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PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, NET
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, NET [Abstract]  
PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, NET
8. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, NET
 
Property, plant and equipment, net, consist of the following:
 
 
 
December 31,
 
 
 
2016
 
2017
 
Cost
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Buildings and plant
 
$
286,302,082
 
$
325,775,766
 
Machinery and equipment
 
 
371,703,665
 
 
464,556,735
 
Furniture, fixtures and equipment
 
 
21,355,517
 
 
26,701,699
 
Motor vehicles
 
 
334,025
 
 
356,560
 
Less: Accumulated depreciation
 
 
(206,725,215)
 
 
(260,287,516)
 
Property, plant and equipment, net
 
$
472,970,074
 
$
557,103,244
 
Construction in process
 
 
84,457,810
 
 
22,025,447
 
Total
 
$
557,427,884
 
$
579,128,691
 
 
Depreciation expense was $31,361,026, $33,822,082 and $38,824,055 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively.
 
Construction in process of $22.0 million as of December 31, 2017 was mostly related to the Phase 3B expansion project.
 
The Group recognized impairments for long-lived assets of $1,622,588, $198,689 and $2,987,668 during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively.