orderly liquidation of that loan transaction pursuant to regulatory credit classifications: Pass, Special Mention, Substandard, Doubtful, and Loss. The AQR is a function of the probability of default model rating, the loss given default, and possible non-model factors which impact the ultimate collectability of the loan such as character of the business owner/guarantor, interim period performance, litigation, tax liens and major changes in business and economic conditions. Pass exposures generally are well protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or by the value of the asset or underlying collateral. Special Mention loans have potential weaknesses that, if left uncorrected, could jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. Substandard loans have well-defined weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt and are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Bank may sustain some loss. An asset classified Doubtful has the weaknesses of those classified Substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable. An asset classified Loss is considered uncollectible and has such little value that its continuance as a bankable asset is not warranted.
The credit risk profile by internally assigned grade for loans was as follows:

December 31 | 2017 |  | 2016
(in thousands) | Commercial real estate |  | Commercial construction |  | Commercial |  | Total |  | Commercial real estate |  | Commercial construction |  | Commercial |  | Total
Grade: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 630,877 |  |  | $ | 83,757 |  |  | $ | 492,942 |  |  | $ | 1,207,576 |  |  | $ | 701,657 |  |  | $ | 102,955 |  |  | $ | 614,139 |  |  | $ | 1,418,751 |
Special mention | 49,347 |  |  | 22,500 |  |  | 27,997 |  |  | 99,844 |  |  | 65,541 |  |  | — |  |  | 25,229 |  |  | 90,770 |
Substandard | 52,882 |  |  | 2,016 |  |  | 23,421 |  |  | 78,319 |  |  | 33,197 |  |  | 23,813 |  |  | 52,683 |  |  | 109,693 |
Doubtful | — |  |  | — |  |  | 468 |  |  | 468 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 733,106 |  |  | $ | 108,273 |  |  | $ | 544,828 |  |  | $ | 1,386,207 |  |  | $ | 800,395 |  |  | $ | 126,768 |  |  | $ | 692,051 |  |  | $ | 1,619,214 |

141

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The credit risk profile based on payment activity for loans was as follows:

(in thousands) | 30-59 days past due |  | 60-89 days past due |  | Greater than 90 days |  | Total past due |  | Current |  | Total financing receivables |  | Recorded investment> 90 days and accruing
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential 1-4 family | $ | 1,532 |  |  | $ | 1,715 |  |  | $ | 5,071 |  |  | $ | 8,318 |  |  | $ | 2,109,729 |  |  | $ | 2,118,047 |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial real estate | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 733,106 |  |  | 733,106 |  |  | — |
Home equity line of credit | 425 |  |  | 114 |  |  | 2,051 |  |  | 2,590 |  |  | 910,462 |  |  | 913,052 |  |  | — |
Residential land | 23 |  |  | — |  |  | 625 |  |  | 648 |  |  | 15,149 |  |  | 15,797 |  |  | — |
Commercial construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 108,273 |  |  | 108,273 |  |  | — |
Residential construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,910 |  |  | 14,910 |  |  | — |
Commercial | 1,825 |  |  | 2,025 |  |  | 730 |  |  | 4,580 |  |  | 540,248 |  |  | 544,828 |  |  | — |
Consumer | 3,432 |  |  | 2,159 |  |  | 1,876 |  |  | 7,467 |  |  | 216,097 |  |  | 223,564 |  |  | — |
Total loans | $ | 7,237 |  |  | $ | 6,013 |  |  | $ | 10,353 |  |  | $ | 23,603 |  |  | $ | 4,647,974 |  |  | $ | 4,671,577 |  |  | $ | — |
December 31, 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential 1-4 family | $ | 5,467 |  |  | $ | 2,338 |  |  | $ | 3,505 |  |  | $ | 11,310 |  |  | $ | 2,036,741 |  |  | $ | 2,048,051 |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial real estate | 2,416 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,416 |  |  | 797,979 |  |  | 800,395 |  |  | — |
Home equity line of credit | 1,263 |  |  | 381 |  |  | 1,342 |  |  | 2,986 |  |  | 860,177 |  |  | 863,163 |  |  | — |
Residential land | — |  |  | — |  |  | 255 |  |  | 255 |  |  | 18,634 |  |  | 18,889 |  |  | — |
Commercial construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 126,768 |  |  | 126,768 |  |  | — |
Residential construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,080 |  |  | 16,080 |  |  | — |
Commercial | 413 |  |  | 510 |  |  | 1,303 |  |  | 2,226 |  |  | 689,825 |  |  | 692,051 |  |  | — |
Consumer | 1,945 |  |  | 1,001 |  |  | 963 |  |  | 3,909 |  |  | 174,313 |  |  | 178,222 |  |  | — |
Total loans | $ | 11,504 |  |  | $ | 4,230 |  |  | $ | 7,368 |  |  | $ | 23,102 |  |  | $ | 4,720,517 |  |  | $ | 4,743,619 |  |  | $ | — |

142

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The credit risk profile based on nonaccrual loans, accruing loans 90 days or more past due, and TDR loans was as follows:

December 31 | 2017 |  | 2016
(in thousands) |  |  |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |
Residential 1-4 family | $ | 12,598 |  |  | $ | 11,154 |
Commercial real estate | — |  |  | 223 |
Home equity line of credit | 4,466 |  |  | 3,080 |
Residential land | 841 |  |  | 878 |
Commercial construction | — |  |  | — |
Residential construction | — |  |  | — |
Commercial | 3,069 |  |  | 6,708 |
Consumer | 2,617 |  |  | 1,282 |
Total nonaccrual loans | $ | 23,591 |  |  | $ | 23,325 |
Real estate: |  |  |
Residential 1-4 family | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial real estate | — |  |  | — |
Home equity line of credit | — |  |  | — |
Residential land | — |  |  | — |
Commercial construction | — |  |  | — |
Residential construction | — |  |  | — |
Commercial | — |  |  | — |
Consumer | — |  |  | — |
Total accruing loans 90 days or more past due | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Real estate: |  |  |
Residential 1-4 family | $ | 10,982 |  |  | $ | 14,450 |
Commercial real estate | 1,016 |  |  | 1,346 |
Home equity line of credit | 6,584 |  |  | 4,934 |
Residential land | 425 |  |  | 2,751 |
Commercial construction | — |  |  | — |
Residential construction | — |  |  | — |
Commercial | 1,741 |  |  | 14,146 |
Consumer | 66 |  |  | 10 |
Total troubled debt restructured loans not included above | $ | 20,814 |  |  | $ | 37,637 |

143

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The total carrying amount and the total unpaid principal balance of impaired loans were as follows:

December 31 | 2017 |  | 2016
(in thousands) | Recorded investment |  | Unpaid principal balance |  | Related allowance |  | Recorded investment |  | Unpaid principal balance |  | Related allowance
With no related allowance recorded |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential 1-4 family | $ | 9,097 |  |  | $ | 9,644 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,571 |  |  | $ | 10,400 |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial real estate | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 223 |  |  | 228 |  |  | — |
Home equity line of credit | 1,496 |  |  | 1,789 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,500 |  |  | 1,900 |  |  | — |
Residential land | 1,143 |  |  | 1,434 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,218 |  |  | 1,803 |  |  | — |
Commercial construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Residential construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial | 2,328 |  |  | 3,166 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,299 |  |  | 8,869 |  |  | — |
Consumer | 8 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| 14,072 |  |  | 16,041 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,811 |  |  | 23,200 |  |  | — |
With an allowance recorded |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential 1-4 family | 9,187 |  |  | 9,390 |  |  | 1,248 |  |  | 10,283 |  |  | 10,486 |  |  | 1,352 |
Commercial real estate | 1,016 |  |  | 1,016 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 1,346 |  |  | 1,346 |  |  | 80 |
Home equity line of credit | 6,692 |  |  | 6,736 |  |  | 647 |  |  | 4,658 |  |  | 4,712 |  |  | 215 |
Residential land | 122 |  |  | 122 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 2,411 |  |  | 2,411 |  |  | 789 |
Commercial construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Residential construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial | 2,246 |  |  | 2,252 |  |  | 694 |  |  | 14,240 |  |  | 14,240 |  |  | 1,641 |
Consumer | 58 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 6 |
| 19,321 |  |  | 19,574 |  |  | 2,730 |  |  | 32,948 |  |  | 33,205 |  |  | 4,083 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential 1-4 family | 18,284 |  |  | 19,034 |  |  | 1,248 |  |  | 19,854 |  |  | 20,886 |  |  | 1,352 |
Commercial real estate | 1,016 |  |  | 1,016 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 1,569 |  |  | 1,574 |  |  | 80 |
Home equity line of credit | 8,188 |  |  | 8,525 |  |  | 647 |  |  | 6,158 |  |  | 6,612 |  |  | 215 |
Residential land | 1,265 |  |  | 1,556 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 3,629 |  |  | 4,214 |  |  | 789 |
Commercial construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Residential construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial | 4,574 |  |  | 5,418 |  |  | 694 |  |  | 20,539 |  |  | 23,109 |  |  | 1,641 |
Consumer | 66 |  |  | 66 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 6 |
| $ | 33,393 |  |  | $ | 35,615 |  |  | $ | 2,730 |  |  | $ | 51,759 |  |  | $ | 56,405 |  |  | $ | 4,083 |

144

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ASB's average recorded investment of, and interest income recognized from, impaired loans were as follows:

December 31 | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
(in thousands) | Average recorded investment |  | Interest income recognized* |  | Average recorded investment |  | Interest income recognized* |  | Average recorded investment |  | Interest income recognized*
With no related allowance recorded |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential 1-4 family | $ | 9,440 |  |  | $ | 316 |  |  | $ | 10,136 |  |  | $ | 324 |  |  | $ | 11,215 |  |  | $ | 332 |
Commercial real estate | 91 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 1,124 |  |  | — |  |  | 370 |  |  | 74 |
Home equity line of credit | 1,976 |  |  | 101 |  |  | 1,105 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 484 |  |  | 4 |
Residential land | 1,094 |  |  | 117 |  |  | 1,518 |  |  | 66 |  |  | 2,397 |  |  | 137 |
Commercial construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Residential construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial | 2,776 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 8,694 |  |  | 370 |  |  | 5,185 |  |  | 157 |
Consumer | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| 15,378 |  |  | 599 |  |  | 22,579 |  |  | 783 |  |  | 19,651 |  |  | 704 |
With an allowance recorded |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential 1-4 family | 9,818 |  |  | 493 |  |  | 11,589 |  |  | 457 |  |  | 11,578 |  |  | 562 |
Commercial real estate | 1,241 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 1,962 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 1,699 |  |  | — |
Home equity line of credit | 5,045 |  |  | 251 |  |  | 3,765 |  |  | 137 |  |  | 1,597 |  |  | 49 |
Residential land | 1,308 |  |  | 97 |  |  | 2,964 |  |  | 206 |  |  | 4,337 |  |  | 318 |
Commercial construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Residential construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial | 3,691 |  |  | 723 |  |  | 16,106 |  |  | 456 |  |  | 12,507 |  |  | 211 |
Consumer | 57 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | — |
| 21,160 |  |  | 1,621 |  |  | 36,398 |  |  | 1,271 |  |  | 31,732 |  |  | 1,140 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential 1-4 family | 19,258 |  |  | 809 |  |  | 21,725 |  |  | 781 |  |  | 22,793 |  |  | 894 |
Commercial real estate | 1,332 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 3,086 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 2,069 |  |  | 74 |
Home equity line of credit | 7,021 |  |  | 352 |  |  | 4,870 |  |  | 160 |  |  | 2,081 |  |  | 53 |
Residential land | 2,402 |  |  | 214 |  |  | 4,482 |  |  | 272 |  |  | 6,734 |  |  | 455 |
Commercial construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Residential construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial | 6,467 |  |  | 777 |  |  | 24,800 |  |  | 826 |  |  | 17,692 |  |  | 368 |
Consumer | 58 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 14 |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | — |
| $ | 36,538 |  |  | $ | 2,220 |  |  | $ | 58,977 |  |  | $ | 2,054 |  |  | $ | 51,383 |  |  | $ | 1,844 |

* Since loan was classified as impaired.
Troubled debt restructurings. A loan modification is deemed to be a TDR when the borrower is determined to be experiencing financial difficulties and ASB grants a concession it would not otherwise consider. When a borrower experiencing financial difficulty fails to make a required payment on a loan or is in imminent default, ASB takes a number of steps to improve the collectability of the loan and maximize the likelihood of full repayment. At times, ASB may modify or restructure a loan to help a distressed borrower improve its financial position to eventually be able to fully repay the loan, provided the borrower has demonstrated both the willingness and the ability to fulfill the modified terms. TDR loans are considered an alternative to foreclosure or liquidation with the goal of minimizing losses to ASB and maximizing recovery.
ASB may consider various types of concessions in granting a TDR including maturity date extensions, extended amortization of principal, temporary deferral of principal payments, and temporary interest rate reductions. ASB rarely grants principal forgiveness in its TDR modifications. Residential loan modifications generally involve interest rate reduction, extending the amortization period, or capitalizing certain delinquent amounts owed not to exceed the original loan balance. Land loans at origination are typically structured as a three-year term, interest-only monthly payment with a balloon payment due at maturity. Land loan TDR modifications typically involve extending the maturity date up to five years and converting the
145

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
payments from interest-only to principal and interest monthly, at the same or higher interest rate. Commercial loan modifications generally involve extensions of maturity dates, extending the amortization period, and temporary deferral or reduction of principal payments. ASB generally does not reduce the interest rate on commercial loan TDR modifications. Occasionally, additional collateral and/or guaranties are obtained.
All TDR loans are classified as impaired and are segregated and reviewed separately when assessing the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses based on the appropriate method of measuring impairment: (1) present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective original contractual rate, (2) fair value of collateral less cost to sell or (3) observable market price. The financial impact of the calculated impairment amount is an increase to the allowance associated with the modified loan. When available information confirms that specific loans or portions thereof are uncollectible (confirmed losses), these amounts are charged off against the allowance for loan losses.
Loan modifications that occurred during 2017, 2016, and 2015 and the impact on the allowance for loan losses were as follows:

(dollars in thousands) | Number of contracts |  | Outstanding recorded investment |  | Net increase in ALLL
Years ended |  | Pre-modification |  | Post-modification |
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential 1-4 family | 7 |  |  | $ | 742 |  |  | $ | 750 |  |  | $ | 45 |
Commercial real estate | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Home equity line of credit | 46 |  |  | 3,016 |  |  | 3,002 |  |  | 557 |
Residential land | 1 |  |  | 92 |  |  | 92 |  |  | — |
Commercial construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Residential construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial | 9 |  |  | 889 |  |  | 889 |  |  | 248 |
Consumer | 1 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 27 |
| 64 |  |  | $ | 4,798 |  |  | $ | 4,792 |  |  | $ | 877 |
December 31, 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential 1-4 family | 14 |  |  | $ | 3,131 |  |  | $ | 3,245 |  |  | $ | 337 |
Commercial real estate | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Home equity line of credit | 36 |  |  | 3,337 |  |  | 3,337 |  |  | 554 |
Residential land | 2 |  |  | 203 |  |  | 204 |  |  | — |
Commercial construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Residential construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial | 15 |  |  | 20,266 |  |  | 20,266 |  |  | 865 |
Consumer | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| 67 |  |  | $ | 26,937 |  |  | $ | 27,052 |  |  | $ | 1,756 |
December 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential 1-4 family | 19 |  |  | $ | 3,594 |  |  | $ | 3,668 |  |  | $ | 87 |
Commercial real estate | 1 |  |  | 1,500 |  |  | 1,500 |  |  | — |
Home equity line of credit | 39 |  |  | 2,441 |  |  | 2,441 |  |  | 370 |
Residential land | 1 |  |  | 218 |  |  | 218 |  |  | — |
Commercial construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Residential construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial | 8 |  |  | 2,267 |  |  | 2,267 |  |  | 486 |
Consumer | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| 68 |  |  | $ | 10,020 |  |  | $ | 10,094 |  |  | $ | 943 |

146

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Loans modified in TDRs that experienced a payment default of 90 days or more in 2017, 2016, and 2015 and for which the payment default occurred within one year of the modification, were as follows:

Years ended December 31 | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
(dollars in thousands) | Number of contracts |  | Recorded investment |  | Number of contracts |  | Recorded investment |  | Number of contracts |  | Recorded investment
Troubled debt restructurings that subsequently defaulted |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential 1-4 family | 1 |  |  | $ | 222 |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 239 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial real estate | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Home equity line of credit | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 6 |
Residential land | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Residential construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1,056 |
Consumer | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| 1 |  |  | $ | 222 |  |  | 2 |  |  | $ | 263 |  |  | 2 |  |  | $ | 1,062 |

If loans modified in a TDR subsequently default, ASB evaluates the loan for further impairment. Based on its evaluation, adjustments may be made in the allocation of the allowance or partial charge-offs may be taken to further write-down the carrying value of the loan. Commitments to lend additional funds to borrowers whose loan terms have been modified in a TDR totaled nil and $2.6 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
The Company had $4.3 million and $3.9 million of consumer mortgage loans collateralized by residential real estate property that were in the process of foreclosure at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Mortgage servicing rights. In its mortgage banking business, ASB sells residential mortgage loans to government-sponsored entities and other parties, who may issue securities backed by pools of such loans. ASB retains no beneficial interests in these loans other than the servicing rights of certain loans sold.
ASB received $128.0 million, $236.1 million and $275.3 million of proceeds from the sale of residential mortgages in 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively, and recognized gains on such sales of $2.2 million, $6.6 million, and $6.3 million in 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. Repurchased mortgage loans were nil for 2017, 2016 and 2015.
Mortgage servicing fees, a component of other income, net, were $3.0 million, $2.9 million, and $3.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively.
Changes in the carrying value of mortgage servicing rights were as follows:

(in thousands) | Gross carrying amount 1 |  | Accumulated amortization 1 |  | Valuation allowance |  | Net carrying amount
December 31, 2017 | $ | 17,511 |  |  | $ | (8,872 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,639 |
December 31, 2016 | $ | 17,271 |  |  | $ | (7,898 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,373 |

1 Reflects impact of loans paid in full.
147

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Changes related to mortgage servicing rights were as follows:

(in thousands) | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Mortgage servicing rights |  |  |  |  |
Balance, January 1 | $ | 9,373 |  |  | $ | 8,884 |  |  | $ | 11,749 |
Amount capitalized | 1,239 |  |  | 2,740 |  |  | 3,123 |
Amortization | (1,973 | ) |  | (2,251 | ) |  | (2,682 | )
Sale of mortgage servicing rights | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,302 | )
Other-than-temporary impairment | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4 | )
Carrying amount before valuation allowance, December 31 | 8,639 |  |  | 9,373 |  |  | 8,884 |
Valuation allowance for mortgage servicing rights |  |  |  |  |
Balance, January 1 | — |  |  | — |  |  | 209 |
Provision (recovery) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (205 | )
Other-than-temporary impairment | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4 | )
Balance, December 31 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net carrying value of mortgage servicing rights | $ | 8,639 |  |  | $ | 9,373 |  |  | $ | 8,884 |

The estimated aggregate amortization expenses of mortgage servicing rights for 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022 are $1.3 million, $1.1 million, $1.0 million, $0.9 million and $0.8 million, respectively.
ASB capitalizes mortgage servicing rights acquired upon the sale of mortgage loans with servicing rights retained. On a monthly basis, ASB compares the net carrying value of the mortgage servicing rights to its fair value to determine if there are any changes to the valuation allowance and/or other-than-temporary impairment for the mortgage servicing rights. ASB's MSRs are stratified based on predominant risk characteristics of the underlying loans including loan type such as fixed-rate 15 and 30 year mortgages and note rate in bands of 50 to 100 basis points. For each stratum, fair value is calculated by discounting expected net income streams using discount rates that reflect industry pricing for similar assets. Changes in mortgage interest rates impact the value of ASB's mortgage servicing rights. Rising interest rates typically result in slower prepayment speeds in the loans being serviced for others, which increases the value of mortgage servicing rights, whereas declining interest rates typically result in faster prepayment speeds which decrease the value of mortgage servicing rights and increase the amortization of the mortgage servicing rights. Expected net income streams are estimated based on industry assumptions regarding prepayment expectations and income and expenses associated with servicing residential mortgage loans for others.
ASB uses a present value cash flow model using techniques described above to estimate the fair value of MSRs. Impairment is recognized through a valuation allowance for each stratum when the carrying amount exceeds fair value, with any associated provision recorded as a component of loan servicing fees included in "Revenues - bank" in the consolidated statements of income. A direct write-down is recorded when the recoverability of the valuation allowance is deemed to be unrecoverable.
Key assumptions used in estimating the fair value of ASB’s mortgage servicing rights used in the impairment analysis were as follows:

December 31 | 2017 |  | 2016
(dollars in thousands) |  |  |
Unpaid principal balance | $ | 1,195,454 |  |  | $ | 1,188,380 |
Weighted average note rate | 3.94 | % |  | 3.96 | %
Weighted average discount rate | 10.0 | % |  | 9.4 | %
Weighted average prepayment speed | 9.0 | % |  | 8.5 | %

148

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The sensitivity analysis of fair value of MSRs to hypothetical adverse changes of 25 and 50 basis points in certain key assumptions was as follows:

December 31 | 2017 |  | 2016
(in thousands) |  |  |
Prepayment rate: |  |  |
25 basis points adverse rate change | $ | (869 | ) |  | $ | (567 | )
50 basis points adverse rate change | (1,828 | ) |  | (1,154 | )
Discount rate: |  |  |
25 basis points adverse rate change | (111 | ) |  | (128 | )
50 basis points adverse rate change | (220 | ) |  | (254 | )

The effect of a variation in certain assumptions on fair value is calculated without changing any other assumptions. This analysis typically cannot be extrapolated because the relationship of a change in one key assumption to the changes in the fair value of MSRs typically is not linear.
Deposit liabilities. The summarized components of deposit liabilities were as follows:

December 31 | 2017 |  | 2016
(dollars in thousands) | Weighted-average stated rate |  |  | Amount |  |  | Weighted-average stated rate |  |  | Amount |
Savings | 0.07 | % |  | $ | 2,303,450 |  |  | 0.07 | % |  | $ | 2,208,594 |
Checking |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing | 0.03 |  |  | 944,833 |  |  | 0.02 |  |  | 890,633 |
Noninterest-bearing | — |  |  | 896,292 |  |  | — |  |  | 817,867 |
Commercial checking | — |  |  | 863,941 |  |  | — |  |  | 821,184 |
Money market | 0.09 |  |  | 114,797 |  |  | 0.12 |  |  | 153,126 |
Time certificates | 1.26 |  |  | 767,284 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 657,525 |
| 0.20 | % |  | $ | 5,890,597 |  |  | 0.15 | % |  | $ | 5,548,929 |

As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, time certificates of $100,000 or more totaled $433.4 million and $328.1 million, respectively.
The approximate scheduled maturities of time certificates outstanding at December 31, 2017 were as follows:

(in thousands) |
2018 | $ | 401,650 |
2019 | 114,434 |
2020 | 123,310 |
2021 | 71,729 |
2022 | 52,860 |
Thereafter | 3,301 |
| $ | 767,284 |

Overdrawn deposit accounts are classified as loans and totaled $1.7 million and $1.8 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
149

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Interest expense on deposit liabilities by type of deposit was as follows:

Years ended December 31 | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
Time certificates | $ | 7,687 |  |  | $ | 5,390 |  |  | $ | 3,747 |
Savings | 1,567 |  |  | 1,402 |  |  | 1,257 |
Money market | 168 |  |  | 202 |  |  | 205 |
Interest-bearing checking | 238 |  |  | 173 |  |  | 139 |
| $ | 9,660 |  |  | $ | 7,167 |  |  | $ | 5,348 |

Other borrowings.
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase. Securities sold under agreements to repurchase are accounted for as financing transactions and the obligations to repurchase these securities are recorded as liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. ASB pledges investment securities as collateral for securities sold under agreements to repurchase. All such agreements are subject to master netting arrangements, which provide for conditional right of set-off in case of default by either party; however, ASB presents securities sold under agreements to repurchase on a gross basis in the balance sheet. The following tables present information about the securities sold under agreements to repurchase, including the related collateral received from or pledged to counterparties:

(in millions) |  | Gross amount of recognized liabilities |  | Gross amount offset in the Balance Sheet |  | Net amount of liabilities presented in the Balance Sheet
Repurchase agreements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2017 |  | $ | 141 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 141 |
December 31, 2016 |  | 93 |  |  | — |  |  | 93 |

|  | Gross amount not offset in the Balance Sheet
(in millions) |  | Net amount of liabilities presented in the Balance Sheet |  | Financial instruments |  | Cash collateral pledged
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial account holders |  | $ | 141 |  |  | $ | 165 |  |  | $ | — |
Total |  | $ | 141 |  |  | $ | 165 |  |  | $ | — |
December 31, 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government entities |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial account holders |  | 79 |  |  | 101 |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 93 |  |  | $ | 116 |  |  | $ | — |

The securities underlying the agreements to repurchase are book-entry securities and were delivered by appropriate entry into the counterparties’ accounts or into segregated tri-party custodial accounts at the FHLB. The securities underlying the agreements to repurchase continue to be reflected in ASB’s asset accounts. The counterparties or tri-parties may determine that additional collateral is required based on movements in the fair value of the collateral. Typically, a five percent discount is taken from the fair value of the investment securities to determine the value of the collateral pledged for the repurchase agreements.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Information concerning securities sold under agreements to repurchase, which provided for the repurchase of identical securities, was as follows:

(dollars in millions) | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Amount outstanding as of December 31 | $ | 141 |  |  | $ | 93 |  |  | $ | 229 |
Average amount outstanding during the year | $ | 98 |  |  | $ | 170 |  |  | $ | 219 |
Maximum amount outstanding as of any month-end | $ | 141 |  |  | $ | 229 |  |  | $ | 277 |
Weighted-average interest rate as of December 31 | 0.65 | % |  | 0.23 | % |  | 1.24 | %
Weighted-average interest rate during the year | 0.26 | % |  | 1.43 | % |  | 1.29 | %
Weighted-average remaining days to maturity as of December 31 | 1 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 117 |

Securities sold under agreements to repurchase were summarized as follows:

December 31 | 2017 |  | 2016
Maturity | Repurchase liability |  |  | Weighted-average interest rate |  |  | Collateralized by mortgage-related securities and federal agency obligations at fair value plus accrued interest |  |  | Repurchase liability |  |  | Weighted-average interest rate |  |  | Collateralized by mortgage-related securities and federal agency obligations at fair value plus accrued interest |
(dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Overnight | $ | 140,859 |  |  | 0.65 | % |  | $ | 165,464 |  |  | $ | 79,083 |  |  | 0.15 | % |  | $ | 100,305 |
1 to 29 days | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
30 to 90 days | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,535 |  |  | 0.70 |  |  | 15,239 |
Over 90 days | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| $ | 140,859 |  |  | 0.65 | % |  | $ | 165,464 |  |  | $ | 92,618 |  |  | 0.23 | % |  | $ | 115,544 |

Advances from Federal Home Loan Bank. FHLB advances are fixed rate for a specific term and consist of the following:

December 31, 2017 | Weighted-average stated rate |  | Amount
(dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
Due in |  |  |  |  |
2018 | 1.95 | % |  | $ | 50,000 |
2019 | — |  |  | — |
2020 | — |  |  | — |
2021 | — |  |  | — |
2022 | — |  |  | — |
Thereafter | — |  |  | — |
| 1.95 | % |  | $ | 50,000 |

ASB and the FHLB are parties to an Advances, Pledge and Security Agreement (Advances Agreement), which applies to currently outstanding and future advances, and governs the terms and conditions under which ASB borrows and the FHLB makes loans or advances from time to time. Under the Advances Agreement, ASB agrees to abide by the FHLB’s credit policies, and makes certain warranties and representations to the FHLB. Upon the occurrence of and during the continuation of an “Event of Default” (which term includes any event of nonpayment of interest or principal of any advance when due or failure to perform any promise or obligation under the Advances Agreement or other credit arrangements between the parties), the FHLB may, at its option, declare all indebtedness and accrued interest thereon, including any prepayment fees or charges, to be immediately due and payable. Advances from the FHLB are collateralized by loans and stock in the FHLB. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, ASB’s available FHLB borrowing capacity was $1.8 billion. ASB is required to obtain and hold a specific number of shares of capital stock of the FHLB. ASB was in compliance with all Advances Agreement requirements as of December 31, 2017 and 2016.
Common stock equity. ASB is regulated and supervised by the OCC. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on ASB's financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt
151

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
corrective action, ASB must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of ASB's assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings, and other factors.
The prompt corrective action provisions impose certain restrictions on institutions that are undercapitalized. The restrictions imposed become increasingly more severe as an institution's capital category declines from "undercapitalized" to "critically undercapitalized." The regulators have substantial discretion in the corrective actions that might direct and could include restrictions on dividends and other distributions that ASB may make to ASB Hawaii and the requirement that ASB develop and implement a plan to restore its capital. In 1988, HEI agreed with the OTS predecessor regulatory agency at the time, to contribute additional capital to ASB up to a maximum aggregate amount of approximately $65.1 million (Capital Maintenance Agreement). As of December 31, 2017, as a result of capital contributions in prior years, HEI’s maximum obligation to contribute additional capital under the Capital Maintenance Agreement has been reduced to approximately $28.3 million.
To be categorized as "well capitalized," ASB must maintain minimum total capital, Tier 1 capital, and Tier 1 leverage ratios as set forth in the table below. As of December 31, 2017, and 2016 ASB was in compliance with the minimum capital requirements under OCC regulations, and was categorized as "well capitalized" under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. There are no conditions or events that management believes have changed the institution's category under the capital guidelines.
The tables below set forth actual and minimum required capital amounts and ratios:

| Actual |  | Minimum required |  | Required to be well capitalized
(dollars in thousands) | Capital |  | Ratio |  | Capital |  | Ratio |  | Capital |  | Ratio
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tier 1 leverage | 571,810 |  |  | 8.58 | % |  | 266,430 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | 333,038 |  |  | 5.00 | %
Common equity tier 1 | 571,810 |  |  | 12.95 | % |  | 198,628 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | 286,907 |  |  | 6.50 | %
Tier 1 capital | 571,810 |  |  | 12.95 | % |  | 264,838 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | 353,117 |  |  | 8.00 | %
Total capital | 626,987 |  |  | 14.20 | % |  | 353,117 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | 441,396 |  |  | 10.00 | %
December 31, 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tier 1 leverage | 542,239 |  |  | 8.59 | % |  | 252,515 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | 315,644 |  |  | 5.00 | %
Common equity tier 1 | 542,239 |  |  | 12.17 | % |  | 200,455 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | 289,545 |  |  | 6.50 | %
Tier 1 capital | 542,239 |  |  | 12.17 | % |  | 267,273 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | 356,364 |  |  | 8.00 | %
Total capital | 597,940 |  |  | 13.42 | % |  | 356,364 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | 445,455 |  |  | 10.00 | %

ASB is subject to a range of bank regulatory compliance obligations and is unable to predict what actions, if any, may be initiated by the OCC and other governmental authorities against ASB as a result of deficiencies, or the impact of any such measures or actions on ASB.
In 2017, ASB paid cash dividends of $37.5 million to HEI, compared to cash dividends of $36.0 million in 2016. The FRB and OCC approved the dividends.
Related-party transactions. HEI charged ASB $2.1 million, $2.3 million and $2.1 million for general management and administrative services in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The amounts charged by HEI for services performed by HEI employees to its subsidiaries are allocated primarily on the basis of time expended in providing such services.
Derivative financial instruments. ASB enters into interest rate lock commitments (IRLCs) with borrowers, and forward commitments to sell loans or to-be-announced mortgage-backed securities to investors to hedge against the inherent interest rate and pricing risks associated with selling loans.
ASB enters into IRLCs for residential mortgage loans, which commit ASB to lend funds to a potential borrower at a specific interest rate and within a specified period of time. IRLCs that relate to the origination of mortgage loans that will be held for sale are considered derivative financial instruments under applicable accounting guidance. Outstanding IRLCs expose ASB to the risk that the price of the mortgage loans underlying the commitments may decline due to increases in mortgage interest rates from inception of the rate lock to the funding of the loan. The IRLCs are free-standing derivatives which are carried at fair value with changes recorded in mortgage banking income.
152

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ASB enters into forward commitments to hedge the interest rate risk for rate locked mortgage applications in process and closed mortgage loans held for sale. These commitments are primarily forward sales of to-be-announced mortgage backed securities. Generally, when mortgage loans are closed, the forward commitment is liquidated and replaced with a mandatory delivery forward sale of the mortgage to a secondary market investor. In some cases, a best-efforts forward sale agreement is utilized as the forward commitment. These commitments are free-standing derivatives which are carried at fair value with changes recorded in mortgage banking income.
Changes in the fair value of IRLCs and forward commitments subsequent to inception are based on changes in the fair value of the underlying loan resulting from the fulfillment of the commitment and changes in the probability that the loan will fund within the terms of the commitment, which is affected primarily by changes in interest rates and the passage of time.
The notional amount and fair value of ASB’s derivative financial instruments were as follows:

December 31 | 2017 |  | 2016
(in thousands) | Notional amount |  | Fair value |  | Notional amount |  | Fair value
Interest rate lock commitments | $ | 13,669 |  |  | $ | 131 |  |  | $ | 25,883 |  |  | $ | 421 |
Forward commitments | 14,465 |  |  | (24 | ) |  | 30,813 |  |  | (177 | )

ASB’s derivative financial instruments, their fair values, and balance sheet location were as follows:

Derivative Financial Instruments Not Designated |  |  |  |  |  |  |
as Hedging Instruments 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31 | 2017 |  | 2016
(in thousands) | Asset derivatives |  | Liability derivatives |  | Asset derivatives |  | Liability derivatives
Interest rate lock commitments | $ | 133 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 445 |  |  | $ | 24 |
Forward commitments | 4 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 185 |
| $ | 137 |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 453 |  |  | $ | 209 |

1 Asset derivatives are included in other assets and liability derivatives are included in other liabilities in the balance sheets.
The following table presents ASB’s derivative financial instruments and the amount and location of the net gains or losses recognized in ASB's statements of income:

Derivative Financial Instruments Not Designated | Location of net gains |  |  |  |  |  |
as Hedging Instruments | (losses) recognized in |  | Years ended December 31
(in thousands) | the Statements of Income |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Interest rate lock commitments | Mortgage banking income |  | $ | (290 | ) |  | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | (6 | )
Forward commitments | Mortgage banking income |  | 153 |  |  | (148 | ) |  | 77 |
|  |  | $ | (137 | ) |  | $ | (111 | ) |  | $ | 71 |

Commitments. Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the commitments. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since certain of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. ASB minimizes its exposure to loss under these commitments by requiring that customers meet certain conditions prior to disbursing funds. The amount of collateral, if any, is based on a credit evaluation of the borrower and may include residential real estate, accounts receivable, inventory and property, plant and equipment.
Letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by ASB to guarantee payment and performance of a customer to a third party. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers. ASB holds collateral supporting those commitments for which collateral is deemed necessary.
153

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The following is a summary of outstanding off-balance sheet arrangements:

December 31 | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
(in thousands) |  |  |
Unfunded commitments to extend credit: |  |  |  |
Home equity line of credit | $ | 1,214,103 |  |  | $ | 1,146,339 |
Commercial and commercial real estate | 466,510 |  |  | 577,410 |
Consumer | 68,053 |  |  | 64,762 |
Residential 1-4 family | 18,635 |  |  | 38,271 |
Commercial and financial standby letters of credit | 13,136 |  |  | 16,017 |
Total | $ | 1,780,437 |  |  | $ | 1,842,799 |

Contingency. In October 2007, ASB, as a member financial institution of Visa U.S.A. Inc., received restricted shares of Visa, Inc. (Visa) as a result of a restructuring of Visa U.S.A. Inc. in preparation for an initial public offering by Visa. As a part of the restructuring, ASB entered into a judgment and loss sharing agreement with Visa in order to apportion financial responsibilities arising from any potential adverse judgment or negotiated settlements related to indemnified litigation involving Visa. In November 2012, a federal judge granted preliminary approval to a proposed settlement between merchants and Visa over credit card fees and in December 2013, a federal judge granted final approval to the settlement. Some merchants and trade organizations filed a notice of appeal shortly after the approval was issued. As of December 31, 2017, ASB had accrued a reserve of $1.1 million related to the agreement. Because the extent of ASB’s obligations under this agreement depends entirely upon the occurrence of future events, ASB’s maximum potential future liability under this agreement is not determinable.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation assessment. In February 2011, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) finalized rules to change its assessment base from total domestic deposits to average total assets minus average tangible equity, as required in the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act). Assessment rates were reduced to a range of 2.5 to 9 basis points on the new assessment base for financial institutions in the lowest risk category. Financial institutions in the highest risk category have assessment rates of 30 to 45 basis points. The new rate schedule was effective April 1, 2011. As of June 30, 2016, the deposit insurance fund surpassed a target of 1.15 percent of estimated insured deposits that triggered important changes in the FDIC assessments for all banks. The changes took effect for premiums billed and paid in December 2016. Banks with less than $10 billion in assets saw their overall schedule decline by two basis points for banks paying the lowest premiums and up to five points for those at the top end of the assessment scale. In addition, a new formula for calculating risk-based assessment rates is now in effect. For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, ASB’s FDIC insurance assessments were $2.6 million and $3.2 million, respectively. The FDIC may impose special assessments in the future if it is deemed necessary to ensure the Deposit Insurance Fund ratio does not decline to a level that is close to zero or that could otherwise undermine public confidence in federal deposit insurance.

5 · Short-term borrowings

As of December 31, 2017, HEI had $63 million of outstanding commercial paper, with a weighted-average interest rate of 2.5% and Hawaiian Electric had $5 million of outstanding commercial paper, with a weighted-average interest rate of 2.3%. As of December 31, 2016, HEI and Hawaiian Electric had no commercial paper outstanding.
On October 6, 2017, HEI entered into a 364-day, $125 million unsecured loan agreement with The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd., which includes substantially the same financial covenant and customary conditions as the loan agreement with The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd. and U.S. Bank, National Association that matured on the same date. On October 6, 2017, HEI drew a $125 million Eurodollar loan for a term of 364 days at resetting 1-month interest periods, with interest rates that ranged from 1.99% to 2.14% through December 31, 2017. The proceeds from this loan were used to pay off a $125 million long-term loan maturing on the same date. Further, $75 million of this loan was repaid in November 2017 with proceeds from a $150 million long-term loan (described in Note 6 below).
As of December 31, 2017, HEI and Hawaiian Electric maintained syndicated credit facilities of $150 million and $200 million, respectively (see description of credit agreements below). Both HEI and Hawaiian Electric had no borrowings under their respective facilities during 2016 and 2017. None of the facilities are collateralized.
In December 2017, HEI entered into three letters of credit in the aggregate amount of $6.7 million on behalf of Hamakua Energy.
154

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Credit agreements. HEI and Hawaiian Electric each entered into a separate agreement with a syndicate of eight financial institutions (the HEI Facility and Hawaiian Electric Facility, respectively, and together, the Facilities), effective July 3, 2017, to amend and restate their respective previously existing revolving unsecured credit agreements. The $150 million HEI Facility extended the term of the facility to June 30, 2022. The $200 million Hawaiian Electric Facility has an initial term that expires on June 29, 2018, but its term will extend to June 30, 2022 upon approval by the PUC during the initial term, which approval is currently being requested.
Under the Facilities, draws would generally bear interest, based on each company’s respective current long-term credit ratings, at the “Adjusted LIBO Rate,” as defined in the agreement, plus 1.375% and annual fees on undrawn commitments, excluding swingline borrowings, of 20 basis points. The Facilities contain provisions for pricing adjustments in the event of a long-term ratings change based on the respective Facilities’ ratings-based pricing grid, which includes the ratings by Fitch, Moody’s and S&P. Certain modifications were made to incorporate some updated terms and conditions customary for facilities of this type. The Facilities continue to contain customary conditions that must be met in order to draw on them, including compliance with covenants (such as covenants preventing HEI’s/Hawaiian Electric’s subsidiaries from entering into agreements that restrict the ability of the subsidiaries to pay dividends to, or to repay borrowings from, HEI/Hawaiian Electric; and a covenant in Hawaiian Electric’s facility restricting Hawaiian Electric’s ability, as well as the ability of any of its subsidiaries, to guarantee additional indebtedness of the subsidiaries if such additional debt would cause the subsidiary’s “Consolidated Subsidiary Funded Debt to Capitalization Ratio” to exceed 65%).
Under the HEI Facility, it is an event of default if HEI fails to maintain an unconsolidated “Capitalization Ratio” (funded debt) of 50% or less or if HEI no longer owns Hawaiian Electric or ASB. Under the Hawaiian Electric Facility, it is an event of default if Hawaiian Electric fails to maintain a “Consolidated Capitalization Ratio” (equity) of at least 35%, or if Hawaiian Electric is no longer owned by HEI.
The Facilities will be maintained to support each company’s respective short-term commercial paper program, but may be drawn on to meet each company’s respective working capital needs and general corporate purposes.

6 · Long-term debt

December 31 | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
(dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
Long-term debt of Utilities, net of unamortized debt issuance costs 1 | $ | 1,368,479 |  |  | $ | 1,319,260 |
Hamakua Energy 4.02% notes, due 2030 | 67,325 |  |  | — |
HEI 2.99% term loan, due 2022 | 150,000 |  |  | — |
HEI 5.67% senior notes, due 2021 | 50,000 |  |  | 50,000 |
HEI 3.99% senior notes, due 2023 | 50,000 |  |  | 50,000 |
HEI term loans LIBOR + 0.75%, paid 2017 | — |  |  | 200,000 |
Less unamortized debt issuance costs | (2,007 | ) |  | (241 | )
| $ | 1,683,797 |  |  | $ | 1,619,019 |

1 | See components of “Total long-term debt” and unamortized debt issuance costs in Hawaiian Electric and subsidiaries’ Consolidated Statements of Capitalization.

As of December 31, 2017, the aggregate principal payments required on the Company’s long-term debt for 2018 through 2022 are $54 million in 2018, $4 million in 2019, $100 million in 2020, $54 million in 2021 and $206 million in 2022. As of December 31, 2017, the aggregate payments of principal required on the Utilities' long-term debt for 2018 through 2022 are $50 million in 2018, nil in 2019, $96 million in 2020, nil in 2021 and $52 million in 2022.
The HEI term loans and senior notes contain customary representation and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants and events of default (the occurrence of which may result in some or all of the notes then outstanding becoming immediately due and payable). The HEI term loans and senior notes also contain provisions requiring the maintenance by HEI of certain financial ratios generally consistent with those in HEI’s existing second amended revolving noncollateralized credit agreement, expiring on June 30, 2022. Upon a change of control or certain dispositions of assets (as defined in the Master Note Purchase Agreement dated March 24, 2011), HEI is required to offer to prepay the senior notes.
155

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The Utilities’ senior notes contain customary representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants, and events of default (the occurrence of which may result in some or all of the notes of each and all of the utilities then outstanding becoming immediately due and payable) and provisions requiring the maintenance by Hawaiian Electric, and each of Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric, of certain financial ratios generally consistent with those in Hawaiian Electric’s existing second amended revolving noncollateralized credit agreement, expiring on June 29, 2018, but its term will extend to June 30, 2022, upon approval by the PUC during the initial term. (See Note 5 of the Consolidated Financial Statements).
Changes in long-term debt.
HEI. On October 6, 2017, HEI entered into a loan agreement with The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd. and drew a $125 million unsecured Eurodollar loan for a term of 364 days at resetting interest periods and rates (described in Note 5 above). HEI used the proceeds of this short-term loan to pay off a $125 million long-term loan maturing on the same date.
On November 20, 2017, HEI entered into a $150 million unsecured loan agreement with Bank of America, N.A. (BOA Loan Agreement) at a fixed interest rate of 2.99% with a maturity date of November 20, 2022. The BOA Loan Agreement includes substantially the same financial covenant and customary conditions as the HEI credit agreement described in Note 5 above. Proceeds of the loan were used to repay a $75 million term loan ahead of its March 2018 maturity and to repay $75 million of the $125 million short-term loan drawn on October 6, 2017. The loan under the BOA Loan Agreement may be prepaid in full or in part at any time with a prepayment fee calculated by Bank of America, N.A.
Hamakua Energy. On December 26, 2017, Hamakua Energy issued $67.3 million of senior secured notes at a fixed interest rate of 4.02% with quarterly principal and interest payments as defined in the note purchase agreement and a final maturity date of December 31, 2030. The net proceeds were used to pay down an intercompany loan from HEI. HEI used the proceeds primarily to pay down commercial paper. The loan may be prepaid in full or in part with a "make-whole" amount as defined in the agreement.
Hawaiian Electric. On June 29, 2017, the DBF for the benefit of the Utilities, issued, at par:

| Refunding Series 2017A Special Purpose Revenue Bonds | Refunding Series 2017B Special Purpose Revenue Bonds
Aggregate principal amount | $125 million | $140 million
Fixed coupon interest rate | 3.10% | 4.00%
Maturity date | May 1, 2026 | March 1, 2037
DBF loaned the proceeds to: |  |
Hawaiian Electric | $62 million | $100 million
Hawaii Electric Light | $8 million | $20 million
Maui Electric | $55 million | $20 million

Proceeds from the sale were applied to redeem at par bonds previously issued by the DBF for the benefit of the Utilities:

| Refunding Series 2007B Special Purpose Revenue Bonds | Series 2007A Special Purpose Revenue Bonds
Aggregate principal amount | $125 million | $140 million
Fixed coupon interest rate | 4.60% | 4.65%
Maturity date | May 1, 2026 | March 1, 2037

On December 14, 2017, Hawaiian Electric and Maui Electric issued, through a private placement pursuant to separate Note Purchase Agreements (the Note Purchase Agreements), $40 million and $10 million, respectively, of Series 2017A unsecured senior notes bearing taxable interest of 4.31%, which are due December 1, 2047 (the Notes) and include substantially the same financial covenants and customary conditions as Hawaiian Electric's credit agreement as described above. Hawaiian Electric is also a party as guarantor under the Note Purchase Agreement entered into by Maui Electric. All the proceeds of the Notes were used by Hawaiian Electric and Maui Electric to finance their capital expenditures and/or to reimburse funds used for the payment of capital expenditures. The Notes may be prepaid in whole or in part at any time at the prepayment price of the principal amount plus a “Make-Whole Amount.”
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

7 · Shareholders’ equity

Reserved shares. As of December 31, 2017, HEI had reserved a total of 12,158,460 shares of common stock for future issuance under the HEI Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan (DRIP), the Hawaiian Electric Industries Retirement Savings Plan (HEIRSP), the HEI 2011 Nonemployee Director Stock Plan, the ASB 401(k) Plan and the 2010 Executive Incentive Plan.
Equity forward transaction. On March 19, 2013, HEI entered into an equity forward transaction in connection with a public offering on that date for 6.1 million shares of HEI common stock at $26.75 per share. On March 20, 2015, HEI settled the remaining 4.7 million shares under the equity forward for proceeds of $104.5 million (net of the underwriting discount of $4.7 million), which funds were used for the reduction of debt and for general corporate purposes. The proceeds were recorded in equity at the time of settlement. Prior to their settlement, the shares remaining under the equity forward transactions were reflected in HEI’s diluted EPS calculations using the treasury stock method. For 2015, the equity forward transactions did not have a material dilutive effect on HEI’s EPS.
Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss). Changes in the balances of each component of accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) (AOCI) were as follows:

| HEI Consolidated |  | Hawaiian Electric Consolidated
(in thousands) | Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities |  | Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives |  | Retirement benefit plans |  | AOCI |  | Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives |  | Retirement benefit plans |  | AOCI
Balance, December 31, 2014 | $ | 462 |  |  | $ | (289 | ) |  | $ | (27,551 | ) |  | $ | (27,378 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 45 |
Current period other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes | (2,334 | ) |  | 235 |  |  | 3,215 |  |  | 1,116 |  |  | — |  |  | 880 |  |  | 880 |
Balance, December 31, 2015 | (1,872 | ) |  | (54 | ) |  | (24,336 | ) |  | (26,262 | ) |  | — |  |  | 925 |  |  | 925 |
Current period other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes | (6,059 | ) |  | (400 | ) |  | (408 | ) |  | (6,867 | ) |  | (454 | ) |  | (793 | ) |  | (1,247 | )
Balance, December 31, 2016 | (7,931 | ) |  | (454 | ) |  | (24,744 | ) |  | (33,129 | ) |  | (454 | ) |  | 132 |  |  | (322 | )
Current period other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes | (4,370 | ) |  | 454 |  |  | 2,544 |  |  | (1,372 | ) |  | 454 |  |  | (1,142 | ) |  | (688 | )
Reclass of AOCI for tax rate reduction impact | (2,650 | ) |  | — |  |  | (4,790 | ) |  | (7,440 | ) |  | — |  |  | (209 | ) |  | (209 | )
Balance, December 31, 2017 | $ | (14,951 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (26,990 | ) |  | $ | (41,941 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,219 | ) |  | (1,219 | )

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Reclassifications out of AOCI were as follows:

|  | Amount reclassified from AOCI |  | Affected line item in the Statement of
Years ended December 31 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | Income/Balance Sheet
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
HEI consolidated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net realized gains on securities included in net income |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (360 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | Revenues-bank (gains on sale of investment securities, net)
Derivatives qualifying as cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Window forward contracts |  | 454 |  |  | (173 | ) |  | — |  |  | Property, plant and equipment-electric utilities (2017); Revenues-electric utilities (gains on window forward contracts (2016)
Interest rate contracts (settled in 2011) |  | — |  |  | 54 |  |  | 235 |  |  | Interest expense
Retirement benefit plans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of prior service credit and net losses recognized during the period in net periodic benefit cost |  | 15,737 |  |  | 14,518 |  |  | 22,465 |  |  | See Note 8 for additional details
Impact of D&Os of the PUC included in regulatory assets |  | (78,724 | ) |  | 28,584 |  |  | (25,139 | ) |  | See Note 8 for additional details
Total reclassifications |  | $ | (62,533 | ) |  | $ | 42,623 |  |  | $ | (2,439 | ) |  |
Hawaiian Electric consolidated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives qualifying as cash flow hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Window forward contracts |  | 454 |  |  | (173 | ) |  | — |  |  | Property, plant and equipment (2017); Revenues (gains on window forward contracts (2016)
Retirement benefit plans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of prior service credit and net losses recognized during the period in net periodic benefit cost |  | $ | 14,477 |  |  | $ | 13,254 |  |  | $ | 20,381 |  |  | See Note 8 for additional details
Impact of D&Os of the PUC included in regulatory assets |  | (78,724 | ) |  | 28,584 |  |  | (25,139 | ) |  | See Note 8 for additional details
Total reclassifications |  | $ | (63,793 | ) |  | $ | 41,665 |  |  | $ | (4,758 | ) |  |

8 · Retirement benefits

Defined benefit plans. Substantially all of the employees of HEI and the Utilities participate in the Retirement Plan for Employees of Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc. and Participating Subsidiaries (HEI Pension Plan). Substantially all of the employees of ASB participated in the American Savings Bank Retirement Plan (ASB Pension Plan) until it was frozen on December 31, 2007. The HEI Pension Plan and the ASB Pension Plan (collectively, the Plans) are qualified, noncontributory defined benefit pension plans and include, in the case of the HEI Pension Plan, benefits for utility union employees determined in accordance with the terms of the collective bargaining agreements between the Utilities and the union. The Plans are subject to the provisions of ERISA. In addition, some current and former executives and directors of HEI and its subsidiaries participate in noncontributory, nonqualified plans (collectively, Supplemental Plans). In general, benefits are based on the employees’ or directors’ years of service and compensation.
The continuation of the Plans and the Supplemental Plans and the payment of any contribution thereunder are not assumed as contractual obligations by the participating employers. The Supplemental Plan for directors has been frozen since 1996. The ASB Pension Plan was frozen as of December 31, 2007. The HEI Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan and ASB Supplemental Executive Retirement, Disability, and Death Benefit Plan (noncontributory, nonqualified, defined benefit plans) were frozen as of December 31, 2008. No participants have accrued any benefits under these plans after the respective plan’s freeze and the plans will be terminated at the time all remaining benefits have been paid.
Each participating employer reserves the right to terminate its participation in the applicable plans at any time, and HEI and ASB reserve the right to terminate their respective plans at any time. If a participating employer terminates its participation in the Plans, the interest of each affected participant would become 100% vested to the extent funded. Upon the termination of the Plans, assets would be distributed to affected participants in accordance with the applicable allocation provisions of ERISA and
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
any excess assets that exist would be paid to the participating employers. Participants’ benefits in the Plans are covered up to certain limits under insurance provided by the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation.
Postretirement benefits other than pensions. HEI and the Utilities provide eligible employees health and life insurance benefits upon retirement under the Postretirement Welfare Benefits Plan for Employees of Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. and participating employers (Hawaiian Electric Benefits Plan). Eligibility of employees and dependents is based on eligibility to retire at termination, the retirement date and the date of hire. The plan was amended in 2011, changing eligibility for certain bargaining unit employees hired prior to May 1, 2011, based on new minimum age and service requirements effective January 1, 2012, per the collective bargaining agreement, and certain management employees hired prior to May 1, 2011 based on new eligibility minimum age and service requirements effective January 1, 2012. The minimum age and service requirements for management and bargaining unit employees hired May 1, 2011 and thereafter have increased and their dependents are not eligible to receive postretirement benefits. Employees may be eligible to receive benefits from the HEI Pension Plan but may not be eligible for postretirement welfare benefits if the different eligibility requirements are not met.
The executive death benefit plan was frozen on September 10, 2009 for participants at benefit levels as of that date.
The Company’s and Utilities' cost for OPEB has been adjusted to reflect the plan amendments, which reduced benefits and created prior service credits to be amortized over average future service of affected participants. The amortization of the prior service credit will reduce benefit costs over the next few years until the various credit bases are fully recognized. Each participating employer reserves the right to terminate its participation in the Hawaiian Electric Benefits Plan at any time.
Balance sheet recognition of the funded status of retirement plans. Employers must recognize on their balance sheets the funded status of defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans with an offset to AOCI in shareholders’ equity (using the projected benefit obligation (PBO) and accumulated postretirement benefit obligation (APBO), to calculate the funded status).
The PUC allowed the Utilities to adopt pension and OPEB tracking mechanisms in previous rate cases. The amount of the net periodic pension cost (NPPC) and net periodic benefits costs (NPBC) to be recovered in rates is established by the PUC in each rate case. Under the Utilities’ tracking mechanisms, any actual costs determined in accordance with GAAP that are over/under amounts allowed in rates are charged/credited to a regulatory asset/liability. The regulatory asset/liability for each utility will then be amortized over 5 years beginning with the respective utility’s next rate case. Accordingly, all retirement benefit expenses (except for executive life and nonqualified pension plan expenses, which amounted to $1.1 million and $0.9 million in 2017 and 2016, respectively) determined in accordance with GAAP will be recovered.
Under the tracking mechanisms, amounts that would otherwise be recorded in AOCI (excluding amounts for executive life and nonqualified pension plans), net of taxes, as well as other pension and OPEB charges, are allowed to be reclassified as a regulatory asset, as those costs will be recovered in rates through the NPPC and NPBC in the future. The Utilities have reclassified to a regulatory asset/(liability) charges for retirement benefits that would otherwise be recorded in AOCI (amounting to the elimination of a potential charge to AOCI of $(128) million pretax and $47 million pretax for 2017 and 2016, respectively).
Under the pension tracking mechanism, the Utilities are required to make contributions to the pension trust in the amount of the actuarially calculated NPPC, except when limited by the ERISA minimum contribution requirements or the maximum deductible contribution limit imposed by the Internal Revenue Code.
The OPEB tracking mechanisms generally require the Utilities to make contributions to the OPEB trust in the amount of the actuarially calculated NPBC, (excluding amounts for executive life), except when limited by material, adverse consequences imposed by federal regulations.
159

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans information. The changes in the obligations and assets of the Company’s and Utilities' retirement benefit plans and the changes in AOCI (gross) for 2017 and 2016 and the funded status of these plans and amounts related to these plans reflected in the Company’s and Utilities' consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 were as follows:

| 2017 |  | 2016
(in thousands) | Pension benefits |  | Other benefits |  | Pension benefits |  | Other benefits
HEI consolidated |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Benefit obligation, January 1 | $ | 1,935,494 |  |  | $ | 233,835 |  |  | $ | 1,798,030 |  |  | $ | 221,540 |
Service cost | 64,906 |  |  | 3,374 |  |  | 60,555 |  |  | 3,331 |
Interest cost | 81,185 |  |  | 9,453 |  |  | 81,549 |  |  | 9,670 |
Actuarial losses (gains) | 87,399 |  |  | (25,557 | ) |  | 67,741 |  |  | 7,831 |
Participants contributions | — |  |  | 2,078 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,405 |
Benefits paid and expenses | (74,628 | ) |  | (10,582 | ) |  | (72,381 | ) |  | (9,942 | )
Benefit obligation, December 31 | 2,094,356 |  |  | 212,601 |  |  | 1,935,494 |  |  | 233,835 |
Fair value of plan assets, January 1 | 1,369,701 |  |  | 174,251 |  |  | 1,271,474 |  |  | 170,687 |
Actual return on plan assets | 255,324 |  |  | 28,248 |  |  | 103,836 |  |  | 11,352 |
Employer contributions | 66,983 |  |  | — |  |  | 65,463 |  |  | 42 |
Participants contributions | — |  |  | 2,078 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,405 |
Benefits paid and expenses | (73,305 | ) |  | (10,582 | ) |  | (71,072 | ) |  | (9,235 | )
Fair value of plan assets, December 31 | 1,618,703 |  |  | 193,995 |  |  | 1,369,701 |  |  | 174,251 |
Accrued benefit asset (liability), December 31 | $ | (475,653 | ) |  | $ | (18,606 | ) |  | $ | (565,793 | ) |  | $ | (59,584 | )
Other assets | $ | 15,443 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13,477 |  |  | $ | — |
Defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans liability | (491,096 | ) |  | (18,606 | ) |  | (579,270 | ) |  | (59,584 | )
Accrued benefit asset (liability), December 31 | $ | (475,653 | ) |  | $ | (18,606 | ) |  | $ | (565,793 | ) |  | $ | (59,584 | )
AOCI debit, January 1 (excluding impact of PUC D&Os) | $ | 619,451 |  |  | $ | 42,290 |  |  | $ | 581,763 |  |  | $ | 32,550 |
Recognized during year – prior service credit | 55 |  |  | 1,793 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 1,793 |
Recognized during year – net actuarial losses | (26,496 | ) |  | (1,130 | ) |  | (24,832 | ) |  | (804 | )
Occurring during year – net actuarial losses (gains) | (65,180 | ) |  | (41,479 | ) |  | 62,463 |  |  | 8,751 |
AOCI debit before cumulative impact of PUC D&Os, December 31 | 527,830 |  |  | 1,474 |  |  | 619,451 |  |  | 42,290 |
Cumulative impact of PUC D&Os | (489,894 | ) |  | (2,767 | ) |  | (576,933 | ) |  | (43,974 | )
AOCI debit/(credit), December 31 | $ | 37,936 |  |  | $ | (1,293 | ) |  | $ | 42,518 |  |  | $ | (1,684 | )
Net actuarial loss | $ | 527,907 |  |  | $ | 10,183 |  |  | $ | 619,582 |  |  | $ | 52,792 |
Prior service gain | (77 | ) |  | (8,709 | ) |  | (131 | ) |  | (10,502 | )
AOCI debit before cumulative impact of PUC D&Os, December 31 | 527,830 |  |  | 1,474 |  |  | 619,451 |  |  | 42,290 |
Cumulative impact of PUC D&Os | (489,894 | ) |  | (2,767 | ) |  | (576,933 | ) |  | (43,974 | )
AOCI debit/(credit), December 31 | 37,936 |  |  | (1,293 | ) |  | 42,518 |  |  | (1,684 | )
Income taxes (benefits) | (9,986 | ) |  | 333 |  |  | (16,746 | ) |  | 656 |
AOCI debit/(credit), net of taxes (benefits), December 31 | $ | 27,950 |  |  | $ | (960 | ) |  | $ | 25,772 |  |  | $ | (1,028 | )
As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the other postretirement benefit plans shown in the table above had ABOs in excess of plan assets.

160

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

| 2017 |  | 2016
(in thousands) | Pension benefits |  | Other benefits |  | Pension benefits |  | Other benefits
Hawaiian Electric consolidated |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Benefit obligation, January 1 | $ | 1,779,626 |  |  | $ | 225,723 |  |  | $ | 1,649,690 |  |  | $ | 213,990 |
Service cost | 63,059 |  |  | 3,353 |  |  | 58,796 |  |  | 3,284 |
Interest cost | 74,632 |  |  | 9,115 |  |  | 74,808 |  |  | 9,337 |
Actuarial losses (gains) | 80,186 |  |  | (25,172 | ) |  | 63,121 |  |  | 7,545 |
Participants contributions | — |  |  | 2,047 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,389 |
Benefits paid and expenses | (68,691 | ) |  | (10,419 | ) |  | (66,789 | ) |  | (9,822 | )
Transfers | (164 | ) |  | (3 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Benefit obligation, December 31 | 1,928,648 |  |  | 204,644 |  |  | 1,779,626 |  |  | 225,723 |
Fair value of plan assets, January 1 | 1,233,184 |  |  | 171,383 |  |  | 1,141,833 |  |  | 167,930 |
Actual return on plan assets | 237,830 |  |  | 27,806 |  |  | 93,441 |  |  | 11,168 |
Employer contributions | 65,669 |  |  | — |  |  | 64,236 |  |  | 11 |
Participants contributions | — |  |  | 2,047 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,389 |
Benefits paid and expenses | (68,225 | ) |  | (10,419 | ) |  | (66,326 | ) |  | (9,115 | )
Other | (55 | ) |  | (3 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Fair value of plan assets, December 31 | 1,468,403 |  |  | 190,814 |  |  | 1,233,184 |  |  | 171,383 |
Accrued benefit liability, December 31 | $ | (460,245 | ) |  | $ | (13,830 | ) |  | $ | (546,442 | ) |  | $ | (54,340 | )
Other liabilities (short-term) | (494 | ) |  | (633 | ) |  | (460 | ) |  | (596 | )
Defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans liability | (459,751 | ) |  | (13,197 | ) |  | (545,982 | ) |  | (53,744 | )
Accrued benefit liability, December 31 | $ | (460,245 | ) |  | $ | (13,830 | ) |  | $ | (546,442 | ) |  | $ | (54,340 | )
AOCI debit, January 1 (excluding impact of PUC D&Os) | $ | 579,725 |  |  | $ | 40,967 |  |  | $ | 541,118 |  |  | $ | 31,485 |
Recognized during year – prior service credit (cost) | (8 | ) |  | 1,804 |  |  | (13 | ) |  | 1,803 |
Recognized during year – net actuarial losses | (24,392 | ) |  | (1,102 | ) |  | (22,693 | ) |  | (793 | )
Occurring during year – net actuarial losses (gains) | (61,861 | ) |  | (40,830 | ) |  | 61,313 |  |  | 8,472 |
AOCI debit before cumulative impact of PUC D&Os, December 31 | 493,464 |  |  | 839 |  |  | 579,725 |  |  | 40,967 |
Cumulative impact of PUC D&Os | (489,894 | ) |  | (2,767 | ) |  | (576,933 | ) |  | (43,974 | )
AOCI debit/(credit), December 31 | $ | 3,570 |  |  | $ | (1,928 | ) |  | $ | 2,792 |  |  | $ | (3,007 | )
Net actuarial loss | $ | 493,439 |  |  | $ | 9,531 |  |  | $ | 579,691 |  |  | $ | 51,463 |
Prior service cost (gain) | 25 |  |  | (8,692 | ) |  | 34 |  |  | (10,496 | )
AOCI debit before cumulative impact of PUC D&Os, December 31 | 493,464 |  |  | 839 |  |  | 579,725 |  |  | 40,967 |
Cumulative impact of PUC D&Os | (489,894 | ) |  | (2,767 | ) |  | (576,933 | ) |  | (43,974 | )
AOCI debit/(credit), December 31 | 3,570 |  |  | (1,928 | ) |  | 2,792 |  |  | (3,007 | )
Income taxes (benefits) | (920 | ) |  | 497 |  |  | (1,087 | ) |  | 1,170 |
AOCI debit/(credit), net of taxes (benefits), December 31 | $ | 2,650 |  |  | $ | (1,431 | ) |  | $ | 1,705 |  |  | $ | (1,837 | )

As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the other postretirement benefit plan shown in the table above had ABOs in excess of plan assets.
The dates used to determine retirement benefit measurements for the defined benefit plans were December 31 of 2017, 2016 and 2015.
The Pension Protection Act of 2006 (Pension Protection Act), amended the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA). Among other things, the Pension Protection Act changed the funding rules for qualified pension plans. In 2014, the Highway and Transportation Funding Act of 2014 (HATFA) further amended the Pension Protection Act. HATFA resulted in an increase of the Adjusted Funding Target Attainment Percentage (AFTAP) for benefit distribution purposes and eased funding requirements effective with the 2014 plan year. The funding relief was extended by the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015. As a result, the minimum funding requirements for the HEI Retirement Plan under ERISA are less than the net periodic cost for 2016
161

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
and 2017. Nevertheless, to satisfy the requirements of the Utilities pension tracking mechanism, the Utilities contributed the net periodic cost in 2016 and 2017 and expect to contribute the net periodic cost in 2018.
For purposes of calculating NPPC and NPBC, the Company and the Utilities have determined the market-related value of retirement benefit plan assets by calculating the difference between the expected return and the actual return on the fair value of the plan assets, then amortizing the difference over future years – 0% in the first year and 25% in each of years two through five – and finally adding or subtracting the unamortized differences for the past four years from fair value. The method includes a 15% range restriction around the fair value of such assets (i.e., 85% to 115% of fair value).
A primary goal of the plans is to achieve long-term asset growth sufficient to pay future benefit obligations at a reasonable level of risk. The investment policy target for defined benefit pension and OPEB plans reflects the philosophy that long-term growth can best be achieved by prudent investments in equity securities while balancing overall fund volatility by an appropriate allocation to fixed income securities. In order to reduce the level of portfolio risk and volatility in returns, efforts have been made to diversify the plans’ investments by asset class, geographic region, market capitalization and investment style.
The asset allocation of defined benefit retirement plans to equity and fixed income securities and related investment policy targets and ranges were as follows:

| Pension benefits 1 |  | Other benefits 2
|  |  |  |  | Investment policy |  |  |  |  |  | Investment policy
December 31 | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | Target |  |  | Range |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | Target |  |  | Range
Assets held by category |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities | 73 | % |  | 71 | % |  | 70 | % |  | 65-75 |  | 73 | % |  | 70 | % |  | 70 | % |  | 65-75
Fixed income securities | 27 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 25-35 |  | 27 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 25-35
| 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  |  |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  |

1 | Asset allocation is applicable to only HEI and the Utilities. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, nearly all of ASB's pension assets were invested in fixed income securities.

2 | Asset allocation is applicable to only HEI and the Utilities. ASB does not fund its other benefits.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Assets held in various trusts for the retirement benefit plans are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and were as follows:

| Pension benefits |  | Other benefits
|  |  | Fair value measurements using |  |  |  | Fair value measurements using
(in millions) | December 31 |  | Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) |  | Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) |  | December 31 |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities | $ | 568 |  |  | $ | 568 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 75 |  |  | $ | 75 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Equity index funds | 435 |  |  | 435 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 52 |  |  | 52 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Equity investments at net asset value (NAV) | 76 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total equity investments | 1,079 |  |  | 1,003 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 139 |  |  | 127 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Fixed income securities and public mutual funds | 297 |  |  | 81 |  |  | 216 |  |  | — |  |  | 46 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |
Fixed income investments at NAV | 203 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total fixed income investments | 500 |  |  | 81 |  |  | 216 |  |  | — |  |  | 50 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |
Cash equivalents at NAV | 36 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 1,615 |  |  | $ | 1,084 |  |  | $ | 216 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 194 |  |  | $ | 170 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | — |
Cash, receivables and payables, net | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of plan assets | $ | 1,619 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 194 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities | $ | 692 |  |  | $ | 692 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 94 |  |  | $ | 94 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Equity index funds | 129 |  |  | 129 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17 |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Equity investments at NAV | 56 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total equity investments | 877 |  |  | 821 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 120 |  |  | 111 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Fixed income securities and public mutual funds | 276 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 192 |  |  | — |  |  | 44 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |
Fixed income investments at NAV | 180 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total fixed income investments | 456 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 192 |  |  | — |  |  | 48 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |
Cash equivalents at NAV | 33 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | 1,366 |  |  | $ | 905 |  |  | $ | 192 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 174 |  |  | $ | 153 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |
Cash, receivables and payables, net | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of plan assets | $ | 1,370 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 174 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| Pension benefits |  | Other benefits
Measured at net asset value | December 31 |  |  | Redemption frequency |  | Redemption notice period |  | December 31 |  |  | Redemption frequency |  | Redemption notice period
(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non U.S. equity funds (a) | 76 |  |  | Daily-Monthly |  | 5 - 30 days |  | 12 |  |  | Daily-Monthly |  | 5-30 days
Fixed income investments (b) | 203 |  |  | Monthly |  | 15 days |  | 4 |  |  | Monthly |  | 15 days
Cash equivalents (c) | 36 |  |  | Daily |  | 0-1 day |  | 5 |  |  | Daily |  | 0-1 day
| $ | 315 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  |  |  |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non U.S. equity funds (a) | 56 |  |  | Daily - Quarterly |  | 0 - 30 days |  | 9 |  |  | Monthly - Quarterly |  | 10-30 days
Fixed income investments (b) | 180 |  |  | Monthly |  | 10 days |  | 4 |  |  | Monthly |  | 10 days
Cash equivalents (c) | 33 |  |  | Daily |  | 0-1 day |  | 6 |  |  | Daily |  | 0-1 day
| $ | 269 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  |  |  |

163

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
None of the investments presented in the tables above have unfunded commitments.

(a) | Represents investments in funds that primarily invest in non-U.S., emerging markets equities. Redemption frequency for pension benefits assets as of December 31, 2017 were: daily, 32% and monthly, 68% and as of December 31, 2016 were: daily, 31%; monthly, 31%; and quarterly, 38%. Redemption frequency for other benefits assets as of December 31, 2017 were: daily, 26% and monthly, 74% and as of December 31, 2016 were: monthly, 57%; and quarterly, 42%.

(b ) | Represents investments in fixed income securities invested in a US-dollar denominated fund that seeks to exceed the Barclays Capital Long Corporate A or better Index through investments in US-dollar denominated fixed income securities and commingled vehicles.

(c) | Represents investments in cash equivalent funds. This class includes funds that invest primarily in securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities. For pension benefits, the fund may also invest in fixed income securities of investment grade issuers.

The fair values of the investments shown in the table above represent the Company’s best estimates of the amounts that would be received upon sale of those assets in an orderly transaction between market participants at that date. Those fair value measurements maximize the use of observable inputs. However, in situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset at the measurement date, the fair value measurement reflects the Company’s judgments about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset. Those judgments are developed by the Company based on the best information available in the circumstances.
The fair value of investments measured at net asset value presented in the tables above are intended to permit reconciliation to the fair value of plan assets amounts.
The Company used the following valuation methodologies for assets measured at fair value. There have been no changes in the methodologies used at December 31, 2017 and 2016.
Equity securities, equity index funds, U.S. Treasury fixed income securities and public mutual funds (Level 1). Equity securities, equity index funds, U.S. Treasury fixed income securities and public mutual funds are valued at the closing price reported on the active market on which the individual securities or funds are traded.
Fixed income securities (Level 2). Fixed income securities, other than those issued by the U.S. Treasury, are valued based on yields currently available on comparable securities of issuers with similar credit ratings.
The following weighted-average assumptions were used in the accounting for the plans:

| Pension benefits |  | Other benefits
December 31 | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Benefit obligation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Discount rate | 3.74 | % |  | 4.26 | % |  | 4.60 | % |  | 3.72 | % |  | 4.22 | % |  | 4.57 | %
Rate of compensation increase | 3.5 |  |  | 3.5 |  |  | 3.5 |  |  | NA |  |  | NA |  |  | NA |
Net periodic pension/benefit cost (years ended) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Discount rate | 4.26 |  |  | 4.60 |  |  | 4.22 |  |  | 4.22 |  |  | 4.57 |  |  | 4.17 |
Expected return on plan assets 1 | 7.50 |  |  | 7.75 |  |  | 7.75 |  |  | 7.50 |  |  | 7.75 |  |  | 7.75 |
Rate of compensation increase 2 | 3.5 |  |  | 3.5 |  |  | 3.5 |  |  | NA |  |  | NA |  |  | NA |

NA Not applicable
1 For 2017 and 2016, HEI's and Utilities' plan assets only. For 2017 and 2016, ASB's expected return on plan assets was 4.46% and 4.80%, respectively.
2 The Company and the Utilities use a graded rate of compensation increase assumption based on age. The rate provided above is an average across all future years of service for the current population.
The Company and the Utilities based their selection of an assumed discount rate for 2018 NPPC and NPBC and December 31, 2017 disclosure on a cash flow matching analysis that utilized bond information provided by Bloomberg for all non-callable, high quality bonds (generally rated Aa or better) as of December 31, 2017. In selecting the expected rate of return on plan assets for 2018 NPPC and NPBC: a) HEI and the Utilities considered economic forecasts for the types of investments held by the plans (primarily equity and fixed income investments), the Plans’ asset allocations, industry and corporate surveys and the past performance of the plans’ assets in selecting 7.50% and b) ASB considered its liability driven investment strategy
164

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
in selecting 3.94%, which is consistent with the assumed discount rate as of December 31, 2017 with a 20 basis point active manager premium. For 2017, retirement benefit plans' assets of HEI and the Utilities had a net return of 19.3%.
The Company and the Utilities adopted mortality tables published in October 2014 by the Society of Actuaries as its mortality assumptions as of December 31, 2014. The use of the RP-2014 Tables and the Mortality Improvement Scale MP-2014 had a significant effect on the Company’s and the Utilities’ benefit obligations and increased their costs and required contributions for 2015. The Company and the Utilities adopted revised mortality tables for their mortality assumptions as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 (based on information published by the Society of Actuaries in October 2016 and 2015, respectively), the use of which lowered obligations of the Company and Utilities as of December 31, 2017 and 2016.
As of December 31, 2017, the assumed health care trend rates for 2018 and future years were as follows: medical, 7.5%, grading down to 5% for 2028 and thereafter; dental, 5%; and vision, 4%. As of December 31, 2016, the assumed health care trend rates for 2017 and future years were as follows: medical, 7.75%, grading down to 5% for 2028 and thereafter; dental, 5%; and vision, 4%.
The components of NPPC and NPBC were as follows:

| Pension benefits |  | Other benefits
(in thousands) | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
HEI consolidated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service cost | $ | 64,906 |  |  | $ | 60,555 |  |  | $ | 66,260 |  |  | $ | 3,374 |  |  | $ | 3,331 |  |  | $ | 3,927 |
Interest cost | 81,185 |  |  | 81,549 |  |  | 76,960 |  |  | 9,453 |  |  | 9,670 |  |  | 9,011 |
Expected return on plan assets | (102,745 | ) |  | (98,559 | ) |  | (88,554 | ) |  | (12,326 | ) |  | (12,273 | ) |  | (11,664 | )
Amortization of net prior service (gain) cost | (55 | ) |  | (57 | ) |  | 4 |  |  | (1,793 | ) |  | (1,793 | ) |  | (1,793 | )
Amortization of net actuarial losses | 26,496 |  |  | 24,832 |  |  | 36,800 |  |  | 1,130 |  |  | 804 |  |  | 1,796 |
Net periodic pension/benefit cost | 69,787 |  |  | 68,320 |  |  | 91,470 |  |  | (162 | ) |  | (261 | ) |  | 1,277 |
Impact of PUC D&Os | (18,004 | ) |  | (18,117 | ) |  | (40,011 | ) |  | 1,211 |  |  | 1,343 |  |  | (240 | )
Net periodic pension/benefit cost (adjusted for impact of PUC D&Os) | $ | 51,783 |  |  | $ | 50,203 |  |  | $ | 51,459 |  |  | $ | 1,049 |  |  | $ | 1,082 |  |  | $ | 1,037 |
Hawaiian Electric consolidated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service cost | $ | 63,059 |  |  | $ | 58,796 |  |  | $ | 64,262 |  |  | $ | 3,353 |  |  | $ | 3,284 |  |  | $ | 3,870 |
Interest cost | 74,632 |  |  | 74,808 |  |  | 70,529 |  |  | 9,115 |  |  | 9,337 |  |  | 8,700 |
Expected return on plan assets | (95,892 | ) |  | (91,633 | ) |  | (82,541 | ) |  | (12,147 | ) |  | (12,096 | ) |  | (11,495 | )
Amortization of net prior service (gain) cost | 8 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 40 |  |  | (1,804 | ) |  | (1,803 | ) |  | (1,804 | )
Amortization of net actuarial losses | 24,392 |  |  | 22,693 |  |  | 33,371 |  |  | 1,102 |  |  | 793 |  |  | 1,754 |
Net periodic pension/benefit cost | 66,199 |  |  | 64,677 |  |  | 85,661 |  |  | (381 | ) |  | (485 | ) |  | 1,025 |
Impact of PUC D&Os | (18,004 | ) |  | (18,117 | ) |  | (40,011 | ) |  | 1,211 |  |  | 1,343 |  |  | (240 | )
Net periodic pension/benefit cost (adjusted for impact of PUC D&Os) | $ | 48,195 |  |  | $ | 46,560 |  |  | $ | 45,650 |  |  | $ | 830 |  |  | $ | 858 |  |  | $ | 785 |

The estimated prior service credit and net actuarial loss for defined benefit plans that will be amortized from AOCI or regulatory assets into NPPC and NPBC during 2018 is as follows:

| HEI consolidated |  | Hawaiian Electric consolidated
(in millions) | Pension benefits |  | Other benefits |  | Pension benefits |  | Other benefits
Estimated prior service credit | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1.8 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1.8 | )
Net actuarial loss | 29.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 26.8 |  |  | — |

The Company recorded pension expense of $33 million, $33 million and $35 million and OPEB expense of $1.0 million, $1.0 million and $0.9 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and charged the remaining amounts primarily to electric utility plant. The Utilities recorded pension expense of $30 million, $30 million and $29 million and OPEB expense of $0.8 million, $0.7 million and $0.7 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and charged the remaining amounts primarily to electric utility plant.
165

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The health care cost trend rate assumptions can have a significant effect on the amounts reported for other benefits. As of December 31, 2017, for the Company, a one-percentage-point increase in the assumed health care cost trend rates would have increased the total service and interest cost by $0.1 million and the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation (APBO) by $2.7 million, and a one-percentage-point decrease would have reduced the total service and interest cost by $0.2 million and the APBO by $3.1 million. As of December 31, 2017, for the Utilities, a one-percentage-point increase in the assumed health care cost trend rates would have increased the total service and interest cost by $0.1 million and the APBO by $2.7 million, and a one-percentage-point decrease would have reduced the total service and interest cost by $0.2 million and the APBO by $3.1 million.
Additional information on the defined benefit pension plans' accumulated benefit obligations (ABOs), which do not consider projected pay increases (unlike the PBOs shown in the table above), PBOs and assets were as follows:

| HEI consolidated |  | Hawaiian Electric consolidated
December 31 | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
(in billions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Defined benefit plans - ABOs | $ | 1.8 |  |  | $ | 1.7 |  |  | $ | 1.7 |  |  | $ | 1.5 |
Defined benefit plans with ABO in excess of plan assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ABOs | 1.7 |  |  | 1.6 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | 1.5 |
Plan assets | 1.5 |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | 1.2 |
Defined benefit plans with PBOs in excess of plan assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
PBOs | 2.0 |  |  | 1.8 |  |  | 1.9 |  |  | 1.8 |
Plan assets | 1.5 |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | 1.2 |

HEI consolidated. The Company estimates that the cash funding for the qualified defined benefit pension plans in 2018 will be $62 million, which should fully satisfy the minimum required contributions to those plans, including requirements of the Utilities’ pension tracking mechanisms and the Plan’s funding policy. The Company's current estimate of contributions to its other postretirement benefit plans in 2018 is nil.
As of December 31, 2017, the benefits expected to be paid under all retirement benefit plans in 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023 through 2027 amount to $86 million, $89 million, $92 million, $95 million, $99 million and $552 million, respectively.
Hawaiian Electric consolidated. The Utilities estimate that the cash funding for the qualified defined benefit pension plan in 2018 will be $61 million, which should fully satisfy the minimum required contributions to that Plan, including requirements of the pension tracking mechanisms and the Plan’s funding policy. The Utilities' current estimate of contributions to its other postretirement benefit plans in 2018 is nil.
As of December 31, 2017, the benefits expected to be paid under all retirement benefit plans in 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023 through 2027 amounted to $79 million, $81 million, $84 million, $87 million, $90 million and $504 million, respectively.
Defined contribution plans information. For 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company’s expenses for its defined contribution pension plans under the HEIRSP and the ASB 401(k) Plan were $7 million, $5 million and $6 million, respectively, and cash contributions were $6 million, $5 million and $5 million, respectively. The Utilities’ expenses and cash contributions for its defined contribution pension plan under the HEIRSP Plan for 2017, 2016 and 2015 were $2.0 million, $1.5 million and $1.5 million, respectively.
166

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

9 · Share-based compensation

Under the 2010 Equity and Incentive Plan, as amended, HEI can issue shares of common stock as incentive compensation to selected employees in the form of stock options, stock appreciation rights (SARs), restricted shares, restricted stock units, performance shares and other share-based and cash-based awards. The 2010 Equity and Incentive Plan (original EIP) was amended and restated effective March 1, 2014 (EIP) and an additional 1.5 million shares was added to the shares available for issuance under these programs.
As of December 31, 2017, approximately 3.3 million shares remained available for future issuance under the terms of the EIP, assuming recycling of shares withheld to satisfy minimum statutory tax liabilities relating to EIP awards, including an estimated 0.4 million shares that could be issued upon the vesting of outstanding restricted stock units and the achievement of performance goals for awards outstanding under long-term incentive plans (assuming that such performance goals are achieved at maximum levels).
Restricted stock units awarded under the 2010 Equity and Incentive Plan in 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014 will vest and be issued in unrestricted stock in four equal annual increments on the anniversaries of the grant date and are forfeited to the extent they have not become vested for terminations of employment during the vesting period, except that pro-rata vesting is provided for terminations due to death, disability and retirement. Restricted stock units expense has been recognized in accordance with the fair-value-based measurement method of accounting. Dividend equivalent rights are accrued quarterly and are paid at the end of the restriction period when the associated restricted stock units vest.
Stock performance awards granted under the 2017-2019 long-term incentive plan (LTIP) entitle the grantee to shares of common stock with dividend equivalent rights once service conditions and performance conditions are satisfied at the end of the three-year performance period. LTIP awards are forfeited for terminations of employment during the performance period, except that pro-rata participation is provided for terminations due to death, disability and retirement based upon completed months of service after a minimum of 12 months of service in the performance period. Compensation expense for the stock performance awards portion of the LTIP has been recognized in accordance with the fair-value-based measurement method of accounting for performance shares.
Under the 2011 Nonemployee Director Stock Plan (2011 Director Plan), HEI can issue shares of common stock as compensation to nonemployee directors of HEI, Hawaiian Electric and ASB. As of December 31, 2017, there were 85,428 shares remaining available for future issuance under the 2011 Director Plan.
Share-based compensation expense and the related income tax benefit were as follows:

(in millions) | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
HEI consolidated |  |  |  |  |
Share-based compensation expense 1 | $ | 5.4 |  |  | $ | 4.8 |  |  | $ | 6.5 |
Income tax benefit | 1.9 |  |  | 1.6 |  |  | 2.3 |
Hawaiian Electric consolidated |  |  |  |  |
Share-based compensation expense 1 | 1.9 |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | 1.9 |
Income tax benefit | 0.7 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 0.7 |

1 | For 2017 and 2016, the Company has not capitalized any share-based compensation. In 2015, $0.15 million of this share-based compensation expense was capitalized.

Stock awards. Nonemployee director awards totaling $0.2 million were paid in cash (in lieu of common stock) in July 2016. HEI granted HEI common stock to nonemployee directors of HEI, Hawaiian Electric and ASB under the 2011 Director Plan as follows:

(dollars in millions) | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Shares granted | 35,770 |  |  | 19,846 |  |  | 28,246 |
Fair value | $ | 1.2 |  |  | $ | 0.6 |  |  | $ | 0.8 |
Income tax benefit | 0.5 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.3 |

The number of shares issued to each nonemployee director of HEI, Hawaiian Electric and ASB is determined based on the closing price of HEI Common Stock on the grant date.
167

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Restricted stock units. Information about HEI’s grants of restricted stock units was as follows:

| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
| Shares |  |  | (1) |  | Shares |  |  | (1) |  | Shares |  |  | (1)
Outstanding, January 1 | 220,683 |  |  | $ | 29.57 |  |  | 210,634 |  |  | $ | 28.82 |  |  | 261,235 |  |  | $ | 25.77 |
Granted | 97,873 |  |  | 33.47 |  |  | 114,431 |  |  | 29.70 |  |  | 85,772 |  |  | 33.69 |
Vested | (92,147 | ) |  | 28.88 |  |  | (85,003 | ) |  | 27.84 |  |  | (102,173 | ) |  | 25.67 |
Forfeited | (29,362 | ) |  | 31.57 |  |  | (19,379 | ) |  | 29.82 |  |  | (34,200 | ) |  | 27.09 |
Outstanding, December 31 | 197,047 |  |  | $ | 31.53 |  |  | 220,683 |  |  | $ | 29.57 |  |  | 210,634 |  |  | $ | 28.82 |
Total weighted-average grant-date fair value of shares granted ($ millions) | $ | 3.3 |  |  |  |  | $ | 3.4 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2.9 |  |  |

(1) | Weighted-average grant-date fair value per share based on the average price of HEI common stock on the date of grant.

For 2017, 2016 and 2015, total restricted stock units and related dividends that vested had a fair value of $3.5 million, $2.8 million and $3.7 million, respectively, and the related tax benefits were $1.1 million, $0.9 million and $1.1 million, respectively.
As of December 31, 2017, there was $4.0 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to the nonvested restricted stock units. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.4 years.
Long-term incentive plan payable in stock. The 2017-2019 LTIP provides for performance awards under the EIP of shares of HEI common stock based on the satisfaction of performance goals including a market condition goal. The number of shares of HEI common stock that may be awarded is fixed on the date the grants are made subject to the achievement of specified performance levels and calculated dividend equivalents. The potential payout varies from 0% to 200% of the number of target shares depending on the achievement of the goals. The market condition goal is based on HEI’s total shareholder return (TSR) compared to the Edison Electric Institute Index over the three-year period. The other performance condition goals relate to EPS growth, return on average common equity (ROACE) and ASB’s efficiency ratio. The 2015-2017 and 2016-2018 LTIPs provide for performance awards payable in cash, and thus, are not included in the tables below.
LTIP linked to TSR. Information about HEI’s LTIP grants linked to TSR was as follows:

| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
| Shares |  |  | (1) |  | Shares |  |  | (1) |  | Shares |  |  | (1)
Outstanding, January 1 | 83,106 |  |  | $ | 22.95 |  |  | 162,500 |  |  | $ | 27.66 |  |  | 257,956 |  |  | $ | 28.45 |
Granted | 37,204 |  |  | 39.51 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Vested (issued or unissued and cancelled) | (83,106 | ) |  | 22.95 |  |  | (78,553 | ) |  | 32.69 |  |  | (75,915 | ) |  | 30.71 |
Forfeited | (4,300 | ) |  | 39.51 |  |  | (841 | ) |  | 22.95 |  |  | (19,541 | ) |  | 26.25 |
Outstanding, December 31 | 32,904 |  |  | $ | 39.51 |  |  | 83,106 |  |  | $ | 22.95 |  |  | 162,500 |  |  | $ | 27.66 |
Total weighted-average grant-date fair value of shares granted ($ millions) | $ | 1.5 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |

(1) | Weighted-average grant-date fair value per share determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model.

The grant date fair values of the shares were determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model utilizing actual information for the common shares of HEI and its peers for the period from the beginning of the performance period to the grant date and estimated future stock volatility and dividends of HEI and its peers over the remaining three-year performance period. The expected stock volatility assumptions for HEI and its peer group were based on the three-year historic stock volatility, and the annual dividend yield assumptions were based on dividend yields calculated on the basis of daily stock prices over the same three-year historical period.
168

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The following table summarizes the assumptions used to determine the fair value of the LTIP awards linked to TSR and the resulting fair value of LTIP awards granted:

|  | 2017 |
Risk-free interest rate |  | 1.46 | %
Expected life in years |  | 3 |
Expected volatility |  | 20.1 | %
Range of expected volatility for Peer Group |  | 15.4% to 26.0% |
Grant date fair value (per share) |  | $ | 39.51 |

For 2017, total vested LTIP awards linked to TSR and related dividends had a fair value of $1.9 million and the related tax benefits were $0.7 million. For 2016 and 2015, all vested shares in the table above were unissued and cancelled (i.e., lapsed) because the TSR performance goal was not met.
As of December 31, 2017, there was $0.9 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to the nonvested performance awards payable in shares linked to TSR. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.0 years.
LTIP awards linked to other performance conditions. Information about HEI’s LTIP awards payable in shares linked to other performance conditions was as follows:

| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
| Shares |  |  | (1) |  | Shares |  |  | (1) |  | Shares |  |  | (1)
Outstanding, January 1 | 109,816 |  |  | $ | 25.18 |  |  | 222,647 |  |  | $ | 26.02 |  |  | 364,731 |  |  | $ | 26.01 |
Granted | 148,818 |  |  | 33.47 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Vested | (109,816 | ) |  | 25.18 |  |  | (109,097 | ) |  | 26.89 |  |  | (121,249 | ) |  | 26.05 |
Increase above target (cancelled) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,989 | ) |  | 25.26 |  |  | 3,412 |  |  | 26.89 |
Forfeited | (17,202 | ) |  | 33.48 |  |  | (1,745 | ) |  | 25.19 |  |  | (24,247 | ) |  | 25.82 |
Outstanding, December 31 | 131,616 |  |  | $ | 33.47 |  |  | 109,816 |  |  | $ | 25.18 |  |  | 222,647 |  |  | $ | 26.02 |
Total weighted-average grant-date fair value of shares granted (at target performance levels) ($ millions) | $ | 5.0 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |

(1) | Weighted-average grant-date fair value per share based on the average price of HEI common stock on the date of grant.

For 2017, 2016 and 2015, total vested LTIP awards linked to other performance conditions and related dividends had a fair value of $4.2 million, $3.6 million and $4.7 million, respectively, and the related tax benefits were $1.6 million, $1.4 million and $1.8 million, respectively.
As of December 31, 2017, there was $2.9 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to the nonvested shares linked to performance conditions other than TSR. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.0 years.
169

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

10 · Income taxes

The components of income taxes attributable to net income for common stock were as follows:

| HEI consolidated |  | Hawaiian Electric consolidated
Years ended December 31 | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current | $ | 61,534 |  |  | $ | 59,873 |  |  | $ | 44,343 |  |  | $ | 36,267 |  |  | $ | 952 |  |  | $ | — |
Deferred* | 33,967 |  |  | 43,666 |  |  | 36,664 |  |  | 35,229 |  |  | 70,513 |  |  | 68,757 |
Deferred tax credits, net | (20 | ) |  | 268 |  |  | 318 |  |  | (20 | ) |  | 268 |  |  | 318 |
| 95,481 |  |  | 103,807 |  |  | 81,325 |  |  | 71,476 |  |  | 71,733 |  |  | 69,075 |
State |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current | 10,076 |  |  | 16,473 |  |  | 2,402 |  |  | 8,947 |  |  | 9,232 |  |  | (1,048 | )
Deferred | 3,868 |  |  | 3,452 |  |  | 4,768 |  |  | 2,808 |  |  | 3,873 |  |  | 6,869 |
Deferred tax credits, net | (32 | ) |  | (37 | ) |  | 4,526 |  |  | (32 | ) |  | (37 | ) |  | 4,526 |
| 13,912 |  |  | 19,888 |  |  | 11,696 |  |  | 11,723 |  |  | 13,068 |  |  | 10,347 |
Total | $ | 109,393 |  |  | $ | 123,695 |  |  | $ | 93,021 |  |  | $ | 83,199 |  |  | $ | 84,801 |  |  | $ | 79,422 |

* | Included in the amounts for 2017 are federal deferred income tax expenses of $13.4 million and $9.2 million for the Company and Hawaiian Electric consolidated, respectively, primarily to reduce federal accumulated deferred income tax net asset balances (not accounted for under Utility regulatory ratemaking) to reflect the impact of the Tax Act. See “Lower tax rate” below.

A reconciliation of the amount of income taxes computed at the federal statutory rate of 35% to the amount provided in the consolidated statements of income was as follows:

| HEI consolidated |  | Hawaiian Electric consolidated
Years ended December 31 | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount at the federal statutory income tax rate | $ | 96,796 |  |  | $ | 130,844 |  |  | $ | 89,176 |  |  | $ | 71,801 |  |  | $ | 80,190 |  |  | $ | 75,996 |
Increase (decrease) resulting from: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State income taxes, net of federal income tax benefit | 9,789 |  |  | 13,915 |  |  | 8,097 |  |  | 7,584 |  |  | 8,494 |  |  | 6,726 |
Net deferred tax asset adjustment related to the Tax Act | 13,420 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,168 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other, net | (10,612 | ) |  | (21,064 | ) |  | (4,252 | ) |  | (5,354 | ) |  | (3,883 | ) |  | (3,300 | )
Total | $ | 109,393 |  |  | $ | 123,695 |  |  | $ | 93,021 |  |  | $ | 83,199 |  |  | $ | 84,801 |  |  | $ | 79,422 |
Effective income tax rate | 39.6 | % |  | 33.1 | % |  | 36.5 | % |  | 40.6 | % |  | 37.0 | % |  | 36.6 | %

170

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The tax effects of book and tax basis differences that give rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows:

| HEI consolidated |  | Hawaiian Electric consolidated
December 31 | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred tax assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Regulatory liabilities, excluding amounts attributable to property, plant and equipment | $ | 104,984 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 104,984 |  |  | $ | — |
Net operating loss 1 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,158 |
Allowance for bad debts | 16,192 |  |  | 24,500 |  |  | 1,812 |  |  | 2,364 |
Other | 24,397 |  |  | 47,201 |  |  | 11,253 |  |  | 18,720 |
Total deferred tax assets | 145,573 |  |  | 71,701 |  |  | 118,049 |  |  | 30,242 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment related | 415,452 |  |  | 642,266 |  |  | 413,891 |  |  | 640,667 |
Regulatory assets, excluding amounts attributable to property, plant and equipment | 38,314 |  |  | 35,107 |  |  | 38,314 |  |  | 35,107 |
Deferred RAM and RBA revenues | 15,038 |  |  | 26,053 |  |  | 15,038 |  |  | 26,053 |
Retirement benefits | 32,952 |  |  | 48,400 |  |  | 38,020 |  |  | 51,445 |
Other | 32,247 |  |  | 48,681 |  |  | 6,827 |  |  | 10,629 |
Total deferred tax liabilities | 534,003 |  |  | 800,507 |  |  | 512,090 |  |  | 763,901 |
Net deferred income tax liability | $ | 388,430 |  |  | $ | 728,806 |  |  | $ | 394,041 |  |  | $ | 733,659 |

1 | The Hawaiian Electric deferred tax asset for 2016 includes the tax effect of the federal net operating loss carryforward of $9 million, which was utilized in 2017, and federal general business credit carryforwards of $3 million utilized in 2017, net of unrecognized federal tax benefits of $3 million due to uncertain tax positions.

The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences are deductible. Based upon historical taxable income and projections for future taxable income, management believes it is more likely than not the Company and the Utilities will realize substantially all of the benefits of the deferred tax assets. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, valuation allowances for deferred tax benefits was nil and no t significant, respectively. In 2017, the net deferred income tax liability increased primarily as a result of accelerated tax deductions taken for bonus depreciation enacted in the Protecting Americans from Tax Hikes Act of 2015. However, the December 31, 2017 balance decreased following the passage of the Tax Act as described below in "Recent tax developments".
The Utilities are included in the consolidated federal and Hawaii income tax returns of HEI and are subject to the provisions of HEI’s tax sharing agreement, which determines each subsidiary’s (or subgroup's) income tax return liabilities and refunds on a standalone basis as if it filed a separate return (or subgroup consolidated return). Consequently, although HEI consolidated did not anticipate any unutilized net operating loss (NOL) as of December 31, 2016, standalone Hawaiian Electric consolidated recognized an unutilized NOL for federal tax purposes in accordance with the HEI tax sharing agreement. In 2017, the NOL was utilized by Hawaiian Electric consolidated, which reduced the deferred tax asset associated with this NOL to nil.
The following is a reconciliation of the Company’s liability for unrecognized tax benefits for 2017, 2016 and 2015.

| HEI consolidated |  | Hawaiian Electric consolidated
(in millions) | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Unrecognized tax benefits, January 1 | $ | 3.8 |  |  | $ | 3.6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3.8 |  |  | $ | 3.6 |  |  | — |
Additions based on tax positions taken during the year | 0.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Reductions based on tax positions taken during the year | (0.2 | ) |  | (0.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  | (0.1 | ) |  | — |
Additions for tax positions of prior years | — |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 3.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 3.6 |
Reductions for tax positions of prior years | (0.5 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.5 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Settlements | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Unrecognized tax benefits, December 31 | $ | 4.0 |  |  | $ | 3.8 |  |  | $ | 3.6 |  |  | $ | 3.5 |  |  | $ | 3.8 |  |  | $ | 3.6 |

At December 31, 2017 and 2016, there were $0.5 million and nil, respectively, of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect the Company's annual effective tax rate. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, there were no
171

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect the Utilities' annual effective tax rate. The Company and Utilities believe that the unrecognized tax benefits will not significantly increase or decrease within the next 12 months.
HEI consolidated. The Company recognizes interest accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits in “Interest expense-other than on deposit liabilities and other bank borrowings” and penalties, if any, in operating expenses. In 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company recognized approximately $0.2 million, $0.2 million and $0.1 million in interest expense. The Company had $0.5 million and $0.3 million of interest accrued as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Hawaiian Electric consolidated. The Utilities recognize interest accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits in “Interest expense and other charges, net” and penalties, if any, in operating expenses. In 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Utilities recognized approximately $0.08 million, $0.03 million and $0.1 million, respectively, in interest expense. Additional interest expense related to the Utilities' unrecognized tax benefits was recognized at HEI Consolidated because of the Utilities NOL position. The Utilities had $0.2 million and $0.1 million of interest accrued as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
As of December 31, 2017, the disclosures above present the Company’s and the Utilities' accruals for potential tax liabilities, which involve management’s judgment regarding the likelihood of the benefit being sustained. The final resolution of uncertain tax positions could result in adjustments to recorded amounts. Based on information currently available, the Company and the Utilities believe these accruals have adequately provided for potential income tax issues with federal and state tax authorities, and that the ultimate resolution of tax issues for all open tax periods will not have a material adverse effect on its results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.
IRS examinations have been completed and settled through the tax year 2011 and the statute of limitations has tolled for tax year 2013, leaving subsequent years subject to IRS examination. The tax years 2011 and subsequent are still subject to examination by the Hawaii Department of Taxation.
Recent tax developments. On December 22, 2017, President Trump signed into law H.R. 1, originally known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, as passed by Congress (Tax Act). This Tax Act is the first comprehensive change in the law since the 1986 Tax Reform Act and will impact all U.S. taxpayers. The changes for corporate taxpayers are numerous but the following summarizes the provisions that have the most impact on the Company.
Lower tax rate. For the non-regulated entities (HEI corporate and ASB), the corporate income tax rate reduction from 35% to 21% for 2018 and subsequent years had an immediate income statement impact in 2017, as all accumulated deferred income tax balances (ADIT) were adjusted to reflect the new lower rate as of the enactment date with an offsetting net charge to income tax expense. The Utilities’ excess ADIT that was related to items excluded from regulatory rate base or ratemaking was also recorded as a charge to income tax expense in 2017. However, for regulated entities such as the Utilities, the excess ADIT included in their rates is expected to be returned to customers. The method and timing of returning this benefit will be determined with the approval of the PUC.
Going forward for years after 2017, the Company will compute its income tax expense at the new 21% federal rate. The benefit of this lower rate will be reflected in the Utilities' rates, thereby passing the lower tax cost to their customers. The method and timing of adjusting rates for the new tax rate will be determined with the approval of the PUC, along with the return of excess ADIT discussed above.
100% bonus depreciation. The Tax Act allows 100% bonus depreciation through the end of 2022 for qualified property purchased and placed in service after September 27, 2017. However, the Tax Act provides that property used in the trade or business of a regulated utility (including the furnishing or selling electrical energy) is not qualified property. Thus, the Utilities have not taken any bonus depreciation on property placed in service after September 27, 2017. With respect to all other property, the Company expects to take the 100% bonus depreciation on qualified property purchased and placed in service after September 27, 2017. It is not clear what property will be grandfathered based on previous tax law, or whether property subject to written binding purchase contracts prior to September 28, 2017 will qualify for the 100% bonus depreciation. The Company has assumed that bonus depreciation does not apply in the areas that have not been clarified.
Interest expense limitation. The Tax Act generally provides a limitation on the deductibility of interest expense in excess of 30% of a business’ adjusted taxable income plus interest income. Adjusted taxable income is essentially taxable income before interest income or expense, depreciation and amortization (adjustment for depreciation and amortization phases out after 2021). This limitation does not apply to interest properly allocable to the trade or business of furnishing or selling electricity and various other regulated utility activities. Thus, the Utilities are not subject to the interest limitation.
With respect to the holding company and the bank activities, interest deductibility should not be limited by this new law since the interest income of the Bank more than offsets the interest expense allocated to the non-Utility activity.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Other applicable provisions. There are a number of other provisions in the Tax Act that have an impact on the Company, including the narrowing of the exclusions from taxability of certain contributions in aid of construction (CIAC), the repeal of the domestic production activities deduction (DPAD), non-deductibility of transportation fringe benefits excluded from employees income, and the increased limitation on the deductibility of executive compensation.
Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (SAB No. 118). On December 22, 2017, the SEC staff issued SAB No. 118 to address the application of GAAP in situations when a registrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed (including computations) in reasonable detail to complete the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Tax Act.
In connection with its initial analysis of the impact of the Tax Act, the Company has calculated its best estimate in accordance with its understanding of the law and guidance available as of this filing. The Company has recorded a provisional discrete net tax expense of $13.4 million ($9.2 million at the Utilities), in the period ended December 31, 2017. The provisional net expense primarily consists of the effect of the corporate rate reduction. The Act reduces the corporate tax rate to 21%, effective January 1, 2018 and results in a net deferred tax balance that is in excess of the taxes the Company expects to pay or be refunded in the future when the temporary differences creating these deferred taxes reverse. The excess related to the Utilities' deferred taxes that are expected to be refunded in rates is reclassified to a regulatory liability that will be returned to the customers prospectively. The remaining excess must be written off through deferred tax expense. Consequently the Company has recorded a provisional decrease in net deferred tax liabilities of $271.5 million ($275.7 million at the Utilities), with the corresponding net adjustment to increase deferred income tax expense of $13.4 million ($9.2 million at the Utilities) and to increase regulatory liabilities by $284.9 million.
The provisional tax impacts included in the Company’s and Utilities financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2017 may differ from the ultimate impact due to additional analysis, changes in interpretations and assumptions the Company and Utilities have made, Internal Revenue Service and Joint Committee on Taxation guidance that may be issued, and actions the Company and Utilities may take as a result of the Tax Act. The accounting is expected to be complete in 2018.
173

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

11 · Cash flows

Years ended December 31 | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
(in millions) |  |  |  |  |
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
HEI consolidated |  |  |  |  |
Interest paid to non-affiliates | $ | 83 |  |  | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | 83 |
Income taxes paid (including refundable credits) | 55 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 75 |
Income taxes refunded (including refundable credits) | 1 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 55 |
Hawaiian Electric consolidated |  |  |  |  |
Interest paid to non-affiliates | 63 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 61 |
Income taxes paid (including refundable credits) | 26 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 13 |
Income taxes refunded (including refundable credits) | — |  |  | 20 |  |  | 12 |
Supplemental disclosures of noncash activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
HEI consolidated |  |  |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment |  |  |  |  |
Unpaid invoices and accruals for capital expenditures, |  |  |  |  |
balance, end of period (investing) | 38 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 70 |
Common stock dividends reinvested in HEI common stock (financing) 1 | — |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |
Loans transferred from held for investment to held for sale (investing) | 41 |  |  | 24 |  |  | — |
Real estate acquired in settlement of loans (investing) | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Real estate transferred from property, plant and equipment to other assets held-for-sale (investing) | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 5 |
Common stock issued (gross) for director and executive/management compensation (financing)2 | 11 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 10 |
Obligations to fund low income housing investments, net (investing) | 13 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Hawaiian Electric consolidated |  |  |  |  |
Electric utility property, plant and equipment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unpaid invoices and accruals for capital expenditures, |  |  |  |  |
balance, end of period (investing) | 38 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 70 |
HEI Consolidated and Hawaiian Electric consolidated |  |  |  |  |
Electric utility property, plant and equipment |  |  |  |  |
Estimated fair value of noncash contributions in aid of construction (investing) | 18 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 3 |
Refinancing of long-term debt (financing) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 47 |

1 | The amounts shown represents common stock dividends reinvested in HEI common stock under the HEI DRIP in noncash transactions.

2 The amounts shown represent the market value of common stock issued for director and executive/management compensation and withheld to satisfy statutory tax liabilities.

12 · Regulatory restrictions on net assets

As of December 31, 2017, the Utilities could not transfer approximately $755 million of net assets to HEI in the form of dividends, loans or advances without PUC approval.
ASB is required to notify the FRB and OCC prior to making any capital distribution (including dividends) to HEI (through ASB Hawaii). Generally, the FRB and OCC may disapprove or deny ASB’s request to make a capital distribution if the proposed distribution will cause ASB to become undercapitalized, or the proposed distribution raises safety and soundness concerns, or the proposed distribution violates a prohibition contained in any statute, regulation or agreement between ASB and the OCC. As of December 31, 2017, in order to maintain its “well-capitalized” position, ASB could not transfer approximately $441 million of net assets to HEI.
HEI management expects that the regulatory restrictions will not materially affect the operations of the Company nor HEI’s ability to pay common stock dividends.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

13 · Significant group concentrations of credit risk

Most of the Company’s business activity is with customers located in the State of Hawaii.
The Utilities are regulated operating electric public utilities engaged in the generation, purchase, transmission, distribution and sale of electricity on the islands of Oahu, Hawaii, Maui, Lanai and Molokai in the State of Hawaii. The Utilities provide the only electric public utility service on the islands they serve. The Utilities grant credit to customers, all of whom reside or conduct business in the State of Hawaii.
Most of ASB’s financial instruments are based in the State of Hawaii, except for the investment securities it owns. Substantially all real estate loans receivable are collateralized by real estate in Hawaii. ASB’s policy is to require mortgage insurance on all real estate loans with a loan to appraisal ratio in excess of 80% at origination.

14 · Fair value measurements

Fair value measurement and disclosure valuation methodology. The following are descriptions of the valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities recorded at fair value and for estimating fair value for financial instruments not carried at fair value:
Short-term borrowings—other than bank. The carrying amount of short-term borrowings approximated fair value because of the short maturity of these instruments.
Investment securities. The fair value of ASB’s investment securities is determined quarterly through pricing obtained from independent third-party pricing services or from brokers not affiliated with the trade. Non-binding broker quotes are infrequent and generally occur for new securities that are settled close to the month-end pricing date. The third-party pricing vendors ASB uses for pricing its securities are reputable firms that provide pricing services on a global basis and have processes in place to ensure quality and control. The third-party pricing services use a variety of methods to determine the fair value of securities that fall under Level 2 of ASB’s fair value measurement hierarchy. Among the considerations are quoted prices for similar securities in an active market, yield spreads for similar trades, adjustments for liquidity, size, collateral characteristics, historic and generic prepayment speeds, and other observable market factors.
To enhance the robustness of the pricing process, ASB will on a quarterly basis compare its standard third-party vendor’s price with that of another third-party vendor. If the prices are within an acceptable tolerance range, the price of the standard vendor will be accepted. If the variance is beyond the tolerance range, an evaluation will be conducted by ASB and a challenge to the price may be made. Fair value in such cases will be based on the value that best reflects the data and observable characteristics of the security. In all cases, the fair value used will have been independently determined by a third-party pricing vendor or non-affiliated broker.
The fair value of the mortgage revenue bond is estimated using a discounted cash flow model to calculate the present value of future principal and interest payments and, therefore is classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.
Loans held for sale. Residential and commercial loans are carried at the lower of cost or market and are valued using market observable pricing inputs, which are derived from third party loan sales and, therefore, are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.
Loans held for investment. Fair value of loans held for investment is derived using a discounted cash flow approach which includes an evaluation of the underlying loan characteristics. The valuation model uses loan characteristics which includes product type, maturity dates, and the underlying interest rate of the portfolio. This information is input into the valuation models along with various forecast valuation assumptions including prepayment forecasts, to determine the discount rate. These assumptions are derived from internal and third party sources. Since the valuation is derived from model-based techniques, ASB includes loans held for investment within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.
Impaired loans. At the time a loan is considered impaired, it is valued at the lower of cost or fair value. Fair value is determined primarily by using an income, cost, or market approach and is normally provided through appraisals. Impaired loans carried at fair value generally receive specific allocations within the allowance for loan losses. For collateral-dependent loans, fair value is commonly based on recent real estate appraisals. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches, including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the independent appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. Non-real estate collateral may be valued using an appraisal, net book value per the borrower’s financial statements, or aging reports, adjusted or discounted based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of the valuation, and management’s expertise
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
and knowledge of the client and client’s business, resulting in a Level 3 fair value classification. Generally, impaired loans are evaluated quarterly for additional impairment and adjusted accordingly.
Real estate acquired in settlement of loans. Foreclosed assets are carried at fair value (less estimated costs to sell) and are generally based upon appraisals or independent market prices that are periodically updated subsequent to classification as real estate owned. Such adjustments typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. ASB estimates the fair value of collateral-dependent loans and real estate owned using the sales comparison approach.
Mortgage servicing rights. Mortgage servicing rights (MSRs) are capitalized at fair value based on market data at the time of sale and accounted for in subsequent periods at the lower of amortized cost or fair value. MSRs are evaluated for impairment at each reporting date. ASB's MSRs are stratified based on predominant risk characteristics of the underlying loans including loan type and note rate. For each stratum, fair value is calculated by discounting expected net income streams using discount rates that reflect industry pricing for similar assets. Expected net income streams are estimated based on industry assumptions regarding prepayment expectations and income and expenses associated with servicing residential mortgage loans for others. Impairment is recognized through a valuation allowance for each stratum when the carrying amount exceeds fair value, with any associated provision recorded as a component of loan servicing fees included in "Revenues - bank" in the consolidated statements of income. A direct write-down is recorded when the recoverability of the valuation allowance is deemed to be unrecoverable. ASB compares the fair value of MSRs to an estimated value calculated by an independent third-party. The third-party relies on both published and unpublished sources of market related assumptions and their own experience and expertise to arrive at a value. ASB uses the third-party value only to assess the reasonableness of its own estimate.
Time deposits. The fair value of fixed-maturity certificates of deposit was estimated by discounting the future cash flows using the rates currently offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities.
Other borrowings. For fixed-rate advances and repurchase agreements, fair value is estimated using quantitative discounted cash flow models that require the use of interest rate inputs that are currently offered for advances and repurchase agreements of similar remaining maturities. The majority of market inputs are actively quoted and can be validated through external sources including broker market transactions and third party pricing services.
Long-term debt-other than bank. Fair value of long-term debt of HEI and the Utilities was obtained from third-party financial services providers based on the current rates offered for debt of the same or similar remaining maturities and from discounting the future cash flows using the current rates offered for debt of the same or similar remaining maturities.
Interest rate lock commitments (IRLCs). The estimated fair value of commitments to originate residential mortgage loans for sale is based on quoted prices for similar loans in active markets. IRLCs are classified as Level 2 measurements.
Forward sales commitments. To be announced (TBA) mortgage-backed securities forward commitments are classified as Level 1, and consist of publicly-traded debt securities for which identical fair values can be obtained through quoted market prices in active exchange markets. The fair values of ASB’s best efforts and mandatory delivery loan sale commitments are determined using quoted prices in the market place that are observable and are classified as Level 2 measurements.
Window forward contracts. The estimated fair value of the Utilities’ window forward contracts was obtained from a third-party financial services provider based on the effective exchange rate offered for the foreign currency denominated transaction. Window forward contracts are classified as Level 2 measurements.
The following table presents the carrying or notional amount, fair value, and placement in the fair value hierarchy of the Company’s financial instruments. For stock in Federal Home Loan Bank, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value because it can only be redeemed at par. For financial liabilities such as noninterest-bearing demand, interest-bearing demand, and savings and money market deposits, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value as these liabilities have no stated maturity.
176

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

|  |  | Estimated fair value
(in thousands) | Carrying or notional amount |  | Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) |  | Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) |  | Total
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
HEI consolidated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale investment securities | $ | 1,401,198 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,385,771 |  |  | $ | 15,427 |  |  | $ | 1,401,198 |
Held-to-maturity investment securities | 44,515 |  |  | — |  |  | 44,412 |  |  | — |  |  | 44,412 |
Stock in Federal Home Loan Bank | 9,706 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,706 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,706 |
Loans receivable, net | 4,628,381 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,254 |  |  | 4,770,497 |  |  | 4,781,751 |
Mortgage servicing rights | 8,639 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,052 |  |  | 12,052 |
Derivative assets | 17,812 |  |  | — |  |  | 393 |  |  | — |  |  | 393 |
Hawaiian Electric consolidated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative assets-window forward contracts | 3,240 |  |  | — |  |  | 256 |  |  | — |  |  | 256 |
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
HEI consolidated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposit liabilities | 5,890,597 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,884,071 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,884,071 |
Short-term borrowings—other than bank | 117,945 |  |  | — |  |  | 117,945 |  |  | — |  |  | 117,945 |
Other bank borrowings | 190,859 |  |  | — |  |  | 190,829 |  |  | — |  |  | 190,829 |
Long-term debt, net—other than bank | 1,683,797 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,813,295 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,813,295 |
Derivative liabilities | 13,562 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | 30 |
Hawaiian Electric consolidated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term borrowings | 4,999 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,999 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,999 |
Long-term debt, net | 1,368,479 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,497,079 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,497,079 |
December 31, 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
HEI consolidated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds | $ | 13,085 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13,085 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13,085 |
Available-for-sale investment securities | 1,105,182 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,089,755 |  |  | 15,427 |  |  | 1,105,182 |
Stock in Federal Home Loan Bank | 11,218 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,218 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,218 |
Loans receivable, net | 4,701,977 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,333 |  |  | 4,839,493 |  |  | 4,852,826 |
Mortgage servicing rights | 9,373 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,216 |  |  | 13,216 |
Derivative assets | 23,578 |  |  | — |  |  | 453 |  |  | — |  |  | 453 |
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
HEI consolidated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposit liabilities | 5,548,929 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,546,644 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,546,644 |
Other bank borrowings | 192,618 |  |  | — |  |  | 193,991 |  |  | — |  |  | 193,991 |
Long-term debt, net—other than bank | 1,619,019 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,704,717 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,704,717 |
Derivative liabilities | 53,852 |  |  | 129 |  |  | 823 |  |  | — |  |  | 952 |
Hawaiian Electric consolidated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-term debt, net | 1,319,260 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,399,490 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,399,490 |
Derivative liabilities—window forward contracts | 20,734 |  |  | — |  |  | 743 |  |  | — |  |  | 743 |

177

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Fair value measurements on a recurring basis. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows:

December 31 | 2017 |  | 2016
| Fair value measurements using |  | Fair value measurements using
(in thousands) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Money market funds (“other” segment) | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13,085 |  |  | $ | — |
Available-for-sale investment securities (bank segment) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-related securities-FNMA, FHLMC and GNMA | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,201,473 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 897,474 |  |  | $ | — |
U.S. Treasury and federal agency obligations | — |  |  | 184,298 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 192,281 |  |  | — |
Mortgage revenue bond | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,427 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,427 |
| $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,385,771 |  |  | $ | 15,427 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,089,755 |  |  | $ | 15,427 |
Derivative assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate lock commitments (bank segment)1 | $ | — |  |  | $ | 133 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 445 |  |  | $ | — |
Forward commitments (bank segment)1 | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |
Window forward contracts (electric utility segment)2 | — |  |  | 256 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| $ | — |  |  | $ | 393 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 453 |  |  | $ | — |
Derivative liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate lock commitments (bank segment)1 | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | — |
Forward commitments (bank segment)1 | 20 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 129 |  |  | 56 |  |  | — |
Window forward contracts (electric utility segment)2 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 743 |  |  | — |
| $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 129 |  |  | $ | 823 |  |  | $ | — |

1 | Derivatives are carried at fair value with changes in value reflected in the balance sheet in other assets or other liabilities and included in mortgage banking income.

2 | Derivatives are included in regulatory assets and/or liabilities in the balance sheets.

There were no transfers of financial assets and liabilities between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.
The changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows:

(in thousands) | 2017 |  | 2016 |
Mortgage revenue bond |  |
Balance, January 1 | $ | 15,427 |  | $ | — |
Principal payments received | — |  | — |
Purchases | — |  | 15,427 |
Unrealized gain (loss) included in other comprehensive income | — |  | — |
Balance, December 31 | $ | 15,427 |  | $ | 15,427 |

ASB holds one mortgage revenue bond issued by the Department of Budget and Finance of the State of Hawaii. The Company estimates the fair value by using a discounted cash flow model to calculate the present value of estimated future principal and interest payments. The unobservable input used in the fair value measurement is the weighted average discount rate. As of December 31, 2017, the weighted average discount rate was 3.048% which was derived by incorporating a credit spread over the one month LIBOR rate. Significant increases (decreases) in the weighted average discount rate could result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement.
Fair value measurements on a nonrecurring basis. Certain assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and therefore are not included in the tables above. These measurements primarily result from assets carried at the lower of cost or fair value or from impairment of individual assets. The carrying value of assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring
178

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
basis were as follows:

|  |  | Fair value measurements using
(in thousands) | Balance |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans | $ | 2,621 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,621 |
December 31, 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans | 2,767 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,767 |
Real estate acquired in settlement of loans | 1,189 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,189 |

For 2017 and 2016, there were no adjustments to fair value for ASB’s loans held for sale.
The following table presents quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements for financial instruments measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis:

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Significant unobservable input value (1)
(dollars in thousands) | Fair value |  | Valuation technique |  | Significant unobservable input |  | Range |  | Weighted Average
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans | $ | 613 |  |  | Fair value of collateral |  | Appraised value less 7% selling cost |  | 71-92% |  | 84%
Commercial loans | 2,008 |  |  | Fair value of collateral |  | Appraised value |  | 71-76% |  | 75%
Total loans | $ | 2,621 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans | $ | 2,468 |  |  | Sales price |  | Sales price |  | 95-100% |  | 97%
Residential loans | $ | 287 |  |  | Fair value of property or collateral |  | Appraised value less 7% selling cost |  | 42-65% |  | 61%
Home equity lines of credit | 12 |  |  | Fair value of property or collateral |  | Appraised value less 7% selling cost |  |  |  | N/A (2)
Total loans | $ | 2,767 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate acquired in settlement of loans | $ | 1,189 |  |  | Fair value of property or collateral |  | Appraised value less 7% selling cost |  | 100% |  | 100%

(1) | Represent percent of outstanding principal balance.

(2) | N/A - Not applicable. There is one loan in each fair value measurement type.

Significant increases (decreases) in any of those inputs in isolation would result in significantly higher (lower) fair value measurements.
179

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

15 · Termination of proposed merger and other matters

On December 3, 2014, HEI, NextEra Energy, Inc. (NEE) and two subsidiaries of NEE entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the Merger Agreement), under which Hawaiian Electric was to become a subsidiary of NEE. The Merger Agreement contemplated that, prior to the Merger, HEI would distribute to its shareholders all of the common stock of ASB Hawaii, Inc. (ASB Hawaii), the parent company of ASB (such distribution referred to as the Spin-Off).
The closing of the Merger was subject to various conditions, including receipt of regulatory approval from the PUC. In July 2016: (1) the PUC dismissed the NEE and Hawaiian Electric's application requesting approval of the proposed Merger, (2) NEE terminated the Merger Agreement, (3) pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, NEE paid HEI a $90 million termination fee and $5 million for the reimbursement of expenses associated with the transaction. In 2016, the Company recognized $60 million of net income ($2 million of net loss in each of the first and second quarters and $64 million of net income in the third quarter), comprised of the termination fee ($55 million), reimbursements of expenses from NEE and insurance ($3 million), and additional tax benefits on the previously non-tax-deductible merger- and spin-off-related expenses incurred through June 30, 2016 ($8 million), less merger- and spin-off-related expenses incurred in 2016 ($6 million) (all net of tax impacts). In 2015, the Company recognized $16 million of merger- and spin-off-related expenses ($5 million in the first quarter, $7 million in the second quarter and $2 million in each of the third and fourth quarters), net of tax impacts. In 2014, the Company recognized merger- and spin-off-related expenses of $5 million, net of tax impacts, primarily in the fourth quarter. The Spin-Off of ASB Hawaii was cancelled as it was cross-conditioned on the merger consummation.
In May 2016, the Utilities had filed an application for approval of an LNG supply and transport agreement and LNG-related capital equipment, which application was conditioned on the PUC’s approval of the proposed Merger. Subsequently, the Utilities terminated the agreement and withdrew the application. In 2016, Hawaiian Electric recognized expenses related to the terminated LNG agreement of $1 million, net of tax benefits, in each of the first and second quarters.
180

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

16 · Quarterly information (unaudited)

Selected quarterly information was as follows:

| Quarters ended |  | Years ended
(in thousands, except per share amounts) | March 31 |  | June 30 |  | Sept. 30 |  | Dec. 31 |  | December 31
HEI consolidated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2017 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | 591,562 |  |  | $ | 632,281 |  |  | $ | 673,185 |  |  | $ | 658,597 |  |  | $ | 2,555,625 |
Operating income | 67,862 |  |  | 75,896 |  |  | 109,545 |  |  | 84,988 |  |  | 338,291 |
Net income | 34,666 |  |  | 39,134 |  |  | 60,544 |  |  | 32,843 |  |  | 167,187 |
Net income for common stock | 34,193 |  |  | 38,661 |  |  | 60,073 |  |  | 32,370 |  |  | 165,297 |
Basic earnings per common share 3 | 0.31 |  |  | 0.36 |  |  | 0.55 |  |  | 0.30 |  |  | 1.52 |
Diluted earnings per common share 4 | 0.31 |  |  | 0.36 |  |  | 0.55 |  |  | 0.30 |  |  | 1.52 |
Dividends per common share | 0.31 |  |  | 0.31 |  |  | 0.31 |  |  | 0.31 |  |  | 1.24 |
2016 2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | 550,960 |  |  | $ | 566,244 |  |  | $ | 646,055 |  |  | $ | 617,395 |  |  | $ | 2,380,654 |
Operating income | 68,851 |  |  | 85,455 |  |  | 105,442 |  |  | 88,427 |  |  | 348,175 |
Net income | 32,825 |  |  | 44,601 |  |  | 127,613 |  |  | 45,107 |  |  | 250,146 |
Net income for common stock | 32,352 |  |  | 44,128 |  |  | 127,142 |  |  | 44,634 |  |  | 248,256 |
Basic earnings per common share 3 | 0.30 |  |  | 0.41 |  |  | 1.17 |  |  | 0.41 |  |  | 2.30 |
Diluted earnings per common share 4 | 0.30 |  |  | 0.41 |  |  | 1.17 |  |  | 0.41 |  |  | 2.29 |
Dividends per common share | 0.31 |  |  | 0.31 |  |  | 0.31 |  |  | 0.31 |  |  | 1.24 |
Hawaiian Electric consolidated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2017 5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | 518,611 |  |  | $ | 556,875 |  |  | $ | 598,769 |  |  | $ | 583,311 |  |  | $ | 2,257,566 |
Operating income | 48,938 |  |  | 55,047 |  |  | 87,076 |  |  | 66,460 |  |  | 257,521 |
Net income | 21,964 |  |  | 26,143 |  |  | 47,985 |  |  | 25,854 |  |  | 121,946 |
Net income for common stock | 21,465 |  |  | 25,644 |  |  | 47,487 |  |  | 25,355 |  |  | 119,951 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | 482,052 |  |  | 495,395 |  |  | 572,253 |  |  | 544,668 |  |  | 2,094,368 |
Operating income | 55,326 |  |  | 70,686 |  |  | 89,812 |  |  | 68,644 |  |  | 284,468 |
Net income | 25,866 |  |  | 36,356 |  |  | 47,472 |  |  | 34,618 |  |  | 144,312 |
Net income for common stock | 25,367 |  |  | 35,857 |  |  | 46,974 |  |  | 34,119 |  |  | 142,317 |

Note: HEI owns all of Hawaiian Electric's common stock, therefore per share data for Hawaiian Electric is not meaningful.

1 | In the fourth quarter of 2017, the Company recorded a $14.2 million adjustment, primarily to reduce deferred tax net asset balances (not accounted for under Utility regulatory ratemaking) to reflect the lower rates enacted by the Tax Act. Also included in this adjustment is $0.7 million (net of tax) of non-executive bonuses paid by ASB related to the enactment of federal tax reform. See below for the impact of the Utilities lower RAM revenues due to the expiration of the 2013 settlement agreement.

2 | In the third quarter of 2016, HEI received a $90 million termination fee from NEE and in 2016 received and incurred other merger and spin-off-related amounts (see Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements). For the first quarter of 2016, second quarter of 2016 and third quarter of 2016, the Company recorded merger- and spin-off-related income/(expenses), net of tax impacts of $(2) million, $(2) million and $64 million, respectively.

3 | The quarterly basic earnings per common share are based upon the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding in each quarter.

4 | The quarterly diluted earnings per common share are based upon the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding in each quarter plus the dilutive incremental shares at quarter end.

5 | In the fourth quarter of 2017, Hawaiian Electric consolidated recorded a $9.2 million adjustment to reduce deferred tax net asset balances (not accounted for under regulatory ratemaking) to reflect the lower rates enacted by the Tax Act. In the first five months of 2017, the Utilities recorded lower RAM revenues due to the expiration of the 2013 settlement agreement that allowed the accrual of RAM revenues on January 1 (vs. June 1) for years 2014 to 2016 at Hawaiian Electric. For the first and second quarters of 2017, the Utilities recorded lower revenues of $12 million ($7 million, net of tax impacts) and $8 million ($4 million, net of tax impacts) due to this RAM lag, respectively.

181

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows error. Subsequent to the issuance of interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) for the quarter ended September 30, 2017, the Company and the Utilities identified an error within their previously reported interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited). The timing of certain capital expenditure payments that had retainage balances or were related to certain capitalized amounts were not reflected timely. The Company and the Utilities have evaluated the effect of the error, both qualitatively and quantitatively, and concluded that it is immaterial to their respective previously issued condensed consolidated financial statements, and will correct prospectively in subsequent quarterly filings. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, six months ended June 30, 2017 and three months ended March 31, 2017, the correction of this error will result in an increase (decrease) in Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities (impacting the change in Accounts, Interest and Dividends Payable for the Company and Accounts Payable for the Utilities) of $33 million, ($7 million) and ($42 million), respectively, and an increase (decrease) in Capital Expenditures and Net Cash Used in Investing Activities of ($33 million), $7 million and $42 million, respectively.

ITEM 9. | CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

HEI and Hawaiian Electric: None

ITEM 9A. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

HEI:
Conclusion Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Constance H. Lau, HEI Chief Executive Officer (CEO), and Gregory C. Hazelton, HEI Chief Financial Officer (CFO), have evaluated the disclosure controls and procedures of HEI as of December 31, 2017. Based on their evaluation, as of December 31, 2017, they have concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) were effective in ensuring that information required to be disclosed by HEI in reports HEI files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934:

(1) | is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms, and

(2) | is accumulated and communicated to HEI management, including HEI’s CEO and CFO, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and Rule 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting was designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017 based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this evaluation, management has concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2017.
The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017 has been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in its report which appears herein.
182

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There have been no changes in internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2017 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Hawaiian Electric:
Conclusion Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Alan M. Oshima, Hawaiian Electric CEO, and Tayne S. Y. Sekimura, Hawaiian Electric CFO, have evaluated the disclosure controls and procedures of Hawaiian Electric as of December 31, 2017. Based on their evaluation, as of December 31, 2017, they have concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) were effective in ensuring that information required to be disclosed by Hawaiian Electric in reports Hawaiian Electric files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934:

(1) | is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms, and

(2) | is accumulated and communicated to Hawaiian Electric management, including Hawaiian Electric’s CEO and CFO, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and Rule 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Hawaiian Electric’s internal control over financial reporting was designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of Hawaiian Electric’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017 based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO. Based on this evaluation, management has concluded that Hawaiian Electric’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2017.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There have been no changes in internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2017 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, Hawaiian Electric’s internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 9B. | OTHER INFORMATION

HEI and Hawaiian Electric: None
PART III

ITEM 10. | DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

HEI:
Information regarding HEI's executive officers is provided in the "Executive Officers of the Registrant" section following Item 4 of this report.
The remaining information required by this Item 10 for HEI is incorporated herein by reference to the following sections in HEI's 2018 Proxy Statement:

• | “Nominees for Class I directors whose terms expire at the 2021 Annual Meeting”

• | “Continuing Class II directors whose terms expire at the 2019 Annual Meeting”

• | “Continuing Class III directors whose terms expire at the 2020 Annual Meeting”

183

• | “Committees of the Board” (portions regarding whether HEI has an audit committee and identifying its members; no other portion of the Committees of the Board section is incorporated herein by reference)

• | “Audit Committee Report” (portion identifying audit committee financial experts who serve on the HEI Audit Committee only; no other portion of the Audit Committee Report is incorporated herein by reference)

Family relationships; director arrangements
There are no family relationships between any HEI director or director nominee and any other HEI director or director nominee or any HEI executive officer. There are no arrangements or understandings between any HEI director or director nominee and any other person pursuant to which such director or director nominee was selected.
Section 16(a) beneficial ownership reporting compliance
Information required to be reported under this caption is incorporated herein by reference to the “Stock Ownership Information-Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” section in HEI's 2018 Proxy Statement.
Code of Conduct
The HEI Board has adopted a Corporate Code of Conduct that includes a code of ethics applicable to, among others, its principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer. The Corporate Code of Conduct is available on HEI’s website at www.hei.com. HEI elects to disclose the information required by Form 8-K, Item 5.05, “Amendments to the Registrant’s Code of Ethics, or Waiver of a Provision of the Code of Ethics,” through this website and such information will remain available on this website for at least a 12-month period.
Hawaiian Electric:
The information required by this Item 10 for Hawaiian Electric is incorporated herein by reference to pages 1 to 7 of Hawaiian Electric Exhibit 99.1.

ITEM 11. | EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

HEI:
The information required by this Item 11 for HEI is incorporated herein by reference to the information relating to executive and director compensation in HEI's 2018 Proxy Statement.
Hawaiian Electric:
The information required by this Item 11 for Hawaiian Electric is incorporated herein by reference to:

• | Pages 8 to 31 of Hawaiian Electric Exhibit 99.1 to this Form 10-K;

• | The discussion of “2016-18 Long-Term Incentive Plan” at pages 15-16 of Hawaiian Electric’s Exhibit 99.1 to Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016; and

• | Information concerning compensation paid to directors of Hawaiian Electric who are also directors of HEI under the section of HEI's 2018 Proxy Statement entitled, “Director Compensation.”

COMPENSATION COMMITTEE INTERLOCKS AND INSIDER PARTICIPATION
HEI:
The information required to be reported under this caption for HEI is incorporated herein by reference to the “Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation” section in HEI's 2018 Proxy Statement.
Hawaiian Electric:
The information required to be reported under this caption for Hawaiian Electric is incorporated herein by reference to page 21 of Hawaiian Electric Exhibit 99.1.
184

ITEM 12. | SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

HEI:
SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
The information required by this Item 12 for HEI is incorporated herein by reference to the “Stock Ownership Information-Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners” section in HEI's 2018 Proxy Statement.
Equity Compensation Plan Information
Information as of December 31, 2017 about HEI Common Stock that may be issued under all of the Company’s equity compensation plans was as follows:

Plan category | (a) Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights (1) |  | (b) Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights |  | (c) Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) (2)
Equity compensation plans approved by shareholders | 351,191 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 3,000,172 |
Equity compensation plans not approved by shareholders | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | 351,191 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 3,000,172 |

(1)This column includes the number of shares of HEI Common Stock which may be issued under the Revised and Amended HEI 2010 Equity Incentive Plan (amended EIP) on account of awards outstanding as of December 31, 2017, including:

EIP |
137,186 |  | Restricted stock units plus estimated compounded dividend equivalents (if applicable) *
214,005 |  | Shares to be issued in February 2020 under the 2017-2019 LTIP plus compounded dividend equivalents
351,191 |  |

* | Under the amended EIP as of December 31, 2017, RSUs count as one share against shares available for issuance less estimated shares withheld for taxes under net share settlement which again become available for the issuance of new shares on a one-to-one basis.

(2) | This represents the number of shares available as of December 31, 2017 for future awards, including 2,914,744 shares available for future awards under the amended EIP and 85,428 shares available for future awards under the 2011 Nonemployee Director Plan.

Hawaiian Electric:
The information required by this Item 12 for Hawaiian Electric is incorporated herein by reference to pages 34 to 35 of Hawaiian Electric Exhibit 99.1.

ITEM 13. | CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

HEI:
The information required by this Item 13 for HEI is incorporated herein by reference to the sections relating to related person transactions and director independence in HEI's 2018 Proxy Statement.
Hawaiian Electric:
The information required by this Item 13 for Hawaiian Electric is incorporated herein by reference to pages 35 to 36 of Hawaiian Electric Exhibit 99.1.
185

ITEM 14. | PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES

HEI:
The information required by this Item 14 for HEI is incorporated herein by reference to the relevant information in the Audit Committee Report in HEI's 2018 Proxy Statement (but no other part of the “Audit Committee Report” is incorporated herein by reference).
Hawaiian Electric:
The information required by this Item 14 for Hawaiian Electric is incorporated herein by reference to page 37 of Hawaiian Electric Exhibit 99.1.
PART IV

ITEM 15. | EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a)(1) Financial statements
See Item 8 for the Consolidated Financial Statements of HEI and Hawaiian Electric.
(a)(2) and (c) Financial statement schedules
The following financial statement schedules for HEI and Hawaiian Electric are included in this report on the pages indicated below:

| Page/s in Form 10-K
| HEI |  | Hawaiian Electric
Schedule I | Condensed Financial Information of Registrant, Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc. (Parent Company) at December 31, 2017 and 2016 and for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 | 187-189 |  | NA
Schedule II | Valuation and Qualifying Accounts, Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc. and subsidiaries and Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. and subsidiaries for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 | 191 |  | 191
NA Not applicable. |  |  |  |

Certain schedules, other than those listed, are omitted because they are not required, or are not applicable, or the required information is shown in the Consolidated Financial Statements.
186

Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc.
SCHEDULE I — CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT
HAWAIIAN ELECTRIC INDUSTRIES, INC. (PARENT COMPANY)
CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS

December 31 | 2017 |  | 2016
(dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 11,702 |  |  | $ | 14,924 |
Accounts receivable | 2,347 |  |  | 3,788 |
Property, plant and equipment, net | 3,910 |  |  | 4,143 |
Deferred income tax assets | 8,710 |  |  | 17,280 |
Other assets | 15,480 |  |  | 9,858 |
Investments in subsidiaries, at equity | 2,466,342 |  |  | 2,383,405 |
Total assets | $ | 2,508,491 |  |  | $ | 2,433,398 |
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 561 |  |  | $ | 379 |
Interest payable | 2,319 |  |  | 1,735 |
Notes payable to subsidiaries | 1,918 |  |  | 5,373 |
Commercial paper | 62,993 |  |  | — |
Short-term debt, net | 49,953 |  |  | — |
Long-term debt, net | 249,588 |  |  | 299,759 |
Retirement benefits liability | 31,518 |  |  | 33,939 |
Other | 12,255 |  |  | 25,460 |
Total liabilities | 411,105 |  |  | 366,645 |
Shareholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, no par value, authorized 10,000,000 shares; issued: none | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, no par value, authorized 200,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding: 108,787,807 shares and 108,583,413 shares at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively | 1,662,491 |  |  | 1,660,910 |
Retained earnings | 476,836 |  |  | 438,972 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (41,941 | ) |  | (33,129 | )
Total shareholders' equity | 2,097,386 |  |  | 2,066,753 |
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity | $ | 2,508,491 |  |  | $ | 2,433,398 |

187

Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc.
SCHEDULE I — CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT (continued)
HAWAIIAN ELECTRIC INDUSTRIES, INC. (PARENT COMPANY)
CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

Years ended December 31 | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | 798 |  |  | $ | 647 |  |  | $ | 327 |
Equity in net income of subsidiaries | 187,097 |  |  | 199,485 |  |  | 190,033 |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating, administrative and general | 17,697 |  |  | 18,701 |  |  | 34,350 |
Depreciation of property, plant and equipment | 548 |  |  | 566 |  |  | 576 |
Taxes, other than income taxes | 496 |  |  | 4,726 |  |  | 440 |
Total expenses | 18,741 |  |  | 23,993 |  |  | 35,366 |
Income before merger termination fee, interest expense and income (taxes) benefits | 169,154 |  |  | 176,139 |  |  | 154,994 |
Merger termination fee | — |  |  | 90,000 |  |  | — |
Income before interest expense and income (taxes) benefits | 169,154 |  |  | 266,139 |  |  | 154,994 |
Interest expense | 9,389 |  |  | 9,037 |  |  | 10,788 |
Income before income (taxes) benefits | 159,765 |  |  | 257,102 |  |  | 144,206 |
Income (taxes) benefits | 5,532 |  |  | (8,846 | ) |  | 15,671 |
Net income | $ | 165,297 |  |  | $ | 248,256 |  |  | $ | 159,877 |

HAWAIIAN ELECTRIC INDUSTRIES, INC. (PARENT COMPANY)
STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Incorporated by reference are HEI and Subsidiaries’ Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income and Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity in Part II, Item 8.
188

Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc.
SCHEDULE I — CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT (continued)
HAWAIIAN ELECTRIC INDUSTRIES, INC. (PARENT COMPANY)
CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

Years ended December 31 | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 99,600 |  |  | $ | 191,710 |  |  | $ | 98,119 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Increase in note receivable from subsidiary | (70,000 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Decrease in note receivable from subsidiary | 66,391 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Capital expenditures | (317 | ) |  | (212 | ) |  | (173 | )
Investments in subsidiaries | (22,353 | ) |  | (24,000 | ) |  | — |
Other | (177 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Net cash used in investing activities | (26,456 | ) |  | (24,211 | ) |  | (173 | )
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net increase (decrease) in notes payable to subsidiaries with original maturities of three months or less | 98 |  |  | (618 | ) |  | 87 |
Net increase (decrease) in short-term borrowings with original maturities of three months or less | 62,993 |  |  | (103,063 | ) |  | (15,909 | )
Proceeds from issuance of short-term debt | 125,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Repayment of short-term debt | (75,000 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt | 150,000 |  |  | 75,000 |  |  | — |
Repayment of long-term debt | (200,000 | ) |  | (75,000 | ) |  | — |
Withheld shares for employee taxes on vested share-based compensation | (3,828 | ) |  | (2,416 | ) |  | (3,260 | )
Net proceeds from issuance of common stock | — |  |  | 13,220 |  |  | 104,435 |
Common stock dividends | (134,873 | ) |  | (117,274 | ) |  | (131,765 | )
Other | (756 | ) |  | 2,460 |  |  | 3,306 |
Net cash used in financing activities | (76,366 | ) |  | (207,691 | ) |  | (43,106 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash and equivalents | (3,222 | ) |  | (40,192 | ) |  | 54,840 |
Cash and cash equivalents, January 1 | 14,924 |  |  | 55,116 |  |  | 276 |
Cash and cash equivalents, December 31 | $ | 11,702 |  |  | $ | 14,924 |  |  | $ | 55,116 |

189

NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION
The “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” in Part II, Item 8 should be read in conjunction with the above HEI (Parent Company) financial statements. All HEI subsidiaries are reflected in the Condensed Financial Statements under the equity method.
Long-term debt
The components of long-term debt, net, were as follows:

December 31 | 2017 |  | 2016
(dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
HEI 2.99% term loan, due 2022 | $ | 150,000 |  |  | $ | — |
HEI 5.67% senior note, due 2021 | 50,000 |  |  | 50,000 |
HEI 3.99% senior note, due 2023 | 50,000 |  |  | 50,000 |
HEI Term loans (LIBOR + 0.75%), paid in 2017 | — |  |  | 200,000 |
Less unamortized debt issuance costs | (412 | ) |  | (241 | )
Long-term debt, net | $ | 249,588 |  |  | $ | 299,759 |

The aggregate payments of principal required within five years after December 31, 2017 on long-term debt are nil in 2018, 2019 and 2020 and $50 million in 2021 and $150 million in 2022.
Indemnities
As of December 31, 2017, HEI has a General Agreement of Indemnity in favor of both Liberty Mutual Insurance Company (Liberty) and Travelers Casualty and Surety Company of America (Travelers) for losses in connection with any and all bonds, undertakings or instruments of guarantee and any renewals or extensions thereof executed by Liberty or Travelers, including, but not limited to, a $0.2 million self-insured United States Longshore & Harbor bond and a $0.6 million self-insured automobile bond.
Income taxes
The Company’s financial reporting policy for income tax allocations is based upon a separate entity concept whereby each subsidiary provides income tax expense (or benefits) as if each were a separate taxable entity. The difference between the aggregate separate tax return income tax provisions and the consolidated financial reporting income tax provision is charged or credited to HEI’s separate tax provision.
Dividends from HEI subsidiaries
In 2017, 2016 and 2015, cash dividends received from subsidiaries were $125 million, $130 million and $121 million, respectively.
Supplemental disclosures of noncash activities
In 2017, 2016 and 2015, $2.8 million, $2.3 million and $2.3 million, respectively, of HEI accounts receivable from ASB Hawaii were reduced with a corresponding reduction in HEI notes payable to ASB Hawaii in noncash transactions.
In 2017, 2016 and 2015, $2.8 million, $2.3 million and $0.3 million, respectively, were contributed as equity by HEI into ASB Hawaii with a corresponding increase in HEI notes payable to ASB Hawaii in noncash transactions.
In 2017, $3.6 million of HEI notes receivable from Hamakua Energy, LLC were converted to equity in a noncash transaction.
Under the HEI DRIP, common stock dividends reinvested by shareholders in HEI common stock in noncash transactions amounted to nil, $17 million and nil in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. From March 6, 2014 through January 5, 2016, and from December 7, 2016 to date, HEI satisfied the share purchase requirements of the DRIP through open market purchases of its common stock rather than new issuances.
190

Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc. and subsidiaries
and Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. and subsidiaries
SCHEDULE II — VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
Years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

Col. A | Col. B |  | Col. C |  |  | Col. D |  |  | Col. E
(in thousands) |  |  | Additions |  |  |  |  |  |
Description | Balance at begin- ning of period |  | Charged to costs and expenses |  | Charged to other accounts |  |  | Deductions |  |  | Balance at end of period
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for uncollectible accounts – electric utility | $ | 1,121 |  |  | $ | 1,810 |  |  | $ | 785 |  | (a) |  | $ | 2,538 |  | (b),(c) |  | $ | 1,178 |
Allowance for uncollectible interest – bank | $ | 1,834 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | 1,467 |  |  |  | $ | 367 |
Allowance for losses for loans receivable – bank | $ | 55,533 |  |  | $ | 10,901 |  | (d) | $ | 4,016 |  | (a) |  | $ | 16,813 |  | (b) |  | $ | 53,637 |
Deferred tax valuation allowance – HEI | $ | 38 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | 38 |  |  |  | $ | — |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for uncollectible accounts – electric utility | $ | 1,699 |  |  | $ | 2,383 |  |  | $ | 877 |  | (a) |  | $ | 3,838 |  | (b),(c) |  | $ | 1,121 |
Allowance for uncollectible interest – bank | $ | 1,679 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 155 |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | 1,834 |
Allowance for losses for loans receivable – bank | $ | 50,038 |  |  | $ | 16,763 |  | (d) | $ | 2,977 |  | (a) |  | $ | 14,245 |  | (b) |  | $ | 55,533 |
Deferred tax valuation allowance – HEI | $ | 54 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  |  | $ | 38 |
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for uncollectible accounts – electric utility | $ | 1,959 |  |  | $ | 3,653 |  |  | $ | 977 |  | (a) |  | $ | 4,890 |  | (b),(c) |  | $ | 1,699 |
Allowance for uncollectible interest – bank | $ | 1,514 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 165 |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | 1,679 |
Allowance for losses for loans receivable – bank | $ | 45,618 |  |  | $ | 6,275 |  | (d) | $ | 4,571 |  | (a) |  | $ | 6,426 |  | (b) |  | $ | 50,038 |
Allowance for mortgage-servicing assets – bank | $ | 209 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (205 | ) |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  |  | $ | — |
Deferred tax valuation allowance – HEI | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | 54 |

(a) | Primarily recoveries.

(b) | Bad debts charged off.

(c) | Reclass of allowance for one customer account into other long term assets in 2017, 2016 and 2015 were $841, $1,790 and $2,303, respectively.

(d) | Represents provision for loan loss.

191

(a)(3) and (b) Exhibits
The exhibits listed for HEI and Hawaiian Electric are listed in the index under the headings “HEI” and “Hawaiian Electric,” respectively, except that the exhibits listed under “Hawaiian Electric” are also exhibits for HEI.
EXHIBIT INDEX
The exhibits designated by an asterisk (*) are filed herewith. The exhibits not so designated are incorporated by reference to the indicated filing. A copy of any exhibit may be obtained upon written request for a $0.20 per page charge from the HEI Shareholder Services Division, P.O. Box 730, Honolulu, Hawaii 96808-0730.

Exhibit no. | Description | Form | File Number | Exhibit # | Filing date
HEI: |  |  |  |  |
| 3(i) | HEI’s Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation. | 8-K | 1-8503 | 3(i) | 5/6/09
| 3(ii) | Amended and Restated Bylaws of HEI as last amended May 9, 2011. | 8-K | 1-8503 | 3(ii) | 5/11/11
| 4.1 | Agreement to provide the SEC with instruments which define the rights of holders of certain long-term debt of HEI and its subsidiaries. | 10-K | 1-8503 | 4.1 | 3/31/93
| 4.2 | Master Note Purchase Agreement among HEI and the Purchasers thereto, dated March 24, 2011. | 8-K | 1-8503 | 4(a) | 3/28/11
| 4.2(a) | First Supplement to Note Purchase Agreement among HEI and the Purchasers thereto, dated March 6, 2013. | 8-K | 1-8503 | 4(a) | 3/6/13
| 4.3 | Hawaiian Electric Industries Retirement Savings Plan, restatement effective January 1, 2013. | 10-K | 1-8503 | 4.5 | 2/19/13
| 4.4 | Master Trust Agreement dated as of September 4, 2012 between HEI and ASB and Fidelity Management Trust Company, as Trustee | 10-Q | 1-8503 | 4 | 11/8/12
| 4.4(a) | Letter Amendment effective November 28, 2012 to Master Trust Agreement dated as of September 4, 2012 between HEI and ASB and Fidelity Management Trust Company. | 10-K | 1-8503 | 4.6(a) | 2/19/13
| 4.4(b) | Letter Amendment effective October 1, 2014 to Master Trust Agreement dated as of September 4, 2012 between HEI and ASB and Fidelity Management Trust Company. | 10-Q | 1-8503 | 4 | 11/6/14
| 4.4(c) | First Amendment to Master Trust Agreement (dated as of September 4, 2012) effective March 1, 2015 between HEI and ASB and Fidelity Management Trust Company. | 10-Q | 1-8503 | 4 | 5/6/15
* | 4.4(d) | Letter Amendment effective August 3, 2015 to Master Trust Agreement (dated as of September 4, 2012) between HEI and ASB and Fidelity Management Trust Company. |  |  |  |
| 4.4(e) | Letter Amendment effective August 15, 2017 to Master Trust Agreement (dated September 4, 2012) between HEI and ASB and Fidelity Management Trust Company. | 10-Q | 1-8503 | 4 | 11/2/17
* | 4.4(f) | Second Amendment effective January 1, 2018 to Master Trust Agreement (dated September 4, 2012) between HEI and ASB and Fidelity Management Trust Company. |  |  |  |
* | 4.4(g) | Letter of Direction effective January 2, 2018 to Master Trust Agreement (dated September 4, 2012) between HEI and ASB and Fidelity Management Trust Company. |  |  |  |
| 4.5 | Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc. Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan, as amended and restated effective October 5, 2017. | S-3 | 333- 220842 | 4.3 | 10/5/17
| 4.6 | American Savings Bank 401(k) Plan, restatement effective January 1, 2013. | 10-K | 1-8503 | 4.8 | 2/19/13
| 4.6(a) | Amendment 2013-1 to the American Savings Bank 401(k) Plan, effective January 1, 2014. | 10-K | 1-8503 | 4.7(a) | 2/23/16
| 10.1 | Conditions for the Merger and Corporate Restructuring of Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. dated September 23, 1982. | 10-K | 1-8503 | 10.1 | 2/28/07
| 10.2 | Regulatory Capital Maintenance/Dividend Agreement dated May 26, 1988, between HEI, HEIDI and the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation (by the Federal Home Loan Bank of Seattle). | 8-K | 1-8503 | (28)-2 | 5/26/88**
| 10.3 | OTS letter regarding release from Part II.B. of the Regulatory Capital Maintenance/Dividend Agreement dated May 26, 1988. | 10-K | 1-8503 | 10.3(a) | 3/31/93

192

Exhibit no. | Description | Form | File Number | Exhibit # | Filing date
HEI Exhibits 10.4 through 10.21 are management contracts or compensatory plans or arrangements required to be filed as exhibits pursuant to Item 15(b) of this report. HEI Exhibits 10.4 through 10.19 are also management contracts or compensatory plans or arrangements with Hawaiian Electric participants. |  |  |  |
| 10.4 | HEI Executive Incentive Compensation Plan amended as of February 4, 2013. | 10-K | 1-8503 | 10.4 | 2/19/13
| 10.5 | HEI Executives’ Deferred Compensation Plan. | 10-Q | 1-8503 | 10.2 | 11/5/08
| 10.6 | Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc. 2010 Equity and Incentive Plan, as amended and restated November 16, 2010. | 10-K | 1-8503 | 10.6 | 2/18/11
| 10.7 | Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc. 2010 Equity and Incentive Plan, as amended and restated February 14, 2014. | Proxy (DEF 14A) | 1-8503 | Appendix D | 3/25/14
| 10.7(a) | Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement pursuant to 2010 Equity and Incentive Plan. | S-8 | 333- 166737 | 4.4 | 5/11/10
| 10.7(b) | Form of Stock Appreciation Right Agreement pursuant to 2010 Equity and Incentive Plan. | S-8 | 333- 166737 | 4.5 | 5/11/10
| 10.7(c) | Form of Restricted Shares Agreement pursuant to 2010 Equity and Incentive Plan. | S-8 | 333- 166737 | 4.6 | 5/11/10
| 10.7(d) | Form of Performance Shares Agreement pursuant to 2010 Equity and Incentive Plan. | S-8 | 333- 166737 | 4.7 | 5/11/10
| 10.7(e) | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement, amended as of December 15, 2016, pursuant to 2010 Equity and Incentive Plan, as amended and restated February 14, 2014. | 10-K | 1-8503 | 10.7(e) | 2/24/17
| 10.8 | HEI Long-Term Incentive Plan amended as of February 4, 2013. | 10-K | 1-8503 | 10.8 | 2/19/13
| 10.9 | HEI Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan amended and restated as of January 1, 2009. | 10-Q | 1-8503 | 10.3 | 11/5/08
| 10.9(a) | Amendments to the HEI Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan Freezing Benefit Accruals Effective December 31, 2008. | 10-K | 1-8503 | 10.9(a) | 2/27/09
| 10.10 | HEI Excess Pay Plan amended and restated as of January 1, 2009. | 10-K | 1-8503 | 10.10 | 2/27/09
| 10.10(a) | HEI Excess Pay Plan Addendum for Constance H. Lau. | 10-K | 1-8503 | 10.10(a) | 2/27/09
| 10.10(b) | Amendment No. 1 dated December 13, 2010 to January 1, 2009 Restatement of HEI Excess Pay Plan. | 10-K | 1-8503 | 10.10(c) | 2/19/13
| 10.11 | Form of Change in Control Agreement. | 10-K | 1-8503 | 10.11 | 2/27/09
| 10.12 | Nonemployee Director Retirement Plan, effective as of October 1, 1989. | 10-K | 1-8503 | 10.15 | 3/27/90**
| 10.13 | HEI 2011 Nonemployee Director Stock Plan. | Proxy (DEF 14A) | 1-8503 | Appendix A | 3/21/11
| 10.14 | Nonemployee Director’s Compensation Schedule effective January 1, 2017. | 10-K | 1-8503 | 10.14 | 2/24/17
| 10.15 | HEI Non-Employee Directors’ Deferred Compensation Plan. | 10-Q | 1-8503 | 10.5 | 11/5/08
| 10.16 | Executive Death Benefit Plan of HEI and Participating Subsidiaries restatement effective as of January 1, 2009. | 10-Q | 1-8503 | 10.6 | 11/5/08
| 10.16(a) | Resolution of the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors of Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc. Re: Adoption of Amendment No. 1 to January 1, 2009 Restatement of the Executive Death Benefit Plan. | 10-Q | 1-8503 | 10.1 | 11/5/09
| 10.17 | Severance Pay Plan for Merit Employees of HEI and affiliates, restatement effective as of January 1, 2009. | 10-K | 1-8503 | 10.17 | 2/27/09
| 10.18 | Hawaiian Electric Industries Deferred Compensation Plan adopted on December 13, 2010. | 10-K | 1-8503 | 10.18 | 2/18/11
| 10.19 | Form of Indemnity Agreement (HEI, Hawaiian Electric and ASB with their respective directors and HEI with certain of its senior officers). | 10-Q | 1-8503 | 10.1 | 11/8/12
| 10.20 | American Savings Bank Select Deferred Compensation Plan (Restatement Effective January 1, 2009). | 10-Q | 1-8503 | 10.7 | 11/5/08
| 10.20(a) | Amendment No. 1 to January 1, 2009 Restatement of American Savings Bank Select Deferred Compensation Plan dated December 30, 2009. | 10-K | 1-8503 | 10.20(a) | 2/23/16
| 10.20(b) | Amendment No. 2 to January 1, 2009 Restatement of American Savings Bank Select Deferred Compensation Plan dated December 29, 2010. | 10-K | 1-8503 | 10.20(b) | 2/23/16

193

Exhibit no. | Description | Form | File Number | Exhibit # | Filing date
| 10.20(c) | Amendment No. 3 to January 1, 2009 Restatement of American Savings Bank Select Deferred Compensation Plan dated December 3, 2014. | 10-K | 1-8503 | 10.20(c) | 2/23/16
* | 10.20(d) | Amendment No. 4 to January 1, 2009 Restatement of American Savings Bank Select Deferred Compensation Plan dated December 4, 2017. |  |  |  |
| 10.21 | American Savings Bank Supplemental Executive Retirement, Disability, and Death Benefit Plan, effective January 1, 2009. | 10-Q | 1-8503 | 10.8 | 11/5/08
| 10.21(a) | Amendments to the American Savings Bank Supplemental Executive Retirement, Disability, and Death Benefit Plan Freezing Benefit Accruals Effective December 31, 2008. | 10-K | 1-8503 | 10.19(b) | 2/27/09
| 10.22 | Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of June 30, 2017, among HEI, as Borrower, the Lenders Party Thereto and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Syndication Agent, and Bank of America, N.A., MUFG Union Bank, N.A., Barclays Bank PLC, U.S. Bank National Association and Bank of Hawaii as Co-Documentation Agents, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent, Swingline Lender and Issuing Bank, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, as Joint Lead Arrangers and Joint Book Runners. | 10-Q | 1-8503 | 10.1 | 8/3/17
* | 11 | HEI - Computation of Earnings per Share of Common Stock. |  |  |  |
* | 12.1 | HEI - Computation of Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges. |  |  |  |
* | 21.1 | HEI - Subsidiaries of the Registrant. |  |  |  |
* | 23.1 | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (Deloitte & Touche LLP). |  |  |  |
* | 23.2 | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP). |  |  |  |
* | 31.1 | Certification Pursuant to Section 13a-14 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 of Constance H. Lau (HEI Chief Executive Officer). |  |  |  |
* | 31.2 | Certification Pursuant to Section 13a-14 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 of Gregory C. Hazelton (HEI Chief Financial Officer). |  |  |  |
* | 32.1 | HEI Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350. |  |  |  |
* | 101.INS | XBRL Instance Document. |  |  |  |
* | 101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. |  |  |  |
* | 101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |
* | 101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |
* | 101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |
* | 101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |
Hawaiian Electric: |  |  |  |
| 3(i).1 | Hawaiian Electric’s Certificate of Amendment of Articles of Incorporation. | 10-K | 1-4955 | 3.1 | 3/31/89
| 3(i).2 | Articles of Amendment to Hawaiian Electric’s Amended Articles of Incorporation. | 10-K | 1-4955 | 3.1(b) | 3/27/90**
| 3(i).3 | Articles of Amendment to Hawaiian Electric’s Amended Articles of Incorporation. | 10-K | 1-4955 | 3(i).4 | 3/23/99
| 3(i).4 | Articles of Amendment amending Article V of Hawaiian Electric’s Amended Articles of Incorporation effective August 6, 2009. | 10-Q | 1-4955 | 3(i).4 | 8/7/09
| 3(ii) | Hawaiian Electric’s Amended and Restated Bylaws (as last amended August 6, 2010). | 8-K | 1-4955 | 3(ii) | 8/9/10
| 4.1 | Agreement to provide the SEC with instruments which define the rights of holders of certain long-term debt of Hawaiian Electric, Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric | 10-K | 1-4955 | 4.1 | 3/19/03
| 4.2 | Certificate of Trust of HECO Capital Trust III. | S-3 | 333- 111073 | 4(a) | 12/10/03
| 4.3 | Amended and Restated Trust Agreement of HECO Capital Trust III dated as of March 1, 2004. | 8-K | 1-4955 | 4(c) | 3/22/04
| 4.4 | Hawaiian Electric Junior Indenture with The Bank of New York, as Trustee, dated as of March 1, 2004 | 8-K | 1-4955 | 4(f) | 3/22/04
| 4.5 | 6.500% Quarterly Income Trust Preferred Security issued by HECO Capital Trust III, dated March 18, 2004. | 8-K | 1-4955 | 4(d) | 3/22/04

194

Exhibit no. | Description | Form | File Number | Exhibit # | Filing date
| 4.6 | 6.500% Junior Subordinated Deferrable Interest Debenture, Series 2004 issued by Hawaiian Electric, dated March 18, 2004. | 8-K | 1-4955 | 4(g) | 3/22/04
| 4.7 | Trust Guarantee Agreement between The Bank of New York, as Trust Guarantee Trustee, and Hawaiian Electric dated as of March 1, 2004. | 8-K | 1-4955 | 4(l) | 3/22/04
| 4.8 | Maui Electric Junior Indenture with The Bank of New York, as Trustee, including Hawaiian Electric Subsidiary Guarantee, dated as of March 1, 2004. | 8-K | 1-4955 | 4(h) | 3/22/04
| 4.9 | Hawaii Electric Light Junior Indenture with The Bank of New York, as Trustee, including Hawaiian Electric Subsidiary Guarantee, dated as of March 1, 2004. | 8-K | 1-4955 | 4(j) | 3/22/04
| 4.10 | 6.500% Junior Subordinated Deferrable Interest Debenture, Series 2004 issued by Maui Electric, dated March 18, 2004. | 8-K | 1-4955 | 4(i) | 3/22/04
| 4.11 | 6.500% Junior Subordinated Deferrable Interest Debenture, Series 2004 issued by Hawaii Electric Light, dated March 18, 2004. | 8-K | 1-4955 | 4(k) | 3/22/04
| 4.12 | Expense Agreement, dated March 1, 2004, among HECO Capital Trust III, Hawaiian Electric, Maui Electric and Hawaii Electric Light. | 8-K | 1-4955 | 4(m) | 3/22/04
| 4.13 | Note Purchase Agreement among Hawaiian Electric and the Purchasers that are parties thereto, dated April 19, 2012. | 8-K | 1-4955 | 4(a) | 4/23/12
| 4.14 | Note Purchase and Guaranty Agreement among Hawaiian Electric, Maui Electric and the Purchasers that are parties thereto, dated April 19, 2012. | 8-K | 1-4955 | 4(b) | 4/23/12
| 4.15 | Note Purchase and Guaranty Agreement among Hawaiian Electric, Hawaii Electric Light and the Purchasers that are parties thereto, dated April 19, 2012. | 8-K | 1-4955 | 4(c) | 4/23/12
| 4.16 | Note Purchase Agreement among Hawaiian Electric and the Purchasers that are parties thereto, dated September 13, 2012. | 8-K | 1-4955 | 4 | 9/14/12
| 4.17 | Note Purchase Agreement among Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. and the Purchasers that are parties thereto, dated as of October 3, 2013. | 8-K | 1-4955 | 4(a) | 10/7/13
| 4.18 | Note Purchase and Guaranty Agreement among Hawaiian Electric, Maui Electric Company, Limited and the Purchasers that are parties thereto, dated as of October 3, 2013. | 8-K | 1-4955 | 4(b) | 10/7/13
| 4.19 | Note Purchase and Guaranty Agreement among Hawaiian Electric, Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. and the Purchasers that are parties thereto, dated as of October 3, 2013. | 10-Q | 1-4955 | 4 | 11/7/13
| 4.20 | Note Purchase Agreement among Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. and the Purchasers that are parties thereto, dated as of October 15, 2015. | 8-K | 1-4955 | 4(a) | 10/16/15
| 4.21 | Note Purchase and Guaranty Agreement among Hawaiian Electric, Maui Electric Company, Limited and the Purchasers that are parties thereto, dated as of October 15, 2015. | 8-K | 1-4955 | 4(b) | 10/16/15
| 4.22 | Note Purchase and Guaranty Agreement among Hawaiian Electric, Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. and the Purchasers that are parties thereto, dated as of October 15, 2015. | 8-K | 1-4955 | 4(c) | 10/16/15
| 4.23 | Note Purchase Agreement among Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. and the Purchasers that are parties thereto, dated as of December 15, 2016. | 8-K | 1-4955 | 4 | 12/19/16
| 10.1(a) | Power Purchase Agreement between Kalaeloa Partners, L.P., and Hawaiian Electric dated October 14, 1988. | 10-Q | 1-4955 | 10(a) | 11/14/88
| 10.1(b) | Amendment No. 1 to Power Purchase Agreement between Hawaiian Electric and Kalaeloa Partners, L.P., dated June 15, 1989. | 10-Q | 1-4955 | 10(c) | 8/14/89
| 10.1(c) | Lease Agreement between Kalaeloa Partners, L.P., as Lessor, and Hawaiian Electric, as Lessee, dated February 27, 1989. | 10-Q | 1-4955 | 10(d) | 8/14/89
| 10.1(d) | Restated and Amended Amendment No. 2 to Power Purchase Agreement between Hawaiian Electric and Kalaeloa Partners, L.P., dated February 9, 1990. | 10-K | 1-4955 | 10.2(c) | 3/27/90**
| 10.1(e) | Amendment No. 3 to Power Purchase Agreement between Hawaiian Electric and Kalaeloa Partners, L.P., dated December 10, 1991. | 10-K | 1-4955 | 10.2(e) | 3/24/92
| 10.1(f) | Amendment No. 4 to Power Purchase Agreement between Hawaiian Electric and Kalaeloa Partners, L.P., dated October 1, 1999. | 10-Q | 1-4955 | 10.1 | 11/8/00
| 10.1(g) | Confirmation Agreement Concerning Section 5.2B(2) of Power Purchase Agreement and Amendment No. 5 to Power Purchase Agreement between Hawaiian Electric and Kalaeloa Partners, L.P., dated October 12, 2004. | 10-Q | 1-4955 | 10.3 | 11/5/04
| 10.1(h) | Agreement for Increment Two Capacity and Amendment No. 6 to Power Purchase Agreement between Hawaiian Electric and Kalaeloa Partners, L.P., dated October 12, 2004. | 10-Q | 1-4955 | 10.4 | 11/5/04

195

Exhibit no. | Description | Form | File Number | Exhibit # | Filing date
| 10.1(i) | Letter agreement dated July 28, 2016 and executed August 1, 2016 extending the term of the Power Purchase Agreement between Hawaiian Electric and Kalaeloa Partners, L.P., dated October 14, 1988 (as amended). | 10-Q | 1-4955 | 10 | 11/4/16
| 10.2(a) | Power Purchase Agreement between AES Barbers Point, Inc. and Hawaiian Electric, entered into on March 25, 1988. | 10-Q | 1-4955 | 10(a) | 5/16/88
| 10.2(b) | Agreement between Hawaiian Electric and AES Barbers Point, Inc., pursuant to letters dated May 10, 1988 and April 20, 1988. | 10-K | 1-4955 | 10.4 | 3/31/89
| 10.2(c) | Amendment No. 1, entered into as of August 28, 1988, to Power Purchase Agreement between AES Barbers Point, Inc. and Hawaiian Electric. | 10-Q | 1-4955 | 10 | 11/13/89
| 10.2(d) | Hawaiian Electric’s Conditional Notice of Acceptance to AES Barbers Point, Inc. dated January 15, 1990. | 10-K | 1-4955 | 13(c) | 3/27/90**
| 10.2(e) | Amendment No. 2, entered into as of May 8, 2003, to Power Purchase Agreement between AES Hawaii, Inc. and Hawaiian Electric. | 10-K | 1-4955 | 10.2(e) | 3/9/04
| 10.3(a) | Purchase Power Contract between Hawaii Electric Light and Thermal Power Company dated March 24, 1986. | 10-Q | 1-4955 | 10(a) | 8/14/89
| 10.3(b) | Firm Capacity Amendment between Hawaii Electric Light and Puna Geothermal Venture (assignee of AMOR VIII, who is the assignee of Thermal Power Company) dated July 28, 1989 to Purchase Power Contract between Hawaii Electric Light and Thermal Power Company dated March 24, 1986. | 10-Q | 1-4955 | 10(b) | 8/14/89
| 10.3(c) | Amendment made in October 1993 to Purchase Power Contract between Hawaii Electric Light and Puna Geothermal Venture dated March 24, 1986, as amended. | 10-K | 1-4955 | 10.5(b) | 3/27/98
| 10.3(d) | Third Amendment dated March 7, 1995 to the Purchase Power Contract between Hawaii Electric Light and Puna Geothermal Venture dated March 24, 1986, as amended. | 10-K | 1-4955 | 10.5(c) | 3/27/98
| 10.3(e) | Performance Agreement and Fourth Amendment dated February 12, 1996 to the Purchase Power Contract between Hawaii Electric Light and Puna Geothermal Venture dated March 24, 1986, as amended. | 10-K | 1-4955 | 10.5(b) | 3/25/96
| 10.3(f) | Fifth Amendment dated February 7, 2011 to the Purchase Power Contract between Hawaii Electric Light and Puna Geothermal Venture dated March 24, 1986, as amended. | 10-K | 1-4955 | 10.4(f) | 2/17/12
| 10.3(g) | Power Purchase Agreement between Puna Geothermal Venture and Hawaii Electric Light dated February 7, 2011. | 10-K | 1-4955 | 10.4(g) | 2/17/12
| 10.4(a) | Power Purchase Agreement between Encogen Hawaii, L.P. and Hawaii Electric Light dated October 22, 1997 (but with the following attachments omitted: Attachment C, “Selected portions of the North American Electric Reliability Council Generating Availability Data System Data Reporting Instructions dated October 1996” and Attachment E, “Form of the Interconnection Agreement between Encogen Hawaii, L.P. and Hawaii Electric Light,” which is provided in final form as Exhibit 10.6(b)). | 10-K | 1-4955 | 10.7 | 3/27/98
| 10.4(b) | Interconnection Agreement between Encogen Hawaii, L.P. and Hawaii Electric Light dated October 22, 1997. | 10-K | 1-4955 | 10.7(a) | 3/27/98
| 10.4(c) | Amendment No. 1, executed on January 14, 1999, to Power Purchase Agreement between Encogen Hawaii, L.P. and Hawaii Electric Light dated October 22, 1997. | 10-K | 1-4955 | 10.7(b) | 3/23/99
* | 10.4(d) | Notice and acknowledgment under power purchase agreement effective November 24, 2017 by Hamakua Energy, LLC and acknowledged by Hawaii Electric Light. |  |  |  |
| 10.5 | Inter-Island Supply Contract for Petroleum Fuels by and between Chevron Products Company and Hawaiian Electric, Hawaii Electric Light and Maui Electric dated as of February 18, 2016 (confidential treatment has been granted for portions of this exhibit through December 31, 2019). | 10-Q | 1-4955 | 10.1 | 5/4/16
| 10.6 | Supply Contract for LSFO, Diesel and MATS Fuel by and between Hawaiian Electric and Chevron Products Company dated February 18, 2016 (confidential treatment has been granted for portions of this exhibit through December 31, 2019). | 10-Q | 1-4955 | 10.2 | 5/4/16
| 10.7 | Fuels Terminalling Agreement by and between Chevron Products Company and Hawaii Electric Light dated February 18, 2016 (confidential treatment has been granted for portions of this exhibit through December 31, 2019). | 10-Q | 1-4955 | 10.3 | 5/4/16
| 10.8(a) | Contract of private carriage by and between HITI and Hawaii Electric Light dated December 4, 2000. | 10-K | 1-4955 | 10.13 | 3/23/01

196

Exhibit no. | Description | Form | File Number | Exhibit # | Filing date
| 10.8(b) | Consent to Change of Ownership/Control of Carrier by and between K-Sea Operating Partnership, L.P., and Hawaii Electric Light, dated July 1, 2011. | 10-K | 1-4955 | 10.13(b) | 2/19/13
| 10.9(a) | Contract of private carriage by and between HITI and Maui Electric dated December 4, 2000. | 10-K | 1-4955 | 10.14 | 3/23/01
| 10.9(b) | Consent to Change of Ownership/Control of Carrier by and between K-Sea Operating Partnership, L.P., and Maui Electric, dated July 1, 2011. | 10-K | 1-4955 | 10.14(b) | 2/19/13
| 10.10 | Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of June 30, 2017, among Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc., as Borrower, the Lenders Party Hereto and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Syndication Agent, and Bank of America, N.A., MUFG Union Bank, N.A., Barclays Bank PLC, U.S. Bank National Association and Bank of Hawaii as Co-Documentation Agents, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent, Swingline Lender and Issuing Bank, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, as Joint Lead Arrangers and Joint Book Runners. | 10-Q | 1-4955 | 10.2 | 8/3/17
* | 10.11(a) | Amended and Restated Power Purchase Agreement between Hawaiian Electric and Hu Honua Bioenergy, LLC dated May 9, 2017. |  |  |  |
| 11 | Computation of Earnings Per Share of Common Stock (See note on Hawaiian Electric’s Item 6. Selected Financial Data). |  |  |  |
* | 12.2 | Hawaiian Electric - Computation of Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges. |  |  |  |
* | 21.2 | Hawaiian Electric - Subsidiaries of the Registrant. |  |  |  |
* | 31.3 | Certification Pursuant to Section 13a-14 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 of Alan M. Oshima (Hawaiian Electric Chief Executive Officer). |  |  |  |
* | 31.4 | Certification Pursuant to Section 13a-14 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 of Tayne S. Y. Sekimura (Hawaiian Electric Chief Financial Officer). |  |  |  |
* | 32.2 | Hawaiian Electric Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350. |  |  |  |
* | 99.1 | Hawaiian Electric’s Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance; Hawaiian Electric’s Executive Compensation; Hawaiian Electric’s Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters; Hawaiian Electric’s Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence; and Hawaiian Electric’s Principal Accounting Fees and Services. |  |  |  |

** Date of transmittal letter to SEC.
197

SIGNATURES (continued)
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrants have duly caused this report to be signed on their behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. The execution of this report by registrant Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. shall be deemed to relate only to matters having reference to such registrant and its subsidiaries.

HAWAIIAN ELECTRIC INDUSTRIES, INC. |  | HAWAIIAN ELECTRIC COMPANY, INC.
|  | (Registrant) |  |  |  | (Registrant)
By |  | /s/ Gregory C. Hazelton |  | By |  | /s/ Tayne S. Y. Sekimura
|  | Gregory C. Hazelton |  |  |  | Tayne S. Y. Sekimura
|  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer |  |  |  | Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
|  | (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer of HEI) |  |  |  | (Principal Financial Officer of Hawaiian Electric)
Date: |  | March 1, 2018 |  | Date: |  | March 1, 2018

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrants and in the capacities indicated on March 1, 2018. The execution of this report by each of the undersigned who signs this report solely in such person’s capacity as a director or officer of Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. shall be deemed to relate only to matters having reference to such registrant and its subsidiaries.

Signature |  | Title
/s/ Constance H. Lau |  | President of HEI and Director of HEI
Constance H. Lau |  | Chairman of the Board of Directors of Hawaiian Electric
|  | (Chief Executive Officer of HEI)
/s/ Alan M. Oshima |  | President and Director of Hawaiian Electric
Alan M. Oshima |  | (Chief Executive Officer of Hawaiian Electric)
/s/ Gregory C. Hazelton |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of HEI
Gregory C. Hazelton |  | (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer of HEI)
/s/ Tayne S. Y. Sekimura |  | Senior Vice President and
Tayne S. Y. Sekimura |  | Chief Financial Officer of Hawaiian Electric
|  | (Principal Financial Officer of Hawaiian Electric)
/s/ Patsy H. Nanbu |  | Controller of Hawaiian Electric
Patsy H. Nanbu |  | (Principal Accounting Officer of Hawaiian Electric)

198

SIGNATURES (continued)

Signature |  | Title
/s/ Kevin M. Burke |  | Director of Hawaiian Electric
Kevin M. Burke |  |
/s/ Richard J. Dahl |  | Director of HEI and Hawaiian Electric
Richard J. Dahl |  |
/s/ Thomas B. Fargo |  | Director of HEI
Thomas B. Fargo |  |
/s/ Peggy Y. Fowler |  | Director of HEI
Peggy Y. Fowler |  |
/s/ Timothy E. Johns |  | Director of Hawaiian Electric
Timothy E. Johns |  |
/s/ Micah A. Kane |  | Director of Hawaiian Electric
Micah A. Kane |  |
/s/ Bert A. Kobayashi, Jr. |  | Director of Hawaiian Electric
Bert A. Kobayashi, Jr. |  |
/s/ Keith P. Russell |  | Director of HEI
Keith P. Russell |  |
/s/ James K. Scott |  | Director of HEI
James K. Scott |  |
/s/ Kelvin H. Taketa |  | Director of HEI and Hawaiian Electric
Kelvin H. Taketa |  |
/s/ Barry K. Taniguchi |  | Director of HEI
Barry K. Taniguchi |  |
/s/ Jeffrey N. Watanabe |  | Chairman of the Board of Directors of HEI and director of Hawaiian Electric
Jeffrey N. Watanabe |  |

199