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PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, NET
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2016
PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, NET [Abstract]  
PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, NET
8. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, NET
 
Property, plant and equipment, net, consist of the following:
 
 
 
December 31,
 
 
 
2015
 
2016
 
Cost
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Buildings and plant
 
$
313,290,516
 
$
286,302,082
 
Machinery and equipment
 
 
389,373,554
 
 
371,703,665
 
Furniture, fixtures and equipment
 
 
22,418,768
 
 
21,355,517
 
Motor vehicles
 
 
293,331
 
 
334,025
 
Less: Accumulated depreciation
 
 
(188,680,279)
 
 
(206,725,215)
 
Property, plant and equipment, net
 
$
536,695,889
 
$
472,970,074
 
Construction in process
 
 
7,630,236
 
 
84,457,810
 
Total
 
$
544,326,125
 
$
557,427,884
 
  
Depreciation expense was $28,007,943, $31,361,026 and $33,822,082 for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively.
 
$84.5 million of construction in process as of December 31, 2016 was mostly related to the Phase 3A expansion project, which is expected to increase the capacity from 12,150 MT to 18,000 MT. The Group had already completed the construction and installation of Phase 3A at the end of 2016 and commenced initial production in the first quarter of 2017 as planned.
 
The Company recognized impairments for long-lived assets of $nil, $1,622,588 and $198,689 during the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively.