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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
________________________________________________________________________________________
FORM 10-K

☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended September 28, 2019
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ________ to ________
Commission File Number 1-33268
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware | 68-0275553
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (IRS Employer Identification Number)

1340 Treat Boulevard, Suite 600, Walnut Creek, California 94597
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
Telephone Number: (925) 948-4000
SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OF THE ACT:

Title of Each Class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock | CENT | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC
Class A Common Stock | CENTA | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(g) OF THE ACT: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☐
Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
At March 30, 2019, the aggregate market value of the registrant’s Common Stock, Class A Common Stock and Class B Stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $265.3 million, $971.0 million and $160,000, respectively.
At November 15, 2019, the number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s Common Stock was 11,537,862 and the number of shares of Class A Common Stock was 42,744,831. In addition, on such date, the registrant had outstanding 1,652,262 shares of its Class B Stock, which are convertible into Common Stock on a share-for-share basis.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Definitive Proxy Statement for the Company’s 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders – Part III of this Form 10-K

Central Garden & Pet Company
Index to Annual Report on Form 10-K
For the fiscal year ended September 28, 2019

|  | Page
PART I |
Item 1. | Business | 1
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 12
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 20
Item 2. | Properties | 20
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 20
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 20
PART II |
Item 5. | Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 22
Item 6. | Selected Financial Data | 24
Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 25
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk | 41
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 41
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 42
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 42
Item 9B. | Other Information | 42
PART III |
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 42
Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 42
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 42
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 43
Item 14. | Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 43
PART IV |
Item 15. | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules | 43
Item 16. | Form 10-K Summary | 48

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Form 10-K includes “forward-looking statements.” Forward-looking statements include statements concerning our plans, objectives, goals, strategies, future events, future revenues or performance, projected cost savings, capital expenditures, financing needs, plans or intentions relating to acquisitions, our competitive strengths and weaknesses, our business strategy and the trends we anticipate in the industries and markets in which we operate and other information that is not historical information. When used in this Form 10-K, the words “estimates,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “projects,” “plans,” “intends,” “believes” and variations of such words or similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, our examination of historical operating trends, are based upon our current expectations and various assumptions. Our expectations, beliefs and projections are expressed in good faith, and we believe there is a reasonable basis for them, but we cannot assure you that our expectations, beliefs and projections will be realized.
There are a number of risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-K. Important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements we make in this Form 10-K are set forth in this Form 10-K, including the factors described in the section entitled “Item 1A – Risk Factors.” If any of these risks or uncertainties materializes, or if any of our underlying assumptions are incorrect, our actual results may differ significantly from the results that we express in or imply by any of our forward-looking statements. We do not undertake any obligation to revise these forward-looking statements to reflect future events or circumstances, except as required by law. Presently known risk factors include, but are not limited to, the following factors:
•seasonality and fluctuations in our operating results and cash flow;
•fluctuations in market prices for seeds and grains and other raw materials;
•our inability to pass through cost increases in a timely manner;

• | our dependence upon key executives;

• | risks associated with new product introductions, including the risk that our new products will not produce sufficient sales to recoup our investment;

• | fluctuations in energy prices, fuel and related petrochemical costs;

•declines in consumer spending during economic downturns;
•inflation, deflation and other adverse macro-economic conditions;
•supply shortages in pet birds, small animals and fish;
•adverse weather conditions;
•risks associated with our acquisition strategy;
•access to and cost of additional capital;
•dependence on a small number of customers for a significant portion of our business;
•impacts of tariffs or a trade war;
•consolidation trends in the retail industry;
•competition in our industries;
•potential goodwill or intangible asset impairment;
•continuing implementation of an enterprise resource planning information technology system;
•our inability to protect our trademarks and other proprietary rights;
2

•potential environmental liabilities;
•risk associated with international sourcing;
•litigation and product liability claims;
•regulatory issues;
•the impact of product recalls;
•potential costs and risks associated with actual or potential cyber attacks;
•the impact of new accounting regulations and the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act on the Company's tax rate;

◦ | our ability to recover losses and mitigate business interruption caused by the November 2019 fire at our DMC facility in Texas;

•the voting power associated with our Class B stock; and
•potential dilution from issuance of authorized shares.
3

MARKET, RANKING AND OTHER DATA
The data included in this Form 10-K regarding markets and ranking, including the size of certain markets and our position and the position of our competitors and products within these markets, are based on both independent industry publications, including Packaged Facts Lawn and Garden Consumables, 10th edition, October 2019; The Freedonia Group Landscaping Products, May 2019; 2019 National Gardening Survey; The Freedonia Group Live Goods: Plants, Trees and Shrubbery, June 2019; TechNavio Outdoor Cushions Market in the US, October 2019; Packaged Facts U.S. Pet Market Outlook, 2019-2020, February 2019; Packaged Facts Pet Treats and Chews in the U.S., 3rd Edition, September 2019; Packaged Facts Durable Dog and Cat Petcare Products 2nd Edition, October 2018; Packaged Facts Pet Medications in the U.S., 6th Edition July 2019; Packaged Facts Fish, Small Animal, Reptile and Bird Product: U.S. Pet Market Trends & Opportunities, February 2018; Packaged Facts Pet Food in the U.S. 14th Edition, December 2018; American Pet Products Association (APPA) National Pet Owners Survey 2018-2019; U.S. Census Bureau; and our estimates based on management’s knowledge and experience in the markets in which we operate. Our estimates have been based on information provided by customers, suppliers, trade and business organizations and other contacts in the markets in which we operate. While we are not aware of any misstatements regarding our market and ranking data presented herein, our estimates involve risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various factors, including those discussed under the heading “Risk factors” in this Form 10-K. This information may prove to be inaccurate because of the method by which we obtained some of the data for our estimates or because this information cannot always be verified with complete certainty due to the limits on the availability and reliability of raw data, the voluntary nature of the data gathering process and other limitations and uncertainties inherent in a survey of market size. As a result, you should be aware that market, ranking and other similar data included herein, and estimates and beliefs based on that data, may not be reliable. We cannot guarantee the accuracy or completeness of such information contained herein.
TRADEMARKS, SERVICE MARKS AND TRADE NAMES
We own or have rights to use trademarks, service marks and trade names in connection with the operation of our business. In addition, our names, logos and website names and addresses are or include our service marks or trademarks. Other trademarks, service marks and trade names appearing in this Form 10-K are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, some of the trademarks, service marks and trade names referred to in this Form 10-K may be listed without the ® or ™ symbols, but the absence of such symbols does not indicate the registration state whether or not they are registered. We will assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights or the rights of the applicable licensors to these trademarks, service marks and trade names.
4

PART I
Item 1. Business
Our Company
Central Garden & Pet Company (“Central”) is a leading innovator, producer and distributor of branded and private label products for the lawn & garden and pet supplies markets in the United States. The total annual retail sales of the pet food, treats & chews, supplies and live animal industry in 2018 was estimated by Packaged Facts and the pet industry to have been approximately $51.9 billion. We estimate the annual retail sales of the pet supplies, live animal, and treats & chews and natural pet food markets in the categories in which we participate to be approximately $27.4 billion. The total lawn and garden consumables, decorative products, live plant and outdoor cushions and pillows industry in the United States is estimated by Packaged Facts, The Freedonia Group and TechNavio to have been approximately $23.3 billion in annual retail sales in 2018, including fertilizer, pesticides, growing media, seeds, mulch, other consumables, decorative products, live plants and outdoor cushions and pillows. We estimate the annual retail sales of the lawn and garden consumables, decorative products and live plant markets in the categories in which we participate to be approximately $16.3 billion.
Our pet supplies products include products for dogs and cats, including edible bones, premium healthy edible and non-edible chews, natural dog and cat food and treats, toys, pet carriers, grooming supplies and other accessories; products for birds, small animals and specialty pets, including food, cages and habitats, toys, chews and related accessories; animal and household health and insect control products; live fish and products for fish, reptiles and other aquarium-based pets, including aquariums, furniture and lighting fixtures, pumps, filters, water conditioners, food and supplements, and information and knowledge resources; and products for horses and livestock. These products are sold under the brands including Adams™, Aqueon®, Avoderm®, C&S Products®, Cadet®, Farnam®, Four Paws®, Kaytee®, K&H Pet Products®, Nylabone®, Pinnacle®, TFH™, Zilla® as well as a number of other brands including Altosid®, Comfort Zone®, Coralife®, Interpet®, Pet Select® and Zodiac®.
Our lawn and garden supplies products include proprietary and non-proprietary grass seed; wild bird feed, bird feeders, bird houses and other birding accessories; weed, grass, and other herbicides, insecticide and pesticide products; fertilizers; and decorative outdoor lifestyle products including pottery, as well as live plants and outdoor cushions and pillows. These products are sold under the brands AMDRO®, Arden Companies™, Ironite®, Pennington®, and Sevin®, as well as a number of other brand names including Lilly Miller®, Over-N-Out®, Smart Seed® and The Rebels®.
We were incorporated in Delaware in May 1992 as the successor to a California corporation that was formed in 1955. Our executive offices are located at 1340 Treat Boulevard, Suite 600, Walnut Creek, California 94597, and our telephone number is (925) 948-4000. Our website is www.central.com. The information on our website is not incorporated by reference in this annual report.
1

Recent Developments
Financial summary:

• | Net sales for fiscal 2019 increased $167.6 million, or 7.6%, to $2,383.0 million. Our Pet segment sales increased 3.3%, and our Garden segment sales increased 14.2%.

• | Gross profit for fiscal 2019 increased $28.6 million, or 4.2%, to $704.0 million. Gross margin declined 100 basis points in fiscal 2019 to 29.5%, from 30.5% in fiscal 2018.

• | Our operating income decreased $15.2 million, or 9.1%, to $152.1 million in fiscal 2019, and as a percentage of net sales decreased 120 basis points to 6.4%.

• | Net income for fiscal 2019 was $92.8 million, or $1.61 per share on a diluted basis, compared to net income in fiscal 2018 of $123.6 million, or $2.32 per share on a diluted basis.

• | Non-GAAP net income decreased to $92.3 million, or $1.60 per diluted share, in fiscal 2019 from $102.1 million, or $1.91 per diluted share, in fiscal 2018.

• | Diluted weighted average shares outstanding increased 4,270 shares, or 8.0%, from 53,341 shares in fiscal 2018 to 57,611 shares in fiscal 2019.

Acquisitions
C&S Products
In May 2019, we purchased C&S Products, a manufacturer of suet and other wild bird feed products, for approximately $30.0 million, to complement our existing wild bird feed business. Subsequent to the acquisition, approximately $4.7 million of cash was used to eliminate the acquired long-term debt.
Arden Companies
In February 2019, we purchased the remaining 55% ownership interest in Arden Companies, a manufacturer of outdoor cushions and pillows, for $13.4 million. Subsequent to the acquisition, approximately $36 million of cash was used to eliminate most of the acquired long-term debt. As a result of the purchase of the remaining 55% ownership interest, we remeasured our previously held investment interest at its acquisition-date fair value and recorded a gain of approximately $3.2 million as part of selling, general and administrative expenses in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. The acquisition complements our existing garden portfolio.
Subsequent Event
In November 2019, our DMC business unit in the Pet Segment experienced a fire in one of its leased properties located in Athens, Texas. As a result, we sustained inventory and property-related losses in the estimated range of $15 million to $25 million dollars. This event has temporarily had a limited impact on our ability to fulfill orders to certain of our customers. We currently believe our insurance coverage is sufficient to cover the asset losses as well as the business interruption loss associated with this event.
Competitive Strengths
We believe we have a number of competitive strengths, which serve as the foundation of our business strategy, including the following:

• | Market Leadership Positions Built on a Strong Brand Portfolio. We are one of the leaders in the U.S. pet supplies market and in the U.S. consumer lawn and garden supplies market. We have a diversified portfolio of brands, many of which we believe are among the leading brands in their respective U.S. market categories. The majority of our brands have been marketed and sold for more than 30 years.

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• | History of Innovative New Products and Customer Service. We continuously seek to introduce new products, both as complementary extensions of existing product lines and in new product categories. Over the last two years, we have received a number of awards for innovation, customer service and marketing.

Innovation
For innovation in 2019, Kaytee won the Pet Age Magazine Readers Top Choice Award for its Extreme Odor Control Bedding. Kaytee also won the Pet Business Magazine Industry Recognition Award for its Premium Timothy Hay Treats. Additionally, Zilla won second place at Global Pet Expo for the Zilla Bow Front Opening Terrarium.
In 2018, Kaytee won the Pet Business Industry award in the small animal toys category, both Global Pet Expo and Super Zoo awards in the small animal category for new product with Premium Timothy Hay Treats, and Pet Valu's Best New Product in Small Pet award; Zilla won a Global Pet and Super Zoo award for the Reptile Spring Cave Accessory and a Super Zoo award for vertical decor; and for the second consecutive year, Aqueon won Pet Valu's Best New Product award for the Neo Glow fish tank. Also in 2018, Farnam's Super Mask won EquineSeniors.com's "Good-Horsekeeping" award for Best Fly Mask with Ears.
Customer Service
For customer service, C&S Products has been an "A+" vendor for ACE Hardware for the past 10 years and an "A" vendor at Menards for over six years. In 2019, Kaytee was awarded the inaugural vendor of the year award for the total Farm/Pet category by Fleet Farm for operational excellence, best-in-class customer service and it's top-to-top partnership and collaboration in supporting Fleet Farm's initiatives.
In 2018, the Garden segment was recognized by Lowe's for the third consecutive year as its Lawn & Garden Supplier of the Year. In 2018, the Pet segment won Petco’s Strategic Initiative Vendor in Companion Animal and Pet Valu’s awards for Highest Sales Service Level and Highest Year over Year Sales Growth in Aquatic & Reptile.
Marketing
In 2019, Segrest won the Most Innovative Brick & Mortar Differentiator award at Global Pet Expo for its synergistic work with Petsense and Casco as well as a number of Central's brands to introduce live animals to their stores. In 2019 and 2018, Central won numerous Equine media awards from American Horse Publications and National Animal Supplement Council’s Visibility Awards for advertising, marketing, multimedia ads, social media campaigns, print and education of customers and the industry.

• | Strong Relationships with Retailers. We have developed strong relationships with major and independent brick & mortar and e-commerce retailers providing them broad product offerings including new product innovation, premium brands, private label programs, proprietary sales and logistics capabilities and a high level of customer service. Major retailers value the efficiency of dealing with suppliers with national scope and strong brands. We believe our ability to meet their unique needs for packaging and point of sale displays provides us with a competitive advantage. Independent retailers value our high level of customer service and broad array of premium branded products. We believe these strengths have assisted us in becoming one of the largest pet supplies vendors to PetSmart, PETCO and Walmart and among the largest lawn and garden supplies vendors to Walmart, Home Depot and Lowe’s, and the club and mass merchandise channels, as well as a leading supplier to independent pet and garden supplies retailers in the United States.

• | Favorable Long-Term Industry Characteristics. We believe the U.S. pet supplies market will grow over the long term due to favorable demographic and leisure trends. The key demographics bolstering our markets are the growth rates in the number of millennials who now account for 31% of pet owners and account for the largest percentages of small animal, reptile and saltwater fish owners. According to the 2018 - 2019 APPA National Pet Owners Survey, the number of U.S. pet owners has remained fairly consistent in recent years with 67% of all households owning a pet. In addition, many pet supplies products (e.g., toys, pest control, grooming supplies, beds, bedding, and collars, etc.) are routinely consumed and replenished. As many as 45% of dog owners and 36% of cat owners reported purchasing treats in the past 30 days.

We believe that gardening is one of the most popular leisure activities in the United States. According to the National Gardening Survey, nearly three-quarters of U.S. households participated in some kind of lawn and garden activity in 2018 with participation by 18-34 year-old households accounting for one-quarter of spending. Participation is highest amongst married households, households with children, and those persons making $100,000 or more per year. The 18-34 demographic participation percentage is projected by the U.S. Census Bureau to remain consistent for the foreseeable
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future. The 2019 National Gardening Survey also notes that the trends of more people gardening in their yards, container gardening, food gardening and organic gardening are examples of wider interest in a rapidly changing industry. We view the long-term outlook for this market as staying intact and showing slow positive growth.

• | Sales and Logistics Networks. We are a leading supplier to independent specialty retailers for the pet and lawn and garden supplies markets through our sales and logistics networks. We believe our sales and logistics networks give us a significant competitive advantage over other suppliers. These networks provide us with key access to independent pet specialty retail stores and retail lawn and garden customers that require two-step distribution facilitating:

◦ | acquisition and maintenance of shelf placement;

◦ | prompt product replenishment;

◦ | customization of retailer programs;

◦ | quick responses to changing customer and retailer preferences;

◦ | rapid deployment and feedback for new products; and

◦ | immediate exposure for new internally-developed and acquired brands.

We plan to continue to utilize our team of dedicated sales people and our sales and logistics networks to expand sales of our branded products.
Business Strategy
Our objective is to grow revenues, profits and cash flows by enhancing our position as one of the leading companies in the U.S. pet supplies and lawn and garden supplies industries. We seek to do so by developing new products, increasing market share, acquiring businesses and working in partnership with our customers to grow the categories in which we participate. To achieve our objective, we plan to capitalize on our strengths and favorable industry trends by executing on the following key strategic pillars to drive our growth:
Accelerate the Growth Momentum of Our Portfolio.

• | We are managing each business differentially, based on clearly articulated strategies that define the role of each business within our portfolio. We have assessed the profitability and growth potential of each of our businesses. All businesses have a clear role in the portfolio and a strategy that is consistent with that role. Some of our businesses are managed to optimize top-line growth, whereas others are more focused on reducing costs and maximizing operating income. We have three-year pipelines in both innovation activities and cost saving initiatives intended to ensure we have the pieces in place to deliver the organic growth targeted for our businesses.

• | We are building out our portfolio in attractive, broadly-defined Pet & Garden markets. We seek to acquire businesses that are accretive to our growth. Our M&A model is one of our key strengths. Since 1992, we have completed over 50 acquisitions to create a company of approximately $2.4 billion in sales. In the last two years, we have acquired four new businesses including entering into the live plant and outdoor seat cushion businesses. We are patient and disciplined value buyers, typically focused on opportunities in the garden and pet areas. However, we are open to any business which can leverage our capabilities and allow us to add value through our low-cost manufacturing capabilities, operating synergies, or strong distribution network. We generally prefer to acquire businesses with proven, seasoned management teams, who are committed to stay with the acquired business after closing. We have been successful in growing our acquisitions organically after acquiring them into our portfolio. We continually review our businesses to ensure they can meet our expectations and, in some cases, have implemented strategies to reverse sub-par performance. We are also committed to exiting businesses where we cannot find a path to profitability and have done so in the past, for example the portion of the pottery business we exited in fiscal 2019.

Keep the Core Healthy.

• | We are building on our strong customer relationships by developing and executing winning category growth strategies. We produce both branded products and private label products for our customers as well as distribute third party brands that give our retail partners an unparalleled breadth of selection of premium and value products. We reinvest some of our annual cost savings in demand creation to help us drive sustainable organic growth and build share.

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• | To grow, we are also seeking to develop more differentiated and more defensible new products. We are doing so by continuously striving to get a deeper understanding of our consumers, comprehending what products and features they desire and how they make their purchase decisions. We are increasing our overall investment in consumer insights and research and development in order to achieve our innovation goals with a strong pipeline of new products.

Build Digital Capabilities for Competitive Advantage and a Compelling Consumer Experience.

• | We are freeing up our businesses in e-commerce by ensuring we have the right policies, products, and programs to allow all channels to compete effectively. We recognize that consumers are increasingly researching, if not buying products on-line, and hence we are advancing our digital capabilities. One key area is in marketing communication where we are working to better reach consumers at key points in their path to purchase with advanced capabilities in search engine optimization, reputation management and social listening to name a few. Concurrently, we are optimizing our supply chain for high-demand e-commerce items to ensure customer and consumer availability requirements are met at optimal cost. Finally, we are also expanding our data analytics capability to improve and accelerate business insight. In a marketplace that is moving very quickly, fast decision-making is important to gaining a competitive advantage.

Drive Cost Savings and Productivity Improvements to Fuel Growth.

• | Optimizing our supply chain footprint is a priority as we seek to become more efficient and cost-effective. Having the right facilities in the right locations is critical to both lowering costs and enabling our businesses to meet the growth demands of our existing and new customers, from both our legacy and acquired businesses. In addition, while we value being a decentralized company, we believe we have significant opportunities to improve our performance by driving processes and programs to allow us to align for scale and share best practices. The initiatives, along with our systematic cost savings programs being driven by each business unit, should enable the overall company to reduce our cost of goods sold and administrative spending by 1% to 2% annually.

Attract, Retain and Develop Exceptional Employees.

• | We have approximately 5,800 employees in over 100 locations. We believe people work at Central because they love the categories in which we operate and that creates a passionate and effective group. We also have a strong leadership team representing a mix of successful entrepreneurs and classically trained consumer products executives. We place an emphasis on helping our employees develop their skills and focus on succession planning to ensure we can grow sustainably year-after-year.

Products – General
The following table indicates each class of similar products which represented approximately 10% or more of our consolidated net sales in the fiscal years presented (in millions).

Category |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Other pet products |  | $ | 613.4 |  |  | $ | 606.7 |  |  | $ | 603.6 |
Other garden products |  | 560.8 |  |  | 445.7 |  |  | 377.0 |
Other manufacturers' products |  | 504.5 |  |  | 454.3 |  |  | 409.0 |
Dog & cat products |  | 452.1 |  |  | 445.1 |  |  | 405.1 |
Controls & fertilizer products |  | 252.2 |  |  | 263.6 |  |  | 259.8 |
Total |  | $ | 2,383.0 |  |  | $ | 2,215.4 |  |  | $ | 2,054.5 |

Pet Segment
Pet Overview
We are one of the leading marketers and producers of pet supplies in the United States. In addition, our Pet segment operates one of the largest sales and logistics networks in the industry, strategically supporting our brands.
Pet Industry Background
According to the Packaged Facts U.S. Pet Market Outlook, 2019 - 2020, the percentage of U.S. households with dogs or cats in 2018 remained at 52% where it has been since 2011.
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The pet industry includes food, supplies, veterinarian care, services and live animals. We operate primarily in the pet supplies segment of the industry as well as in the live fish and live small animal categories. This segment includes: products for dogs and cats, including edible bones, premium healthy edible and non-edible chews, rawhide, toys, pet beds, pet carriers, grooming supplies and other accessories; products for birds, small animals and specialty pets, including cages and habitats, toys, chews, and related accessories; animal and household health and insect control products; products for fish, reptiles and other aquarium-based pets, including aquariums, furniture and lighting fixtures, pumps, filters, water conditioners and supplements, and information and knowledge resources; and products for horses and livestock. Packaged Facts estimates that the pet supplies, natural dog and cat food, pet treats & chews and live fish, small animals and pet birds industry had $26.4 billion in revenue in 2018.
We believe the U.S. pet supplies market will grow over the long term due to favorable demographic and leisure trends. The key demographics bolstering our markets are the growth rates in the number of millennials who now account for 31% of pet owners and account for the largest percentages of small animal, reptile and saltwater fish owners. According to the 2018 - 2019 APPA National Pet Owners Survey, the number of U.S. pet owners has remained fairly consistent in recent years with 67% of all households owning a pet. In addition, many pet supplies products (e.g., toys, pest control, grooming supplies, beds, bedding, and collars, etc.) are routinely consumed and replenished. As many as 45% of dog owners and 36% of cat owners reported purchasing treats in the past 30 days.
The U.S. pet supplies market is highly fragmented with approximately 1,400 manufacturers, consisting primarily of small companies with limited product lines. The majority of these manufacturers do not have a captive sales and logistics network and must rely on us or other independent distributors to supply their products to regional pet specialty chains and independent retailers. According to Packaged Facts, dog & cat supplies sales increased 23% from 2014 to 2018. Sales are expected to increase an additional 22% by 2023, indicating the strength of this category.
The pet food and supplies industry retail channel also remains fragmented with only two national pet specialty retailers, PetSmart and PETCO and over 7,300 independent pet supply stores and smaller pet chains as well as club and mass merchandise stores in the United States. According to Packaged Facts, pet specialty chain brick and mortar sales were 24% in 2018 and are expected to maintain through 2023. At the same time, internet sales (including online sales by omnichannel players) have increased to 18% in 2018 and are projected to increase to 23% of U.S. retail sales of pet products by 2023. Pet products have also become a growing category in mass merchandisers, discounters, grocery outlets and the e-commerce channel. Mass merchandisers, supermarkets and discounters have historically carried a limited product assortment that features primarily pet food, but we believe these retailers are devoting more shelf space to meet increased consumer demand for premium pet supplies. Independent pet stores typically have a relatively broad product selection and attempt to differentiate themselves by offering premier brands and knowledgeable service.
Proprietary Branded Pet Products
Our principal pet supplies categories are dog and cat, aquatics, bird and small animal, wild bird feed, live fish and small animal, and animal health products.
Dog & Cat. Our dog and cat category, featuring the brands Nylabone®, Four Paws®, Cadet®, Dallas Manufacturing Company (DMC™), K&H Pet Products™, TFH® Publications, AvoDerm®, Pinnacle®, Pet Select and Mikki®, is an industry leader in manufacturing and marketing premium edible and non-edible chews, interactive toys, natural dog and cat food, grooming supplies and pet care print and digital content.

• | Nylabone is predominately made in the United States and has a strong history of developing innovative products such as NutriDent® Edible Dental Brush Chews, Nubz® and Healthy Edibles® as well as numerous other award-winning dog toys and healthy chews.

• | IMS is a manufacturer and supplier of a full-line of quality rawhide and other natural dog chews, and treats largely under the Cadet® and Farm to Paws™ brands.

• | Four Paws Products include industry leaders in grooming and waste management products under the Wee Wee® and Magic Coat® brands.

• | Pet Home Essentials combines our acquisition of DMC, the industry-leading dog & cat bed company and supplier to many of the largest retailers for private label and branded bedding, and our acquisition of K&H, a producer of premium pet supplies and the largest marketer of heated pet products in the country.

• | TFH Publications is a globally recognized publisher of both pet books and an aquatics magazine.

• | Breeder’s Choice, featuring the Pinnacle and AvoDerm brands, is a manufacturer of natural pet food for our own brands, other parties and private label.

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Aquatics. We are a leading supplier of aquariums and related fixtures and furniture, water conditioners and supplements, sophisticated lighting systems and accessories featuring the brands Aqueon, Zilla, Interpet, Coralife and Blagdon.
Small Animal, Pet Bird & Wild Bird Feed. We are a leading marketer and producer of supplies and pet food for small animals, pet birds, and wild birds. We offer a full range of products including species specific diets, treats, habitats, bedding, hay and toys under the Kaytee®, Forti-Diet, Critter Trail® and C&S Products® brands. Many of our branded wild bird mixes are treated with a proprietary blend of vitamins and minerals. Our brands are some of the most widely recognized and trusted brands for birds and small animals.
Animal Health. We are a leading marketer and producer of mosquito and other insect control products produced by Wellmark International and sold primarily under the Bio Spot Active Care™, Adams, Altosid®, Centynal™, ClariFly®IGR, Comfort Zone®, Diacon®, Pre Strike and Extinguish® brand names. Wellmark is the only domestic producer of (S)-Methoprene, which is an active ingredient to control mosquitoes, fleas, ticks, ants and mites in many professional and consumer insect control applications. We also sell (S)-Methoprene to manufacturers of other insect control products, including Frontline Plus. In addition, we are a leading manufacturer and marketer of innovative products for horses in the fly control, supplements, grooming, deworming, wound care, leather care & rodenticides categories. Our portfolio of brands includes Farnam, Horse Health Products, Vita Flex, Just One Bite and Rodentex. These brands, along with a diverse stable of sub-brands (including IverCare®, Bronco®, Super Mask® II, Endure®, Red Cell®, Horseshoer’s Secret® and Vetrolin®), position us as a leader in these categories.
Live Fish and Small Animals. Segrest is a leading wholesaler of aquarium fish and small animals to pet specialty and mass merchandiser stores in the U.S.
Pet Sales Network
Our domestic sales and logistics network exists to promote both our proprietary brands and third-party partner brands. It provides value-added service to approximately 12,000 customers, many of which are independent specialty stores with fewer than 10 locations and veterinary offices. This includes acquisition and maintenance of premium shelf placement, prompt product replenishment, customization of retailer programs, quick response to changing customer and retailer preferences, rapid deployment and feedback for new products and immediate exposure for acquired brands. The combination of brands in the network that are supplied in single shipments enables our independent customers to work with us on a cost-effective basis to meet their pet supplies requirements. We also operate a sales and logistics facility in the United Kingdom.
Pet Sales and Marketing
Our sales strategy is multi-tiered and designed to capture maximum market share with retailers. Our customers include retailers, such as club, regional and national specialty pet stores, independent pet retailers, mass merchants, grocery and drug stores, as well as the e-commerce channel. We also serve the professional market with insect control and health and wellness products for use by veterinarians, municipalities, farmers and equine product suppliers. Costco Wholesale accounted for approximately 11% of our Pet segment's net sales in fiscal 2019 and 2018. PetSmart, PETCO, Walmart and Amazon are also significant customers.
To optimize our product placement and visibility in retail stores, our focused sales resources are segmented as follows:

• | a sales organization operating by category and channel;

• | dedicated account teams servicing our largest customers;

• | a group of account managers focused on regional chains;

• | a geographic based group of territory managers dedicated to the independent retailer; and

• | a specialized group of account managers dedicated to the professional and equine markets.

These sales teams deliver our marketing strategy that is consumer, brand and channel driven. We provide value creation with a focus on innovation, product quality and performance, premium packaging, product positioning and consumer value. We collaborate closely with our customers to identify their needs, jointly develop strategies to meet those needs and deliver programs that include print, broadcast, direct mail and digital execution.
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Pet Competition
The pet supplies industry is highly competitive and has experienced considerable consolidation. The e-commerce channel has been growing at a rapid rate in recent years. Our branded pet products compete against national and regional branded products and private label products produced by various suppliers. Our largest competitors in the product categories we participate in are Spectrum Brands and Hartz Mountain. The Pet segment competes primarily on the basis of brand recognition, innovation, upscale packaging, quality and service. Our Pet segment’s sales and logistics operations compete with Animal Supply Co., Phillips Pet Food & Supplies and a number of smaller local and regional distributors, with competition based on product selection, price, value-added services and personal relationships.
Garden Segment
Garden Overview
We are a leading company in the consumer lawn and garden market in the United States and offer both premium and value-oriented branded products. We market and produce a broad array of premium brands, including Pennington, The Rebels, AMDRO, Lilly Miller, Ironite, Sevin, and Over-N-Out. We also produce value brands at lower prices, including numerous private label brands. In addition, our Garden segment operates a sales and logistics network that strategically supports its brands.
Garden Industry Background
The garden industry includes consumables (fertilizer, pesticides, seed, growing media, mulch and products sold in bulk) as well as landscaping products (decorative products such as pottery, wild bird & animal products, water features and lighting) and arches/trellises. We operate primarily in the garden consumables and decorative segments of the industry. Packaged Facts, The Freedonia Group and TechNavio estimate that garden consumables, decorative, live plant and outdoor cushions and pillows retail sales were $23.3 billion in 2018.
We believe that gardening is one of the most popular leisure activities in the United States. According to the National Gardening Survey, nearly three-quarters of U.S. households participated in some kind of lawn and garden activity in 2018 with participation by 18-34 year-old households accounting for one-quarter of spending. Participation is highest amongst married households, households with children, and those persons making $100,000 or more per year. The 18-34 demographic participation percentage is projected by the U.S. Census Bureau to remain consistent for the foreseeable future. The 2019 National Gardening Survey also notes that the trends of more people gardening in their yards, container gardening, food gardening and organic gardening are examples of wider interest in a rapidly changing industry. We view the long-term outlook for this market as staying intact and showing slow positive growth.
The lawn and garden market is highly concentrated with most products sold to consumers through a number of distribution channels, including home centers, mass merchants, independent nurseries and hardware stores. Home and garden centers and mass merchants typically carry multiple premium and value brands. Due to the rapid expansion and consolidation of mass merchants and home and garden centers, the concentration of purchasing power for the lawn and garden category has increased dramatically. We expect the growth of home and garden centers, such as Home Depot and Lowe’s, and mass merchants, such as Walmart, to continue to concentrate industry sales. We estimate the retail sales of the lawn and garden supplies and live plant industry in 2018, in the categories in which we participate, to be approximately $16.3 billion.
Proprietary Branded Lawn and Garden Products
Our principal lawn and garden product lines are grass seed, wild bird feed, insect control products, lawn and garden care products, including fertilizers, decorative outdoor patio products, live plants and outdoor cushions and pillows. Our Pennington® brand is one of the largest in grass seed, pottery and wild bird feed, and our Amdro® brand is a leading portfolio of control products.
Grass Seed. We are a leading marketer, producer and distributor of numerous varieties and mixtures of cool and warm season grass for both the residential and professional markets, as well as forage and wildlife seed mixtures. We sell these products under the Pennington Seed, Pennington, Penkoted®, Max-Q®, ProSelect TM, Tournament Quality CM, MasterTurf®, Rackmaster®, The Rebels and Smart Seed® brand names. We also produce numerous private label brands of grass seed. The Pennington grass seed manufacturing facilities are some of the largest and most modern seed coating and conditioning facilities in the industry.
Wild Bird Products. We are the leading marketer, producer and distributor of wild bird feed, bird feeders, bird houses and other birding accessories in the United States. These products are sold primarily under the Pennington brand name. Many of our branded Pennington wild bird mixes are treated with a proprietary blend of vitamins and minerals. An example is our Pennington brand mixes which are enriched with Bird-Kote®, our exclusive process which literally seals each seed with a nutritious coating containing vitamins and minerals that are beneficial to the health of wild birds.
Fertilizers and Controls. We are a leading marketer, producer and distributor of lawn and garden weed, moss, insect and pest control products and soil supplements and stimulants. We sell these products under the AMDRO, Lilly Miller, Moss Out®, Corry’s®, IMAGE®, Sevin®, Over-N-Out®, Rootboost®, and Knockout® brand names, as well as private label for Walmart and Lowe's. We manufacture several lines of
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lawn and garden fertilizers and soil supplements, in granular and liquid form, under the Pennington, Alaska Fish Fertilizer®, Pro Care, and Ironite® brand names and other private and controlled labels.
Decor. We are a leading marketer and distributor of terra cotta pottery products in the United States sold under the Pennington name. Additionally, Arden Companies™, which we fully acquired in February 2019, is a leading manufacturer and marketer of outdoor cushions and pillows in the United States. These products are sold as private label through the largest big box stores, as signature products though major retail stores and online, and as branded outdoor fabrics.
Live Plants. We are the primary supplier of flowers and plants to Home Depot in the mid-Atlantic region. These plants and flowers are sold by Bell Nursery, which we acquired in March 2018.
Garden Sales Network
Our sales and logistics network exists primarily to promote our proprietary brands and provides us with key access to retail stores for our branded products, acquisition and maintenance of premium shelf placement, prompt product replenishment, customization of retailer programs, quick responses to changing customer and retailer preferences, rapid deployment and feedback for new products, immediate exposure for acquired brands and comprehensive and strategic information. The network also sells other manufacturers’ brands of lawn and garden supplies and combines these products with our branded products into single shipments enabling approximately 4,000 customers to deal with us on a cost-effective basis to meet their lawn and garden supplies requirements.
Garden Sales and Marketing
The marketing strategy for our premium products is focused on meeting consumer needs through product performance, innovation, quality, upscale packaging and retail shelf placement. The marketing strategy for our value products is focused on promotion of the quality and efficacy of our value brands at a lower cost relative to premium brands. Our customers include retailers, such as mass merchants, home improvement centers, independent lawn and garden nurseries, drug and grocery stores, and professional end users. Sales to Walmart represented approximately 28%, 29% and 31%, sales to Lowe’s represented approximately 22%, 21% and 21%, and sales to Home Depot represented approximately 29%, 27% and 20% of our Garden segment’s net sales in fiscal 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
To maximize our product placement and visibility in retail stores, we market our products through the following four complementary strategies:

• | dedicated sales forces represent our combined brand groups;

• | retail sales and logistics network, which provides in-store training and merchandising for our customers, especially during the prime spring and summer seasons;

• | dedicated account-managers and sales teams located near and dedicated to serve several of our largest customers; and

• | selected independent distributors who sell our brands.

Garden Competition
The lawn and garden products industry is highly competitive. Our lawn and garden products compete against national and regional products and private label products produced by various suppliers. Our turf and forage grass seed products, fertilizers, pesticides and combination products compete principally against products marketed by The Scotts Miracle-Gro Company (“Scotts”). In addition, Spectrum Brands is a strong competitor in yard and household insecticides. Our Garden segment competes primarily on the basis of its strong premium and value brands, quality, service, price and low-cost manufacturing. Our Garden segment’s sales and logistics operations also compete with a large number of distributors, with competition based on price and service.
Manufacturing
We manufacture the majority of our branded products in 42 manufacturing facilities, located primarily in the United States. In addition, certain of our proprietary branded products are manufactured by contract manufacturers. This includes an exclusive arrangement with a third party to manufacture one of our registered active ingredients, (S)‑Methoprene.
Purchasing
We purchase most of our raw materials from a number of different suppliers. We purchase one of the raw materials used to manufacture (S)‑Methoprene from a single source of supply. We maintain an inventory of this raw material (in addition to our (S)‑Methoprene inventory) to reduce the possibility of interruption in the availability of (S)‑Methoprene, since a prolonged delay in obtaining (S)‑Methoprene or this raw material could result in a temporary delay in product shipments and have an adverse effect on our Pet segment’s financial results.
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The key ingredients in our fertilizer and insect and weed control products are commodity and specialty chemicals, including urea, potash, phosphates, herbicides, insecticides and fungicides.
The principal raw materials required for our wild bird feed operations are bulk commodity grains, including millet, milo and sunflower seeds, which are generally purchased from large national commodity companies and local grain cooperatives. In order to ensure an adequate supply of grains and seed to satisfy expected production volume, we enter into contracts to purchase a portion of our expected grain and seed requirements at future dates by fixing the quantity, and often the price, at the commitment date. Although we have never experienced a severe interruption of supply, we are exposed to price risk with respect to the portion of our supply which is not covered by contracts with a fixed price.
Logistics Network
Our distribution network consists of 56 facilities strategically placed across the United States, one facility in the United Kingdom, one facility in Canada and two facilities in China to allow us to service both our mass market customers as well as our independent specialty retail stores for our branded products. This network also supports distribution of many other manufacturers’ brands and combines these products with our branded products into single shipments, enabling us to serve our customers in an effective and cost-efficient manner.
Significant Customers
Walmart, our largest customer, represented approximately 16% of our total company net sales in each of the fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017. Home Depot, our second largest customer, represented approximately 12%, 11% and 8% of our total company net sales in fiscal 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Lowe's, Costco and PetSmart are also significant customers, and together with Walmart and Home Depot, accounted for approximately 49% of our net sales in fiscal 2019, 48% in fiscal 2018 and 44% in fiscal 2017.
Patents and Other Proprietary Rights
Our branded products companies hold numerous patents in the United States and in other countries and have several patent applications pending. We consider the development of patents through creative research and the maintenance of an active patent program to be advantageous to our business, but do not regard any particular patent as essential to our operations.
In addition to patents, we have numerous active ingredient registrations, end-use product registrations and trade secrets. The success of certain portions of our business, especially our animal health operations, partly depends on our ability to continue to maintain trade secret information which has been licensed to us, and to keep trade secret information confidential.
Along with patents, active ingredient registrations, end use product registrations and trade secrets, we own a number of trademarks, service marks, trade names and logotypes. Many of our trademarks are registered but some are not. We are not aware of any reason we cannot continue to use our trademarks, service marks and trade names in the way that we have been using them.
Employees
As of September 28, 2019, we had approximately 5,800 employees, of whom approximately 5,300 were full-time employees and 500 were temporary or part-time employees. We also hire substantial numbers of additional temporary employees for the peak lawn and garden shipping season of February through June to meet the increased demand experienced during the spring and summer months. The majority of our temporary employees are paid on an hourly basis. Except for approximately 60 employees at a facility in Puebla, Mexico, none of our employees are represented by a labor union. We consider our relationships with our employees to be good.
Environmental and Regulatory Considerations
Many of the products that we manufacture or distribute are subject to local, state, federal and foreign laws and regulations relating to environmental matters. Such regulations are often complex and are subject to change. In the United States, all pesticides must be registered with the United States Environmental Protection Agency (the “EPA”), in addition to individual state and/or foreign agency registrations, before they can be sold. Fertilizer products are also subject to state Department of Agriculture registration and foreign labeling regulations. Grass seed is also subject to state, federal and foreign labeling regulations.
The Food Quality Protection Act ("FQPA") establishes a standard for food-use pesticides, which is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result from the cumulative effect of pesticide exposures. Under this Act, the EPA is evaluating the cumulative risks from dietary and non-dietary exposures to pesticides. The pesticides in our products, which are also used on foods, will be evaluated by the EPA as part of this non-dietary exposure risk assessment.
In addition, the use of certain pesticide and fertilizer products is regulated by various local, state, federal and foreign environmental and public health agencies. These regulations may include requirements that only certified or professional users apply the product or that
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certain products be used only on certain types of locations (such as “not for use on sod farms or golf courses”), may require users to post notices on properties to which products have been or will be applied, may require notification of individuals in the vicinity that products will be applied in the future or may ban the use of certain ingredients. We believe we are operating in substantial compliance with, or taking action aimed at ensuring compliance with, these laws and regulations.
Various federal, state and local laws, including the federal Food Safety Modernization Act (“FSMA”), also regulate pet food products and give regulatory authorities the power to recall or require re-labeling of products. Several new FSMA regulations became effective in recent years. We believe we are in substantial compliance with all currently effective requirements and are taking steps to ensure that we are in compliance with all regulatory requirements going forward.
Various local, state, federal and foreign environmental laws also impose obligations on various entities to clean up contaminated properties or to pay for the cost of such remediation, often upon parties that did not actually cause the contamination. Accordingly, we may become liable, either contractually or by operation of law, for remediation costs even if the contaminated property is not presently owned or operated by us, or if the contamination was caused by third parties during or prior to our ownership or operation of the property. With our extensive acquisition history, we have acquired a number of manufacturing and distribution facilities, and most of these facilities have not been subjected to Phase II environmental tests to determine whether they are contaminated.
Environmental regulations may affect us by restricting the manufacturing or use of our products or regulating their disposal. Regulatory or legislative changes may cause future increases in our operating costs or otherwise affect operations. Although we believe we are and have been in substantial compliance with such regulations and have strict internal guidelines on the handling and disposal of our products, there is no assurance that in the future we may not be adversely affected by such regulations or incur increased operating costs in complying with such regulations. However, neither the compliance with regulatory requirements nor our environmental procedures can ensure that we will not be subject to claims for personal injury, property damages or governmental enforcement.
Information About Our Executive Officers
The following table sets forth the name, age and position of our executive officers as of November 26, 2019.

Name |  | Age |  | Position
William E. Brown |  | 78 |  |  | Chairman
Timothy P. Cofer |  | 51 |  |  | Chief Executive Officer
Nicholas Lahanas |  | 51 |  |  | Chief Financial Officer
William Lynch |  | 59 |  |  | Senior Vice President of Operations
Kay M. Schwichtenberg |  | 66 |  |  | Executive Vice President
George Yuhas |  | 67 |  |  | General Counsel and Secretary

William E. Brown. Mr. Brown has been our Chairman from 1980 to 2018 and 2019 to current. From 1980 to June 2003 and from October 2007 to February 2013, Mr. Brown served as our Chief Executive Officer. From 1977 to 1980, Mr. Brown was Senior Vice President of the Vivitar Corporation with responsibility for Finance, Operations and Research & Development. From 1972 to 1977, he was with McKesson Corporation where he was responsible for its 200-site data processing organization. Prior to joining McKesson Corporation, Mr. Brown spent the first 10 years of his business career at McCormick, Inc. in manufacturing, engineering and data processing.
Timothy P. Cofer. Mr. Cofer became our Chief Executive Officer in October 2019. Mr. Cofer is a 30-year veteran of the Consumer Products industry. Most recently, from 2016 to 2019 Mr. Cofer served as Executive Vice President and Chief Growth Officer of Mondelez International. Previously Mr. Cofer served as Executive Vice President and President of Asia Pacific, Eastern Europe, Middle East & Africa of Mondelez. Prior to that, Mr. Cofer served in senior-level operating roles at Kraft Foods, Inc., including Executive Vice President and President of European Region, President Oscar Mayer Foods and President Kraft Pizza Company.
Nicholas "Niko" Lahanas. Mr. Lahanas became our Chief Financial Officer in May 2017. Mr. Lahanas served as Senior Vice President of Finance and Chief Financial Officer of our Pet segment from April 2014 to May 2017 and, Vice President of Corporate Financial Planning & Analysis from October 2011 to March 2014. Mr. Lahanas was the Director of Business Performance from March 2008 to October 2011, where his primary focus was on business unit profitability, and was a Finance Manager from October 2006 to March 2008 in our Garden segment. Prior to joining Central, Mr. Lahanas worked in private equity and investment banking.
William Lynch. Mr. Lynch became our Senior Vice President of Operations 2016 and serves as the Company’s top operations leader with oversight for IT, Safety and Sales & Operations Planning. Prior to joining Central in 2016, Mr. Lynch served as Sr. Vice President – Global Operations for Moen, Inc. Mr. Lynch spent over 30 years at The Clorox Company in numerous management positions, the last of which was Vice President Product Supply Global Operations.
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Kay M. Schwichtenberg. Ms. Schwichtenberg became our Executive Vice President, Animal & Public Health in April 2014. Prior to becoming Executive Vice President, she held several positions for Central including Special Projects Advisor, President & CEO of Central Life Sciences and President of Wellmark International. Ms. Schwichtenberg joined Central in our acquisition of the Consumer and Animal Health Division from Sandoz Agro, Inc., a worldwide leader in pharmaceuticals where she was the Vice President and General Manager. She also served in a variety of sales and marketing capacities for Brunswick Corporation, and Market Facts, Inc.
George Yuhas. Mr. Yuhas has been our General Counsel since March 2011 and our Secretary since September 2015. From 1984 to March 2011, he was a partner specializing in litigation at Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe LLP.
Available Information
Our web site is www.central.com. We make available free of charge, on or through our website, our annual, quarterly and current reports, and any amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after electronically filing or furnishing such reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Information contained on our web site is not part of this report.
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
This Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of factors both in and out of our control, including the risks faced by us described below and elsewhere in this Form 10-K.
You should carefully consider the risks described below. In addition, the risks described below are not the only ones facing us. We have only described the risks we consider to be material. However, there may be additional risks that are viewed by us as not material at the present time or are not presently known to us. Conditions could change in the future, or new information may come to our attention that could impact our assessment of these risks.
If any of the events described below were to occur, our business, prospects, financial condition and/or results of operations could be materially adversely affected. When we say below that something could or will have a material adverse effect on us, we mean that it could or will have one or more of these effects. In any such case, the price of our common stock could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment in our company.
Our operating results and cash flow are susceptible to fluctuations.
We expect to continue to experience variability in our net sales, net income and cash flow on a quarterly basis. Factors that may contribute to this variability include:

• | seasonality and adverse weather conditions;

• | fluctuations in prices of commodity grains and other input costs;

• | operational problems;

• | shifts in demand for lawn and garden and pet products;

• | changes in product mix, service levels, marketing and pricing by us and our competitors;

• | the effect of acquisitions; and

• | economic stability of and strength of our relationships with key retailers.

These fluctuations could negatively impact our business and the market price of our common stock.
Seeds and grains we use to produce bird feed and grass seed are commodity products subject to price volatility that has had, and could have, a negative impact on us.
Our financial results are partially dependent upon the cost of raw materials and our ability to pass along increases in these costs to our customers. In particular, our Pennington and Kaytee businesses are exposed to fluctuations in market prices for commodity seeds and grains used to produce bird feed. Historically, market prices for commodity seeds and grains have fluctuated in response to a number of factors,
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including changes in United States government farm support programs, changes in international agricultural and trading policies and weather conditions during the growing and harvesting seasons.
To mitigate our exposure to changes in market prices, we enter into purchase contracts for grains, bird feed and grass seed to cover a limited portion of our purchase requirements for a selling season. Since these contracts cover only a portion of our purchase requirements, as market prices for such products increase, our cost of production increases as well. In contrast, if market prices for such products decrease, we may end up purchasing grains and seeds pursuant to the purchase contracts at prices above market.
We took certain pricing actions in fiscal 2019 and 2018 to offset the impact of inflationary pressures. Although we have been able to negotiate some price increases in the past with our retailers, it is possible that price increases may not fully offset rising costs in the future, resulting in margin erosion. We can provide no assurance as to the timing or extent of our ability to implement additional price adjustments in the event of increased costs in the future, or our ability to maintain pricing with our retailers in the context of declining costs. We also cannot predict to what extent price increases may negatively affect our sales volume. As retailers pass along price increases, consumers may shift to our lower margin bird feed, switch to competing products or reduce purchases of wild bird feed products.
Our success depends upon our retaining and recruiting key personnel.
Our performance is substantially dependent upon the continued services of Timothy P. Cofer, our new Chief Executive Officer, and our senior management team. The loss of the services of these persons could have a material adverse effect on our business. Our future performance depends on our ability to attract and retain skilled employees. We cannot assure you that we will be able to retain our existing personnel or attract additional qualified employees in the future.
We are subject to significant risks associated with innovation, including the risk that our new product innovations will not produce sufficient sales to recoup our investment.
We believe that our future success will depend upon, in part, our ability to continue to improve our existing products through product innovation and to develop, market and produce new products. We cannot assure you that we will be successful in the introduction, marketing and production of any new products or product innovations, or that we will develop and introduce in a timely manner, improvements to our existing products which satisfy customer needs or achieve market acceptance. Our failure to develop new products or improved formulations and introduce them successfully and in a timely manner could harm our ability to grow our business and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. We launched a new formulation for our Comfort Zone behavioral management product that did not perform as expected. Consequently, we faced additional costs to fix the issue and lost market share.
We believe that the period of time to gain consumer acceptance of major innovations is longer in the garden industry than in many industries, which compounds the risks generally associated with major new product innovations.
A decline in consumers’ discretionary spending or a change in consumer preferences could reduce our sales and harm our business.
Our sales ultimately depend on consumer discretionary spending, which is influenced by factors beyond our control, including general economic conditions, the availability of discretionary income and credit, weather, consumer confidence and unemployment levels. Any material decline in the amount of consumer discretionary spending could reduce our sales and harm our business. These economic and market conditions, may also place a number of our key retail customers under financial stress, which would increase our credit risk and potential bad debt exposure.
The success of our business also depends in part on our ability to identify and respond to evolving trends in demographics and consumer preferences. Our failure to timely identify or effectively respond to changing consumer tastes, preferences, spending patterns and lawn and garden and pet care needs could adversely affect the demand for our products and our profitability.
Inflation, deflation, economic uncertainty and other adverse macro-economic conditions may harm our business.
Our revenues and margins are dependent on various economic factors, including rates of inflation or deflation, energy costs, consumer attitudes toward discretionary spending, currency fluctuations, and other macro-economic factors which may impact consumer spending. If we are unable to pass through rising input costs and raise the price of our products, or consumer confidence weakens, we may experience gross margin declines.
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Supply disruptions in pet birds, small animals and fish may negatively impact our sales.
The federal government and many state governments have increased restrictions on the importation of pet birds and the supply of small animals. These restrictions have resulted in reduced availability of new pet birds and animals and thus reduced demand for pet bird and small animal food and supplies. If these restrictions become more severe, or similar restrictions become applicable to live pet fish, our future sales of these products would likely suffer, which would negatively impact our profitability. In addition, some countries have experienced outbreaks of avian flu. While the number of cases worldwide has declined, a significant outbreak in the United States would reduce demand for our pet and wild bird food and negatively impact our financial results.
Our Segrest subsidiary is the largest supplier of aquarium fish in the United States and also supplies pet birds and small animals. The sale of fish, pet birds and small animals subjects us to additional risk, including risks associated with sourcing, developing captive breeding programs, health of the fish, pet birds and small animals supplied by us and future governmental regulation of the sale of fish, pet birds and small animals.
Our lawn and garden sales are highly seasonal and subject to adverse weather.
Because our lawn and garden products are used primarily in the spring and summer, the Garden business is seasonal. In fiscal 2019, approximately 69% of our Garden segment’s net sales and 58% of our total net sales occurred during our second and third fiscal quarters. Substantially all of the Garden segment’s operating income is generated in this period. Our working capital needs and our borrowings generally peak in our second fiscal quarter, because we are generating lower revenues while incurring expenses in preparation for the spring selling season. If cash on hand and borrowings under our credit facility are ever insufficient to meet our seasonal needs or if cash flow generated during the spring and summer is insufficient to repay our borrowings on a timely basis, this seasonality could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Because demand for lawn and garden products is significantly influenced by weather, particularly weekend weather during the peak gardening season, our results of operations and cash flow could also be adversely affected by certain weather patterns such as unseasonably cool or warm temperatures, heavy rains, water shortages or floods.
Rising energy prices could adversely affect our operating results.
At various times in the past, energy prices have increased substantially, which resulted in increased fuel costs for our businesses and increased raw materials costs for many of our branded products. Rising energy prices in the future could adversely affect consumer spending and demand for our products and increase our operating costs, both of which would reduce our sales and operating income.
We depend on a few customers for a significant portion of our business.
Walmart, our largest customer, represented approximately 16% of our total company net sales in each of the fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017. Home Depot, our second largest customer, represented approximately 12%, 11% and 8% of our total company net sales in fiscal 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Lowe's, Costco, and PetSmart are also significant customers, and together with Walmart and Home Depot, accounted for approximately 49% of our net sales in fiscal 2019, 48% in fiscal 2018 and 44% in fiscal 2017. The market shares of many of these key retailers have increased and may continue to increase in future years.
The loss of, or significant adverse change in, our relationship with any of these key retailers could cause our net sales, operating income and cash flow to decline. The loss of, or reduction in, orders from any significant customer, losses arising from customer disputes regarding shipments, fees, merchandise condition or related matters, or our inability to collect accounts receivable from any major customer could reduce our operating income and cash flow.
Tariffs or a global trade war could increase the cost of our products, which could adversely impact the competitiveness of our products and our financial results.
Since July 2018, the United States has imposed a series of tariffs, ranging from 5% to 25%, on a variety of imports from China and subsequently implemented tariffs on additional goods imported from China. Approximately 10% of the products that we sell in the United States are manufactured in China. If the United States continues the China tariffs, or if additional tariffs or trade restrictions are implemented by the United States or other countries in connection with a global trade war, the cost of our products manufactured in China, or other countries, and imported into the United States or other countries could increase, which in turn could adversely affect the demand for these products and have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
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We may be adversely affected by trends in the retail industry.
With the growing trend towards retail trade consolidation, we are increasingly dependent upon key retailers whose leverage is growing. Our business may be negatively affected by changes in the policies of our key retailers, such as inventory destocking, limitations on access to shelf space, price demands and other conditions. In addition, retailers continue to more closely manage inventory levels and make purchases on a “just-in-time” basis. This requires us to shorten our lead time for production in certain cases and to more closely anticipate demand, which could in the future require the carrying of additional inventories and an increase in our working capital and related financing requirements. This shift to “just-in-time” can also cause retailers to delay purchase orders, which can cause a shift in sales from quarter to quarter. Decisions to move in or out of a market category by leading retailers, such as Walmart's decision to exit the live fish business in 2019, can also have a significant impact on our business. Additionally, some retailers are increasing their emphasis on private label products. While we view private label as an opportunity and supply many private label products to retailers, we could lose sales in the event that key retailers replace our branded products with private label product manufactured by others.
We sell our products through a variety of trade channels with a significant portion dependent upon key retailers, through both traditional brick-and-mortar retail channels and e-commerce channels, including Amazon. The e-commerce channel continues to grow rapidly. To the extent that the key retailers on which we depend lose share to the e-commerce channel, we could lose sales. We plan to make additional investments to access this channel more effectively, and there can be no assurances that any such investments will be successful. If we are not successful in developing and utilizing e-commerce channels that consumers may prefer, we may experience lower than expected revenues.
A significant deterioration in the financial condition of one of our major customers could have a material adverse effect on our sales, profitability and cash flow. We continually monitor and evaluate the credit status of our customers and attempt to adjust sales terms as appropriate. Despite these efforts, a bankruptcy filing or liquidation by a key customer could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition in the future.
Issues with products may lead to product liability, personal injury or property damage claims, recalls, withdrawals, replacements of products, regulatory actions by governmental authorities that could divert resources, affect business operations, decrease sales, increase costs, and put us at a competitive disadvantage, any of which could have a significant adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
We have experienced, and may in the future experience, issues with products that may lead to product liability, recalls, withdrawals, replacements of products, or regulatory actions by governmental authorities. Product recalls or other governmental regulatory action directed at product sales could result in increased governmental scrutiny, reputational harm, reduced demand by consumers for our products, decreased willingness by retailer customers to purchase or provide marketing support for those products, unavailability or increased cost of insurance, or additional safety and testing requirements. Such results could divert development and management resources, adversely affect our business operations, decrease sales, increase legal fees and other costs, and put us at a competitive disadvantage compared to other manufacturers not affected by similar issues with products, any of which could have a significant adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
Competition in our industries may hinder our ability to execute our business strategy, increase our profitability or maintain relationships with existing customers.
We operate in highly competitive industries, which have experienced increased consolidation in recent years. We compete against numerous other companies, some of which are more established in their industries and have substantially greater revenue and resources than we do. Our products compete against national and regional products and private label products produced by various suppliers. Our largest competitors in the Pet segment are Spectrum Brands and Hartz Mountain, and our largest competitors in the Garden segment are Scotts and Spectrum Brands.
To compete effectively, among other things, we must:

• | develop and grow brands with leading market positions;

• | maintain or grow market share;

• | maintain and expand our relationships with key retailers;

• | effectively access the growing e-commerce channel;

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• | continually develop innovative new products that appeal to consumers;

• | implement effective marketing and sales promotion programs;

• | maintain strict quality standards;

• | deliver products on a reliable basis at competitive prices; and

• | effectively integrate acquired companies.

Competition could lead to lower sales volumes, price reductions, reduced profits, losses, or loss of market share. Our inability to compete effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Our acquisition strategy involves a number of risks.
We are regularly engaged in acquisition discussions with other companies and anticipate that one or more potential acquisition opportunities, including those that would be material or could involve businesses with operating characteristics that differ from our existing business operations, may become available in the near future. If and when appropriate acquisition opportunities become available, we intend to pursue them actively. Acquisitions involve a number of special risks, including:

• | failure of the acquired business to achieve expected results, as well as the potential impairment of the acquired assets if operating results decline after acquisition;

• | diversion of management’s attention;

• | additional financing, if necessary and available, which could increase leverage and costs, dilute equity, or both;

• | the potential negative effect on our financial statements from the increase in goodwill and other intangibles;

• | difficulties in integrating the operations, systems, technologies, products and personnel of acquired companies;

• | initial dependence on unfamiliar supply chains or relatively small supply partners;

• | the potential loss of key employees, customers, distributors, vendors and other business partners of the companies we acquire after the acquisition;

• | the high cost and expenses of identifying, negotiating and completing acquisitions; and

• | risks associated with unanticipated events or liabilities.

These risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We have faced, and expect to continue to face, intense competition for acquisition candidates, which may limit our ability to make acquisitions and may lead to higher acquisition prices. We cannot assure you that we will be able to identify, acquire or manage profitably additional businesses or to integrate successfully any acquired businesses into our existing business without substantial costs, delays or other operational or financial difficulties. In future acquisitions, we also could incur additional indebtedness or pay consideration in excess of fair value, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
If our goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible assets or other long-term assets become impaired, we will be required to record impairment charges, which may be significant.
A significant portion of our long-term assets consists of goodwill and other intangible assets recorded as a result of past acquisitions. We do not amortize goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, but rather review them for impairment on a periodic basis or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. We consider whether circumstances or conditions exist which suggest that the carrying value of our goodwill and other long-lived intangible assets might be impaired. If such circumstances or conditions exist, further steps are required to determine whether the carrying value of each of the individual assets exceeds its fair value. If analysis indicates that an individual asset’s carrying value does exceed its fair value, we would record a loss equal to the excess of the individual asset’s carrying value over its fair value.
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The steps required by GAAP entail significant amounts of judgment and subjectivity. Events and changes in circumstances that may indicate that there may be an impairment and that interim impairment testing is necessary include, but are not limited to: competitive conditions; the impact of the economic environment on our customer base and on broad market conditions that drive valuation considerations by market participants; our internal expectations with regard to future revenue growth and the assumptions we make when performing impairment reviews; a significant decrease in the market value of our assets; a significant adverse change in the extent or manner in which our assets are used; a significant adverse change in the business climate that could affect our assets; and significant changes in the cash flows associated with an asset. As a result of such circumstances, we may be required to record a significant charge to earnings in our financial statements during the period in which any impairment of our goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible assets or other long-term assets is determined. Any such impairment charges could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
During fiscal 2019, 2018 and 2017, we performed evaluations of the fair value of our indefinite-lived trade names and trademarks. Our expected revenues were based on our future operating plan and market growth or decline estimates for future years. As a result of one of our retail customers exiting the live fish business, factors indicating the carrying value of certain amortizable intangible assets may not be recoverable were present during fiscal 2019. We performed impairment testing on these assets, found the carrying value was not recoverable, and accordingly, recorded an impairment charge in our Pet segment of approximately $2.5 million as part of selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations for the fiscal year ended September 28, 2019. There were no impairment losses recorded in fiscal years 2018 or 2017.
Most of our goodwill is associated with our Pet segment. In connection with our annual goodwill impairment testing performed during fiscal 2019 and fiscal 2018, we made a qualitative evaluation about the likelihood of goodwill impairment to determine whether it was necessary to calculate the fair values of its reporting units under the two-step goodwill impairment test. We completed our qualitative assessment of potential goodwill impairment and it was determined that it was more likely than not the fair values of our reporting units were greater than their carrying amounts, and accordingly, no further testing of goodwill was required.
We continue to implement an enterprise resource planning information technology system.
In fiscal 2005, we began incurring costs associated with designing and implementing SAP, a company-wide enterprise resource planning (ERP) software system with the objective of gradually migrating to the new system. This new system replaces numerous accounting and financial reporting systems, most of which were obtained in connection with business acquisitions. To date, we have reduced the number of ERP systems from 39 to 10. Capital expenditures for our enterprise resource planning software system for fiscal 2020 and beyond will depend upon the pace of conversion for those remaining legacy systems. If the balance of the implementation is not executed successfully, we could experience business interruptions. If we do not complete the implementation of the project timely and successfully, we may experience, among other things, additional costs associated with completing this project and a delay in our ability to improve existing operations, support future growth and take advantage of new applications and technologies. All of this may also result in distraction of management, diverting their attention from our operations and strategy.
Our inability to protect our trademarks and any other proprietary rights may have a significant, negative impact on our business.
We consider our trademarks to be of significant importance in our business. Although we devote resources to the establishment and protection of our trademarks, we cannot assure you that the actions we have taken or will take in the future will be adequate to prevent violation of our trademarks and proprietary rights by others or prevent others from seeking to block sales of our products as an alleged violation of their trademarks and proprietary rights. There can be no assurance that future litigation will not be necessary to enforce our trademarks or proprietary rights or to defend ourselves against claimed infringement or the rights of others. Any future litigation of this type could result in adverse determinations that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Our inability to use our trademarks and other proprietary rights could also harm our business and sales through reduced demand for our products and reduced revenues.
Some of the products that we manufacture and distribute require governmental permits and also subject us to potential environmental liabilities.
Some of the products that we manufacture and distribute are subject to regulation by federal, state, foreign and local authorities. Environmental health and safety laws and regulations are often complex and are subject to change. Environmental health and safety laws and regulations may affect us by restricting the manufacture, sale or use of our products or regulating their disposal. Regulatory or legislative changes may cause future increases in our operating costs or otherwise affect operations. There is no assurance that in the future we may not be adversely affected by such laws or regulations, incur increased operating costs in complying with such regulations or not be subject to claims for personal injury, property damages or governmental enforcement. In addition, due to the nature of our operations and the frequently changing nature of environmental compliance standards and technology, we cannot predict with any certainty that future material capital expenditures will not be required.
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In addition to operational standards, environmental laws also impose obligations on various entities to clean up contaminated properties or to pay for the cost of such remediation, often upon parties that did not actually cause the contamination. Accordingly, we may become liable, either contractually or by operation of law, for remediation costs even if the contaminated property is not presently owned or operated by us, or if the contamination was caused by third parties during or prior to our ownership or operation of the property. With our extensive acquisition history, we have acquired a number of manufacturing and distribution facilities. Given the nature of the past operations conducted by us and others at these properties, there can be no assurance that all potential instances of soil or groundwater contamination have been identified, even for those properties where an environmental site assessment has been conducted. Future events, such as changes in existing laws or policies or their enforcement, or the discovery of currently unknown contamination, may give rise to future remediation liabilities that may be material.
Our business is dependent upon our ability to continue to source products from China.
We outsource a significant amount of our manufacturing requirements to third party manufacturers located in China. This international sourcing subjects us to a number of risks, including: the impact on sourcing or manufacturing public health and contamination risks in China; quality control issues; social and political disturbances and instability; export duties, import controls, tariffs, quotas and other trade barriers; shipping and transportation problems; and fluctuations in currency values. These risks may be heightened by recent changes in the United States government's trade policies, including the imposition of tariffs on goods imported from China. Because we rely on Chinese third party manufacturers for a significant portion of our product needs, any disruption in our relationships with these manufacturers could adversely affect our operations.
The products that we manufacture and distribute could expose us to product liability claims.
Our business exposes us to potential product liability risks in the manufacture and distribution of certain of our products. Although we generally seek to insure against such risks, there can be no assurance that coverage will be adequate or that we will be able to maintain such insurance on acceptable terms. A successful product liability claim in excess of our insurance coverage could have a material adverse effect on us and could prevent us from obtaining adequate product liability insurance in the future on commercially reasonable terms.
We have pending litigation which could adversely impact our operating results.
We are a party to litigation alleging that the applicator developed and used by us for certain of our branded topical flea and tick products infringes a patent held by Nite Glow Industries, Inc. and claims for breach of contract and misappropriation of confidential information. On June 27, 2018, a jury returned a verdict in favor of Nite Glow and awarded damages of approximately $12.6 million. Unless the verdicts are over-turned in post-trial proceedings, we intend to vigorously pursue our rights on appeal. However, the outcome of litigation is inherently uncertain. Regardless of the ultimate outcome, we could incur significant legal expenses pursuing an appeal and could experience the diversion of time by our management team. If we are unsuccessful in post-trial proceedings or on appeal, our operating results could be adversely affected.
Deterioration in operating results could prevent us from fulfilling our obligations under the terms of our indebtedness or impact our ability to refinance our debt on favorable terms as it matures.
We have, and we will continue to have, significant indebtedness. As of September 28, 2019, we had total indebtedness of approximately $700 million. This level of indebtedness and our future borrowing needs could have material adverse consequences for our business, including:

• | make it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations with respect to the terms of our indebtedness;

• | require us to dedicate a large portion of our cash flow to pay principal and interest on our indebtedness, which would reduce the availability of our cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and other business activities;

• | increase our vulnerability to adverse industry conditions, including unfavorable weather conditions or commodity price increases;

• | limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industries in which we operate;

• | restrict us from making strategic acquisitions or exploiting business opportunities;

• | place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to competitors that have less debt; and

• | limit our ability to borrow additional funds at reasonable rates, if at all.

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In addition, since a portion of our debt commitments bear interest at variable rates, an increase in interest rates or interest rate margins as defined under our credit agreement will create higher debt service requirements, which would adversely affect our cash flow.
We are subject to cyber security risks and may incur increasing costs in an effort to minimize those risks.
Our business employs systems and websites that allow for the secure storage and transmission of proprietary or confidential information regarding our customers, employees, suppliers and others, including personal identification information. Security breaches could expose us to a risk of loss or misuse of this information, litigation, and potential liability. We may not have the resources or technical sophistication to anticipate or prevent rapidly-evolving types of cyber attacks. Attacks may be targeted at us, our customers and suppliers, or others who have entrusted us with information. Actual or anticipated attacks may cause us to incur increasing costs, including costs to deploy additional personnel and protection technologies, train employees, and engage third party experts and consultants. Advances in computer capabilities, new technological discoveries, or other developments may result in the technology used by us to protect transaction or other data being breached or compromised. In addition, data and security breaches can also occur as a result of non-technical issues, including breach by us or by persons with whom we have commercial relationships that result in the unauthorized release of personal or confidential information. Any compromise or breach of our security could result in a violation of applicable privacy and other laws, significant legal and financial exposure, and a loss of confidence in our security measures, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and our reputation.
We do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future.
We have never paid any cash dividends on our common stock or Class A common stock and currently do not intend to do so. Provisions of our credit facility and the indenture governing our senior subordinated notes restrict our ability to pay cash dividends. Any future determination to pay cash dividends will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors, subject to limitations under applicable law and contractual restrictions, and will depend upon our results of operations, financial condition and other factors deemed relevant by our Board of Directors.
We may issue additional shares of our common stock or Class A common stock that could dilute the value and market price of our stock.
We issued shares in 2018 and may decide or be required to issue, including upon the exercise of any outstanding stock options, or in connection with any acquisition made by us, additional shares of our common stock or Class A common stock that could dilute the value of your common stock or Class A common stock and may adversely affect the market price of our common stock or Class A common stock.
Our founder, through his holdings of our Class B common stock, exercises effective control of the Company, which may discourage potential acquisitions of our business and could have an adverse effect on the market price of our stock.
Holders of our Class B common stock are entitled to the lesser of ten votes per share or 49% of the total votes cast, and each share of Class B common stock is convertible at any time into one share of our common stock. Holders of our common stock are entitled to one vote for each share owned. Holders of our Class A common stock have no voting rights, except as required by Delaware law.
As of September 28, 2019, William E. Brown, our founder, beneficially controlled approximately 56% of the voting power of our capital stock. Accordingly, except to the extent that a class vote of the common stock is required by applicable law or our charter, he can effectively control all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of our directors, and can exert substantial control over our management and policies. The disproportionate voting rights of our common stock and Class B common stock and Mr. Brown’s substantial holdings of Class B common stock could have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock and Class A common stock. Also, such disproportionate voting rights and Mr. Brown’s controlling interest may make us a less attractive target for a takeover than we otherwise might be, or render more difficult or discourage a merger proposal, tender offer or proxy contest, even if such actions were favored by our other stockholders, which could thereby deprive holders of common stock or Class A common stock of an opportunity to sell their shares for a “take-over” premium.
19

We have authorized the issuance of shares of common stock, Class A common stock and preferred stock, which may discourage potential acquisitions of our business and could have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock and our Class A common stock.
Pursuant to our Fourth Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, the Board of Directors is authorized to issue up to 80,000,000 shares of our common stock, 100,000,000 shares of our nonvoting Class A common stock, 3,000,000 shares of our Class B common stock and up to 1,000,000 additional shares of preferred stock without seeking the approval or consent of our stockholders, unless required by the NASDAQ Global Market. Although the issuance of the additional shares of nonvoting Class A common stock would not dilute the voting rights of the existing stockholders, it would have a dilutive effect on the economic interest of currently outstanding shares of common stock and Class B common stock similar to the dilutive effect of subsequent issuances of ordinary common stock. The issuance of preferred stock could, depending on the rights and privileges designated by the board with respect to any particular series, have a dilutive effect on the voting interests of the common stock and Class B common stock and the economic interests of our common stock, Class A common stock and Class B common stock. In addition, the disproportionate voting rights of our common stock, Class B common stock and Class A common stock, and the ability of the board to issue stock to persons friendly to current management, may make us a less attractive target for a takeover than we otherwise might be or render more difficult or discourage a merger proposal, tender offer or proxy contest, even if such actions were favored by our common stockholders, which could thereby deprive holders of common stock of an opportunity to sell their shares for a “take-over” premium.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 2. Properties
We currently operate 42 manufacturing facilities totaling approximately 5.2 million square feet and 60 sales and logistics facilities totaling approximately 5.8 million square feet. Most sales and logistics centers consist of office and warehouse space, and several large bays for loading and unloading. Each sales and logistics center provides warehouse, distribution, sales and support functions for its geographic area. Our executive offices are located in Walnut Creek, California.
In addition to the manufacturing and sales and logistics facilities, the Garden segment leases approximately 130 acres of land in Oregon and Virginia used in its grass seed and live plant operations and owns approximately 415 acres of land in Virginia, North Carolina, Maryland and Ohio used in its live plant operations.
We continually review the number, location and size of our manufacturing and sales and logistics facilities and expect to make changes over time in order to optimize our manufacturing and distribution footprints. We lease 16 of our manufacturing facilities and 49 of our sales and logistics facilities. These leases generally expire between 2020 and 2029. Substantially all of the leases contain renewal provisions with automatic rent escalation clauses. The facilities we own are subject to major encumbrances under our principal credit facility. In addition to the facilities that are owned, our fixed assets are comprised primarily of machinery and equipment, trucks and warehousing, transportation and computer equipment.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
In 2012, Nite Glow Industries, Inc. and its owner, Marni Markel, ("Nite Glow") filed suit in the United States District Court for New Jersey against the Company alleging that the applicator developed and used by the Company for certain of its branded topical flea and tick products infringes a patent held by Nite Glow and asserted related claims for breach of contract and misappropriation of confidential information based on the terms of a Non-Disclosure Agreement. On June 27, 2018, a jury returned a verdict in favor of Nite Glow on each of the three claims and awarded damages of approximately $12.6 million. The case is currently in the post-trial motion phase of proceedings and is expected to proceed to appeal once all such motions have been resolved. Unless the verdicts are over-turned in the post-trial proceedings, the Company intends to vigorously pursue its rights on appeal and believes that it will prevail on the merits. While the Company believes that the ultimate resolution of this matter will not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements, the outcome of litigation is inherently uncertain and the final resolution of this matter may result in expense to the Company in excess of management's expectations.
From time to time, we are involved in certain legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. Except as discussed above, we are not currently a party to any other legal proceedings that management believes could have a material effect on our financial position or results of operations.
20

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
21

PART II
Item 5. Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Our common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Stock Market under the symbol CENT, and our class A common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Stock Market under the symbol CENTA. Our Class B stock is not listed on any market and generally cannot be transferred unless converted to common stock on a one-for-one basis.
As of November 15, 2019, there were approximately 83 holders of record of our common stock, approximately 364 holders of record of our Class A nonvoting common stock and 5 holders of record of our Class B stock.
Stock Performance Graph
The following graph compares the percentage change of our cumulative total stockholder return on our Common Stock (“CENT”) for the period from September 27, 2014 to September 28, 2019 with the cumulative total return of the NASDAQ Composite (U.S.) Index and the Dow Jones Non-Durable Household Products Index, a peer group index consisting of approximately 30 manufacturers and distributors of household products.
The comparisons in the graph below are based on historical data and are not indicative of, or intended to forecast, the possible future performance of our Common Stock.
Total Return Analysis

|  | 9/27/2014 |  | 9/26/2015 |  | 9/24/2016 |  | 9/30/2017 |  | 9/29/2018 |  | 9/28/2019
Central Garden & Pet Company |  | 100.00 |  |  | 213.13 |  |  | 329.91 |  |  | 505.07 |  |  | 468.66 |  |  | 384.77 |
NASDAQ Composite |  | 100.00 |  |  | 105.06 |  |  | 120.44 |  |  | 149.17 |  |  | 186.71 |  |  | 186.28 |
Dow Jones US Nondurable Household Products |  | 100.00 |  |  | 92.31 |  |  | 114.14 |  |  | 121.32 |  |  | 118.48 |  |  | 173.74 |

22

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
The following table sets forth the repurchases of any equity securities during the fourth quarter of the fiscal year ended September 28, 2019 and the dollar amount of authorized share repurchases remaining under our stock repurchase program.

Period |  | Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased |  |  | Average Price Paid per Share (or Unit) |  | Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares (or Units) that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (1) (2) |
June 30, 2019 - August 3, 2019 |  | 202,908 |  |  | (1) (3) | $ | 25.57 |  |  | 194,574 |  |  | $ | 15,681,000 |  |
August 4, 2019 - August 31, 2019 |  | 1,029,631 |  |  | (1) (2) (3) | 22.81 |  |  | 1,025,587 |  |  | 100,000,000 |  |
September 1, 2019 - September 28, 2019 |  | 586,425 |  |  | (2) (3) | 26.38 |  |  | 585,153 |  |  | 100,000,000 |  |
Total |  | 1,818,964 |  |  |  | $ | 24.27 |  |  | 1,805,314 |  |  | $ | 100,000,000 |  | (4 | )

(1) | During the third quarter of fiscal 2011, our Board of Directors authorized a $100 million share repurchase program, which authorization was fully utilized in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2019. In August 2019, our Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program to purchase up to $100 million of our common stock (the "2019 Repurchase Authorization”). The 2019 Repurchase Authorization has no fixed expiration date and expires when the amount authorized has been used or the Board withdraws its authorization. The repurchase of shares may be limited by certain financial covenants in our credit facility that restrict our ability to repurchase our stock. As of September 28, 2019, we had $100 million of authorization remaining under our 2019 Repurchase Authorization.

(2) | In February 2019, our Board of Directors authorized us to make supplemental stock purchases to minimize dilution resulting from issuances under our equity compensation plans (the “Equity Dilution Authorization”). In addition to our regular share repurchase program, we are permitted to purchase annually a number of shares equal to the number of shares of restricted stock and stock options granted in the prior fiscal year, to the extent not already repurchased, and the current fiscal year. The Equity Dilution Authorization has no fixed expiration date and expires when the Board withdraws its authorization.

(3) | Shares purchased during the period indicated represent withholding of a portion of shares to cover taxes in connection with the vesting of restricted stock and do not reduce the dollar value of shares that may be purchased under our stock repurchase plan.

(4) | Excludes 1.2 million shares remaining under our Equity Dilution Authorization as of September 28, 2019.

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Item 6. Selected Financial Data
The following selected statement of operations and balance sheet data as of and for the five fiscal years in the period ended September 28, 2019 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements. The financial data set forth below should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto in “Item 8 – Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” and “Item 7 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included elsewhere herein.

|  | Fiscal Year Ended
|  | September 28, 2019 |  | September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017 |  | September 24, 2016 |  | September 26, 2015
|  | (in thousands, except per share amounts)
Statement of Operations Data (1): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales |  | $ | 2,383,010 |  |  | $ | 2,215,362 |  |  | $ | 2,054,478 |  |  | $ | 1,829,017 |  |  | $ | 1,650,737 |
Cost of goods sold and occupancy |  | 1,678,969 |  |  | 1,539,986 |  |  | 1,421,670 |  |  | 1,275,967 |  |  | 1,162,685 |
Gross profit |  | 704,041 |  |  | 675,376 |  |  | 632,808 |  |  | 553,050 |  |  | 488,052 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | 551,973 |  |  | 508,040 |  |  | 476,696 |  |  | 421,864 |  |  | 389,345 |
Intangible asset and goodwill impairments (2) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,828 |  |  | 7,272 |
Operating income |  | 152,068 |  |  | 167,336 |  |  | 156,112 |  |  | 129,358 |  |  | 91,435 |
Interest expense, net (3) |  | (33,060 | ) |  | (36,051 | ) |  | (28,062 | ) |  | (42,707 | ) |  | (39,898 | )
Other income (expense) (4) |  | 243 |  |  | (3,860 | ) |  | (1,621 | ) |  | (17,013 | ) |  | 13 |
Income before income taxes and noncontrolling interest |  | 119,251 |  |  | 127,425 |  |  | 126,429 |  |  | 69,638 |  |  | 51,550 |
Income tax expense (5) |  | 26,604 |  |  | 3,305 |  |  | 46,699 |  |  | 24,053 |  |  | 18,535 |
Income including noncontrolling interest |  | 92,647 |  |  | 124,120 |  |  | 79,730 |  |  | 45,585 |  |  | 33,015 |
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | (139 | ) |  | 526 |  |  | 902 |  |  | 1,071 |  |  | 1,044 |
Net income attributable to Central Garden & Pet |  | $ | 92,786 |  |  | $ | 123,594 |  |  | $ | 78,828 |  |  | $ | 44,514 |  |  | $ | 31,971 |
Net income per share attributable to Central Garden & Pet: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 1.63 |  |  | $ | 2.39 |  |  | $ | 1.57 |  |  | $ | 0.91 |  |  | $ | 0.66 |
Diluted |  | $ | 1.61 |  |  | $ | 2.32 |  |  | $ | 1.52 |  |  | $ | 0.87 |  |  | $ | 0.64 |
Weighted average shares used in the computation of income per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 56,770 |  |  | 51,716 |  |  | 50,230 |  |  | 48,964 |  |  | 48,562 |
Diluted |  | 57,611 |  |  | 53,341 |  |  | 51,820 |  |  | 51,075 |  |  | 49,638 |
Other Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | $ | 50,828 |  |  | $ | 47,199 |  |  | $ | 42,719 |  |  | $ | 40,001 |  |  | $ | 33,703 |
Capital expenditures |  | $ | 31,577 |  |  | $ | 37,845 |  |  | $ | 44,659 |  |  | $ | 27,622 |  |  | $ | 22,030 |
Cash provided by operating activities |  | $ | 204,974 |  |  | $ | 114,112 |  |  | $ | 114,309 |  |  | $ | 151,426 |  |  | $ | 87,449 |
Cash used in investing activities |  | $ | (76,263 | ) |  | $ | (140,882 | ) |  | $ | (162,842 | ) |  | $ | (91,195 | ) |  | $ | (49,854 | )
Cash provided (used) by financing activities |  | $ | (110,765 | ) |  | $ | 474,783 |  |  | $ | (10,392 | ) |  | $ | (14,165 | ) |  | $ | (68,370 | )

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|  | Fiscal Year Ended
|  | September 28, 2019 |  | September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017 |  | September 24, 2016 |  | September 26, 2015
|  | (in thousands)
Balance Sheet Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and short term investments |  | $ | 497,749 |  |  | $ | 482,106 |  |  | $ | 32,397 |  |  | $ | 92,982 |  |  | $ | 47,584 |
Working capital |  | 1,028,668 |  |  | 1,004,334 |  |  | 462,849 |  |  | 481,077 |  |  | 446,431 |
Total assets |  | 2,025,020 |  |  | 1,907,209 |  |  | 1,306,906 |  |  | 1,180,683 |  |  | 1,101,112 |
Total debt (6) |  | 693,150 |  |  | 692,153 |  |  | 395,653 |  |  | 395,269 |  |  | 396,982 |
Equity (7) |  | 996,177 |  |  | 952,834 |  |  | 637,142 |  |  | 554,587 |  |  | 506,380 |

(1) | Fiscal years 2015, 2016, 2018 and 2019 included 52 weeks. Fiscal year 2017 included 53 weeks.

(2) | During fiscal 2019, we recognized a non-cash charge of $2.5 million related to the impairment of a certain long-lived intangible asset in our Pet Segment. This charge was included as part of selling, general and administrative expenses. During fiscal 2016, we recognized a non-cash charge of $1.8 million related to the impairment of a certain indefinite-lived intangible asset in our Pet segment. During fiscal 2015, we recognized a non-cash charge of $7.3 million related to the impairment of certain indefinite-lived intangible assets in our Pet segment.

(3) | During fiscal 2016, we issued $400 million aggregate principal amount of 6.125% Senior Notes due November 2023 and incurred incremental expenses of $14.3 million, comprised of a call premium payment of $8.3 million, a $2.7 million payment of overlapping interest expense for 30 days and a $3.3 million non-cash charge for the write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs and discount on our 2018 Notes, as a result of the redemption of our 2018 Notes and issuance of our 2023 Notes.

(4) | During fiscal 2016, we recognized a non-cash impairment charge of $16.6 million related to our investment in two joint ventures as a result of changes in marketplace conditions, which impacted expected cash flows and the recoverability of the investment.

(5) | Income tax expense was impacted by a fiscal 2018 tax benefit of $21.5 million from the revaluation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities as a result of the Tax Reform Act .

(6) | In December 2017, we issued $300 million aggregate principal amount of 5.125% senior notes due February 2028.

(7) | During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2018, we issued 5,550,000 shares of Class A common stock at a public offering price of $37.00 per share and received net proceeds of approximately $196 million.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following is management’s discussion of the financial results, liquidity and other key items related to our performance. This discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and other financial information appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K. This Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those indicated in forward-looking statements. See “Forward-Looking Statements” and “Item 1A – Risk Factors.”
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Business Overview
Central Garden & Pet Company (“Central”) is a leading innovator, producer and distributor of branded and private label products for the lawn & garden and pet supplies markets in the United States. The total annual retail sales of the pet food, treats & chews, supplies and live animal industry in 2018 was estimated by Packaged Facts and the pet industry to have been approximately $51.9 billion. We estimate the annual retail sales of the pet supplies, live animal, and treats & chews and natural pet food markets in the categories in which we participate to be approximately $27.4 billion. The total lawn and garden consumables, decorative products, live plant and outdoor cushions and pillows industry in the United States is estimated by Packaged Facts, The Freedonia Group and TechNavio to have been approximately $23.3 billion in annual retail sales in 2018, including fertilizer, pesticides, growing media, seeds, mulch, other consumables, decorative products, live plants and outdoor cushions and pillows. We estimate the annual retail sales of the lawn and garden consumables, decorative products and live plant markets in the categories in which we participate to be approximately $16.3 billion.
Our pet supplies products include products for dogs and cats, including edible bones, premium healthy edible and non-edible chews, natural dog and cat food and treats, toys, pet carriers, grooming supplies and other accessories; products for birds, small animals and specialty pets, including food, cages and habitats, toys, chews and related accessories; animal and household health and insect control products; live fish and products for fish, reptiles and other aquarium-based pets, including aquariums, furniture and lighting fixtures, pumps, filters, water conditioners, food and supplements, and information and knowledge resources; and products for horses and livestock. These products are sold under the brands including Adams™, Aqueon®, Avoderm®, C&S Products®, Cadet®, Farnam®, Four Paws®, Kaytee®, K&H Pet Products®, Nylabone®, Pinnacle®, TFH™, Zilla® as well as a number of other brands including Altosid®, Comfort Zone®, Coralife®, Interpet®, Pet Select® and Zodiac®.
Our lawn and garden supplies products include proprietary and non-proprietary grass seed; wild bird feed, bird feeders, bird houses and other birding accessories; weed, grass, and other herbicides, insecticide and pesticide products; fertilizers; and decorative outdoor lifestyle products including pottery, as well as live plants and outdoor cushions and pillows. These products are sold under the brands AMDRO®, Arden Companies™, Ironite®, Pennington®, and Sevin®, as well as a number of other brand names including Lilly Miller®, Over-N-Out®, Smart Seed® and The Rebels®.
In fiscal 2019, our consolidated net sales were $2,383 million, of which our Pet segment, or Pet, accounted for approximately $1,385 million and our Garden segment, or Garden, accounted for approximately $998 million. In fiscal 2019, our operating income was $152 million consisting of income from our Pet segment of $123 million, income from our Garden segment of $102 million and corporate expenses of $73 million.
Fiscal 2019 Financial Highlights
Financial summary:

• | Net sales for fiscal 2019 increased $167.6 million, or 7.6%, to $2,383.0 million. Our Pet segment sales increased 3.3%, and our Garden segment sales increased 14.2%.

• | Gross profit for fiscal 2019 increased $28.6 million, or 4.2%, to $704.0 million. Gross margin declined 100 basis points in fiscal 2019 to 29.5%, from 30.5% in fiscal 2018.

• | Our operating income decreased $15.2 million, or 9.1%, to $152.1 million in fiscal 2019, and as a percentage of net sales declined to 6.4% as compared to 7.6% in fiscal 2018.

• | Net income for fiscal 2019 was $92.8 million, or $1.61 per share on a diluted basis, compared to net income in fiscal 2018 of $123.6 million, or $2.32 per share on a diluted basis.

• | Non-GAAP net income decreased to $92.3 million, or $1.60 per diluted share, in fiscal 2019 from $102.1 million, or $1.91 per diluted share, in fiscal 2018.

• | Diluted weighted average shares outstanding increased 4,270 shares, or 8.0%, from 53,341 shares in fiscal 2018 to 57,611 shares in fiscal 2019.

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Recent Developments
Acquisitions
C&S Products
In May 2019, we purchased C&S Products, a manufacturer of suet and other wild bird feed products, for approximately $30.0 million, to complement our existing wild bird feed business. Subsequent to the acquisition, approximately $4.7 million of cash was used to eliminate the acquired long-term debt.
Arden Companies
In February 2019, we purchased the remaining 55% ownership interest in Arden Companies, a manufacturer of outdoor cushions and pillows, for $13.4 million. Subsequent to the acquisition, approximately $36 million of cash was used to eliminate most of the acquired long-term debt. As a result of the purchase of the remaining 55% ownership interest, we remeasured our previously held investment interest at its acquisition-date fair value and recorded a gain of approximately $3.2 million as part of selling, general and administrative expenses in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. The acquisition complements our existing garden portfolio.
Subsequent Event
In November 2019, our DMC business unit in the Pet Segment experienced a fire in one of its leased properties located in Athens, Texas. As a result, we sustained inventory and property-related losses in the estimated range of $15 million to $25 million dollars. This event has temporarily had a limited impact on our ability to fulfill orders to certain of our customers. We believe our insurance coverage is sufficient to cover the asset losses as well as the business interruption loss associated with this event.
Results of Operations (GAAP)
The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the relative percentages that certain income and expense items bear to net sales:

|  | Fiscal Year Ended
|  | September 28, 2019 |  | September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017
Net sales |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %
Cost of goods sold and occupancy |  | 70.5 |  |  | 69.5 |  |  | 69.2 |
Gross profit |  | 29.5 |  |  | 30.5 |  |  | 30.8 |
Selling, general and administrative |  | 23.2 |  |  | 22.9 |  |  | 23.2 |
Operating income |  | 6.4 |  |  | 7.6 |  |  | 7.6 |
Interest expense, net |  | (1.4 | ) |  | (1.6 | ) |  | (1.4 | )
Other expense, net |  | — |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  | (0.1 | )
Income taxes |  | 1.1 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 2.3 |
Noncontrolling interest |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net income |  | 3.9 | % |  | 5.6 | % |  | 3.8 | %

Fiscal 2019 Compared to Fiscal 2018
Net Sales
Net sales for fiscal 2019 increased $167.6 million, or 7.6%, to $2,383.0 million from $2,215.4 million in fiscal 2018. Our branded product sales increased $117.4 million, and sales of other manufacturers’ products increased $50.2 million. Branded product sales include products we produce under Central brand names and products we produce under third party brands. Sales of our branded products represented 78.9% of our total sales in fiscal 2019 compared with 79.5% in fiscal 2018. Organic net sales, which excludes the impact of acquisitions and divestitures in the last 12 months, increased $32.9 million, or 1.5%, compared to fiscal 2018. Private label sales represented approximately 15% of consolidated net sales.
The following table indicates each class of similar products which represented approximately 10% or more of our consolidated net sales in the fiscal years presented (in millions):
27

Category |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Other pet products |  | $ | 613.4 |  |  | $ | 606.7 |  |  | $ | 603.6 |
Other garden products |  | 560.8 |  |  | 445.7 |  |  | 377.0 |
Other manufacturers' products |  | 504.5 |  |  | 454.3 |  |  | 409.0 |
Dog & cat products |  | 452.1 |  |  | 445.1 |  |  | 405.1 |
Controls & fertilizer products |  | 252.2 |  |  | 263.6 |  |  | 259.8 |
Total |  | $ | 2,383.0 |  |  | $ | 2,215.4 |  |  | $ | 2,054.5 |

Pet net sales for fiscal 2019 increased $43.8 million, or 3.3%, to $1,384.7 million from $1,340.9 million in fiscal 2018. The increase in Pet net sales was due in large part to sales from our acquisition of General Pet Supply in April 2018 and C&S Products in May 2019. Until an acquired business has been a part of our consolidated results for 12 months, its net sales are considered sales from acquisitions and divestitures rather than organic sales.
Pet organic net sales declined $2.5 million, or 0.2%, primarily as a result of lower sales in our animal health business due to a difficult agricultural economic environment and unfavorable weather for livestock and grain production impacting our professional business, lower sales of pet behavior modification products, impacted by a new market entrant and product performance issues, and a soft flea and tick season. The decrease in the animal health business was partially offset by volume-based sales increases in our dog and cat and live fish businesses.
Pet branded product sales increased $13.7 million and sales of other manufacturers' products increased $30.1 million. Both increases were due to recent acquisitions.
Garden net sales for fiscal 2019 increased $123.8 million, or 14.2%, to $998.3 million from $874.5 million in fiscal 2018. The increase in net sales was due to both sales from acquisitions and organic sales growth. Sales from our acquisitions of Arden, in February 2019, and Bell Nursery, in March 2018, accounted for $88.4 million of the increase in net sales.
Garden organic net sales increased $35.4 million, or 4.0%, due primarily to increased sales in our garden distribution business, volume-based increases in live plants and wild bird feed and a price-based increase in grass seed partially offset by decreased sales in our controls and fertilizer products due to unfavorable weather that impacted insect control demand.
Garden branded sales increased $103.7 million, due to both acquisitions and organic sales growth, and sales of other manufacturers' products increased $20.1 million.
Gross Profit
Gross profit for fiscal 2019 increased $28.6 million, or 4.2%, to $704.0 million from $675.4 million in fiscal 2018, and gross margin decreased 100 basis points to 29.5% in fiscal 2019 from 30.5% in fiscal 2018. Both operating segments contributed to the increase in gross profit, while the Garden segment was the primary driver of the decline in gross margin. Overall, acquisitions accounted for approximately half of the decline in gross margin.
In the Pet segment, gross profit increased due to sales from acquisitions. Gross margin declined in the Pet segment due in large part to the decline in our animal health sales, which had an adverse impact on Pet's gross margin not only as a result of the lower sales volume but also its impact on the Pet segment's sales mix given higher margins in animal health, and the acquisition of General Pet Supply, which positively impacted Pet's gross profit but negatively impacted Pet's gross margin given lower margins in distribution. These declines were partially offset by price increases taken across most of the businesses in our Pet segment.
In the Garden segment, gross profit increased due to higher sales partially offset by a lower gross margin. The gross profit increase was due primarily to sales from acquisitions. Garden's gross margin was impacted by sales from our acquisitions of Bell Nursery in March 2018 (seasonal losses in the early months of fiscal 2019 were not part of fiscal 2018 results due to the timing of the transaction) and Arden, whose gross margin was lower than the Garden segment average. The Garden segment was also impacted by increased costs, including commodity and transportation costs. These declines were partially offset by price increases taken across most of the businesses in our Garden segment.
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Selling, General and Administrative
Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $43.9 million, or 8.6%, from $508.0 million in fiscal 2018 to $551.9 in fiscal 2019. As a percentage of net sales, selling, general and administrative expenses increased from 22.9% in fiscal 2018 to 23.2% in fiscal 2019. The increase in selling, general and administrative expenses was due to increases in both selling and delivery expense and warehouse and administrative expense, although selling and delivery expense, as a percentage of net sales, declined. Corporate expenses are included within administrative expense and relate to the costs of unallocated executive, administrative, finance, legal, human resource, and information technology functions.
Selling and delivery expense increased $16.0 million, or 6.0%, from $266.3 million in fiscal 2018 to $282.3 million in fiscal 2019 but as a percentage of net sales decreased from 12.0% in fiscal 2018 to 11.8% in fiscal 2019. The increase was due primarily to recent acquisitions and secondarily to increased delivery spend partially offset by reduced marketing and media spend. The decrease in selling and delivery expense as a percentage of net sales was due primarily to lower discretionary marketing spend.
Warehouse and administrative expense increased $27.9 million, or 11.5%, from $241.7 million in fiscal 2018 to $269.6 million in fiscal 2019 and increased as a percentage of net sales to 11.3% in fiscal 2019 from 10.9% in fiscal 2018. Increased expense in both operating segments was due primarily to our recent acquisitions as well as increased bad debt expense within the Pet segment. Two unusual items are included within warehouse and administrative expense that substantially offset each other. During fiscal 2019, we recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $2.5 million in our Pet segment related to the impairment of intangible assets caused by a retail customer exiting the live fish business. We also recorded a non-cash gain of $3.2 million in our Garden segment related to our acquisition of the remaining 55% interest in Arden. Corporate expense increased $4.2 million in fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018 primarily due to costs associated with hiring our new CEO, expenses incurred for the unanticipated resolution of a legal matter, increased non-cash equity compensation expense and third-party expenses incurred related to our implementation of the new GAAP lease standard we will adopt beginning in fiscal 2020. These increases were partially offset by lower medical insurance costs and lower depreciation and amortization expense. Corporate expenses are included within administrative expense and related to the costs of unallocated executive, administrative, finance, legal, human resource, and information technology functions.
Operating Income
Operating income decreased $15.2 million, or 9.1%, to $152.1 million in fiscal 2019 from $167.3 million in fiscal 2018. Our operating margin was 6.4% in fiscal 2019, declining from 7.6% in fiscal 2018. Increased sales of $167.6 million were partially offset by a 100 basis point decline in gross margin and a $43.9 million increase in selling, general and administrative expense, which increased as a percentage of net sales compared to fiscal 2018. Adjusting for the non-cash gain from the fair value remeasurement of our previously held investment interest upon our acquisition of the remaining 55% interest in Arden in our Garden segment and for the non-cash charge for the intangible asset impairment in our Pet segment, our non-GAAP operating income decreased $15.9 million, or 9.5%, to $151.4 million for fiscal 2019 from $167.3 million for fiscal 2018.
Pet operating income decreased $17.7 million, or 12.6%, to $122.7 million in fiscal 2019 from $140.4 million for fiscal 2018. The decrease was due to increased sales offset by a lower gross margin and increased selling, general and administrative expenses. Our Pet operating margin declined to 8.9% in fiscal 2019 from 10.5% in fiscal 2018 due to the lower gross margin and higher selling, general and administrative expense as a percentage of net sales. Both operating income and margin were significantly impacted by the weaker performance of our animal health business.
Garden operating income increased $6.6 million, or 6.9%, to $102.2 million for fiscal 2019 from $95.6 million for fiscal 2018. The increase was due to increased sales from acquisitions and our organic businesses partially offset by a lower gross margin and higher selling, general and administrative expenses. The increase in operating income was due primarily to our Arden and Bell Nursery acquisitions.
Corporate operating expense increased $4.2 million in fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018 due to costs associated with hiring our new CEO, expenses incurred for the unanticipated resolution of a legal matter, increased non-cash equity compensation expense and third-party expenses incurred related to our implementation of the new GAAP lease standard we will adopt beginning in fiscal 2020. These increases were partially offset by lower medical insurance costs and lower depreciation and amortization expense.
Net Interest Expense
Net interest expense decreased $3.0 million, or 8.3%, from $36.1 million in fiscal 2018 to $33.1 million in fiscal 2019. Increased interest expense incurred in our fiscal 2019 first quarter, due to higher average debt outstanding, was more than offset by increased interest income the following three fiscal 2019 quarters. In December 2017, we issued $300 million aggregate principal amount of 5.125% senior notes due February 2028.
Debt outstanding on September 28, 2019 was $693.2 million compared to $692.2 million as of September 29, 2018. Our average borrowing rate for fiscal 2019 and fiscal 2018 was 5.8%.
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Other Expense
Other expense is comprised of income or loss from investments accounted for under the equity method of accounting, including any associated impairments of equity method investments and foreign currency exchange gains and losses. Other income improved $4.1 million from an expense of $3.9 million in fiscal 2018 to income of $0.2 million in fiscal 2019. Lower losses in fiscal 2019 from one of our start-up business investments were partially offset by lower investment income from Arden due to our purchase of the remaining 55% ownership interest in February 2019.
Income Taxes
Our effective income tax rate was 22.3% for fiscal 2019 compared to 2.6% for fiscal 2018. Fiscal 2018 included a tax benefit of $21.5 million due to the remeasurement of our deferred tax accounts upon the enactment of the Tax Reform Act.
In fiscal 2018, after adjusting for the tax benefit of $21.5 million, our effective income tax rate was 19.5% compared to our effective income tax rate of 22.3% in fiscal 2019. The higher effective income tax rate in fiscal 2019 was due primarily to lower excess tax benefits from stock compensation in the current fiscal year. We adopted Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-09 during fiscal 2018 and, as a result, now record excess tax benefits resulting from stock compensation in the provision for income taxes.
Net Income and Earnings Per Share
Our net income for fiscal 2019 was $92.8 million, or $1.61 per diluted share, compared to $123.6 million, or $2.32 per diluted share, for fiscal 2018.
In fiscal 2018, the impact of the Tax Reform Act on our deferred tax accounts was significant. Adjusting fiscal 2019 for the non-cash gain from the fair value remeasurement of our previously held investment interest upon our acquisition of the remaining 55% interest in Arden and for the non-cash charge for the intangible asset impairment in our Pet segment and fiscal 2018 for the impact of the Tax Reform Act on our deferred tax accounts, non-GAAP net income for the fiscal 2019 was $92.3 million or $1.60 per diluted share, compared to $102.1 million or $1.91 per diluted share in fiscal 2018. The decline in fiscal 2019 net income and earnings per share was due primarily to the reduced operating income in our Pet segment and increased shares outstanding due to our equity offering in August 2018.
Fiscal 2018 Compared to Fiscal 2017
For a discussion of our results of operations in fiscal 2018 compared to fiscal 2017, please see Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 29, 2018 filed with the SEC.
Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
We report our financial results in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (GAAP). However, to supplement the financial results prepared in accordance with GAAP, we use non-GAAP financial measures including EBITDA, organic sales, non-GAAP operating income on a consolidated and segment basis, and non-GAAP net income and diluted net income per share. Management believes these non-GAAP financial measures that exclude the impact of specific items (described below) may be useful to investors in their assessment of our ongoing operating performance and provide additional meaningful comparisons between current results and results in prior operating periods.
EBITDA is defined by us as income before income tax, net other expense, net interest expense and depreciation and amortization (or operating income plus depreciation and amortization expense). We present EBITDA because we believe that EBITDA is a useful supplemental measure in evaluating the cash flows and performance of our business and provides greater transparency into our results of operations. EBITDA is used by our management to perform such evaluation. EBITDA should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for cash flow from operations, income from operations or other income statement measures prepared in accordance with GAAP. We believe that EBITDA is frequently used by investors, securities analysts and other interested parties in their evaluation of companies, many of which present EBITDA when reporting their results. Other companies may calculate EBITDA differently and it may not be comparable.
We have also provided organic net sales, a non-GAAP measure that excludes the impact of businesses purchased or exited in the prior 12 months, because we believe it permits investors to better understand the performance of our historical business without the impact of recent acquisitions or dispositions.
The reconciliations of these non-GAAP measures to the most directly comparable financial measures calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP are shown in the tables below. We believe that the non-GAAP financial measures provide useful information to
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investors and other users of our financial statements, by allowing for greater transparency in the review of our financial and operating performance. Management also uses these non-GAAP financial measures in making financial, operating and planning decisions and in evaluating our performance, and we believe these measures similarly may be useful to investors in evaluating our financial and operating performance and the trends in our business from management's point of view. While our management believes that non-GAAP measurements are useful supplemental information, such adjusted results are not intended to replace our GAAP financial results and should be read in conjunction with those GAAP results.
Non-GAAP financial measures reflect adjustments based on the following items:

• | Gains from the fair value remeasurement of previously held investment interests: we have excluded the impact of the fair value remeasurement of a previously held investment interest as it represents an infrequent transaction that occurs in limited circumstances that impacts the comparability between operating periods. We believe the adjustment of this gain supplements the GAAP information with a measure that may be used to assess the sustainability of our operating performance.

• | Asset impairment charges: we have excluded the impact of asset impairments on intangible assets as such non-cash amounts are inconsistent in amount and frequency. We believe that the adjustment of these charges supplements the GAAP information with a measure that can be used to assess the sustainability of our operating performance.

• | The U.S. government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Job Act (the "Tax Reform Act") in December 2017. We have excluded the transitional impact of the Tax Reform Act as the remeasurement of our deferred tax assets and liabilities does not reflect the ongoing impact of the lower U.S. statutory rate on our current year or future year earnings.

• | Gains on disposals of significant plant assets: we have excluded the impact of gains on the disposal of significant plant assets as these represent infrequent transactions that impact the comparability between operating periods. We believe the adjustment of these gains supplements the GAAP information with a measure that may be used to assess the sustainability of our operating performance.

• | Tax impact: adjustment represents the impact of the tax effect of the pre-tax non-GAAP adjustments excluded from non-GAAP net income. The tax impact of the non-GAAP adjustments is calculated based on the consolidated effective tax rate on a GAAP basis, applied to the non-GAAP adjustments, unless the underlying item has a materially different tax treatment.

From time to time in the future, there may be other items that we may exclude if we believe that doing so is consistent with the goal of providing useful information to investors and management.
The non-GAAP adjustments made reflect the following:

(1) | During the second quarter of fiscal 2019, we recorded a $3.2 million non-cash gain in our Garden segment from the fair value remeasurement of our previously held 45% interest in Arden upon our acquisition of the remaining 55% interest. The gain was recorded as part of selling, general and administrative costs in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

(2) | During the second quarter of fiscal 2019, we recognized a non-cash impairment charge in our Pet segment of $2.5 million related to the impairment of intangible assets caused by a retail customer exiting the live fish business. The adjustment was recorded as part of selling, general and administrative costs.

(3) | As a result of the Tax Reform Act, during fiscal 2018, we recorded a tax benefit of $21.5 million, of which $16.3 million was recorded in the first quarter and $5.2 million in the fourth quarter, due to the remeasurement of our deferred tax assets and liabilities. We excluded only this transitional impact and did not include in the adjustment the ongoing impact of the lower U.S. statutory rate on our earnings.

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|  | GAAP to Non-GAAP Reconciliation (in thousands) For the Fiscal Year Ended
|  | Consolidated
|  | September 28, 2019 |  | September 29, 2018
Operating Income Reconciliation |  |
GAAP operating income |  | $ | 152,068 |  |  | $ | 167,336 |
Previously held investment interest fair value remeasurement | (1) | (3,215 | ) |  | — |
Intangible asset impairment | (2) | 2,540 |  |  | — |
Non-GAAP operating income |  | $ | 151,393 |  |  | $ | 167,336 |
Pet Segment Operating Income Reconciliation |  |
GAAP Pet segment operating income |  | $ | 122,727 |  |  | $ | 140,353 |
Intangible asset impairment | (2) | 2,540 |  |  | — |
Non-GAAP Pet segment operating income |  | $ | 125,267 |  |  | $ | 140,353 |
Garden Segment Operating Income Reconciliation |  |  |  |
GAAP Garden segment operating income |  | $ | 102,170 |  |  | $ | 95,551 |
Previously held investment interest fair value remeasurement | (1) | $ | (3,215 | ) |  | $ | — |
Non-GAAP Garden segment operating income |  | $ | 98,955 |  |  | $ | 95,551 |

|  | GAAP to Non-GAAP Reconciliation (in thousands, except per share amounts) For the Fiscal Year Ended
|  | September 28, 2019 |  | September 29, 2018
Net Income and Diluted Net Income Per Share Reconciliation |  |
GAAP net income attributable to Central Garden & Pet |  | $ | 92,786 |  |  | $ | 123,594 |
Previously held investment interest fair value remeasurement | (1) | (3,215 | ) |  | — |
Intangible asset impairment | (2) | 2,540 |  |  | — |
Tax effect of remeasurement and impairment |  | 151 |  |  | — |
Tax effect of revaluation of deferred tax amounts | (3) | — |  |  | (21,485 | )
Non-GAAP net income attributable to Central Garden & Pet |  | $ | 92,262 |  |  | $ | 102,109 |
GAAP diluted net income per share |  | $ | 1.61 |  |  | $ | 2.32 |
Non-GAAP diluted net income per share |  | $ | 1.60 |  |  | $ | 1.91 |
Shares used in GAAP and non-GAAP diluted net earnings per share calculation |  | 57,611 |  |  | 53,341 |

Organic Net Sales Reconciliation
We have provided organic net sales, a non-GAAP measure that excludes the impact of recent acquisitions and dispositions, because we believe it permits investors to better understand the performance of our historical business. We define organic net sales as net sales from our historical business derived by excluding the net sales from businesses acquired or exited in the preceding 12 months. After an acquired business has been part of our consolidated results for 12 months, the change in net sales thereafter is considered part of the increase or decrease in organic net sales.
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|  | GAAP to Non-GAAP Reconciliation For the Fiscal Year Ended September 28, 2019
|  | Consolidated |  | Pet Segment |  | Garden Segment
|  |  |  | Percent Change |  |  |  | Percent Change |  |  |  | Percent Change
Reported net sales FY 2019 (GAAP) |  | $ | 2,383.0 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,384.7 |  |  |  |  | $ | 998.3 |  |  |
Reported net sales FY 2018 (GAAP) |  | 2,215.4 |  |  |  |  | 1,340.9 |  |  |  |  | 874.5 |  |  |
Increase in net sales |  | 167.6 |  |  | 7.6% |  | 43.8 |  |  | 3.3% |  | 123.8 |  |  | 14.2%
Effect of acquisitions and dispositions on increase in net sales |  | 134.7 |  |  |  |  | 46.3 |  |  |  |  | 88.4 |  |  |
Increase (decrease) in organic net sales |  | $ | 32.9 |  |  | 1.5% |  | $ | (2.5 | ) |  | (0.2)% |  | $ | 35.4 |  |  | 4.0%

|  | GAAP to Non-GAAP Reconciliation For the Fiscal Year Ended September 29, 2018
|  | Consolidated |  | Pet Segment |  | Garden Segment
|  |  |  | Percent Change |  |  |  | Percent Change |  |  |  | Percent Change
Reported net sales FY 2018 (GAAP) |  | $ | 2,215.4 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,340.9 |  |  |  |  | $ | 874.5 |  |  |
Reported net sales FY 2017 (GAAP) |  | 2,054.5 |  |  |  |  | 1,246.4 |  |  |  |  | 808.1 |  |  |
Increase in net sales |  | 160.9 |  |  | 7.8 | % |  | 94.5 |  |  | 7.6 | % |  | 66.4 |  |  | 8.2 | %
Effect of acquisitions and dispositions on increase in net sales |  | 140.3 |  |  |  |  | 56.2 |  |  |  |  | 84.1 |  |  |
Increase in organic net sales |  | 20.6 |  |  | 1.0 | % |  | 38.3 |  |  | 3.1 | % |  | (17.7 | ) |  | (2.2 | )%
Estimated impact of extra week in fiscal 2017 on organic sales |  | 32.8 |  |  |  |  | 21.4 |  |  |  |  | 11.4 |  |  |
Organic net sales adjusted for extra week |  | $ | 53.4 |  |  | 2.6 | % |  | $ | 59.7 |  |  | 4.8 | % |  | $ | (6.3 | ) |  | (0.8 | )%

|  | GAAP to non-GAAP Reconciliation Fiscal Year Ended September 28, 2019
EBITDA Reconciliation |  | Total |  | Garden |  | Pet |  | Corp
Net income attributable to Central Garden & Pet |  | $ | 92,786 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Interest expense, net |  | 33,060 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other income |  | (243 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Income tax expense |  | 26,604 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | (139 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Sum of items below operating income |  | 59,282 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Income from Operations |  | 152,068 |  |  | 102,170 |  |  | 122,727 |  |  | (72,829 | )
Depreciation & Amortization |  | 50,828 |  |  | 11,959 |  |  | 32,803 |  |  | 6,066 |
EBITDA |  | $ | 202,896 |  |  | $ | 114,129 |  |  | $ | 155,530 |  |  | $ | (66,763 | )

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|  | GAAP to non-GAAP Reconciliation Fiscal Year Ended September 29, 2018
EBITDA Reconciliation |  | Total |  | Garden |  | Pet |  | Corp
Net income attributable to Central Garden & Pet |  | $ | 123,594 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Interest expense, net |  | 36,051 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other income |  | 3,860 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Income tax expense |  | 3,305 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | 526 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Sum of items below operating income |  | 43,742 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Income from Operations |  | 167,336 |  |  | 95,551 |  |  | 140,353 |  |  | (68,568 | )
Depreciation & Amortization |  | 47,199 |  |  | 8,744 |  |  | 29,889 |  |  | 8,566 |
EBITDA |  | $ | 214,535 |  |  | $ | 104,295 |  |  | $ | 170,242 |  |  | $ | (60,002 | )

Inflation
Our revenues and margins are dependent on various economic factors, including rates of inflation, energy costs, consumer attitudes toward discretionary spending, currency fluctuations, and other macro-economic factors which may impact levels of consumer spending. In certain fiscal periods, we have been adversely impacted by rising input costs related to domestic inflation, particularly relating to grain and seed prices, fuel prices and the ingredients used in our garden controls and fertilizer. Rising costs in those periods have made it difficult for us to increase prices to our retail customers at a pace sufficient to enable us to maintain margins.
During fiscal 2019, commodity costs increased, even as freight costs moderated. Tariffs implemented during the year did have a negative impact in instances where we were unable to pass through the incremental costs.
During fiscal 2018, costs increased in a number of areas, including raw materials, freight and labor. We took certain pricing actions in fiscal 2018, which generally took effect in fiscal 2019, to help offset the impact of these inflationary pressures.
During fiscal 2017, overall costs were stable and commodity costs generally declined as overall inflationary pressures were low. In past years, we have been impacted by volatility in a number of commodities, including grass seed, fertilizer inputs and wild bird feed grains.
Weather and Seasonality
Our sales of lawn and garden products are influenced by weather and climate conditions in the different markets we serve. Our Garden segment’s business is highly seasonal. In fiscal 2019, approximately 69% of our Garden segment’s net sales and 58% of our total net sales occurred during our second and third fiscal quarters. Substantially all of the Garden segment’s operating income is typically generated in this period, which has historically offset the operating loss incurred during the first fiscal quarter of the year.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
We have financed our growth through a combination of internally generated funds, bank borrowings, supplier credit, and sales of equity and debt securities to the public.
Our business is seasonal and our working capital requirements and capital resources track closely to this seasonal pattern. Generally, during the first fiscal quarter, accounts receivable reach their lowest level while inventory, accounts payable and short-term borrowings begin to increase. During the second fiscal quarter, receivables, accounts payable and short-term borrowings increase, reflecting the build-up of inventory and related payables in anticipation of the peak lawn and garden selling season. During the third fiscal quarter, inventory levels remain relatively constant while accounts receivable peak and short-term borrowings start to decline as cash collections are received during the peak selling season. During the fourth fiscal quarter, inventory levels are at their lowest, and accounts receivable and payables are substantially reduced through conversion of receivables to cash.
We service two broad markets: pet supplies and lawn and garden supplies. Our pet supplies businesses involve products that have a year round selling cycle with a slight degree of seasonality. As a result, it is not necessary to maintain large quantities of inventory to meet peak demands. Our lawn and garden businesses are highly seasonal with approximately 69% of our Garden segment’s net sales occurring during the second and third fiscal quarters. This seasonality requires the shipment of large quantities of product well ahead of the peak consumer buying periods. To encourage retailers and distributors to stock large quantities of inventory, industry practice has been for manufacturers to give extended credit terms and/or promotional discounts.
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Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities increased $90.9 million, from $114.1 million in fiscal 2018 to $205.0 million in fiscal 2019. The increase in cash provided was due primarily to changes in our working capital accounts for fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018.
Net cash provided by operating activities decreased $0.2 million, from $114.3 million in fiscal 2017 to $114.1 million in fiscal 2018. The increase in net income for the fiscal year ended September 29, 2018 was partially offset by the cash and non-cash effects of the impact of the Tax Reform Act as described in Note 1 - Organization and Significant Accounting Policies, as well as changes in our working capital accounts for fiscal 2019, as compared to fiscal 2018.
Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities decreased $64.6 million from $140.9 million in fiscal 2018 to $76.3 million in fiscal 2019. The decrease in cash used in investing activities was due primarily to decreased investment and acquisition activity as well as a $6.2 million decrease in capital expenditures in fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018. During the second quarter of fiscal 2019, we acquired the remaining 55% interest in Arden Companies for approximately $11 million, and during the third quarter of fiscal 2019 we acquired C&S Products for approximately $30.0 million. During the second quarter of fiscal 2018, we acquired Bell Nurseries for approximately $62 million, and during the third quarter of fiscal 2018 we acquired General Pet Supply for approximately $24.3 million. We also made fewer investments in the current year than in the prior year.
Net cash used in investing activities decreased $22.0 million from $162.8 million in fiscal 2017 to $140.9 million million in fiscal 2018. The decrease in cash used in investing activities was due primarily to decreased acquisition and investment activity as well as a $6.8 million decrease in capital expenditures during fiscal 2018. During the second quarter of fiscal 2018, we acquired Bell Nurseries for approximately $61 million, and during the third quarter of fiscal 2018, we acquired General Pet Supply for approximately $24.3 million, in addition to two immaterial acquisitions for approximately $8 million. During the first fiscal quarter of 2017, we acquired Segrest Inc., a wholesaler of aquarium fish, for total aggregate consideration of $60 million and during the third fiscal quarter of 2017, we acquired K&H Manufacturing for approximately $48 million. The acquisition activity in 2017 was partially offset by proceeds from the sale of a small veterinary division and a distribution facility in our Garden segment during the first fiscal quarter of 2017. During fiscal 2018, we made investments in three strategic joint ventures for a total of $9.0 million, as compared to investments made in fiscal 2017 of $12.5 million.
Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities decreased $585.5 million from $474.8 million of cash provided in fiscal 2018 to $110.8 million of cash used in fiscal 2019. The decrease in cash provided by financing activities during the current year was due primarily to our December 2017 issuance of $300 million aggregate principal amount 5.125% senior notes due February 2028, partially offset by deferred financing costs of approximately $4.8 million associated with this issuance. Additionally, during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2018, we issued 5,550,000 shares of Class A common stock at a public offering price of $37.00 per share and received net proceeds of approximately $196 million. We repaid approximately $46 million of acquired long-term debt subsequent to our acquisitions of Arden Companies and C&S Products during fiscal 2019. During the current year period, we also repurchased approximately 0.6 million shares of our voting common stock (CENT) in the open market at an aggregate cost of approximately $14.7 million, or approximately $24.41 per share, and approximately 1.8 million shares of our non-voting common stock (CENTA) in the open market at an aggregate cost of approximately $43.4 million, or $24.69 per share, in addition to $5.3 million used for minimum statutory tax withholdings related to the net share settlement of our stock. We also paid $1.3 million in financing costs associated with the amendment of our asset-based loan facility during the current year period.
Net cash used in financing activities increased $485.2 million from $10.4 million in fiscal 2017 to $474.8 million in fiscal 2018. The increase in cash provided was due primarily to our December 2017 issuance of $300 million aggregate principal 5.125% senior notes due February 2028, partially offset by the payment of $4.8 million of deferred financing costs associated with this offering. Additionally, during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2018, we issued 5,550,000 shares of Class A common stock at a public offering price of $37.00 per share and received net proceeds of approximately $196 million.
We expect that our principal sources of funds will be cash generated from our operations, proceeds from our debt and equity offerings in fiscal 2018, and, if necessary, borrowings under our $400 million asset backed loan facility. Based on our anticipated cash needs, availability under our asset backed loan facility and the scheduled maturity of our debt, we believe that our sources of liquidity should be adequate to meet our working capital, capital spending and other cash needs for at least the next 12 months. However, we cannot assure you that these sources will continue to provide us with sufficient liquidity and, should we require it, that we will be able to obtain financing on terms satisfactory to us, or at all.
We believe that cash flows from operating activities, funds available under our asset backed loan facility, and arrangements with suppliers will be adequate to fund our presently anticipated working capital requirements for the foreseeable future. We anticipate that our
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capital expenditures, which are related primarily to replacements and expansion of and upgrades to plant and equipment and also investment in our continued implementation of a scalable enterprise-wide information technology platform, will be approximately $45 million over the next 12 months.
As part of our growth strategy, we have acquired a large number of businesses in the past, and we anticipate that we will continue to evaluate potential acquisition candidates in the future. If one or more potential acquisition opportunities, including those that would be material, become available in the near future, we may require additional external capital. In addition, such acquisitions would subject us to the general risks associated with acquiring companies, particularly if the acquisitions are relatively large.
Stock Repurchases
During fiscal 2019, we repurchased approximately 0.6 million shares of our voting common stock (CENT) in the open market at an aggregate cost of approximately $14.7 million, or approximately $24.41 per share, and approximately 1.8 million shares of our non-voting common stock (CENTA) in the open market at an aggregate cost of approximately $43.4 million, or $24.69 per share. In fiscal 2011, our Board of Directors authorized a $100 million share repurchase program, which authorization was fully utilized in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2019. In August 2019, our Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program to purchase up to $100 million of our common stock (the "2019 Repurchase Authorization"). The 2019 Repurchase Authorization has no fixed expiration date and expires when the amount authorized has been used or the Board withdraws its authorization. As of September 28, 2019, no repurchases had been made under the $100 million 2019 Repurchase Authorization.
In February 2019, the Board of Directors authorized us to make supplemental purchases to minimize dilution resulting from issuances under our equity compensation plans (the "Equity Dilution Authorization"). In addition to our regular share repurchase program, we are permitted to purchase annually a number of shares equal to the number of shares of restricted stock or stock options granted in the prior fiscal year, to the extent not already repurchased, and the current fiscal year. The Equity Dilution Authorization has no fixed expiration date and expires when the Board withdraws its authorization. As of September 28, 2019, we had authorization remaining from the fiscal 2019 equity plan activity to repurchase up to 1.2 million shares under our Equity Dilution Authorization.
Total Debt
At September 28, 2019, our total debt outstanding was $693.2 million versus $692.2 million at September 29, 2018.
Senior Notes
$300 Million, 5.125% Senior Notes due 2028
On December 14, 2017, we issued $300 million aggregate principal amount of 5.125% senior notes due February 2028. We will use the net proceeds from the offering to finance future acquisitions and for general corporate purposes.
We incurred approximately $4.6 million of debt issuance costs in conjunction with this transaction, which included underwriter fees and legal, accounting and rating agency expenses. The debt issuance costs are being amortized over the term of the 2028 notes.
The 2028 Notes require semiannual interest payments on February 1 and August 1, commencing August 1, 2018. The 2028 Notes are unconditionally guaranteed on a senior basis by our existing and future domestic restricted subsidiaries who are borrowers under or guarantors of our senior secured revolving credit facility or who guarantee the 2023 Notes.
We may redeem some or all of the 2028 Notes at any time, at our option, prior to January 1, 2023 at the principal amount plus a "make whole" premium. At any time prior to January 1, 2021, we may also redeem, at our option, up to 35% of the original aggregate principal amount of the notes with the proceeds of certain equity offerings at a redemption price of 105.125% of the principal amount of the notes. We may redeem some or all of the 2028 Notes at our option, at any time on or after January 1, 2023 for 102.563% on or after January 1, 2024 for 101.708%, on or after January 1, 2025 for 100.854% and on or after January 1, 2026 for 100% plus accrued and unpaid interest.
The holders of the 2028 Notes have the right to require us to repurchase all or a portion of the 2028 Notes at a purchase price equal to 101% of the principal amount of the notes repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest upon the occurrence of a change of control.
The 2028 Notes contain customary high-yield covenants, including covenants limiting debt incurrence and restricted payments, subject to certain baskets and exceptions. We were in compliance with all covenants as of September 28, 2019.
$400 Million, 6.125% Senior Notes due 2023
In November 2015, we issued $400 million aggregate principal amount of 6.125% senior notes due November 2023. In December 2015, we used the net proceeds from the offering, together with available cash, to redeem our $400 million aggregate principal amount of 8.25% senior subordinated notes due March 1, 2018 at a price of 102.063% of the principal amount and to pay fees and expenses related to the offering.
We incurred approximately $6.3 million of debt issuance costs in conjunction with these transactions, which included underwriter fees and legal, accounting and rating agency expenses. The debt issuance costs are being amortized over the term of the 2023 Notes.
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The 2023 Notes require semiannual interest payments, which commenced on May 15, 2016. The 2023 Notes are unconditionally guaranteed on a senior basis by each of our existing and future domestic restricted subsidiaries which are borrowers under or guarantors of our senior secured revolving credit facility. The 2023 Notes are unsecured senior obligations and are subordinated to all of our existing and future secured debt, including our Credit Facility, to the extent of the value of the collateral securing such indebtedness.
We may redeem some or all of the 2023 Notes, at our option, at any time on or after November 15, 2019 for 103.063%, on or after November 15, 2020 for 101.531% and on or after November 15, 2021 for 100%, plus accrued and unpaid interest.
The holders of the 2023 Notes have the right to require us to repurchase all or a portion of the 2023 Notes at a purchase price equal to 101% of the principal amount of the notes repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest upon the occurrence of a change of control.
The 2023 Notes contain customary high yield covenants, including covenants limiting debt incurrence and restricted payments, subject to certain baskets and exceptions. We were in compliance with all covenants as of September 28, 2019.
Asset-Based Loan Facility Amendment
On September 27, 2019, we entered into a Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (“Amended Credit Agreement”). The Amended Credit Agreement amends and restates the previous credit agreement dated April 22, 2106 and continues to provide up to a $400.0 million principal amount senior secured asset-based revolving credit facility, with up to an additional $200.0 million principal amount available with the consent of the Lenders, as defined, if we exercise the accordion feature set forth therein (collectively, the “Amended Credit Facility”). The Amended Credit Facility now matures on September 27, 2024. We may borrow, repay and reborrow amounts under the Amended Credit Facility until its maturity date, at which time all amounts outstanding under the Amended Credit Facility must be repaid in full.
The Amended Credit Facility is subject to a borrowing base, reduced capacity due to reserves and certain other restrictions. The borrowing base is calculated using a formula initially based upon eligible receivables and inventory minus certain reserves, and was $400.0 million at closing. The Amended Credit Facility also allows us to add real property to the borrowing base so long as the real property is subject to a first priority lien in favor of the Administrative Agent for the benefit of the Lenders. Proceeds of the Amended Credit Facility will be used for general corporate purposes. The Amended Credit Facility includes a $50 million sublimit for the issuance of standby letters of credit and an increased $40 million sublimit for short-notice borrowings. We incurred approximately $1.6 million of debt issuance costs in conjunction with this transaction, which included underwriter fees and legal expenses. The debt issuance costs are being amortized over the term of the Amended Credit Facility. As of September 28, 2019, there were no borrowings outstanding and no letters of credit outstanding under the Credit Facility. There were other letters of credit of $3.2 million outstanding as of September 28, 2019.
Borrowings under the Amended Credit Facility will bear interest at an index based on LIBOR or, at our option, the Base Rate (defined as the highest of (a) the SunTrust prime rate, (b) the Federal Funds Rate plus 0.50%, (c) one-month LIBOR plus 1.00%), plus, in either case, an applicable margin based on our consolidated senior leverage ratio and (d) 0.00%. Such applicable margin for LIBOR-based borrowings fluctuates between 1.00%-1.50% (previously between 1.25% and 1.50%) and was 1.00% at the time of closing, and such applicable margin for Base Rate borrowings fluctuates between 0.00%-0.50% (previously 0.25%-0.50%), and was 0.00% at closing. An unused line fee shall be payable monthly in respect of the total amount of the unutilized Lenders’ commitments and short-notice borrowings under the Amended Credit Facility. Letter of credit fees at the applicable margin on the average undrawn and unreimbursed amount of letters of credit shall be payable monthly and a facing fee of 0.125% shall be paid on demand for the stated amount of each letter of credit. We are also required to pay certain fees to the administrative agent under the Amended Credit Facility. As of September 28, 2019, the applicable interest rate related to Base Rate borrowings was 5.0%, and the applicable interest rate related to LIBOR-based borrowings was 3.0%. Banks currently reporting information used to set LIBOR will stop doing so after 2021. Various parties, including government agencies, are seeking to identify an alternative rate to replace LIBOR. We are monitoring their efforts, and we will likely amend contracts to accommodate any replacement rate where it is not already provided.
In July 2017, the Financial Conduct Authority in the United Kingdom (UK), the governing body responsible for regulating the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR), announced that it no longer will compel or persuade financial institutions and panel banks to make LIBOR submissions after 2021. This decision is expected to result in the end of the use of LIBOR as a reference rate for commercial loans and other indebtedness. We have both LIBOR-denominated and Euro Interbank Offer Rate (EURIBOR)-denominated indebtedness. The transition to alternatives to LIBOR could be modestly disruptive to the credit markets, and while we do not believe that the impact would be material to us, we do not yet have insight into what the impacts might be.
The administering regulatory authority announced it intends to phase out London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) by the end of 2021. Our variable rate debt and revolving credit facility use LIBOR as a benchmark for establishing interest rates. Once LIBOR is phased out it will be replaced by an alternative method equivalent to LIBOR. Any legal or regulatory changes made in response to LIBOR’s future discontinuance may result in, among other things, a sudden or prolonged increase or decrease in LIBOR, a delay in the publication of LIBOR, or changes in the rules or methodologies in LIBOR. In addition, alternative methods to LIBOR may be impossible or impracticable to determine. While we do not expect that the transition from LIBOR and risks related thereto will have a material adverse effect on our financing costs, it is still uncertain at this time.
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T he Amended Credit Facility continues to contain customary covenants, including financial covenants which require us to maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.00:1.00 upon triggered quarterly testing (e.g. when availability falls below certain thresholds established in the agreement), reporting requirements and events of default. The Amended Credit Facility is secured by substantially all assets of the borrowing parties, including (i) pledges of 100% of the stock or other equity interest of each domestic subsidiary that is directly owned by such entity and (ii) 65% of the stock or other equity interest of each foreign subsidiary that is directly owned by such entity. We were in compliance with all financial covenants under the Amended Credit Facility during the period ended September 28, 2019.
Contractual Obligations
The table below presents our significant contractual cash obligations by fiscal year:

Contractual Obligations |  | Fiscal 2020 |  | Fiscal 2021 |  | Fiscal 2022 |  | Fiscal 2023 |  | Fiscal 2024 |  | Thereafter |  | Total
|  | (in millions)
Long-term debt, including current maturities (1) |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 400.0 |  |  | $ | 300.0 |  |  | $ | 700.3 |
Interest payment obligations (2) |  | 39.9 |  |  | 39.9 |  |  | 39.9 |  |  | 39.9 |  |  | 18.5 |  |  | 52.6 |  |  | 230.7 |
Operating leases |  | 38.0 |  |  | 29.3 |  |  | 21.8 |  |  | 11.3 |  |  | 7.9 |  |  | 20.7 |  |  | 129.0 |
Purchase commitments (3) |  | 107.5 |  |  | 33.9 |  |  | 23.9 |  |  | 18.3 |  |  | 8.1 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 191.8 |
Performance-based payments (4) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 185.5 |  |  | $ | 103.2 |  |  | $ | 85.7 |  |  | $ | 69.5 |  |  | $ | 434.5 |  |  | $ | 373.4 |  |  | $ | 1,251.8 |

(1) | Excludes $3.2 million of outstanding letters of credit related to normal business transactions. Debt repayments do not reflect the unamortized portion of deferred financing costs associated with the 2023 Notes and 2028 Notes of $7.1 million as of September 28, 2019, of which $3.2 million is amortizable until November 2023 and $3.9 million is amortizable until February 2028 and is included in the carrying value of the long-term debt. See Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion of long-term debt.

(2) | Estimated interest payments to be made on our 2023 and 2028 Notes. See Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements for description of interest rate terms.

(3) | Contracts for purchases of grains, grass seed and pet food ingredients, used primarily to mitigate risk associated with increases in market prices and commodity availability, may obligate us to make future purchases based on estimated yields. The terms of these contracts vary; some having fixed prices or quantities, others having variable pricing and quantities. For certain agreements, management estimates are used to develop the quantities and pricing for anticipated purchases, and future purchases could vary significantly from such estimates.

(4) | Possible performance-based payments associated with prior acquisitions of businesses are not included in the above table, because they are based on future performance of the businesses acquired, which is not yet known. Performance-based payments of approximately $0.2 million were made in fiscal 2018 related to Hydro-Organics Wholesale, Inc. Potential performance-based periods extend through fiscal 2020 for Segrest, fiscal 2020 for B2E and fiscal 2025 for Hydro-Organics Wholesale, Inc. Payments are capped at $1.0 million per year related to Hydro-Organics Wholesale, Inc.

As of September 28, 2019, we had unrecognized tax benefits of $0.5 million. These amounts have been excluded from the contractual obligations table because a reasonably reliable estimate of the timing of future tax settlements cannot be determined.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We have not entered into any transactions with unconsolidated entities whereby we have financial guarantees, subordinated retained interests, derivative instruments or other contingent arrangements that expose us to material continuing risks, contingent liabilities, or any other obligation under a variable interest in an unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit risk support to us.
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Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Refer to the discussion under Part II, Item 8, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 1 - Organization and Significant Accounting Policies for a summary of recent accounting pronouncements.
Critical Accounting Policies, Estimates and Judgments
Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts and related disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Estimates and assumptions are required for, but are not limited to, accounts receivable and inventory realizable values, fixed asset lives, long-lived asset valuation and impairments, intangible asset lives, stock-based compensation, deferred and current income taxes, self-insurance accruals and the impact of contingencies and litigation. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the result of which forms the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from those estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
Although not all inclusive, we believe that the following represent the more critical accounting policies, which are subject to estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
We record an allowance for credit losses and disputed balances associated with our customers’ failure to make required payments. Our allowance also includes amounts estimated for customer deductions. We estimate our allowance based on specific identification, historical experience, customer concentrations, customer credit-worthiness and current economic trends. Generally, we require no collateral from our customers. If the financial condition of our customers were to deteriorate, we were not able to demonstrate the validity of amounts due or future default rates on trade receivables in general were to differ from those currently anticipated, additional allowances could be required, which would affect earnings in the period the adjustments are made. For more information, see Note 5 to our consolidated financial statements.
Inventory
Inventory, which primarily consists of lawn and garden products, pet supplies, raw materials and finished goods, is stated at the lower of first-in first-out (“FIFO”) cost or market. Cost includes certain indirect purchasing, merchandise handling and storage costs incurred to acquire or manufacture inventory, costs to unload, process and put away shipments received to prepare them to be picked for orders, and certain overhead costs. We compute the amount of such costs capitalized to inventory based on an estimate of costs related to the procurement and processing of inventory to prepare it for sale compared to total product purchases. When necessary, we have reduced the carrying value of our inventory if market conditions indicate that we will not recover the carrying cost upon sale. Future adverse changes in market conditions related to our products could result in an additional charge to income in the period in which such conditions occur.
Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of cost of an acquired business over the fair value of the identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Identifiable intangible assets acquired in business combinations are recorded based on their fair values at the date of acquisition. Goodwill and identifiable intangible assets with indefinite lives are not subject to amortization but must be evaluated for impairment.
We test goodwill for impairment annually (as of the first day of the fourth fiscal quarter), or whenever events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount, by first assessing qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If it is determined that it is more likely than not the fair value of the reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount, it is unnecessary to perform the two-step goodwill impairment test. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the two-step test is performed to identify potential goodwill impairment. Based on certain circumstances, we may elect to bypass the qualitative assessment and proceed directly to performing the first step of the two-step goodwill impairment test, which compares the fair value of our reporting units to their related carrying values, including goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, we perform an additional step to determine the implied fair value of goodwill associated with that reporting unit. The implied fair value of goodwill is determined by first allocating the fair value of the reporting unit to all of its assets and liabilities and then computing the excess of the reporting unit’s fair value over the amounts assigned to the assets and liabilities. If the carrying value of goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of goodwill, such excess represents the amount of goodwill impairment, and, accordingly,we recognize such impairment. Our goodwill impairment analysis also includes a comparison of the aggregate estimated fair value of its two reporting units to the Company’s total market capitalization.
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Determining the fair value of a reporting unit involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions. The estimate of fair value of each of our reporting units is based on our projection of revenues, gross margin, operating costs and cash flows considering historical and estimated future results, general economic and market conditions as well as the impact of planned business and operational strategies. We base our fair value estimates on assumptions we believe to be reasonable at the time, but such assumptions are subject to inherent uncertainty. Assumptions critical to our fair value estimates were: (i) discount rates used in determining the fair value of the reporting units; (ii) estimated future cash flows; and (iii) projected revenue and operating profit growth rates used in the reporting unit models. Actual results may differ from those estimates. The valuations employ present value techniques to measure fair value and consider market factors.
Most of our goodwill is associated with our Pet segment. In connection with our annual goodwill impairment testing performed during fiscal 2019, 2018 and 2017 we made a qualitative evaluation about the likelihood of goodwill impairment to determine whether it was necessary to calculate the fair values of its reporting units under the two-step goodwill impairment test. We completed our qualitative assessment of potential goodwill impairment and it was determined that it was more likely than not the fair values of our reporting units were greater than their carrying amounts, and accordingly, no further testing of goodwill was required.
Changes in the judgments and estimates underlying our analysis of goodwill for possible impairment, including expected future cash flows and discount rates, could result in a significantly different estimate of the fair value of the reporting units in the future and could result in additional impairment of goodwill.
Intangible assets
Indefinite-lived intangible assets consist primarily of acquired trade names and trademarks. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested annually for impairment or whenever events or changes in circumstances occur indicating that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. An impairment loss would be recognized for an intangible asset with an indefinite useful life if its carrying value exceeds its fair value.
Indefinite-lived intangible assets are primarily tested for impairment by comparing the fair value of the asset to the carrying value. Fair value is determined based on discounted cash flow analyses that include significant management assumptions such as revenue growth rates, discount rates, weighted average cost of capital, and assumed royalty rates. Future net sales and short-term growth rates are estimated for trade names based on management’s forecasted financial results which consider key business drivers such as specific revenue growth initiatives, market share changes and general economic factors such as consumer spending.
During fiscal 2019, 2018 and 2017, we performed evaluations of the fair value of our indefinite-lived trade names and trademarks. Our expected revenues were based on our future operating plan and market growth or decline estimates for future years. No impairment was indicated during our fiscal 2019, 2018 and 2017 analyses of our indefinite-lived trade names and trademarks.
Long-Lived Assets
We review our long-lived assets, including amortizable intangibles and property, plant and equipment, for potential impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable. An impairment loss would be recognized for amortizable intangible assets and property, plant and equipment when estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from use of the asset are less than its carrying amount. Management determines fair value by estimating future cash flows as a result of forecasting sales and costs. Impairment, if any, is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of a long-lived asset exceeds its fair value. No factors indicating the carrying value of our tangible long-lived assets may not be recoverable were present in fiscal 2018 and fiscal 2017, respectively, and accordingly, no impairment testing was performed on these assets. As a result of one of our retail customers exiting the live fish business, factors indicating the carrying value of certain amortizable intangible assets may not be recoverable were present during fiscal 2019. We performed impairment testing on these assets, found the carrying value was not recoverable, and accordingly, recorded an impairment charge in our Pet segment of approximately $2.5 million as part of selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations for the fiscal year ended September 28, 2019.
Should market conditions or the assumptions used by us in determining the fair value of assets change, or management change plans regarding the future usage of certain assets, additional charges to operations may be required in the period in which such conditions occur.
Accruals for Self-Insurance
We maintain insurance for certain risks, including workers’ compensation, general liability and vehicle liability, and are self-insured for employee related health care benefits. Our workers’ compensation, general liability and vehicle liability insurance policies include deductibles of $250,000 to $350,000 per occurrence, with a separate deductible of $50,000 for physical damage. We maintain excess loss insurance that covers any health care claims in excess of $700,000 per person per year. We maintain a self-insurance reserve for losses, determined with assistance from a third party actuary, based on claims filed and actuarial estimates of the ultimate loss amount inherent in the claims, including losses for claims incurred but not reported. Any actuarial projection of losses concerning workers’ compensation and general liability is subject to a high degree of variability. Among the causes of this variability are unpredictable external factors affecting future inflation rates, discount rates, litigation trends, legal interpretations, benefit level changes and claim settlement patterns. We do not believe there is a
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reasonable likelihood that there will be a material change in the estimates or assumptions we use to calculate our self-insurance liabilities. However, any differences in estimates and assumptions could result in accrual requirements materially different from the calculated accruals.
Legal and Other Contingencies
The outcomes of legal proceedings and claims brought against us are subject to significant uncertainty. An estimated loss from a loss contingency such as a legal proceeding or claim is accrued by a charge to income if it is probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. In determining whether a loss should be accrued, we evaluate, among other factors, the degree of probability of an unfavorable outcome and the ability to make a reasonable estimate of the amount of loss. Changes in these factors could materially impact our consolidated financial statements.
Acquisitions
In connection with businesses we acquire, management must determine the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Considerable judgment and estimates are required to determine such amounts, particularly as they relate to identifiable intangible assets, and the applicable useful lives related thereto. Under different assumptions, the resulting valuations could be materially different, which could materially impact the operating results we report.
Our contractual commitments are presented under the caption Liquidity and Capital Resources.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk
We are exposed to market risks, which include changes in U.S. interest rates and commodity prices and, to a lesser extent, foreign exchange rates. We do not engage in financial transactions for trading or speculative purposes.
Interest Rate Risk. The interest payable on our Amended Credit Facility is based on variable interest rates and therefore affected by changes in market interest rates. We had no variable rate debt outstanding as of September 28, 2019 under our Amended Credit Facility. However, if our Amended Credit Facility were fully drawn and interest rates changed by 25 basis points compared to actual rates, interest expense would have increased or decreased by approximately $1.0 million. In addition, we have investments consisting of cash equivalents and short-term investments, which are also affected by changes in market interest rates.
Commodity Prices. We are exposed to fluctuations in market prices for grains, grass seed, chemicals, fertilizer ingredients and pet food ingredients. To mitigate risk associated with increases in market prices and commodity availability, we enter into contracts for purchases, primarily to ensure commodity availability to us in the future. As of September 28, 2019, we had entered into fixed purchase commitments for commodities totaling approximately $191.8 million. A 10% change in the market price for these commodities would result in an additional pretax gain or loss of $19.2 million as the related inventory containing those inputs is sold.
Foreign Currency Risks. Our market risk associated with foreign currency rates is not considered to be material. To date, we have had minimal sales outside of the United States. Purchases made by our U.S. subsidiaries from foreign vendors are primarily made in U.S. dollars. Our international subsidiary transacts most of its business in British pounds. Therefore, we have only minimal exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. We do not hedge against foreign currency risks and believe that foreign currency exchange risk is immaterial to our current business.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
See pages beginning at F-1.
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Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. Our Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer have reviewed, as of the end of the period covered by this report, the “disclosure controls and procedures” (as defined in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) that ensure that information relating to the Company required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported in a timely and proper manner and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based upon this review, such officers concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 28, 2019.
(b) Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, has evaluated whether any change in our internal control over financial reporting occurred during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2019. Based on that evaluation, management concluded that there has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2019 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
(c) Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. A copy of our management’s report and the report of Deloitte & Touche LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, are included in our Financial Statements and Supplementary Data beginning on page F-1.
Item 9B. Other Information
None.
PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
We have adopted a code of ethics that applies to all of our executive officers and directors, a copy of which is available on our website at https://www.central.com/about-us/responsibility#values-and-ethics.
The remaining information required by this item is incorporated by reference from Central’s Definitive Proxy Statement for its 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders under the captions “Election of Directors,” “Further Information Concerning the Board of Directors – Committees of the Board”, “Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports” and “Code of Ethics.” See also Item 1 – Business above.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from Central’s Definitive Proxy Statement for its 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders under the captions “Executive Compensation” and “Further Information Concerning the Board of Directors – Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation.”
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from Central’s Definitive Proxy Statement for its 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders under the captions “Ownership of Management and Principal Stockholders” and Executive Compensation – “Equity Compensation Plan Information.”
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Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from Central’s Definitive Proxy Statement for its 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders under the captions “Further Information Concerning the Board of Directors – Board Independence” and “Transactions with the Company.”
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from Central’s Definitive Proxy Statement for its 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders under the caption “Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.”
PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

(a) | The following documents are filed as part of this report:

(i) | Consolidated Financial Statements of Central Garden & Pet Company are attached to this Form 10-K beginning on page F-1:

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Consolidated Balance Sheets
Consolidated Statements of Operations
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
All other schedules are omitted because of the absence of conditions under which they are required or because the required information is included in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto.

(2) | Exhibits:

Set forth below is a list of exhibits that are being filed or incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K:

|  |  |  | Incorporated by Reference |  |  |  |
Exhibit Number |  | Exhibit |  | Form |  | File No. |  | Exhibit |  | Filing Date |  | Filed Herewith |  | Filed, Not Furnished
3.1 |  | Fourth Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation |  | 10-K |  | 001-33268 |  | 3.1 |  | 12/14/2006 |  |  |  |
3.2 |  | Amended and Restated By-laws of Central Garden & Pet Company, effective October 2, 2019 |  | 8-K |  | 001-33268 |  | 3.1 |  | 10/4/2019 |  |  |  |
4.1 |  | Specimen Common Stock Certificate. |  | 10-K |  | 001-33268 |  | 4.1 |  | 11/29/2017 |  |  |  |
4.2 |  | Specimen Class A Common Stock Certificate. |  | 10-K |  | 001-33268 |  | 4.2 |  | 11/29/2017 |  |  |  |

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Exhibit Number |  | Exhibit |  | Form |  | File No. |  | Exhibit |  | Filing Date |  | Filed Herewith |  | Filed, Not Furnished
4.3 |  | Indenture, dated as of March 8, 2010, by and between the Company and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee. |  | 8-K |  | 001-33268 |  | 4.2 |  | 3/8/2010 |  |  |  |
4.4 |  | Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 9, 2015, by and among the Company, the guarantors named therein and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee, relating to 6.125% Senior Notes due 2023. |  | 10-K |  | 001-33268 |  | 4.6 |  | 12/10/2015 |  |  |  |
4.5 |  | Fourth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 25, 2016, by and among the Company, certain guarantors named therein and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee, relating to 6.125% Senior Notes due 2023. |  | 10-K |  | 001-33268 |  | 4.5 |  | 12/2/2016 |  |  |  |
4.6 |  | Fifth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 23, 2016, by and among the Company, certain guarantors named therein and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee, relating to the 6.125% Senior Notes due 2023. |  | 10-Q |  | 001-33268 |  | 4.1 |  | 2/2/2017 |  |  |  |
4.7 |  | Sixth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 24, 2017, by and among the Company, certain guarantors named therein and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee, relating to the 6.125% Senior Notes due 2023. |  | 10-Q |  | 001-33268 |  | 4.1 |  | 8/3/2017 |  |  |  |
4.8 |  | Seventh Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 24, 2017, by and among the Company, certain guarantors named therein and Wells Fargo Bank National Association, as trustee, relating to the 5.125% Senior Notes due 2028. |  | 8-K |  | 001-33268 |  | 4.1 |  | 12/14/2017 |  |  |  |
4.9 |  | Eight Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 14, 2017, by and among the Company, certain guarantors named therein and Wells Fargo Bank National Association, as trustee, relating to the 6.125% Senior Notes due 2023. |  | 8-K |  | 001-33268 |  | 4.2 |  | 12/14/2017 |  |  |  |
4.10 |  | Ninth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 30, 2019, by and among the Company, certain guarantors named therein and Wells Fargo Bank National Association, as trustee, relating to the 6.125% Senior Notes due 2023 and the 5.125% Senior Notes due 2028. |  | 10-Q |  | 001-33268 |  | 4.1 |  | 5/7/2019 |  |  |  |
4.11 |  | Tenth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 29, 2019, by and among the Company, certain guarantors named therein and Wells Fargo Bank National Association, as trustee, relating to the 6.125% Senior Notes due 2023 and the 5.125% Senior Notes due 2028. |  | 10-Q |  | 001-33268 |  | 4.1 |  | 8/2/2019 |  |  |  |
4.12 |  | Description of the Registrants Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |
10.1 |  | Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Company and Executive Officers and Directors. |  | 10-K |  | 011-33268 |  | 10.1 |  | 11/29/2017 |  |  |  |

44

Exhibit Number |  | Exhibit |  | Form |  | File No. |  | Exhibit |  | Filing Date |  | Filed Herewith |  | Filed, Not Furnished
10.2 |  | Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated September 27, 2019 among the Company, certain of the Company's domestic subsidiaries as borrowers and guarantors, a syndicate of financial institutions party thereto, Suntrust Bank, as issuing bank and administrative agent, Bank of America, N.A., U.S. Bank National Association and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association as Co-Syndication Agents, Bank of the West, BMO Harris Bank, N.A., J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. and Keybank National Association as Co-Documentation Agents, Suntrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc., Bank of America N.A., U.S. Bank National Association and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association as Joint Lead Arrangers and Joint Bookrunners. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |
10.3* |  | 2003 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan, as amended and restated effective February 13, 2012. |  | 8-K |  | 001-33268 |  | 10.2 |  | 2/15/2012 |  |  |  |
10.4* |  | Form of Nonstatutory Stock Option Agreement for 2003 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan. |  | 10-K |  | 000-20242 |  | 10/5/2001 |  | 12/9/2004 |  |  |  |
10.5* |  | Form of Restricted Stock Agreement for 2003 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan. |  | 10-K |  | 000-20242 |  | 10/5/2002 |  | 12/9/2004 |  |  |  |
10.6* |  | Form of Performance-Based Non-Statutory Stock Option Agreement for 2003 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan |  | 10-K |  | 001-33268 |  | 10/4/2003 |  | 11/19/2010 |  |  |  |
10.7* |  | Nonemployee Director Equity Incentive Plan, as amended and restated effective December 7, 2016 |  | 10-Q |  | 001-33268 |  | 10.1 |  | 5/4/2017 |  |  |  |
10.8* |  | Form of Nonstatutory Stock Option Agreement for Nonemployee Director Equity Incentive Plan. |  | 10-Q |  | 000-20242 |  | 10/6/2001 |  | 2/3/2005 |  |  |  |
10.9* |  | Form of Restricted Stock Agreement for Nonemployee Director Equity Incentive Plan. |  | 10-Q |  | 000-20242 |  | 10/6/2002 |  | 2/3/2005 |  |  |  |
10.10* |  | Employment Agreement dated as of February 27, 1998 between Pennington Seed, Inc. of Delaware and Brooks Pennington III. |  | 10-K/A |  | 000-20242 |  | 10.20 |  | 1/20/1999 |  |  |  |
10.11* |  | Modification and Extension of Employment Agreement dated as of February 27, 1998 between Pennington Seed, Inc. of Delaware and Brooks Pennington III, dated as of May 6, 2003. |  | 10-Q |  | 000-20242 |  | 10/7/2001 |  | 8/8/2003 |  |  |  |
10.12* |  | Modification and Extension of Employment Agreement and Noncompetition Agreement, dated as of April 10, 2006, between the Company and Brooks M. Pennington III. |  | 8-K |  | 000-20242 |  | 10.1 |  | 4/14/2006 |  |  |  |

45

Exhibit Number |  | Exhibit |  | Form |  | File No. |  | Exhibit |  | Filing Date |  | Filed Herewith |  | Filed, Not Furnished
10.13* |  | Modification and Extension of Employment Agreement and Noncompetition Agreement, dated as of July 1, 2008, between the Company and Brooks M. Pennington III. |  | 10-K |  | 001-33268 |  | 10/7/2002 |  | 11/26/2008 |  |  |  |
10.14* |  | Amendment of Employment Agreement and Non-Competition Agreement between the Company and Brooks M. Pennington III, dated March 20, 2012. |  | 10-Q |  | 001-33268 |  | 10.1 |  | 2/7/2013 |  |  |  |
10.15* |  | Modification and Extension of Employment Agreement and Noncompetition Agreement, dated as of March 1, 2014, between the Company and Brooks M. Pennington III. |  | 10-Q |  | 001-33268 |  | 10.1 |  | 2/5/2015 |  |  |  |
10.16* |  | Modification and Extension of Employment Agreement and Noncompetition Agreement, dated as of March 1, 2016, between the Company and Brooks M. Pennington III. |  | 10-K |  | 001-33268 |  | 10.16 |  | 11/29/2017 |  |  |  |
10.17* |  | Modification and Extension of Employment Agreement and Noncompetition Agreement, dated as of March 1, 2018, between the Company and Brooks M. Pennington III. |  | 10-K |  | 001-33268 |  | 10.17 |  | 11/28/2018 |  |  |  |
10.18* |  | Form of Agreement to Protect Confidential Information, Intellectual Property and Business Relationships. |  | 8-K |  | 000-20242 |  | 10.1 |  | 10/14/2005 |  |  |  |
10.19* |  | Form of Post-Termination Consulting Agreement. |  | 8-K |  | 000-20242 |  | 10.2 |  | 10/14/2005 |  |  |  |
10.20* |  | Employment Agreement between the Company and George A. Yuhas, effective March 1, 2011. |  | 10-K |  | 001-33268 |  | 10.24 |  | 12/10/2015 |  |  |  |
10.21* |  | Employment Agreement between the Company and George Roeth, effective June 1, 2016. |  | 8-K |  | 001-33268 |  | 10.25 |  | 5/6/2016 |  |  |  |
10.22* |  | Employment Agreement between the Company and William Lynch, effective October 10, 2016. |  | 10-K |  | 001-33268 |  | 10.22 |  | 11/28/2018 |  |  |  |
10.23* |  | Employment Agreement between the Company and Timothy Cofer, effective October 14, 2019 |  | 8-K |  | 001-33268 |  | 10.1 |  | 9/19/2019 |  |  |  |
21 |  | List of Subsidiaries. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |
23 |  | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |
31.1 |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a). |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |
31.2 |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a). |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |
32.1 |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |
32.2 |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |
101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |
101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |
101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |
101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |

46

101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File - the cover page iXBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
* |  | Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. |  |

47

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
Not applicable.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
Date: November 27, 2019

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
| By | /s/ Timothy P. Cofer
|  | Timothy P. Cofer
|  | Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated.

Signature |  | Capacity |  | Date
/s/ Timothy P. Cofer |  | Director and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) |  | November 27, 2019
Timothy P. Cofer |  |
/s/ Nicholas Lahanas |  | Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) |  | November 27, 2019
Nicholas Lahanas |  |
/s/ Howard A. Machek |  | Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer) |  | November 27, 2019
Howard A. Machek |  |
/s/ John B. Balousek |  | Director |  | November 27, 2019
John B. Balousek |  |
/s/ William E. Brown |  | Chairman |  | November 27, 2019
William E. Brown |  |  |  |
/s/ Thomas J. Colligan |  | Director |  | November 27, 2019
Thomas J. Colligan |  |
/s/ Michael J. Edwards |  | Director |  | November 27, 2019
Michael J. Edwards |  |
/s/ Michael J. Griffith |  | Director |  | November 27, 2019
Michael J. Griffith |  |
/s/ Christopher T. Metz |  | Director |  | November 27, 2019
Christopher T. Metz |  |  |
/s/ Brooks M. Pennington III |  | Director |  | November 27, 2019
Brooks M. Pennington III |  |  |
/s/ John R. Ranelli |  | Director |  | November 27, 2019
John R. Ranelli |  |
/s/ Mary Beth Springer |  | Director |  | November 27, 2019
Mary Beth Springer |  |

48

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Central Garden & Pet Company |
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting | F- 2
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | F- 3
Consolidated Balance Sheets, September 28, 2019 and September 29, 2018 | F- 5
Consolidated Statements of Operations for Fiscal Years Ended September 28, 2019, September 29, 2018 and September 30, 2017 | F- 6
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for Fiscal Years Ended September 28, 2019, September 29, 2018 and September 30, 2017 | F- 7
Consolidated Statements of Equity for Fiscal Years Ended September 28, 2019, September 29, 2018 and September 30, 2017 | F- 8
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for Fiscal Years Ended September 28, 2019, September 29, 2018 and September 30, 2017 | F- 9
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for Fiscal Years Ended September 28, 2019, September 29, 2018 and September 30, 2017 | F- 10

F- 1

MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
Central Garden & Pet Company’s management, under the supervision of Central’s Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, is responsible for establishing and maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Management evaluated the effectiveness of Central’s internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (“COSO”) of the Treadway Commission. The scope of management's assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting included all of our consolidated operations except for the operations of Arden Companies, LLC which we acquired on February 2, 2019 and C&S Products Co., Inc., which we acquired on May 31, 2019. This exclusion is in accordance with the SEC's general guidance that an assessment of a recently acquired business may be omitted from our scope in the year of acquisition. Arden Companies, LLC and C&S Products Co., Inc., combined constituted approximately four percent of the total assets and approximately four percent of total net sales of the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the fiscal year ended September 28, 2019.
Based on evaluation of the criteria set forth by COSO in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013), management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of September 28, 2019.
Our independent registered public accounting firm, Deloitte & Touche LLP, has issued a report on our internal control over financial reporting, which appears on page F-3 of this Form 10-K.
Because of the inherent limitations of internal control over financial reporting, including the possibility of collusion or improper management override of controls, material misstatements due to error or fraud may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Also, projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risk that the controls may become ineffective because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
F- 2

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of Central Garden & Pet Company
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Central Garden & Pet Company and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of September 28, 2019 and September 29, 2018, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, equity and cash flows for each of the three fiscal years in the period ended September 28, 2019, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of September 28, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of September 28, 2019 and September 29, 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended September 28, 2019, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also, in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of September 28, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.
As described in “Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting,” management excluded from its assessment the internal control over financial reporting at C&S Products and Arden Companies which were acquired during fiscal 2019, and whose combined financial statements constitute approximately four percent of total assets and approximately four percent of net sales of the consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended September 28, 2019. Accordingly, our audit did not include the internal control over financial reporting at C&S Products or Arden Companies.
Basis for Opinions
The Company's management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying “Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting.” Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures to respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial
F- 3

statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Acquisitions - Arden Companies and C&S Products - Refer to Note 3 to the financial statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
In February of 2019, the Company purchased the remaining 55% interest in Arden Companies, a manufacturer of outdoor cushions and pillows, for $13.4 million. The transaction was accounted for as a business combination achieved in stages, which required the Company to remeasure its existing 45% interest in Arden at its acquisition-date fair value and recognize a $3.2 million gain in earnings during the fiscal year ended September 28, 2019.
In May of 2019, the Company purchased C&S Products, a manufacturer of suet and other wild bird feed products, for approximately $30.0 million. The Company has not yet finalized the allocation of the purchase price to fair value of the tangible assets, intangible assets and liabilities acquired.
We identified the accounting for these acquisitions as a critical audit matter due to the complexity of the agreements and the significant judgments made by management in (1) evaluating the purchase and other agreements entered into on or around the acquisition dates to identify the accounting treatment for different elements contained in each agreement, and (2) determining the weighted-average cost of capital (WACC), including the discount rates to be used in the valuations. Auditing these acquisitions required significant audit effort in the form of more experienced personnel reading the purchase and other agreements to identify, analyze, and conclude on the reasonableness of management's accounting treatment for the different elements, including the purchase prices recorded, as well as the gain recorded on the Company’s existing 45% interest in Arden Companies. In addition, we used our fair value specialists to assist us in evaluating the reasonableness of the WACC and discount rates utilized in the valuations.
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to the Arden Companies and C&S Products acquisitions included the following, among others:

• | We tested the effectiveness of controls over the valuation methodology of acquired companies, including management’s controls over the selection of the WACC and discount rates as well as controls over the review of the purchase and other agreements for complex accounting matters and associated accounting analysis.

• | We read and analyzed the purchase and other agreements entered into on or around the acquisition dates to identify and conclude on the reasonableness of management’s accounting treatment for the different elements, including the purchase prices recorded, as well as the gain recorded on the remeasurement of the Company’s existing 45% interest in Arden Companies.

• | With the assistance of our fair value specialists, we evaluated the reasonableness of the WACC and discount rates by:

• | Testing the source information underlying the determination of the WACC and discount rates and testing the mathematical accuracy of the calculation.

• | Developing a range of independent estimates and comparing those to the WACC and discount rates selected by management.

/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP
San Francisco, California
November 26, 2019
We have served as the Company’s auditor since at least 1987, however, an earlier year could not be reliably determined.
F- 4

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

|  | September 28, 2019 |  | September 29, 2018
|  | (in thousands)
ASSETS |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 497,749 |  |  | $ | 482,106 |
Restricted cash |  | 12,952 |  |  | 10,899 |
Accounts receivable, net |  | 300,135 |  |  | 275,908 |
Inventories, net |  | 466,197 |  |  | 427,823 |
Prepaid expenses and other |  | 30,160 |  |  | 20,562 |
Total current assets |  | 1,307,193 |  |  | 1,217,298 |
Plant, property and equipment, net |  | 245,405 |  |  | 217,647 |
Goodwill |  | 286,077 |  |  | 281,177 |
Other intangible assets, net |  | 146,137 |  |  | 152,265 |
Other assets |  | 40,208 |  |  | 38,822 |
Total |  | $ | 2,025,020 |  |  | $ | 1,907,209 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 149,246 |  |  | $ | 110,259 |
Accrued expenses |  | 129,166 |  |  | 102,583 |
Current portion of long-term debt |  | 113 |  |  | 122 |
Total current liabilities |  | 278,525 |  |  | 212,964 |
Long-term debt |  | 693,037 |  |  | 692,031 |
Deferred income taxes and other long-term obligations |  | 57,281 |  |  | 49,380 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 11) |  |  |  |
Equity: |  |  |  |
Common stock |  | 115 |  |  | 121 |
Class A common stock |  | 430 |  |  | 439 |
Class B stock |  | 16 |  |  | 16 |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 575,380 |  |  | 590,168 |
Retained earnings |  | 421,742 |  |  | 362,923 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | (1,676 | ) |  | (1,218 | )
Total Central Garden & Pet shareholders’ equity |  | 996,007 |  |  | 952,449 |
Noncontrolling interest |  | 170 |  |  | 385 |
Total equity |  | 996,177 |  |  | 952,834 |
Total |  | $ | 2,025,020 |  |  | $ | 1,907,209 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
F- 5

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

|  | Fiscal Year Ended
|  | September 28, 2019 |  | September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017
|  | (in thousands, except per share amounts)
Net sales |  | $ | 2,383,010 |  |  | $ | 2,215,362 |  |  | $ | 2,054,478 |
Cost of goods sold and occupancy |  | 1,678,969 |  |  | 1,539,986 |  |  | 1,421,670 |
Gross profit |  | 704,041 |  |  | 675,376 |  |  | 632,808 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | 551,973 |  |  | 508,040 |  |  | 476,696 |
Operating income |  | 152,068 |  |  | 167,336 |  |  | 156,112 |
Interest expense |  | (42,614 | ) |  | (39,196 | ) |  | (28,209 | )
Interest income |  | 9,554 |  |  | 3,145 |  |  | 147 |
Other income (expense), net |  | 243 |  |  | (3,860 | ) |  | (1,621 | )
Income before income taxes and noncontrolling interest |  | 119,251 |  |  | 127,425 |  |  | 126,429 |
Income tax expense |  | 26,604 |  |  | 3,305 |  |  | 46,699 |
Net income including noncontrolling interest |  | 92,647 |  |  | 124,120 |  |  | 79,730 |
Net (loss) income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | (139 | ) |  | 526 |  |  | 902 |
Net income attributable to Central Garden & Pet Company |  | $ | 92,786 |  |  | $ | 123,594 |  |  | $ | 78,828 |
Net income per share attributable to Central Garden & Pet Company: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 1.63 |  |  | $ | 2.39 |  |  | $ | 1.57 |
Diluted |  | $ | 1.61 |  |  | $ | 2.32 |  |  | $ | 1.52 |
Weighted average shares used in the computation of net income per share: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 56,770 |  |  | 51,716 |  |  | 50,230 |
Diluted |  | 57,611 |  |  | 53,341 |  |  | 51,820 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
F- 6

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(in thousands)

|  | Fiscal Year Ended
|  | September 28, 2019 |  | September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017
Net income |  | $ | 92,647 |  |  | $ | 124,120 |  |  | $ | 79,730 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation |  | (458 | ) |  | (267 | ) |  | 343 |
Total comprehensive income |  | 92,189 |  |  | 123,853 |  |  | 80,073 |
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests |  | (139 | ) |  | 526 |  |  | 902 |
Comprehensive income attributable to Central Garden & Pet Company |  | $ | 92,328 |  |  | $ | 123,327 |  |  | $ | 79,171 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
F- 7

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
(in thousands, except per share amounts)

| Central Garden & Pet Company |  |  |  |
| Common Stock |  | Class A Common Stock |  | Class B Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Total |  | Non-controlling Interest |  | Total Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Amount |
Balance, September 24, 2016 | 11,998,472 |  |  | $ | 120 |  |  | 37,418,572 |  |  | $ | 374 |  |  | 1,652,262 |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 393,297 |  |  | $ | 160,501 |  |  | $ | (1,294 | ) |  | $ | 553,014 |  |  | $ | 1,573 |  |  | $ | 554,587 |
Amortization of share-based awards | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,700 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,700 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,700 |
Tax deficiency on exercise of stock options, net of tax benefit | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19,942 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19,942 |  |  | — |  |  | 19,942 |
Restricted share activity | (16,764 | ) |  | — |  |  | (79,362 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,765 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,765 | ) |  | — |  |  | (7,765 | )
Issuance of common stock | 178,315 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 680,526 |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (17,384 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (17,376 | ) |  | — |  |  | (17,376 | )
Distribution to noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,019 | ) |  | (1,019 | )
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 343 |  |  | 343 |  |  | — |  |  | 343 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 78,828 |  |  | — |  |  | 78,828 |  |  | 902 |  |  | 79,730 |
Balance, September 30, 2017 | 12,160,023 |  |  | 122 |  |  | 38,019,736 |  |  | 380 |  |  | 1,652,262 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 396,790 |  |  | 239,329 |  |  | (951 | ) |  | 635,686 |  |  | 1,456 |  |  | 637,142 |
Amortization of share-based awards | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,252 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,252 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,252 |
Restricted share activity | (14,888 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | 48,180 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,428 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,429 | ) |  | — |  |  | (7,429 | )
Issuance of common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,885,349 |  |  | 59 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 191,554 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 191,613 |  |  | — |  |  | 191,613 |
Distribution to noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,597 | ) |  | (1,597 | )
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (267 | ) |  | (267 | ) |  | — |  |  | (267 | )
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 123,594 |  |  | — |  |  | 123,594 |  |  | 526 |  |  | 124,120 |
Balance, September 29, 2018 | 12,145,135 |  |  | 121 |  |  | 43,953,265 |  |  | 439 |  |  | 1,652,262 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 590,168 |  |  | 362,923 |  |  | (1,218 | ) |  | 952,449 |  |  | 385 |  |  | 952,834 |
Amortization of share-based awards | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,459 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,459 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,459 |
Restricted share activity | — |  |  | — |  |  | 437,035 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,128 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,124 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3,124 | )
Issuance of common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | 337,767 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,006 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,010 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,010 |
Distribution to noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (76 | ) |  | (76 | )
Repurchase of stock | (601,166 | ) |  | (6 | ) |  | (1,759,574 | ) |  | (17 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (24,125 | ) |  | (33,967 | ) |  | — |  |  | (58,115 | ) |  | — |  |  | (58,115 | )
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (458 | ) |  | (458 | ) |  | — |  |  | (458 | )
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 92,786 |  |  | — |  |  | 92,786 |  |  | (139 | ) |  | 92,647 |
Balance, September 28, 2019 | 11,543,969 |  |  | $ | 115 |  |  | 42,968,493 |  |  | $ | 430 |  |  | 1,652,262 |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 575,380 |  |  | $ | 421,742 |  |  | $ | (1,676 | ) |  | $ | 996,007 |  |  | $ | 170 |  |  | $ | 996,177 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements
F- 8

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

| Fiscal Year Ended
| September 28, 2019 |  | September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017
| (in thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 92,647 |  |  | $ | 124,120 |  |  | $ | 79,730 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 50,828 |  |  | 47,199 |  |  | 42,719 |
Amortization of deferred financing costs | 1,832 |  |  | 1,748 |  |  | 1,361 |
Stock-based compensation | 14,662 |  |  | 11,602 |  |  | 11,115 |
Excess tax benefits from stock-based awards | — |  |  | — |  |  | (19,946 | )
Deferred income taxes | 6,659 |  |  | (4,833 | ) |  | 10,789 |
Gain on sale of property and equipment | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,050 | )
Loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment | 730 |  |  | 273 |  |  | 65 |
Other | (570 | ) |  | 1,840 |  |  | 3,999 |
Changes in assets and liabilities (excluding businesses acquired): |  |  |  |  |
Receivables | 1,485 |  |  | (28,741 | ) |  | (32,419 | )
Inventories | (3,696 | ) |  | (15,087 | ) |  | (15,885 | )
Prepaid expenses and other assets | (2,643 | ) |  | (3,803 | ) |  | 2,845 |
Accounts payable | 30,473 |  |  | (1,163 | ) |  | (2,143 | )
Accrued expenses | 12,261 |  |  | (20,096 | ) |  | 35,018 |
Other long-term obligations | 306 |  |  | 1,053 |  |  | (889 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities | 204,974 |  |  | 114,112 |  |  | 114,309 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Additions to property, plant and equipment | (31,577 | ) |  | (37,845 | ) |  | (44,659 | )
Businesses acquired, net of cash acquired | (41,161 | ) |  | (91,244 | ) |  | (103,880 | )
Escrow deposit for acquisition-related contingent consideration | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,000 | )
Proceeds from asset sales | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,547 |
Payments for investments | (2,010 | ) |  | (9,048 | ) |  | (12,495 | )
Other investing activities | (1,515 | ) |  | (2,745 | ) |  | (4,355 | )
Net cash used in investing activities | (76,263 | ) |  | (140,882 | ) |  | (162,842 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Repayments on revolving line of credit | — |  |  | (23,000 | ) |  | (552,000 | )
Borrowings on revolving line of credit | — |  |  | 23,000 |  |  | 552,000 |
Repayments of long-term debt | (46,193 | ) |  | (431 | ) |  | (463 | )
Issuance of long-term debt | — |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | — |
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net of offering costs | — |  |  | 195,631 |  |  | — |
Excess tax benefits from stock-based awards | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19,946 |
Repurchase of common stock, including shares surrendered for tax withholding | (62,974 | ) |  | (13,797 | ) |  | (27,556 | )
Payments of contingent consideration | (170 | ) |  | (253 | ) |  | (1,300 | )
Distribution to noncontrolling interest | (76 | ) |  | (1,597 | ) |  | (1,019 | )
Payment of financing costs | (1,352 | ) |  | (4,770 | ) |  | — |
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | (110,765 | ) |  | 474,783 |  |  | (10,392 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | (250 | ) |  | (50 | ) |  | 75 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 17,696 |  |  | 447,963 |  |  | (58,850 | )
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year | 493,005 |  |  | 45,042 |  |  | 103,892 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of year | $ | 510,701 |  |  | $ | 493,005 |  |  | $ | 45,042 |
Supplemental information: |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for interest | $ | 42,702 |  |  | $ | 36,664 |  |  | $ | 27,878 |
Cash paid for income taxes – net of refunds | 14,958 |  |  | 19,508 |  |  | 10,560 |
Non-cash investing and financing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures incurred but not paid | 2,630 |  |  | 2,386 |  |  | 3,106 |
Liability for contingent performance-based payments | (685 | ) |  | (2,888 | ) |  | 2,830 |
Shares of common stock repurchased but not settled | 458 |  |  | — |  |  | — |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
F- 9

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Fiscal Years Ended September 28, 2019,
September 29, 2018, and September 30, 2017
1. Organization and Significant Accounting Policies
Organization – Central Garden & Pet Company (“Central”), a Delaware corporation, and subsidiaries (the “Company”), is a leading marketer and producer of quality branded products and distributor of third party products in the pet and lawn and garden supplies markets.
Basis of Consolidation and Presentation – The consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) and include the accounts of Central and all majority-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The fiscal years ended September 28, 2019 and September 29, 2018 each included 52 weeks. The fiscal year ended September 30, 2017 included 53 weeks.
Noncontrolling Interest – Noncontrolling interest in the Company’s consolidated financial statements represents the 20% interest not owned by the Company in a consolidated subsidiary. Since the Company controls this subsidiary, its financial statements are consolidated with those of the Company, and the noncontrolling owner’s 20% share of the subsidiary’s net assets and results of operations is deducted and reported as noncontrolling interest on the consolidated balance sheets and as net income attributable to noncontrolling interest in the consolidated statements of operations.
Use of Estimates – The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires that management make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period including realization of accounts receivable and inventory and valuation of goodwill and intangibles. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Revenue Recognition and Nature of Products and Services
The Company manufactures, markets and distributes a wide variety of branded, private label and third-party pet and garden products to wholesalers, distributors and retailers, primarily in the United States. The majority of the Company’s revenue is generated from the sale of finished pet and garden products. The Company also recognizes a minor amount of non-product revenue (approximately one percent of consolidated net sales) comprising third-party logistics services, merchandising services and royalty income from sales-based licensing arrangements. Product and non-product revenue is recognized when performance obligations under the terms of the contracts with customers are satisfied. The Company recognizes product revenue when control over the finished goods transfers to its customers, which generally occurs upon shipment to, or receipt at, customers’ locations, as determined by the specific terms of the contract. These revenue arrangements generally have single performance obligations. Non-product revenue is recognized as the services are provided to the customer in the case of third-party logistics services and merchandising services, or as third-party licensee sales occur for royalty income. Revenue, which includes shipping and handling charges billed to the customer, is reported net of variable consideration and consideration payable to our customers, including applicable discounts, returns, allowances, trade promotion, unsaleable product, consumer coupon redemption and rebates. The amount billed to customers for shipping and handling costs included in net sales for the fiscal years ended September 28, 2019, September 29, 2018 and September 30, 2017 was $13.8 million, $12.2 million and $9.4 million, respectively. Shipping and handling costs that occur before the customer obtains control of the goods are deemed to be fulfillment activities and are accounted for as fulfillment costs.
Key sales terms are established on a frequent basis such that most customer arrangements and related incentives have a one year or shorter duration. As such, the Company does not capitalize contract inception costs. Product fulfillment costs are capitalized as a part of inventoriable costs in accordance with our inventory policies. The Company generally does not have unbilled receivables at the end of a period. Deferred revenues are not material and primarily include advance payments for services that have yet to be rendered. The Company does not receive noncash consideration for the sale of goods. Amounts billed and due from our customers are classified as receivables and require payment on a short-term basis; therefore, the Company does not have any significant financing components.
Sales Incentives and Other Promotional Programs
The Company routinely offers sales incentives and discounts through various regional and national programs to our customers and consumers. These programs include product discounts or allowances, product rebates, product returns, one-time or ongoing trade-promotion programs with customers and consumer coupon programs that require the Company to estimate and accrue the expected costs of such
F- 10

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
programs. The costs associated with these activities are accounted for as reductions to the transaction price of the Company’s products and are, therefore, recorded as reductions to gross sales at the time of sale. The Company bases its estimates of incentive costs on historical trend experience with similar programs, actual incentive terms per customer contractual obligations and expected levels of performance of trade promotions, utilizing customer and sales organization inputs. The Company maintains liabilities at the end of each period for the estimated incentive costs incurred but unpaid for these programs. Differences between estimated and actual incentive costs are generally not material and are recognized in earnings in the period such differences are determined. Reserves for product returns, accrued rebates and promotional accruals are included in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as part of accrued expenses, and the value of inventory associated with reserves for sales returns is included within prepaid and other current assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Practical Expedients
The Company elected the following practical expedients upon its adoption of Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC Topic 606).
•Significant financing component - The Company elected not to adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component as the Company expects, at contract inception, that the period between the transfer of a promised good or service to a customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or less.
•Shipping and handling costs - The Company elected to account for shipping and handling activities that occur before the customer has obtained control of a good as fulfillment activities rather than as a promised service.
•Measurement of transaction price - The Company has elected to exclude from the measurement of transaction price all taxes assessed by a governmental authority that are both imposed on, and concurrent with, a specific revenue-producing transaction and collected by the Company from a customer for sales taxes.
Cost of goods sold and occupancy consists of cost of product, inbound freight charges, purchasing and receiving costs, certain indirect purchasing, merchandise handling and storage costs, internal transfer costs as well as allocations of overhead costs, including depreciation, related to the Company’s facilities. Cost of goods sold excludes substantially all shipping and handling and out-bound freight costs to customers, which are included in selling, general and administrative expenses as delivery expenses. The cost of shipping and handling, including internal costs and payments to third parties, included in delivery expenses within selling, general and administrative expenses for the fiscal years ended September 28, 2019, September 29, 2018 and September 30, 2017 was $80.4 million, $70.1 million and $59.3 million, respectively.
Advertising Costs – The Company expenses the costs of advertising as incurred. Advertising expenses were $27.5 million, $29.7 million and $34.5 million in fiscal 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
401(k) Plans – The Company sponsors several 401(k) plans which cover substantially all employees. The Company’s matching contributions expensed under these plans were $4.2 million for fiscal 2019, $2.3 million for fiscal 2018 and $2.4 million for fiscal 2017. In fiscal 2019, 2018 and 2017, the Company’s matching contributions made in the Company’s Class A common stock resulted in the issuance of approximately 161,000, 61,000 and 81,000 shares, respectively.
Other income (expense) consists principally of earnings (losses) from equity method investments and foreign exchange gains and losses.
Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred income taxes result primarily from bad debt allowances, inventory and goodwill write-downs, amortization and depreciation. The Company establishes a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets when management believes it is more likely than not a deferred tax asset will not be realized. As of fiscal year-end 2019 and 2018, the Company had valuation allowances related to various state and foreign net deferred tax assets of $7.2 million and $6.8 million, respectively.
On December 22, 2017, the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Reform Act”) was signed into law by the U.S. government. The Tax Reform Act significantly revised the U.S. corporate income tax code by, among other things, transitions the U.S. tax system to a new territorial system and lowered the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018. In fiscal 2018, the Company's statutory federal corporate tax rate was a blended rate of 24.5%, which was reduced to 21% in fiscal 2019 and thereafter. U.S. GAAP requires that the impact of tax legislation be recognized in the period in which the law was enacted.
In transitioning to the new territorial tax system, the Tax Reform Act required the Company to include certain untaxed foreign earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries in its fiscal 2018 taxable income. Such foreign earnings were subject to a one-time tax at 15.5% of the amount held
F- 11

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
in cash or cash equivalents and at 8% on the remaining non-cash amount. The 15.5% and 8% tax, collectively referred to as the "transition tax", was estimated to be $0.3 million on foreign undistributed earnings of approximately $1.8 million.
While the Tax Reform Act provides for the full deduction of future foreign earnings (beyond the $1.8 million subject to the transition tax noted above) paid to U.S. parent corporations in the form of dividends, the Company continues to consider all such foreign earnings to be indefinitely reinvested overseas. The Tax Reform Act provided two new sections dealing with how all future foreign earnings are taxed. The first section deals with foreign earnings originating outside the U.S., called Global Intangible Low Tax Income (GLTI), which annually taxes at 13.125% in the U.S., foreign earnings above a 10% return on invested foreign assets. The second new section, Foreign-Derived Intangible Income (FDII) deals with benefiting U.S.A. exports by reducing the U.S. tax rate on FDII earnings from 21% to 13.125%. The Company derives the vast majority of its taxable income in the U.S.A. While both GLTI and FDII are estimated to be immaterial to the Company, it is anticipated that FDII tax benefits will fully offset GLTI taxes in the coming years.
As a result of the Tax Reform Act, the Company recorded a provisional tax benefit of $16.3 million due to the remeasurement of its deferred tax assets and liabilities, inclusive of a $0.2 million transition tax, in the three months ended December 30, 2017. Upon further analysis and refinement of its calculations, the Company completed its remeasurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities and adjusted its provisional amount by recording an additional tax benefit of $5.2 million during its fiscal quarter ended September 29, 2018, for a total 2018 tax benefit of $21.5 million. No additional adjustments were required in fiscal 2019.
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash - The Company considers cash and all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less at date of purchase to be cash and cash equivalents. Restricted cash includes cash and highly liquid instruments that are used as collateral for stand-alone letter of credit agreements related to normal business transactions. These agreements require the Company to maintain specified amounts of cash as collateral in segregated accounts to support the letters of credit issued thereunder, which will affect the amount of cash the Company has available for other uses. The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated balance sheets to the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows as of September 28, 2019, September 29, 2018 and September 30, 2017, respectively (in thousands).

| September 28, 2019 |  | September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 497,749 |  |  | $ | 482,106 |  |  | $ | 32,397 |
Restricted cash | 12,952 |  |  | 10,899 |  |  | 12,645 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | 510,701 |  |  | $ | 493,005 |  |  | $ | 45,042 |

Accounts receivable are carried at their estimated collectible amounts. Trade credit is generally extended on a short-term basis; thus trade receivables do not bear interest, although a finance charge may be applied to such receivables that are past due.
Allowance for doubtful accounts – Trade accounts receivable are regularly evaluated for collectability based on past credit history with customers, their current financial condition and their expected deductions. See Note 5 - Allowance for Doubtful Accounts.
Inventories, which primarily consist of garden products and pet supplies finished goods, are stated at the lower of FIFO cost or market. Cost includes certain indirect purchasing, merchandise handling and storage costs incurred to acquire or manufacture inventory, costs to unload, process and put away shipments received in order to prepare them to be picked for orders, and certain other overhead costs. The amount of such costs capitalized to inventory is computed based on an estimate of costs related to the procurement and processing of inventory to prepare it for sale compared to total product purchases. See Note 6 - Inventories, net.
Land, buildings, improvements and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation is computed by the straight-line method over 30 years for buildings. Improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the useful life of the asset or the terms of the related leases. Depreciation on equipment and capitalized software is computed by the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of three to 10 years. See Note 7 - Property and Equipment, Net.
Long-Lived Assets – The Company reviews its long-lived assets, including amortizable and indefinite-lived intangible assets and property, plant and equipment, for potential impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable, and annually for indefinite-lived intangible assets. An impairment loss would be recognized for amortizable intangible assets and property, plant and equipment when estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset are less than its carrying amount. An impairment loss would be recognized for an intangible asset with an indefinite useful life if its carrying value exceeds its fair value. Impairment, if any, is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of a long-lived asset exceeds its fair value. There were no impairment losses recorded in fiscal years 2018 or 2017. As a result of one of our retail customers exiting the live fish business, factors indicating the carrying value of certain amortizable intangible assets may not be
F- 12

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
recoverable were present during the quarter ended March 30, 2019. The Company performed impairment testing on these assets, found the carrying value was not recoverable, and accordingly, recorded an impairment charge in its Pet segment of approximately $2.5 million as part of selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations for the fiscal year ended September 28, 2019. Should market conditions or the assumptions used by the Company in determining the fair value of assets change, or management changes plans regarding the future use of certain assets, additional charges to operations may be required in the period in which such conditions occur. See Note 9 – Other Intangible Assets.
Goodwill represents the excess of cost of an acquired business over the fair value of the identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Identifiable intangible assets acquired in business combinations are recorded based on their fair values at the date of acquisition. Goodwill is not subject to amortization but must be evaluated for impairment annually. The Company tests for goodwill impairment annually or whenever events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. See Note 8– Goodwill.
Investments – The Company owns membership interests ranging from 7% to 50% in ten unconsolidated companies. The Company accounts for its interest in these entities using the equity method and in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 321 - Investments - Equity Securities, (formerly known as cost method). Equity method income of $1.2 million in fiscal 2019, equity method losses of $2.8 million in fiscal 2018 and equity method income of $0.9 million in fiscal 2017 are included in other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company’s investment in these entities was $12.1 million at September 28, 2019 and $18.5 million at September 29, 2018 and is included in Other assets in the Company's consolidated balance sheets. On an individual and combined basis, the assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses of these entities are not significant. See Note 3 - Acquisitions.
Insurance – The Company maintains insurance for certain risks, including workers’ compensation, general liability and vehicle liability, and is self-insured for employee related health care benefits. The Company’s workers’ compensation, general liability and vehicle liability insurance policies include deductibles of $250,000 to $350,000 per occurrence. The Company maintains excess loss insurance that covers any health care claims in excess of $700,000 per person per year. The Company establishes reserves for losses based on its claims experience and actuarial estimates of the ultimate loss amount inherent in the claims, including claims incurred but not yet reported. Costs are recognized in the period the claim is incurred, and the financial statement accruals include an estimate of claims incurred but not yet reported.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments – At September 28, 2019 and September 29, 2018, the carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents, short term investments, accounts receivable and payable, short term borrowings and accrued liabilities approximates fair value because of the short term nature of these instruments. The estimated fair value of the Company’s senior subordinated notes is based on quoted market prices for these instruments. See Note 2 - Fair Value Measurements for further information regarding the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments.
Stock-Based Compensation – Stock-based compensation cost is estimated at the grant date based on the fair value of the award and is expensed ratably over the service period of the award. Total compensation costs recognized under all share-based arrangements in fiscal 2019 was $14.7 million ($11.1 million after tax), fiscal 2018 was $11.6 million ($8.4 million after tax), and fiscal 2017 was $11.1 million ($7.0 million after tax). See Note 13 - Stock-Based Compensation for further information.
Total Comprehensive Income (Loss) – Total comprehensive income (loss) consists of two components: net income and other comprehensive income (loss). Other comprehensive income (loss) refers to gains and losses that under generally accepted accounting principles are recorded directly as an element of shareholders’ equity, but are excluded from net income, and is comprised of currency translation adjustments relating to the Company’s foreign subsidiary whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted
Revenue Recognition
In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") ASC Topic 606, which replaces numerous requirements in U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("GAAP"), including industry-specific requirements, and provides companies with a single revenue recognition model for recognizing revenue from contracts with customers. On September 30, 2018, the beginning of the Company’s fiscal year 2019, the Company adopted the requirements of ASC Topic 606 using the modified retrospective method. Upon completing its implementation assessment of ASC Topic 606, the Company concluded that no adjustment was required to the opening balance of retained earnings at the date of initial application. The comparative information has also not been restated and continues to be reported under the
F- 13

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
accounting standards in effect for those periods. Additional disclosures required by ASC Topic 606 are presented within the Revenue Recognition policy disclosure and in Note 18 - Segment Information.
On the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets, reserves for customer product returns and return allowances are now included as part of accrued expenses, rather than accounts receivable, net, and the value of inventory associated with reserves for sales returns is included within prepaid and other current assets.
Had the Company not adopted the provisions under this ASU, its condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 28, 2019 would have been presented as follows (in thousands):

| As Reported September 28, 2019 |  | Adjustments |  | Balances without Adoption of ASC Topic 606 September 28, 2019
Current assets |  |  |  |  |
Receivables, less allowance for doubtful accounts | $ | 300,135 |  |  | $ | (7,839 | ) |  | $ | 292,296 |
Prepaid expenses and other | $ | 30,160 |  |  | $ | (5,218 | ) |  | $ | 24,942 |
Total current assets | $ | 1,307,193 |  |  | $ | (13,057 | ) |  | $ | 1,294,136 |
Current liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Accrued expenses | $ | 129,166 |  |  | $ | (13,057 | ) |  | $ | 116,109 |
Total current liabilities | $ | 278,525 |  |  | $ | (13,057 | ) |  | $ | 265,468 |

Statement of Cash Flows
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (ASU 2016-15). The ASU provides additional clarification guidance on the classification of certain cash receipts and payments in the statement of cash flows. The Company adopted the provisions of this guidance as of September 30, 2018 on a retrospective basis. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash (a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force) (ASU 2016-18). This ASU clarifies the presentation of restricted cash on the statement of cash flows. Amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning and ending cash balances on the statement of cash flows. The Company adopted the provisions under this ASU on September 30, 2018, on a retrospective basis. This resulted in an increase in beginning of period and end of period cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $10.9 million and $12.6 million, respectively, and a increase of $1.7 million of cash used in investing activities and a $1.7 million decrease in cash used in investing activities to the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows for the fiscal years ended September 29, 2018 and September 30, 2017, respectively.
Business Combinations
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01, Clarifying the Definition of a Business (ASU 2017-01), which requires an evaluation of whether substantially all of the fair value of assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets. If so, the transaction does not qualify as a business. The guidance also requires an acquired business to include at least one substantive process and narrows the definition of outputs. The Company adopted the provisions of this guidance as of September 30, 2018 and has accounted for subsequent acquisitions in accordance with this guidance.
Income Taxes
In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, Accounting for Income Taxes: Intra-Entity Asset Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory (Topic 740). ASU 2016-16 amends accounting guidance for intra-entity transfers of assets other than inventory to require the recognition of taxes when the transfer occurs. The amendment was effective for the Company September 30, 2018. A modified retrospective approach is required for transition to the new guidance, with a cumulative-effect adjustment consisting of the net impact from (1) the write-off of any unamortized expense previously deferred and (2) recognition of any previously unrecognized deferred tax assets, net of any valuation
F- 14

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
allowance. The new guidance does not include any specific new disclosure requirements. Adoption of this guidance in the first quarter of fiscal 2019 did not have an impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
Financial Instruments
In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. The updated guidance enhances the reporting model for financial instruments, which includes amendments to address aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure. The guidance requires equity investments, excluding equity method investments or investees that are consolidated, to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income and enhanced disclosures about those investments. The guidance also simplifies the impairment assessments of equity investments without readily determinable fair value. The Company adopted the ASU in the first quarter of fiscal 2019, and the adoption of the new guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted
Leases
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02 (ASU 2016-02), Leases (Topic 842). ASU 2016-02 requires companies to recognize on the balance sheet operating and financing lease liabilities and corresponding right-of-use assets and disclose key information about leasing information. Topic 842 was subsequently amended by ASU 2018-01, Land Easement Practical Expedient for Transition to Topic 842; ASU 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases; and ASU 2018-11, Targeted Improvements. The new standard establishes a right-of-use model (ROU) that requires a lessee to recognize a ROU asset and lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with a term longer than 12 months. Leases will be classified as finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern and classification of expense recognition in the statement of operations.
The new standard is effective for the Company commencing in the first quarter of fiscal 2020 and the Company adopted the new standard on its effective date. A modified retrospective transition approach is required, applying the new standard to all leases existing at the date of initial application. An entity may choose to use either (1) its effective date or (2) the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements as its date of initial application. If an entity chooses the second option, the transition requirements for existing leases also apply to leases entered into between the date of initial application and the effective date. The entity must also recast its comparative period financial statements and provide the disclosures required by the new standard for the comparative periods. The Company adopted the new standard on September 29, 2019 and used the effective date as our date of initial application. Consequently, financial information will not be updated and the disclosures required under the new standard will not be provided for dates and periods before September 29, 2019.
The new standard provides a number of optional practical expedients in transition. The Company elected the 'package of practical expedients,' which permit it to not reassess under the new standard its prior conclusions about lease identification, lease classification and initial direct costs. The Company did not elect the use-of-hindsight or the practical expedient pertaining to land easements; the latter not being applicable to it.
The new standard also provides practical expedients for an entity's ongoing accounting. The Company has elected the short-term lease recognition exemption for all leases that qualify. This means, for those leases that qualify, the Company will not recognize ROU assets or lease liabilities for existing short-term leases of those assets in transition. The Company also elected the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components for all its leases.
The Company expects this standard will have a material effect on its financial statements. While the Company continues to assess all of the effects of adoption, the Company currently believes the most significant effects relate to (1) the recognition of new ROU assets and lease liabilities on its balance sheet for its production equipment, vehicle and real estate operating leases and (2) providing significant new disclosures about its leasing activities.
On adoption, the Company will recognize additional operating liabilities in excess of $110 million, based on the present value of the remaining minimum rental payments under current leasing standards for existing operating leases. The Company will also recognize corresponding ROU assets based upon the operating lease liabilities, adjusted for prepaid and deferred rents on the effective date.
Information on our current operating leases can be found in Note 11 - Commitments and Contingencies.
F- 15

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Goodwill and Intangible Assets
I n January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other: Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. The new guidance simplifies the subsequent measurement of goodwill by removing the second step of the two-step impairment test. The amendment requires an entity to perform its annual or interim goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An entity still has the option to perform the qualitative assessment for a reporting unit to determine if the quantitative impairment test is necessary. The new guidance is effective for annual periods or any interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, or the Company's first quarter of fiscal 2021. The amendment should be applied on a prospective basis. Based on the Company's most recent annual goodwill impairment test performed as of July 1, 2018, there were no reporting units for which the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeded its fair value; therefore, this ASU would not currently have an impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. However, if upon adoption the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the Company would be impacted by the amount of impairment recognized.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40), Customer's Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract. This ASU aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software (and hosting arrangements that include an internal-use software license). ASU 2018-15 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and interim periods within those annual periods, with early adoption permitted, and is effective for the Company in fiscal 2021. The amendments in this ASU should be applied either retrospectively or prospectively to all implementation costs incurred after the date of adoption. The Company is currently evaluating the effect that ASU 2018-15 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
Fair Value Disclosures
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820), Disclosure Framework-Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. This ASU modifies the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements by removing, modifying or adding certain disclosures. ASU 2018-13 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and interim periods within those annual periods, with early adoption permitted and is effective for the Company in fiscal 2021. The amendments on changes in unrealized gains and losses, the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements, and the narrative description of measurement uncertainty should be applied prospectively for only the most recent interim or annual period presented in the initial fiscal year of adoption. All other amendments should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented upon their effective date. The Company is currently evaluating the effect that ASU 2018-13 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
F- 16

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
2. Fair Value Measurements
Generally accepted accounting principles require financial assets and liabilities to be categorized based on the inputs used to calculate their fair values as follows:
Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 – Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.
Level 3 – Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability, which reflect the Company’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability (including assumptions about risk).
The Company’s financial instruments include cash and equivalents, restricted cash and equivalents, short term investments, accounts receivable and payable, derivative instruments, short-term borrowings, and accrued liabilities. The carrying amount of these instruments approximates fair value because of their short-term nature.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The following table presents the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis based upon the level within the fair value hierarchy in which the fair value measurements fall, as of September 28, 2019 (in thousands):

| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liability for contingent consideration (a) | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,369 |  |  | $ | 7,369 |
Total liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,369 |  |  | $ | 7,369 |

The following table presents our financial assets and liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis based upon the level within the fair value hierarchy in which the fair value measurements fall, as of September 29, 2018 (in thousands):

| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liability for contingent consideration (a) | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,224 |  |  | $ | 8,224 |
Total liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,224 |  |  | $ | 8,224 |

(a) | The liability for contingent consideration relates to an earn-out for B2E, acquired in December 2012, future performance-based contingent payments for Hydro-Organics Wholesale, Inc., acquired in October 2015 and future performance-based contingent payments for Segrest, Inc., acquired in October 2016. The fair value of the estimated contingent consideration arrangement is determined based on the Company’s evaluation as to the probability and amount of any earn-out that will be achieved based on expected future performance by the acquired entity. This is presented as part of long-term liabilities in the Company's consolidated balance sheets.

The following table provides a summary of changes in fair value of the Company's Level 3 financial instruments for the years ended September 28, 2019 and September 29, 2018 (in thousands):

| Amount
Balance as of September 29, 2018 | $ | 8,224 |
Estimated contingent performance-based consideration established at the time of acquisition | — |
Changes in the fair value of contingent performance-based payments | (685 | )
Performance-based payments made | (170 | )
Balance as of September 28, 2019 | $ | 7,369 |

F- 17

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis
The Company measures certain non-financial assets and liabilities, including long-lived assets, goodwill and intangible assets, at fair value on a non-recurring basis. Fair value measurements of non-financial assets and non-financial liabilities are used primarily in the impairment analyses of long-lived assets, goodwill and other intangible assets. There were no impairment losses recorded in fiscal 2018. As a result of one of our retail customers exiting the live fish business, factors indicating the carrying value of certain amortizable intangible assets may not be recoverable were present during the quarter ended March 30, 2019. The Company performed impairment testing on these assets, found the carrying value was not recoverable, and accordingly, recorded an impairment charge in its Pet segment of approximately $2.5 million as part of selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations for the fiscal year ended September 28, 2019.
In February 2019, the Company purchased the remaining 55% interest in Arden Companies, a manufacturer of outdoor cushions and pillows, for $13.4 million. Accordingly, the Company remeasured its previously held investment at its acquisition-date fair value and recorded a gain of approximately $3.2 million as part of selling, general and administrative expenses in the Company's consolidated statements of operations.
Fair Value of Other Financial Instruments
In December 2017, the Company issued $300 million aggregate principal amount of 5.125% senior notes due February 2028 (the "2028 Notes"). The estimated fair value of the Company's 2028 Notes as of September 28, 2019 and September 29, 2018 was $307.1 million and $285.5 million, respectively, compared to a carrying value of $296.1 million and $295.6 million, respectively.
In November 2015, the Company issued $400 million aggregate principal amount of 6.125% senior notes due November 2023 (the “2023 Notes”). The estimated fair values of the Company’s 2023 Notes were $414.6 million and $414.4 million as of September 28, 2019 and September 29, 2018, and the carrying values were $396.7 million and $396.0 million as of September 28, 2019 and September 29, 2018. The estimated fair values are based on quoted market prices for these notes, which are Level 1 inputs within the fair value hierarchy.
3. Acquisitions and Investments in Joint Ventures
Fiscal 2019
C&S Products
In May 2019, the Company purchased C&S Products, a manufacturer of suet and other wild bird feed products, to complement our existing wild bird feed business for approximately $30.0 million. Subsequent to the acquisition, approximately $4.7 million of cash was used to eliminate the acquired long-term debt. The purchase price exceeded the estimated fair value of the net tangible assets acquired by approximately $3.2 million, which is included in other assets on the Company's consolidated balance sheet as of September 28, 2019. The Company has not yet finalized the allocation of the purchase price to the fair value of the tangible assets, intangible assets and liabilities acquired. The financial results of C&S Products have been included in the results of operations within the Pet segment since the date of acquisition.
Arden Companies
In February 2019, the Company purchased the remaining 55% interest in Arden Companies, a manufacturer of outdoor cushions and pillows, for $13.4 million. Accordingly, the Company remeasured its previously held investment at its acquisition-date fair value and recorded a gain of approximately $3.2 million as part of selling, general and administrative expenses in the Company's consolidated statements of operations. The purchase price exceeded the estimated fair value of the net tangible assets acquired by approximately $15.8 million, of which $10.9 million was allocated to identified intangible assets and approximately $4.9 million was included in goodwill in the Company's consolidated balance sheet as of September 28, 2019. Subsequent to the acquisition, approximately $36 million of cash was used to eliminate most of the acquired long-term debt. Financial results of Arden have been included in the results of operations within the Garden segment since the date of acquisition of the remaining 55% interest. The following table summarizes the purchase price and recording of fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date and subsequent adjustments.
F- 18

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(In thousands) | Amounts Previously Recognized as of Acquisition Date (1) |  | Measurement Period Adjustments |  | Amounts Recognized as of Acquisition Date (as Adjusted)
Current assets, net of cash and cash equivalents acquired | $ | 51,211 |  |  | $ | 1,540 |  |  | $ | 52,751 |
Fixed assets | 6,311 |  |  | 5,376 |  |  | 11,687 |
Other Assets | 14,868 |  |  | (14,868 | ) |  | — |
Goodwill | — |  |  | 4,900 |  |  | 4,900 |
Intangible assets | — |  |  | 10,930 |  |  | 10,930 |
Current liabilities | (19,853 | ) |  | — |  |  | (19,853 | )
Short-term debt | (22,000 | ) |  | — |  |  | (22,000 | )
Long-term debt | (19,400 | ) |  | — |  |  | (19,400 | )
Fair value of the Company's initial investment | — |  |  | (7,878 | ) |  | (7,878 | )
Net assets acquired, less cash and cash equivalents | $ | 11,137 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11,137 |

(1) As previously reported in the Company's Form 10-Q for the period ended March 30, 2019 and June 29, 2019.
The Company expects all the goodwill from the acquisition above to be deductible for tax purposes.
The impact to the consolidated statement of operations associated with the finalization of purchase accounting and true-up of intangible assets for Arden Companies was immaterial.
Proforma financial information has not been presented as the C&S Products and Arden Companies acquisitions were not considered material to the Company's overall consolidated financial statements during the periods presented.
Fiscal 2018
General Pet Supply
O n April 2, 2018, the Company purchased substantially all of the assets of General Pet Supply, a leading Midwestern U.S. supplier of pet food and supplies for a purchase price of approximately $24.3 million. The purchase price exceeded the estimated fair value of the net tangible assets acquired by approximately $13.6 million, of which $8.1 million was allocated to identified intangible assets and approximately $5.5 million was included in goodwill in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of September 29, 2018. Financial results of General Pet Supply have been included in the results of operations within the Pet segment since the date of acquisition. The following table summarizes the purchase price and recording of fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date and subsequent adjustments.

In thousands | Amounts Previously Recognized as of Acquisition Date (1) |  | Measurement Period Adjustments |  | Amounts Recognized as of Acquisition Date (as Adjusted)
Current assets, net of cash and cash equivalents acquired | $ | 12,991 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,991 |
Fixed assets | 1,014 |  |  | 516 |  |  | 1,530 |
Goodwill | — |  |  | 5,520 |  |  | 5,520 |
Other assets | 14,147 |  |  | (14,136 | ) |  | 11 |
Other intangible assets, net | — |  |  | 8,100 |  |  | 8,100 |
Current liabilities | (3,506 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3,506 | )
Long-term obligations | (361 | ) |  |  |  | (361 | )
Net assets acquired, less cash and cash equivalents | $ | 24,285 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 24,285 |

F- 19

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(1) As previously reported in the Company's Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2018.
The impact to the consolidated statement of operations associated with the finalization of purchase accounting and true-up of intangible assets for General Pet Supply was immaterial.
Bell Nursery
On March 12, 2018, the Company purchased Bell Nursery Holdings, LLC ("Bell"), a leading grower and distributor of live flowers and plants in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States, for a purchase price of approximately $61 million plus contingent consideration of up to $10 million. The purchase price exceeded the estimated fair value of the net tangible assets acquired by approximately $13.6 million, of which $6.2 million was allocated to identified intangible assets and $7.4 million was included in goodwill in the Company's consolidated balance sheet as of September 29, 2018. Financial results of Bell have been included in the results of operations within the Garden segment since the date of acquisition. The following table summarizes the purchase price and recording of fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date and subsequent adjustments.

In thousands | Amounts Previously Recognized as of Acquisition Date (1) |  | Measurement Period Adjustments |  | Amounts Recognized as of Acquisition Date (as Adjusted)
Current assets, net of cash and cash equivalents acquired | $ | 28,330 |  |  | $ | (359 | ) |  | $ | 27,971 |
Fixed assets | 30,278 |  |  | 383 |  |  | 30,661 |
Goodwill | — |  |  | 7,415 |  |  | 7,415 |
Other assets | 11,647 |  |  | (11,647 | ) |  | — |
Other intangible assets, net | — |  |  | 6,230 |  |  | 6,230 |
Current liabilities | (11,611 | ) |  | (2,022 | ) |  | (13,633 | )
Net assets acquired, less cash and cash equivalents | $ | 58,644 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 58,644 |

(1) As previously reported in the Company's Form 10-Q for the periods ended March 31, 2018 and June 30, 2018.
The impact to the consolidated statement of operations associated with the finalization of purchase accounting and true-up of intangible assets for Bell was immaterial.
The Company expects all the goodwill from the acquisitions above to be deductible for tax purposes.
Investments
During fiscal 2019, the Company made investments totaling $2.0 million in two ventures, which are accounted for in accordance with ASC 321.
During fiscal 2018, the Company made investments ranging from 13% to 20% in three ventures. The Company invested a total of $9.0 million in these businesses, which are accounted for under ASC 321 and equity method of accounting.
F- 20

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Fiscal 2017
K&H Manufacturing, LLC
On April 28, 2017, the Company purchased K&H Manufacturing, LLC ("K&H"), a producer of premium pet supplies and the largest marketer of heated pet products in the country, for a purchase price of approximately $48.0 million. The purchase price exceeded the estimated fair value of the net tangible assets acquired by approximately $41.2 million, of which $29.2 million was allocated to identified intangible assets and approximately $12 million is included in goodwill in the Company's consolidated balance sheet as of September 29, 2018. Financial results of K&H have been included in the results of operations within the Pet segment since the date of acquisition. The following table summarizes the purchase price and recording of fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date and subsequent adjustments.

| Amounts Previously Recognized as of Acquisition Date (1) |  | Measurement Period Adjustments |  | Amounts Recognized as of Acquisition Date (as Adjusted)
In thousands |  |  |  |  |
Current assets, net of cash and cash equivalents acquired | $ | 5,439 |  |  | $ | 613 |  |  | $ | 6,052 |
Fixed assets | 315 |  |  | — |  |  | 315 |
Other assets | 41,781 |  |  | (41,781 | ) |  | — |
Goodwill | — |  |  | 11,968 |  |  | 11,968 |
Other intangible assets | — |  |  | 29,200 |  |  | 29,200 |
Current liabilities | (757 | ) |  | — |  |  | (757 | )
Net assets acquired, less cash and cash equivalents | $ | 46,778 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 46,778 |

(1) As previously reported in the Company's Form 10-Q for the periods ended June 24, 2017 and December 30, 2017, and the Company's Form 10-K for the period ended September 30, 2017.
Segrest Inc.
On October 21, 2016, the Company acquired Segrest, Inc., a wholesaler of aquarium fish and small live animals, for a purchase price of approximately $60.0 million, of which $6.0 million is in an escrow account managed by an independent trustee and is payable contingent upon future events. The purchase price exceeded the estimated fair value of the net tangible assets acquired by approximately $44.4 million, of which $27.7 million was allocated to identified intangible assets and $25.9 million is included in goodwill in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of September 28, 2019. Financial results for Segrest have been included in the results of operations within the Pet segment since the date of acquisition. The following table summarizes the purchase price and the recording of fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date and subsequent adjustments (in thousands):
F- 21

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

| Amounts Previously Recognized as of Acquisition Date (1) |  | Measurement Period Adjustments |  | Amounts Recognized as of Acquisition Date (as Adjusted)
Purchase Price |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid, net of cash acquired | $ | 54,043 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 54,043 |
Contingent consideration | 6,000 |  |  | (3,300 | ) |  | 2,700 |
| $ | 60,043 |  |  | $ | (3,300 | ) |  | $ | 56,743 |
Allocation |  |  |  |  |
Current assets, net of cash and cash equivalents acquired | $ | 7,403 |  |  | $ | (300 | ) |  | $ | 7,103 |
Fixed assets | 7,011 |  |  | 2,242 |  |  | 9,253 |
Other assets | 47,704 |  |  | (47,704 | ) |  | — |
Goodwill |  |  | 25,890 |  |  | 25,890 |
Other intangible assets |  |  | 27,650 |  |  | 27,650 |
Current liabilities | (2,075 | ) |  |  |  | (2,075 | )
Deferred Tax Liability |  |  | (11,078 | ) |  | (11,078 | )
| $ | 60,043 |  |  | $ | (3,300 | ) |  | $ | 56,743 |

(1) As previously reported in the Company's Form 10-Q for the periods ended December 24, 2016, March 25, 2017 and June 24, 2017.
Proforma financial information has not been presented as the Segrest and K&H acquisitions were not considered material to the Company's overall consolidated financial statements during the periods presented.
Equity Method Investments
During fiscal 2017, the Company made investments in two ventures. The Company acquired a 45% interest in a mature, seasonal business and a 30% interest in a start-up company. The Company invested a total of $12.5 million in these businesses, which are accounted for under the equity method of accounting.
4. Concentration of Credit Risk and Significant Customers and Suppliers
Customer Concentration – Approximately 49% of the Company’s net sales for fiscal 2019, 48% for fiscal 2018 and 44% for fiscal 2017 were derived from sales to the Company’s top five customers. The Company’s largest customer accounted for approximately 16% of the Company’s net sales in each of the fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017. The Company’s second largest customer in 2019 accounted for approximately 12% of the Company’s net sales in fiscal year 2019, 11% of the Company's net sales in the fiscal year 2018 and 8% in fiscal year 2017. The Company’s third largest customer in 2019 accounted for approximately 9% of the Company’s net sales in the fiscal year 2019 and 8% in fiscal years 2018 and 2017, respectively. The loss of, or significant adverse change in, the relationship between the Company and any of these three customers could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business and financial results. The loss of or reduction in orders from any significant customer, losses arising from customer disputes regarding shipments, fees, merchandise condition or related matters, or the Company’s inability to collect accounts receivable from any major customer could also have a material adverse impact on the Company’s business and financial results. As of September 28, 2019 and September 29, 2018, accounts receivable from the Company’s top five customers comprised approximately 46% of the Company’s total accounts receivable, including 11% and 14% from the Company’s largest customer.
Supplier Concentration – While the Company purchases products from many different manufacturers and suppliers, approximately 6%, 8% and 9% of the Company’s cost of goods sold in fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, were derived from products purchased from the Company’s five largest suppliers.
F- 22

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
5. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
The allowance for doubtful accounts includes reserves for collectability determined by past credit history with customers, their current financial condition and their expected deductions.
Changes in the allowance for doubtful accounts are summarized below (in thousands):

Description | Balances at Beginning of Period |  | Charged/ (Credited) to Costs and Expenses |  | Asset Write-Offs, Less Recoveries |  | Reclassification of Product Return Reserve |  | Balances at End of Period
Fiscal Year Ended September 30, 2017 | 21,069 |  |  | 2,921 |  |  | (2,554 | ) |  | — |  |  | 21,436 |
Fiscal Year Ended September 29, 2018 | 21,436 |  |  | 2,132 |  |  | 557 |  |  | — |  |  | 24,125 |
Fiscal Year Ended September 28, 2019 | 24,125 |  |  | 6,906 |  |  | (3,438 | ) |  | (6,465 | ) |  | 21,128 |

The allowance for doubtful accounts includes reserves for expected returns of $6.5 million and $6.9 million as of September 29, 2018, and September 30, 2017, respectively. The Company began recording reserves for expected returns as part of accrued expenses on the consolidated balance sheet upon its adoption of ASC Topic 606. Accordingly, $6.5 million was reclassified out of the allowance for doubtful accounts at the beginning of the Company's first fiscal quarter of 2019.
6. Inventories, net
Inventories, net of allowance for obsolescence, consist of the following (in thousands):

| September 28, 2019 |  | September 29, 2018
Raw materials | $ | 145,331 |  |  | $ | 117,539 |
Work in progress | 51,154 |  |  | 35,691 |
Finished goods | 255,870 |  |  | 263,845 |
Supplies | 13,842 |  |  | 10,748 |
Total inventories, net | $ | 466,197 |  |  | $ | 427,823 |

7. Property and Equipment, Net
Property and equipment consists of the following (in thousands):

|  | September 28, 2019 |  | September 29, 2018
Land |  | $ | 17,396 |  |  | $ | 14,183 |
Buildings and improvements |  | 179,398 |  |  | 154,787 |
Transportation equipment |  | 9,651 |  |  | 9,348 |
Machine and warehouse equipment |  | 255,943 |  |  | 227,727 |
Capitalized software |  | 116,353 |  |  | 114,878 |
Office furniture and equipment |  | 30,016 |  |  | 27,734 |
Assets under construction |  | 15,574 |  |  | 24,015 |
|  | 624,331 |  |  | 572,672 |
Accumulated depreciation and amortization |  | (378,926 | ) |  | (355,025 | )
|  | $ | 245,405 |  |  | $ | 217,647 |

Depreciation and amortization expense, including the amortization of intangible assets, charged to operations was $50.8 million, $47.2 million and $42.7 million for fiscal 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
F- 23

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
8. Goodwill
Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the fiscal years ended September 28, 2019, September 29, 2018 and September 30, 2017 (in thousands):

| Garden Products Segment |  | Pet Products Segment |  | Total
Balance as of September 24, 2016 |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill | $ | 219,056 |  |  | $ | 421,890 |  |  | $ | 640,946 |
Accumulated impairment losses | (213,583 | ) |  | (195,978 | ) |  | (409,561 | )
Balance as of | 5,473 |  |  | 225,912 |  |  | 231,385 |
Additions in fiscal 2017 | — |  |  | 25,890 |  |  | 25,890 |
Write off related to sale of business | — |  |  | (1,000 | ) |  | (1,000 | )
Balance as of September 30, 2017 |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill | 219,056 |  |  | 446,780 |  |  | 665,836 |
Accumulated impairment losses | (213,583 | ) |  | (195,978 | ) |  | (409,561 | )
| 5,473 |  |  | 250,802 |  |  | 256,275 |
Additions in fiscal 2018 | 7,415 |  |  | 17,487 |  |  | 24,902 |
Balance as of September 29, 2018 |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill | 226,471 |  |  | 464,267 |  |  | 690,738 |
Accumulated impairment losses | (213,583 | ) |  | (195,978 | ) |  | (409,561 | )
| 12,888 |  |  | 268,289 |  |  | 281,177 |
Additions in fiscal 2019 | 4,900 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,900 |
Balance as of September 28, 2019 |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill | 231,371 |  |  | 464,267 |  |  | 695,638 |
Accumulated impairment losses | (213,583 | ) |  | (195,978 | ) |  | (409,561 | )
| $ | 17,788 |  |  | $ | 268,289 |  |  | $ | 286,077 |

Additions or reductions to goodwill include acquisitions, sale of businesses, purchase price adjustments and adjustments of amounts upon finalization of purchase accounting.
The Company tests goodwill for impairment annually (as of the first day of the fourth fiscal quarter), or whenever events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount, by first assessing qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If it is determined that it is more likely than not the fair value of the reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount, it is unnecessary to perform the two-step goodwill impairment test. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the two-step test is performed to identify potential goodwill impairment. Based on certain circumstances, the Company may elect to bypass the qualitative assessment and proceed directly to performing the first step of the two-step goodwill impairment test, which compares the fair value of the Company’s reporting units to their related carrying values, including goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, the Company performs an additional step to determine the implied fair value of goodwill associated with that reporting unit. The implied fair value of goodwill is determined by first allocating the fair value of the reporting unit to all of its assets and liabilities and then computing the excess of the reporting unit’s fair value over the amounts assigned to the assets and liabilities. If the carrying value of goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of goodwill, such excess represents the amount of goodwill impairment, and, accordingly, the Company recognizes such impairment. The Company’s goodwill impairment analysis also includes a comparison of the aggregate estimated fair value of its two reporting units to the Company’s total market capitalization.
Determining the fair value of a reporting unit involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions. The estimate of fair value of each of the Company’s reporting units is based on the Company’s projection of revenues, gross margin, operating costs and cash flows considering historical and estimated future results, general economic and market conditions as well as the impact of planned business and operational strategies. The Company bases its fair value estimates on assumptions the Company believes to be reasonable at the time, but such assumptions are subject to inherent uncertainty. Assumptions critical to the Company’s fair value estimates were: (i) discount rates used in determining the fair value of the reporting units; (ii) estimated future cash flows; and (iii) projected revenue and operating profit growth rates used in the reporting unit models. Actual results may differ from those estimates. The valuations employ present value techniques to measure fair value and consider market factors.
F- 24

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
In connection with the Company’s annual goodwill impairment testing performed during fiscal 2019 and fiscal 2018, the Company made a qualitative evaluation about the likelihood of goodwill impairment to determine whether it was necessary to calculate the fair values of its reporting units under the two-step goodwill impairment test. The Company completed its qualitative assessment of potential goodwill impairment in each fiscal year and it was determined that it was more likely than not the fair values of the Company's reporting units were greater than their carrying amounts in each fiscal year, and accordingly, no further testing of goodwill was required in fiscal 2019 and 2018.
9. Other Intangible Assets
The following table summarizes the components of gross and net acquired intangible assets:

| Gross |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Accumulated Impairment |  | Net Carrying Value
|  |  | (in millions) |  |  |  |
September 28, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Marketing-related intangible assets – amortizable | $ | 19.7 |  |  | $ | (16.3 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3.4 |
Marketing-related intangible assets – nonamortizable | 70.6 |  |  | — |  |  | (26.0 | ) |  | 44.6 |
Total | 90.3 |  |  | (16.3 | ) |  | (26.0 | ) |  | 48.0 |
Customer-related intangible assets – amortizable | 138.4 |  |  | (53.3 | ) |  | (2.5 | ) |  | 82.6 |
Other acquired intangible assets – amortizable | 26.0 |  |  | (16.4 | ) |  | — |  |  | 9.6 |
Other acquired intangible assets – nonamortizable | 7.1 |  |  | — |  |  | (1.2 | ) |  | 5.9 |
Total | 33.1 |  |  | (16.4 | ) |  | (1.2 | ) |  | 15.5 |
Total other intangible assets | $ | 261.8 |  |  | $ | (86.0 | ) |  | $ | (29.7 | ) |  | $ | 146.1 |
September 29, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Marketing-related intangible assets – amortizable | $ | 18.6 |  |  | $ | (14.2 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4.4 |
Marketing-related intangible assets – nonamortizable | 70.6 |  |  | — |  |  | (26.0 | ) |  | 44.6 |
Total | 89.2 |  |  | (14.2 | ) |  | (26.0 | ) |  | 49.0 |
Customer-related intangible assets – amortizable | 128.3 |  |  | (42.5 | ) |  | — |  |  | 85.8 |
Other acquired intangible assets – amortizable | 25.4 |  |  | (14.5 | ) |  | — |  |  | 10.9 |
Other acquired intangible assets – nonamortizable | 7.8 |  |  | — |  |  | (1.2 | ) |  | 6.6 |
Total | 33.2 |  |  | (14.5 | ) |  | (1.2 | ) |  | 17.5 |
Total other intangible assets | $ | 250.7 |  |  | $ | (71.2 | ) |  | $ | (27.2 | ) |  | $ | 152.3 |
September 30, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Marketing-related intangible assets – amortizable | $ | 16.9 |  |  | $ | (12.7 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4.2 |
Marketing-related intangible assets – nonamortizable | 62.7 |  |  | — |  |  | (26.0 | ) |  | 36.7 |
Total | 79.6 |  |  | (12.7 | ) |  | (26.0 | ) |  | 40.9 |
Customer-related intangible assets – amortizable | 91.6 |  |  | (32.2 | ) |  | — |  |  | 59.4 |
Other acquired intangible assets – amortizable | 22.1 |  |  | (12.9 | ) |  | — |  |  | 9.2 |
Other acquired intangible assets – nonamortizable | 7.8 |  |  | — |  |  | (1.2 | ) |  | 6.6 |
Total | 29.9 |  |  | (12.9 | ) |  | (1.2 | ) |  | 15.8 |
Total other intangible assets | $ | 201.1 |  |  | $ | (57.8 | ) |  | $ | (27.2 | ) |  | $ | 116.1 |

Other acquired intangible assets include contract-based and technology-based intangible assets.
As part of its acquisition of the remaining 55% interest in Arden Companies in the second quarter of fiscal 2019, the Company acquired approximately $1.0 million of marketing related intangible assets and $9.9 million of customer related intangible assets. See Note 3 – Acquisitions.
As part of its acquisition of K&H in the third quarter of fiscal 2017, Bell Nursery in the second quarter of fiscal 2018 and General Pet Supply during the third quarter of fiscal 2018, the Company acquired approximately $9.6 million of marketing related intangible assets, $36.7 million of customer related intangible assets and $3.3 million of other intangible assets. See Note 3 – Acquisitions.
F- 25

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
As part of its acquisition of Segrest, Inc. in the first quarter of fiscal 2017, the Company acquired approximately $2.0 million of marketing related intangible assets, $27.3 million of customer related intangible assets and $1.3 million of other intangible assets. See Note 3 – Acquisitions.
The Company evaluates long-lived assets, including amortizable and indefinite-lived intangible assets, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. The Company evaluates indefinite-lived intangible assets on an annual basis. Factors indicating the carrying value of the Company's amortizable intangible assets may not be recoverable were not present in fiscal 2018, and accordingly, no impairment testing was performed on these assets. As a result of one of our retail customers exiting the live fish business, factors indicating the carrying value of certain amortizable intangible assets may not be recoverable were present during the quarter ended March 30, 2019. The Company performed impairment testing on these assets, found the carrying value was not recoverable, and accordingly, recorded an impairment charge in its Pet segment of approximately $2.5 million as part of selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations for the fiscal year ended September 28, 2019.
The Company is currently amortizing its acquired intangible assets with definite lives over periods ranging from three years to 25 years; over weighted average remaining lives of four years for marketing-related intangibles, 9 years for customer-related intangibles and 10 years for other acquired intangibles. Amortization expense for intangibles subject to amortization was approximately $14.5 million, $12.7 million and $8.8 million, for fiscal 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and is classified within operating expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. Estimated annual amortization expense related to acquired intangible assets in each of the succeeding five years is estimated to be approximately $12 million per year from fiscal 2020 through fiscal 2024.
.
10. Long-Term Debt
Long-term debt consists of the following:

|  |  | September 28, 2019 |  | September 29, 2018
|  | (in thousands)
Senior notes, interest at 6.125%, payable semi-annually, principal due November 2023 |  |  | $ | 400,000 |  |  | $ | 400,000 |
Senior notes, interest at 5.125%, payable semi-annually, principal due February 2028 |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | 300,000 |
Unamortized debt issuance costs |  |  | (7,158 | ) |  | (8,425 | )
Net carrying value |  |  | 692,842 |  |  | 691,575 |
Asset-based revolving credit facility, interest at LIBOR plus a margin of 1.00% to 1.50% or Base Rate plus a margin of 0.0% to 0.50%, final maturity September 2024 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Asset-based revolving credit facility, interest at LIBOR plus a margin of 1.25% to 1.50% or Base Rate plus a margin of 0.25% to 0.50%, final maturity April 2021 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other notes payable |  |  | 308 |  |  | 578 |
Total |  |  | 693,150 |  |  | 692,153 |
Less current portion |  |  | (113 | ) |  | (122 | )
Long-term portion |  |  | $ | 693,037 |  |  | $ | 692,031 |

Senior Notes
$300 million 5.125% Senior Notes
On December 14, 2017, the Company issued $300 million aggregate principal amount of 5.125% senior notes due February 2028 (the "2028 Notes"). The Company will use the net proceeds from the offering to finance future acquisitions and for general corporate purposes.
The Company incurred approximately $4.8 million of debt issuance costs in conjunction with this transaction, which included underwriter fees and legal, accounting and rating agency expenses. The debt issuance costs are being amortized over the term of the 2028 Notes.
F- 26

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
The 2028 Notes require semiannual interest payments on February 1 and August 1, commencing August 1, 2018. The 2028 Notes are unconditionally guaranteed on a senior basis by the Company's existing and future domestic restricted subsidiaries who are borrowers under or guarantors of Central's senior secured revolving credit facility or who guarantee the 2023 Notes.
The Company may redeem some or all of the 2028 Notes at any time, at its option, prior to January 1, 2023 at the principal amount plus a “make whole” premium. At any time prior to January 1, 2021, the Company may also redeem, at its option, up to 35% of the original aggregate principal amount of the notes with the proceeds of certain equity offerings at a redemption price of 105.125% of the principal amount of the notes. The Company may redeem some or all of the 2028 Notes, at its option, at any time on or after January 1, 2023 for 102.563%, on or after January 1, 2024 for 101.708%, on or after January 1, 2025 for 100.854%, and on or after January 1, 2026 for 100.0%, plus accrued and unpaid interest.
The holders of the 2028 Notes have the right to require us to repurchase all or a portion of the 2028 Notes at a purchase price equal to 101.0% of the principal amount of the notes repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest upon the occurrence of a change of control.
The 2028 Notes contain customary high yield covenants, including covenants limiting debt incurrence and restricted payments, subject to certain baskets and exceptions. The Company was in compliance with all financial covenants as of September 28, 2019.
$400 million 6.125% Senior Notes
On November 9, 2015, the Company issued $400 million aggregate principal amount of 6.125% senior notes due November 2023 (the "2023 Notes"). In December 2015, the Company used the net proceeds from the offering, together with available cash, to redeem its $400 million aggregate principal amount of 8.25% senior subordinated notes due March 2018 ("2018 Notes") at a price of 102.063% of the principal amount and to pay fees and expenses related to the offering. The 2023 Notes are unsecured senior obligations and are subordinated to all of the Company’s existing and future secured debt, including the Company’s Credit Facility, to the extent of the value of the collateral securing such indebtedness.
The Company incurred approximately $6.3 million of debt issuance costs in conjunction with these transactions, which included underwriter fees and legal, accounting and rating agency expenses. The debt issuance costs are being amortized over the term of the 2023 Notes.
The 2023 Notes require semiannual interest payments on May 15 and November 15. The 2023 Notes are unconditionally guaranteed on a senior basis by each of the Company’s existing and future domestic restricted subsidiaries which are borrowers under or guarantors of Central’s senior secured revolving credit facility. The 2023 Notes are unsecured senior obligations and are subordinated to all of the Company’s existing and future secured debt, including the Company’s Credit Facility, to the extent of the value of the collateral securing such indebtedness.
The Company may redeem some or all of the 2023 Notes, at its option, at any time on or after November 15, 2019 for 103.063%, on or after November 15, 2020 for 101.531% and on or after November 15, 2021 for 100%, plus accrued and unpaid interest.
The holders of the 2023 Notes have the right to require the Company to repurchase all or a portion of the 2023 Notes at a purchase price equal to 101% of the principal amount of the notes repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest upon the occurrence of a change of control.
The 2023 Notes contain customary high yield covenants, including covenants limiting debt incurrence and restricted payments, subject to certain baskets and exceptions. The Company was in compliance with all financial covenants as of September 28, 2019.
Asset-Based Loan Facility Amendment
On September 27, 2019, the Company entered into a Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (“Amended Credit Agreement”). The Amended Credit Agreement amends and restates the previous credit agreement dated April 22, 2106 and continues to provide up to a $400.0 million principal amount senior secured asset-based revolving credit facility, with up to an additional $200.0 million principal amount available with the consent of the Lenders, as defined, if the Company exercises the accordion feature set forth therein (collectively, the “Amended Credit Facility”). The Amended Credit Facility now matures on September 27, 2024. The Company may borrow, repay and reborrow amounts under the Amended Credit Facility until its maturity date, at which time all amounts outstanding under the Amended Credit Facility must be repaid in full.
The Amended Credit Facility is subject to a borrowing base, reduced capacity due to reserves and certain other restrictions. The borrowing base is calculated using a formula initially based upon eligible receivables and inventory minus certain reserves, and was $400.0 million at closing. The Amended Credit Facility also allows the Company to add real property to the borrowing base so long as the real
F- 27

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
property is subject to a first priority lien in favor of the Administrative Agent for the benefit of the Lenders. The Company did not draw down any commitments under the Amended Credit Facility upon closing. Proceeds of the Amended Credit Facility will be used for general corporate purposes. The Amended Credit Facility includes a $50 million sublimit for the issuance of standby letters of credit and an increased $40 million sublimit for short-notice borrowings. As of September 28, 2019, there were no borrowings outstanding and no letters of credit outstanding under the Credit Facility. There were other letters of credit of $3.2 million outstanding as of September 28, 2019.
Borrowings under the Amended Credit Facility will bear interest at an index based on LIBOR or, at the option of the Company, the Base Rate (defined as the highest of (a) the SunTrust prime rate, (b) the Federal Funds Rate plus 0.50%, (c) one-month LIBOR plus 1.00%), plus, in either case, an applicable margin based on the Company’s consolidated senior leverage ratio and (d) 0.00%. Such applicable margin for LIBOR-based borrowings fluctuates between 1.00%-1.50% (previously between 1.25% and 1.50%) and was 1.00% at the time of closing, and such applicable margin for Base Rate borrowings fluctuates between 0.00%-0.50% (previously 0.25%-0.50%), and was 0.00% at closing. An unused line fee shall be payable monthly in respect of the total amount of the unutilized Lenders’ commitments and short-notice borrowings under the Amended Credit Facility. Letter of credit fees at the applicable margin on the average undrawn and unreimbursed amount of letters of credit shall be payable monthly and a facing fee of 0.125% shall be paid on demand for the stated amount of each letter of credit. The Company is also required to pay certain fees to the administrative agent under the Amended Credit Facility. As of September 28, 2019, the applicable interest rate related to Base Rate borrowings was 5.0%, and the applicable interest rate related to LIBOR-based borrowings was 3.0%.
The Company incurred approximately $1.6 million of debt issuance costs in conjunction with this transaction, which included underwriter fees and legal expenses. The debt issuance costs are being amortized over the term of the Amended Credit Facility.
T he Amended Credit Facility continues to contain customary covenants, including financial covenants which require the Company to maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.00:1.00 upon triggered quarterly testing (e.g. when availability falls below certain thresholds established in the agreement), reporting requirements and events of default. The Amended Credit Facility is secured by substantially all assets of the borrowing parties, including (i) pledges of 100% of the stock or other equity interest of each domestic subsidiary that is directly owned by such entity and (ii) 65% of the stock or other equity interest of each foreign subsidiary that is directly owned by such entity. The Company was in compliance with all financial covenants under the Amended Credit Facility during the period ended September 28, 2019.
The scheduled principal repayments on long-term debt as of September 28, 2019 are as follows:

| (in thousands) |
Fiscal year: |  |
2020 | $ | 113 |  |
2021 | 97 |  |
2022 | 80 |  |
2023 | 18 |  |
2024 | 400,000 |  |
Thereafter | 300,000 |  |
Total | $ | 700,308 |  | (1)

(1) | Debt repayments do not reflect the unamortized portion of deferred financing costs associated with the 2023 Notes and 2028 Notes of $7.1 million as of September 28, 2019, of which, $3.2 million is amortizable until November 2023, and $3.9 million is amortizable until February 2028 and is included in the carrying value.

F- 28

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
11. Commitments and Contingencies
Commitments
Letters of credit – The Company had $3.2 million of outstanding letters of credit related to normal business transactions at September 28, 2019. These agreements require the Company to maintain specified amounts of cash as collateral in segregated accounts to support the letters of credit issued thereunder, which will affect the amount of cash the Company has available for other uses. The amount of cash collateral in these segregated accounts was $12.9 million and $10.9 million as of September 28, 2019 and September 29, 2018, respectively, and is reflected in “Restricted cash” on the Company's consolidated balance sheets.
Purchase commitments – Production and purchase agreements (primarily for grass seed and grains) entered into in the ordinary course of business may obligate the Company to make future purchases based on estimated yields. The terms of these contracts vary; some have fixed prices or quantities while others have variable pricing and quantities. For certain agreements, management estimates are used to develop the quantities and pricing for anticipated purchases, and future purchases could vary significantly from such estimates.
Leases – The Company has operating lease agreements principally for office and warehouse facilities and equipment. Such leases have remaining terms of one to 10 years. Rental expense was $41.7 million for fiscal 2019, $35.4 million for fiscal 2018 and $31.7 million for fiscal 2017 and is included in cost of goods sold and occupancy or selling, general and administrative expenses in the Company's consolidated statements of operations.
Certain facility leases have renewal options and include escalation clauses. Minimum lease payments include scheduled rent increases pursuant to these fixed escalation provisions.
Aggregate minimum annual payments on non-cancelable operating leases at September 28, 2019 are as follows:

| (in thousands)
Fiscal year: |
2020 | $ | 38,022 |
2021 | 29,353 |
2022 | 21,818 |
2023 | 11,265 |
2024 | 7,861 |
Thereafter | 20,724 |
Total | $ | 129,043 |

Contingencies
The Company may from time to time become involved in legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. Currently, the Company is not a party to any legal proceedings the resolution of which management believes could have a material effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations with the exception of the proceeding below.
In 2012, Nite Glow Industries, Inc and its owner, Marni Markell, (“Nite Glow”) filed suit in the United States District Court for New Jersey against the Company alleging that the applicator developed and used by the Company for certain of its branded topical flea and tick products infringes a patent held by Nite Glow and asserted related claims for breach of contract and misappropriation of confidential information based on the terms of a Non-Disclosure Agreement. On June 27, 2018, a jury returned a verdict in favor of Nite Glow on each of the three claims and awarded damages of approximately $12.6 million. The case is currently in the post-trial motion phase of proceedings and is expected to proceed to appeal once all such motions have been resolved. Unless the verdicts are over-turned in the post-trial proceedings, the Company intends to vigorously pursue its rights on appeal and believes that it will prevail on the merits. While the Company believes that the ultimate resolution of this matter will not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements, the outcome of litigation is inherently uncertain and the final resolution of this matter may result in expense to the Company in excess of management's expectations.
During fiscal 2013, the Company received notices from several states stating that they have appointed an agent to conduct an examination of the books and records of the Company to determine whether it has complied with state unclaimed property laws. In addition to seeking unclaimed property subject to escheat laws, the states may seek interest, penalties and other relief. The examinations are at an early stage and, as such, management is unable to determine the impact, if any, on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.
F- 29

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
The Company has experienced, and may in the future experience, issues with products that may lead to product liability, recalls, withdrawals, replacements of products, or regulatory actions by governmental authorities. The Company has not experienced recent issues with products, the resolution of which management believes would have a material effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.
12. Income Taxes
The provision for income tax expense (benefit) consists of the following:

| Fiscal Year Ended
| September 28, 2019 |  | September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017
| (in thousands)
Current: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | 17,048 |  |  | $ | 5,728 |  |  | $ | 32,755 |
State | 2,728 |  |  | 2,319 |  |  | 3,034 |
Foreign | 169 |  |  | 91 |  |  | 121 |
Total | 19,945 |  |  | 8,138 |  |  | 35,910 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | 4,278 |  |  | (3,676 | ) |  | 11,227 |
State | 2,380 |  |  | (1,162 | ) |  | (1,038 | )
Foreign | 1 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 600 |
Total | 6,659 |  |  | (4,833 | ) |  | 10,789 |
Total | $ | 26,604 |  |  | $ | 3,305 |  |  | $ | 46,699 |

A reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax rate to the Company’s effective income tax rate is as follows:

| Fiscal Year Ended
| September 28, 2019 |  | September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017
Statutory federal income tax rate | 21.0 | % |  | 24.5 | % |  | 35.0 | %
State income taxes, net of federal benefit | 4.3 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | 2.4 |
Other permanent differences | 0.7 |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  | 0.3 |
Adjustment of prior year accruals | (0.6 | ) |  | — |  |  | (0.3 | )
Credits | (0.9 | ) |  | (0.8 | ) |  | (0.6 | )
Rate change - Tax reform | — |  |  | (16.9 | ) |  | — |
Stock based compensation | (1.6 | ) |  | (5.4 | ) |  | — |
Other | (0.6 | ) |  | 0.4 |  |  | 0.1 |
Effective income tax rate | 22.3 | % |  | 2.6 | % |  | 36.9 | %

F- 30

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Deferred income taxes reflect the impact of “temporary differences” between asset and liability amounts for financial reporting purposes and such amounts as determined based on existing tax laws. The tax effect of temporary differences and carryforwards which give rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

| September 28, 2019 |  | September 29, 2018
| Deferred Tax Assets |  | Deferred Tax Liabilities |  | Deferred Tax Assets |  | Deferred Tax Liabilities
| (in thousands)
Allowance for doubtful accounts | $ | 5,029 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,613 |  |  | $ | — |
Inventory write-downs | 8,374 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,819 |  |  | — |
Prepaid expenses | — |  |  | 2,060 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,408 |
Nondeductible reserves | 3,968 |  |  | — |  |  | 983 |  |  | — |
State taxes | 39 |  |  | — |  |  | 74 |  |  | — |
Employee benefits | 5,704 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,578 |  |  | — |
Depreciation and amortization | — |  |  | 77,901 |  |  | — |  |  | 65,983 |
Equity loss | 884 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,053 |  |  | — |
State net operating loss carryforward | 6,579 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,722 |  |  | — |
Stock based compensation | 3,538 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,541 |  |  | — |
State credits | 2,819 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,742 |  |  | — |
Other | 4,774 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,240 |  |  | — |
Valuation allowance | (7,179 | ) |  | — |  |  | (6,809 | ) |  | — |
Total | $ | 34,529 |  |  | $ | 79,961 |  |  | $ | 30,556 |  |  | $ | 67,391 |

The Company has state tax net operating losses of $109.6 million, which expire at various times between 2019 and 2039, and foreign losses of $4.5 million, which do not expire.
The Company has state income tax credits of $3.6 million, which expire at various times beginning in 2019 through 2039. In evaluating the Company’s ability to recover its deferred tax assets, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence including past operating results, future taxable income, and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies in assessing the need for a valuation allowance against any deferred tax assets. The Company has determined there will be insufficient future separate state and foreign taxable income for the separate parent company and foreign subsidiaries to realize the deferred tax assets. Therefore, valuation allowances of $7.2 million and $6.8 million (net of federal impact) at September 28, 2019 and September 29, 2018, respectively, have been provided to reduce state deferred tax assets to amounts considered recoverable.
The Company classifies uncertain tax positions as non-current income tax liabilities unless expected to be paid within one year. The Company recognizes interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters as a component of pretax income. As of September 28, 2019 and September 29, 2018, accrued interest was less than $0.1 million and no penalties were accrued related to uncertain tax positions.
F- 31

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
The following table, which excludes interest and penalties, summarizes the activity related to the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits for fiscal years ended September 28, 2019 and September 29, 2018 (in thousands):

Balance as of September 30, 2017 | $ | 325 |
Increases related to prior year tax positions | 138 |
Increases related to current year tax positions | 83 |
Decreases related to prior year tax positions | (28 | )
Settlements | — |
Decreases related to lapse of statute of limitations | — |
Balance as of September 29, 2018 | $ | 518 |
Increases related to prior year tax positions | 8 |
Increases related to current year tax positions | 81 |
Decreases related to prior year tax positions | — |
Settlements | (124 | )
Decreases related to lapse of statute of limitations | — |
Balance as of September 28, 2019 | $ | 483 |

As of September 28, 2019, unrecognized income tax benefits totaled approximately $0.5 million and all of the unrecognized tax benefits would, if recognized, impact the Company’s effective income tax rate.
The Company is principally subject to taxation by the United States and various states within the United States. The Company’s tax filings in major jurisdictions are open to examination by tax authorities by the Internal Revenue Service from fiscal year ended 2016 forward and in various state taxing authorities generally from fiscal year ended 2015 forward.
The Company believes there is a reasonable chance that its unrecognized tax benefits will decrease by $0.2 million within the next twelve months.
13. Stock-Based Compensation
The Company’s 2003 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan (the “2003 Plan”), as amended, allows for the grant of options, restricted stock and certain other specified types of awards to key employees, directors and consultants of the Company. The 2003 Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors, which is comprised only of independent directors, and which must approve individual awards to be granted, vesting and exercise of share conditions.
There is a total of 5.8 million shares of Common Stock, 19.7 million shares of Class A Common Stock and 500,000 shares of Preferred Stock authorized under the 2003 Plan. If and when the Company issues any shares of Preferred Stock under the 2003 Plan, it will reduce the amount of Class A Common Stock available for future issuance in an amount equal to the number of shares of Class A Common Stock that are issuable upon conversion of such Preferred Stock.
The Company has a Nonemployee Director Equity Incentive Plan (the “Director Plan”) which provides for the grant of options and restricted stock to nonemployee directors of the Company. The Director Plan, as amended, provides for the granting to each independent director of options to purchase a number of shares equal to $200,000 divided by the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of each annual meeting of stockholders and a number of shares of restricted stock equal to 20,000 divided by such fair market value.
As of September 28, 2019, there were approximately 3.6 million shares of Class A Common Stock, no shares of Common Stock and no shares of Preferred Stock reserved for outstanding equity awards, and there were approximately 4.6 million shares of Common Stock, 10.7 million shares of Class A Common Stock and 0.5 million shares of Preferred Stock remaining for future awards.
Stock Option Awards
The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $14.7 million, $11.6 million, and $11.1 million for the years ended September 28, 2019, September 29, 2018 and September 30, 2017, respectively, as a component of selling, general and administrative expenses. Share-based compensation expense in fiscal 2019, 2018 and 2017 consisted of $4.5 million, $3.9 million, and $2.9 million, respectively, for stock options, and $6.0 million, $5.4 million and $5.8 million, respectively, for stock awards. Share-based compensation
F- 32

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
expense in fiscal 2019, 2018 and 2017 also includes $4.2 million, $2.3 million and $2.4 million, respectively, for the Company’s 401(k) matching contributions.
During fiscal 2019, the Company granted time-based stock options with an exercise price based on the closing fair market value on the date of the grant. The majority of the options granted in fiscal 2019 vest in four annual installments commencing approximately one year from the date of grant and expire approximately six years after the grant date.
The fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option valuation model. Expected stock price volatilities are estimated based on the historical volatility of the Company’s stock price. The expected term of options granted is based on analyses of historical employee termination rates, option exercises and the contractual term of the option. The risk-free rates are based on U.S. Treasury yields, for notes with comparable terms as the option grants, in effect at the time of the grant. For purposes of this valuation model, no dividends have been assumed.
The Company’s calculations were made using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted average assumptions: expected life from the date of grant 3.7 years in fiscal 2019, 2018 and 2017; stock price volatility, 30.4% in fiscal 2019, 31.6% in fiscal 2018, and 31.5% in fiscal 2017; risk free interest rates, 2.5% in fiscal 2019, 2.4% in fiscal 2018 and 2% in 2017; and no dividends during the expected term.
The following table summarizes option activity for the period ended September 28, 2019:

| Number of Shares (in thousands) |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price per Share |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Outstanding at September 29, 2018 | 2,329 |  |  | $ | 22.56 |  |  | 4 years |  | $ | 26,543 |
Granted | 818 |  |  | $ | 27.00 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (431 | ) |  | $ | 12.53 |  |  |  |  |
Canceled or expired | (167 | ) |  | $ | 28.09 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at September 28, 2019 | 2,549 |  |  | $ | 25.32 |  |  | 4 years |  | $ | 12,498 |
Exercisable at September 30, 2017 | 458 |  |  | $ | 10.80 |  |  | 2 years |  | 12,097 |
Exercisable at September 29, 2018 | 636 |  |  | $ | 16.35 |  |  | 3 years |  | 10,731 |
Exercisable at September 28, 2019 | 957 |  |  | 21.08 |  |  | 3 years |  | 8,589 |
Expected to vest after September 28, 2019 | 1,455 |  |  | 27.87 |  |  | 4 years |  | 3,572 |

The prices of options to purchase shares of common stock and Class A common stock outstanding at September 28, 2019, September 29, 2018 and September 30, 2017 were between $8.56 to $38.10 per share, $6.43 to $38.10 per share and $6.43 to $33.15 per share, respectively. The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted during the fiscal years ended September 28, 2019, September 29, 2018 and September 30, 2017 was $7.28, $9.80 and $8.14, respectively. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the fiscal years ended September 28, 2019, September 29, 2018 and September 30, 2017 was $6.7 million, $16.6 million, and $44.0 million, respectively.
As of September 28, 2019, there was $9.0 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested stock options, which is expected to be recognized over a remaining weighted average vesting period of three years.
Restricted Stock Awards
As of September 28, 2019 and September 29, 2018, there were approximately 1.1 million and 0.9 million, respectively, of restricted stock awards outstanding. Awards granted in fiscal 2019 and 2018 generally vest within four or five years from the date of grant.
Restricted stock award activity during the period ended September 28, 2019 is summarized as follows:
F- 33

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

| Number of Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share
| (in thousands) |  |
Nonvested at September 29, 2018 | 874 |  |  | $ | 22.37 |
Granted | 547 |  |  | $ | 26.05 |
Vested | (317 | ) |  | $ | 14.19 |
Forfeited | (21 | ) |  | $ | 23.95 |
Nonvested at September 28, 2019 | 1,083 |  |  | $ | 26.60 |

As of September 28, 2019, there was $21.9 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested restricted stock awards, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of four years.
14. Shareholders’ Equity
At September 28, 2019 and September 29, 2018, there were 80,000,000 shares of common stock ($0.01 par value) authorized, of which 11,543,969 and 12,145,135, respectively, were outstanding, and 100,000,000 shares of non-voting Class A common stock ($0.01 par value) authorized, of which 42,968,493 and 43,953,265, respectively, were outstanding. The preferences and relative rights of the Class A common stock are identical to common stock in all respects, except that the Class A common stock generally has no voting rights unless otherwise required by Delaware law.
There are 3,000,000 shares of Class B stock ($0.01 par value) authorized, of which 1,652,262 were outstanding at September 28, 2019 and September 29, 2018. The voting powers, preferences and relative rights of the Class B stock are identical to common stock in all respects except that (i) the holders of common stock are entitled to one vote per share and the holders of Class B stock are entitled to the lesser of ten votes per share or 49% of the total votes cast, (ii) stock dividends on common stock may be paid only in shares of common stock and stock dividends on Class B stock may be paid only in shares of Class B stock and (iii) shares of Class B stock have certain conversion rights and are subject to certain restrictions on ownership and transfer. Each share of Class B stock is convertible into one share of common stock, at the option of the holder. Additional shares of Class B stock may only be issued with majority approval of the holders of the common stock and Class B stock, voting as separate classes.
There are 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock ($0.01 par value) authorized, of which none were outstanding at September 28, 2019 and September 29, 2018.
In August 2018, the Company closed an underwritten public offering of its Class A common stock pursuant to a registration statement on Form S-3. The Company issued and sold an aggregate of 5,500,000 shares of common stock under the registration statement at a public offering price of $37.00 per share, including 550,000 shares issued upon exercise by the underwriters of their option to purchase additional shares. The Company received net proceeds of approximately $195.6 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses payable by the Company.
During fiscal 2011, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a $100 million share repurchase program, in part, to minimize the dilutive impact of the Company’s stock-based equity compensation programs over time, which was fully utilized in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2019. During fiscal 2019, the Company repurchased approximately 0.6 million shares of its voting common stock (CENT) on the open market at an aggregate cost of approximately $14.7 million, or approximately $24.41 per share, and approximately 1.8 million shares of its non-voting common stock (CENTA) on the open market at an aggregate cost of approximately $43.4 million, or $24.69 per share.
In August 2019, the Company's Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program to purchase up to $100 million of its common stock (the "2019 Repurchase Authorization"). The 2019 Repurchase Authorization has no fixed expiration date and expires when the amount authorized has been used or the Board withdraws its authorization. As of September 28, 2019, the Company had $100 million remaining under its 2019 Repurchase Authorization.
In February 2019, the Board of Directors authorized the Company to make supplemental purchases to minimize dilution resulting from issuances under its equity compensation plans (the "Equity Dilution Authorization"). In addition to the Company's regular share repurchase program, it is permitted to purchase annually a number of shares equal to the number of shares of restricted stock or stock options granted in the prior fiscal year, to the extent not already repurchased, and the current fiscal year. The Equity Dilution Authorization has no fixed expiration date and expires when the Board withdraws its authorization. As of September 28, 2019, the Company had authorization remaining from the fiscal 2019 and 2018 equity plan activity to repurchase up to 1.2 million shares under its Equity Dilution Authorization.
F- 34

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
15. Earnings Per Share
The following is a reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of the basic and diluted earnings per share (EPS) computations:

| Fiscal Year Ended September 28, 2019 |  | Fiscal Year Ended September 29, 2018 |  | Fiscal Year Ended September 30, 2017
| Net Income |  | Shares |  | Per Share |  | Net Income |  | Shares |  | Per Share |  | Net Income |  | Shares |  | Per Share
| (in thousands, except per share amounts)
Basic EPS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income available to common shareholders | $ | 92,786 |  |  | 56,770 |  |  | $ | 1.63 |  |  | $ | 123,594 |  |  | 51,716 |  |  | $ | 2.39 |  |  | $ | 78,828 |  |  | 50,230 |  |  | $ | 1.57 |
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Options to purchase common stock |  |  | 509 |  |  | (0.01 | ) |  |  |  | 996 |  |  | (0.05 | ) |  |  |  | 992 |  |  | (0.03 | )
Restricted shares |  |  | 332 |  |  | (0.01 | ) |  |  |  | 629 |  |  | (0.02 | ) |  |  |  | 598 |  |  | (0.02 | )
Diluted EPS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income available to common shareholders | $ | 92,786 |  |  | 57,611 |  |  | $ | 1.61 |  |  | $ | 123,594 |  |  | 53,341 |  |  | $ | 2.32 |  |  | $ | 78,828 |  |  | 51,820 |  |  | $ | 1.52 |

For fiscal 2019, options to purchase 1.1 million shares were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because the option exercise prices were greater than the average market price of the common shares and, therefore, the effect of including these options would be anti-dilutive.
For fiscal 2018, options to purchase two thousand shares were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because the option exercise prices were greater than the average market price of the common shares and, therefore, the effect of including these options would be anti-dilutive.
For fiscal 2017, options to purchase 31 thousand shares were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because the option exercise prices were greater than the average market price of the common shares and, therefore, the effect of including these options would be anti-dilutive.
16. Quarterly Financial Data – Unaudited

| Fiscal 2019 |  |
| 1 st Quarter |  | 2 nd Quarter |  | 3 rd Quarter |  | 4 th Quarter |  |
| (in thousands, except per share amounts) |  |
Net sales | $ | 461,990 |  |  | $ | 673,701 |  |  | $ | 706,575 |  |  | $ | 540,744 |  |  |
Gross profit | 130,182 |  |  | 206,051 |  |  | 219,284 |  |  | 148,524 |  |  |
Net income attributable to Central Garden & Pet Company | 1,803 |  |  | 42,391 |  |  | 46,152 |  |  | 2,440 |  |  |
Net income per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.03 |  |  | $ | 0.74 |  |  | $ | 0.81 |  |  | $ | 0.04 |  |  |
Diluted | $ | 0.03 |  |  | $ | 0.73 |  |  | $ | 0.80 |  |  | $ | 0.04 |  |  |
Weighted average common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 56,903 |  |  | 57,050 |  |  | 57,319 |  |  | 56,017 |  |  |
Diluted | 58,001 |  |  | 58,026 |  |  | 57,985 |  |  | 56,618 |  |  |

F- 35

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

| Fiscal 2018 |  |
| 1 st Quarter |  | 2 nd Quarter |  | 3 rd Quarter |  | 4 th Quarter |  |
| (in thousands, except per share amounts) |  |
Net sales | $ | 442,011 |  |  | $ | 613,094 |  |  | $ | 657,943 |  |  | $ | 502,314 |  |  |
Gross profit | 131,837 |  |  | 194,457 |  |  | 202,064 |  |  | 147,018 |  |  |
Net income (loss) attributable to Central Garden & Pet Company | 26,247 |  | (1 | ) | 45,234 |  |  | 41,545 |  |  | 10,568 |  |  | (1 | )
Net income (loss) per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.52 |  |  | $ | 0.89 |  |  | $ | 0.81 |  |  | $ | 0.20 |  |  |
Diluted | $ | 0.50 |  | (1 | ) | $ | 0.86 |  |  | $ | 0.79 |  |  | $ | 0.19 |  |  | (1 | )
Weighted average common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 50,730 |  |  | 50,871 |  |  | 51,134 |  |  | 54,059 |  |  |
Diluted | 52,695 |  |  | 52,658 |  |  | 52,575 |  |  | 55,376 |  |  |

(1) Net income attributable to Central Garden & Pet Company was impacted by a provisional tax benefit of $16.3 million recorded in the first quarter of fiscal 2018 and a tax benefit of $5.2 million recorded in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2018, for a total fiscal 2018 year-to-date tax benefit of $21.5 million.
17. Transactions with Related Parties
During fiscal 2019, 2018 and 2017, Tech Pac, a subsidiary of the Company, made purchases from Contract Packaging, Inc, (“CPI”), Tech Pac’s principal supplier and a minority 20% shareholder in Tech Pac. Tech Pac’s total purchases from CPI were approximately $32.5 million, $51.1 million and $37.0 million for fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Amounts due from CPI as of September 28, 2019 and September 29, 2018 were $0.3 million and $2.1 million, respectively.
18. Business Segment Data
The Company’s chief operating decision-maker is its Chief Executive Officer. Operating segments are managed separately because each segment represents a strategic business that offers different products or services. The Company’s chief operating decision maker evaluates performance based on operating income or loss. The Company’s Corporate division is included in the following presentation since certain expenses of this division are not allocated separately to the two operating segments. Segment assets exclude cash equivalents, short-term investments, goodwill, and deferred taxes.
Management has determined that the Company has two operating segments which are also reportable segments based on the level at which the chief operating decision maker reviews the results of operations to make decisions regarding performance assessment and resource allocation. These operating segments are the Pet segment and the Garden segment. Substantially all of the Company’s assets and operations relate to its business in the United States.
The Pet segment consists of DMC, K&H Manufacturing, Four Paws Products, TFH Publications, Kaytee, C&S Products, Aquatics, Interpet, IMS, Pets International, Breeder’s Choice, Life Sciences, and Segrest. These businesses are engaged in the manufacturing, purchase, sale and delivery of internally and externally produced pet supplies, books, food, live fish and small animals principally to independent pet distributors, national and regional retail chains, grocery stores, mass merchants and bookstores. The Garden segment consists of Pennington Seed, Hydro Organics, AMBRANDS, Lilly Miller, the Pottery Group, Bell Nursery, Arden Companies and Gulfstream. Products manufactured, designed and sourced, grown or distributed are products found typically in the lawn and garden sections of mass merchandisers, warehouse-type clubs, home improvement centers and nurseries and include grass seed, bird feed, terra cotta pottery, live plants, herbicides and insecticides. These products are sold directly to national and regional retail chains, independent garden distributors, grocery stores, nurseries and garden supply retailers.
The Corporate division includes expenses associated with corporate functions and projects, certain employee benefits, interest income, interest expense and inter-segment eliminations.
F- 36

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
The following table indicates each class of similar products which represented approximately 10% or more of the Company’s consolidated net sales in the fiscal years presented (in millions).

Category |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Other pet products |  | $ | 613.4 |  |  | $ | 606.7 |  |  | $ | 603.6 |
Other garden products |  | 560.8 |  |  | 445.7 |  |  | 377.0 |
Other manufacturers' products |  | 504.5 |  |  | 454.3 |  |  | 409.0 |
Dog & cat products |  | 452.1 |  |  | 445.1 |  |  | 405.1 |
Controls & fertilizer products |  | 252.2 |  |  | 263.6 |  |  | 259.8 |
Total |  | $ | 2,383.0 |  |  | $ | 2,215.4 |  |  | $ | 2,054.5 |

See Note 4 - Concentration of Credit Risk and Significant Customers and Suppliers for the Company’s largest customers by segment.
F- 37

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Financial information relating to the Company’s business segments for each of the three most recent fiscal years is presented in the table below (in thousands):

| Fiscal Year Ended |
| September 28, 2019 |  | September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017 |
Net sales: |  |  |  |  |  |
Pet segment | $ | 1,384,686 |  |  | $ | 1,340,899 |  |  | $ | 1,246,354 |  |
Garden segment | 998,324 |  |  | 874,463 |  |  | 808,124 |  |
Total | $ | 2,383,010 |  |  | $ | 2,215,362 |  |  | $ | 2,054,478 |  |
Operating income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |
Pet segment | $ | 122,727 |  | (1) | $ | 140,353 |  |  | $ | 131,622 |  |
Garden segment | 102,170 |  |  | 95,551 |  |  | 87,298 |  |
Corporate | (72,829 | ) |  | (68,568 | ) |  | (62,808 | ) |
Total | 152,068 |  |  | 167,336 |  |  | 156,112 |  |
Interest expense | (42,614 | ) |  | (39,196 | ) |  | (28,209 | ) |
Interest income | 9,554 |  |  | 3,145 |  |  | 147 |  |
Other income (expense), net | 243 |  |  | (3,860 | ) |  | (1,621 | ) |
Income before income taxes and noncontrolling interest | 119,251 |  |  | 127,425 |  |  | 126,429 |  |
Income tax expense | 26,604 |  |  | 3,305 |  |  | 46,699 |  |
Net income including noncontrolling interest | 92,647 |  |  | 124,120 |  |  | 79,730 |  |
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest | (139 | ) |  | 526 |  |  | 902 |  |
Net income attributable to Central Garden & Pet Company | $ | 92,786 |  |  | $ | 123,594 |  |  | $ | 78,828 |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Pet segment | $ | 734,380 |  |  | $ | 683,938 |  |  | $ | 612,337 |  |
Garden segment | 463,889 |  |  | 407,483 |  |  | 311,026 |  |
Corporate and eliminations | 826,751 |  |  | 815,788 |  |  | 383,543 |  |
Total | $ | 2,025,020 |  |  | $ | 1,907,209 |  |  | $ | 1,306,906 |  |
Depreciation and amortization: |  |  |  |  |  |
Pet segment | $ | 32,803 |  |  | $ | 29,889 |  |  | $ | 26,044 |  |
Garden segment | 11,959 |  |  | 8,744 |  |  | 6,267 |  |
Corporate | 6,066 |  |  | 8,566 |  |  | 10,408 |  |
Total | $ | 50,828 |  |  | $ | 47,199 |  |  | $ | 42,719 |  |
Expenditures for long-lived assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Pet segment | $ | 20,793 |  |  | $ | 26,979 |  |  | $ | 38,970 |  |
Garden segment | 9,068 |  |  | 8,016 |  |  | 4,948 |  |
Corporate | 1,716 |  |  | 2,850 |  |  | 741 |  |
Total | $ | 31,577 |  |  | $ | 37,845 |  |  | $ | 44,659 |  |

Noncontrolling interest is associated with the Garden segment.
(1) Includes a $2.5 million impairment charge in fiscal 2019.
F- 38

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
19. Consolidating Condensed Financial Information of Guarantor Subsidiaries
Certain 100% wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Company (as listed below, collectively the “Guarantor Subsidiaries”) have guaranteed fully and unconditionally, on a joint and several basis, the obligation to pay principal and interest on the Company’s 2023 and 2028 Notes. Certain subsidiaries and operating divisions are not guarantors of the Notes. Those subsidiaries that are guarantors and co-obligors of the Notes are as follows:
Arden Companies, LLC
C&S Products Co., Inc.
Farnam Companies, Inc.
Four Paws Products Ltd.
Gulfstream Home & Garden, Inc.
Hydro-Organics Wholesale, Inc.
IMS Trading, LLC
IMS Southern, LLC
K&H Manufacturing, LLC
Kaytee Products, Inc.
Matson, LLC
New England Pottery, LLC
Pennington Seed, Inc. (including Gro Tec, Inc., NEXGEN Turf Research, LLC and All-Glass Aquarium Co., Inc.)
Pets International, Ltd.
Segrest, Inc. (including Blue Springs Hatchery, Inc., Segrest Farms, Inc., Florida Tropical Distributors International, Inc., Sun Pet, Ltd, Aquatica Tropicals, Inc., Quality Pets, LLC, Midwest Tropicals, LLC)
T.F.H. Publications, Inc.
Wellmark International (including B2E Corporation, B2E Microbials, LLC, B2E Manufacturing, LLC, Four Star Microbial Products, LLC and B2E Biotech LLC)
In lieu of providing separate audited financial statements for the Guarantor Subsidiaries, the Company has included the accompanying consolidating condensed financial statements based on the Company’s understanding of the Securities and Exchange Commission’s interpretation and application of Rule 3-10 of the Securities and Exchange Commission’s Regulation S-X.

| CONSOLIDATING CONDENSED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS
| Fiscal Year Ended September 28, 2019
| (in thousands)
| Parent |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Net sales | $ | 764,991 |  |  | $ | 191,442 |  |  | $ | 1,496,962 |  |  | $ | (70,385 | ) |  | $ | 2,383,010 |
Cost of goods sold and occupancy | 592,916 |  |  | 150,067 |  |  | 1,000,994 |  |  | (65,008 | ) |  | 1,678,969 |
Gross profit | 172,075 |  |  | 41,375 |  |  | 495,968 |  |  | (5,377 | ) |  | 704,041 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 181,894 |  |  | 42,213 |  |  | 333,243 |  |  | (5,377 | ) |  | 551,973 |
Operating income (loss) | (9,819 | ) |  | (838 | ) |  | 162,725 |  |  | — |  |  | 152,068 |
Interest expense | (42,078 | ) |  | (802 | ) |  | 266 |  |  | — |  |  | (42,614 | )
Interest income | 9,608 |  |  | 19 |  |  | (73 | ) |  | — |  |  | 9,554 |
Other income (expense) | 190 |  |  | (575 | ) |  | 628 |  |  | — |  |  | 243 |
Income (loss) before taxes and equity in earnings of affiliates | (42,099 | ) |  | (2,196 | ) |  | 163,546 |  |  | — |  |  | 119,251 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | (9,324 | ) |  | (179 | ) |  | 36,107 |  |  | — |  |  | 26,604 |
Equity in earnings of affiliates | 125,561 |  |  | — |  |  | (230 | ) |  | (125,331 | ) |  | — |
Net income including noncontrolling interest | 92,786 |  |  | (2,017 | ) |  | 127,209 |  |  | (125,331 | ) |  | 92,647 |
Noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | (139 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (139 | )
Net income attributable to Central Garden & Pet Company | $ | 92,786 |  |  | $ | (1,878 | ) |  | $ | 127,209 |  |  | $ | (125,331 | ) |  | $ | 92,786 |

F- 39

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

| CONSOLIDATING CONDENSED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS
| Fiscal Year Ended September 29, 2018
| (in thousands)
| Parent |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Net sales | $ | 730,439 |  |  | $ | 167,584 |  |  | $ | 1,397,688 |  |  | $ | (80,349 | ) |  | $ | 2,215,362 |
Cost of goods sold and occupancy | 568,145 |  |  | 128,944 |  |  | 917,276 |  |  | (74,379 | ) |  | 1,539,986 |
Gross profit | 162,294 |  |  | 38,640 |  |  | 480,412 |  |  | (5,970 | ) |  | 675,376 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 167,849 |  |  | 33,118 |  |  | 313,043 |  |  | (5,970 | ) |  | 508,040 |
Operating income (loss) | (5,555 | ) |  | 5,522 |  |  | 167,369 |  |  | — |  |  | 167,336 |
Interest expense | (38,855 | ) |  | (547 | ) |  | 206 |  |  | — |  |  | (39,196 | )
Interest income | 3,138 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,145 |
Other income (expense) | (4,269 | ) |  | (236 | ) |  | 645 |  |  | — |  |  | (3,860 | )
Income (loss) before taxes and equity in earnings of affiliates | (45,541 | ) |  | 4,745 |  |  | 168,221 |  |  | — |  |  | 127,425 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | (1,138 | ) |  | 79 |  |  | 4,364 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,305 |
Equity in earnings of affiliates | 167,997 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,133 |  |  | (169,130 | ) |  | — |
Net income including noncontrolling interest | 123,594 |  |  | 4,666 |  |  | 164,990 |  |  | (169,130 | ) |  | 124,120 |
Noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | 526 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 526 |
Net income (loss) attributable to Central Garden & Pet Company | $ | 123,594 |  |  | $ | 4,140 |  |  | $ | 164,990 |  |  | $ | (169,130 | ) |  | $ | 123,594 |

F- 40

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

| CONSOLIDATING CONDENSED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS
| Fiscal Year Ended September 30, 2017
| (in thousands)
| Parent |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Net sales | $ | 685,998 |  |  | $ | 79,681 |  |  | $ | 1,370,335 |  |  | $ | (81,536 | ) |  | $ | 2,054,478 |
Cost of goods sold and occupancy | 534,682 |  |  | 60,788 |  |  | 901,959 |  |  | (75,759 | ) |  | 1,421,670 |
Gross profit | 151,316 |  |  | 18,893 |  |  | 468,376 |  |  | (5,777 | ) |  | 632,808 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 154,267 |  |  | 18,416 |  |  | 309,790 |  |  | (5,777 | ) |  | 476,696 |
Operating income (loss) | (2,951 | ) |  | 477 |  |  | 158,586 |  |  | — |  |  | 156,112 |
Interest expense | (28,051 | ) |  | (294 | ) |  | 136 |  |  | — |  |  | (28,209 | )
Interest income | 146 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 147 |
Other income (expense) | (2,379 | ) |  | 844 |  |  | (86 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,621 | )
Income (loss) before taxes and equity in earnings of affiliates | (33,235 | ) |  | 1,028 |  |  | 158,636 |  |  | — |  |  | 126,429 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | (11,981 | ) |  | 1,466 |  |  | 57,214 |  |  | — |  |  | 46,699 |
Equity in earnings of affiliates | 100,082 |  |  | — |  |  | 420 |  |  | (100,502 | ) |  | — |
Net income including noncontrolling interest | 78,828 |  |  | (438 | ) |  | 101,842 |  |  | (100,502 | ) |  | 79,730 |
Noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | 902 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 902 |
Net income (loss) attributable to Central Garden & Pet Company | $ | 78,828 |  |  | $ | (1,340 | ) |  | $ | 101,842 |  |  | $ | (100,502 | ) |  | $ | 78,828 |

| CONSOLIDATING CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
| Fiscal Year Ended September 28, 2019
| (in thousands)
| Parent |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Net income (loss) | $ | 92,786 |  |  | $ | (2,017 | ) |  | $ | 127,209 |  |  | $ | (125,331 | ) |  | $ | 92,647 |
Other comprehensive loss: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation | (458 | ) |  | (299 | ) |  | (48 | ) |  | 347 |  |  | (458 | )
Total comprehensive income (loss) | 92,328 |  |  | (2,316 | ) |  | 127,161 |  |  | (124,984 | ) |  | 92,189 |
Comprehensive loss attributable to noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | (139 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (139 | )
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Central Garden & Pet Company | $ | 92,328 |  |  | $ | (2,177 | ) |  | $ | 127,161 |  |  | $ | (124,984 | ) |  | $ | 92,328 |

F- 41

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

| CONSOLIDATING CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
| Fiscal Year Ended September 29, 2018
| (in thousands)
| Parent |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Net income | $ | 123,594 |  |  | $ | 4,666 |  |  | $ | 164,990 |  |  | $ | (169,130 | ) |  | $ | 124,120 |
Other comprehensive loss: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation | (267 | ) |  | (145 | ) |  | (67 | ) |  | 212 |  |  | (267 | )
Total comprehensive income | 123,327 |  |  | 4,521 |  |  | 164,923 |  |  | (168,918 | ) |  | 123,853 |
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | 526 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 526 |
Comprehensive income attributable to Central Garden & Pet Company | $ | 123,327 |  |  | $ | 3,995 |  |  | $ | 164,923 |  |  | $ | (168,918 | ) |  | $ | 123,327 |

| CONSOLIDATING CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
| Fiscal Year Ended September 30, 2017
| (in thousands)
| Parent |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Net income (loss) | $ | 78,828 |  |  | $ | (438 | ) |  | $ | 101,842 |  |  | $ | (100,502 | ) |  | $ | 79,730 |
Other comprehensive Income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation | 343 |  |  | 169 |  |  | 108 |  |  | (277 | ) |  | 343 |
Total comprehensive income (loss) | 79,171 |  |  | (269 | ) |  | 101,950 |  |  | (100,779 | ) |  | 80,073 |
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | 902 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 902 |
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Central Garden & Pet Company | $ | 79,171 |  |  | $ | (1,171 | ) |  | $ | 101,950 |  |  | $ | (100,779 | ) |  | $ | 79,171 |

F- 42

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

|  | CONSOLIDATING CONDENSED BALANCE SHEET
|  | September 28, 2019
|  | (in thousands)
|  | Parent |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 489,590 |  |  | $ | 7,308 |  |  | $ | 851 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 497,749 |
Restricted cash |  | 12,952 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,952 |
Accounts receivable, net |  | 99,372 |  |  | 11,551 |  |  | 189,212 |  |  | — |  |  | 300,135 |
Inventories, net |  | 121,344 |  |  | 30,826 |  |  | 314,027 |  |  | — |  |  | 466,197 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets |  | 9,339 |  |  | 1,241 |  |  | 19,580 |  |  | — |  |  | 30,160 |
Total current assets |  | 732,597 |  |  | 50,926 |  |  | 523,670 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,307,193 |
Land, buildings, improvements and equipment, net |  | 27,395 |  |  | 35,854 |  |  | 182,156 |  |  | — |  |  | 245,405 |
Goodwill |  | 20,578 |  |  | 7,414 |  |  | 258,085 |  |  | — |  |  | 286,077 |
Other long term assets |  | 55,690 |  |  | 5,487 |  |  | 139,138 |  |  | (13,970 | ) |  | 186,345 |
Intercompany receivable |  | 37,544 |  |  | — |  |  | 879,231 |  |  | (916,775 | ) |  | — |
Investment in subsidiaries |  | 1,784,750 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,784,750 | ) |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 2,658,554 |  |  | $ | 99,681 |  |  | $ | 1,982,280 |  |  | $ | (2,715,495 | ) |  | $ | 2,025,020 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 47,506 |  |  | $ | 6,895 |  |  | $ | 94,845 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 149,246 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities |  | 54,623 |  |  | 4,814 |  |  | 69,729 |  |  | — |  |  | 129,166 |
Current portion of long term debt |  | 113 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 113 |
Total current liabilities |  | 102,242 |  |  | 11,709 |  |  | 164,574 |  |  | — |  |  | 278,525 |
Long-term debt |  | 693,037 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 693,037 |
Intercompany payable |  | 858,673 |  |  | 58,102 |  |  | — |  |  | (916,775 | ) |  | — |
Losses in excess of investment in subsidiaries |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25,567 |  |  | (25,567 | ) |  | — |
Other long-term obligations |  | 8,595 |  |  | — |  |  | 62,656 |  |  | (13,970 | ) |  | 57,281 |
Shareholders’ equity attributable to Central Garden & Pet |  | 996,007 |  |  | 29,700 |  |  | 1,729,483 |  |  | (1,759,183 | ) |  | 996,007 |
Noncontrolling interest |  | — |  |  | 170 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 170 |
Total equity |  | 996,007 |  |  | 29,870 |  |  | 1,729,483 |  |  | (1,759,183 | ) |  | 996,177 |
Total |  | $ | 2,658,554 |  |  | $ | 99,681 |  |  | $ | 1,982,280 |  |  | $ | (2,715,495 | ) |  | $ | 2,025,020 |

F- 43

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

| CONSOLIDATING CONDENSED BALANCE SHEET
| September 29, 2018
| (in thousands)
| Parent |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
ASSETS |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 474,210 |  |  | $ | 6,005 |  |  | $ | 1,891 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 482,106 |
Restricted cash | 10,899 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,899 |
Accounts receivable, net | 94,657 |  |  | 9,647 |  |  | 171,604 |  |  | — |  |  | 275,908 |
Inventories, net | 123,178 |  |  | 32,556 |  |  | 272,089 |  |  | — |  |  | 427,823 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | 6,304 |  |  | 1,455 |  |  | 12,803 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,562 |
Total current assets | 709,248 |  |  | 49,663 |  |  | 458,387 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,217,298 |
Land, buildings, improvements and equipment, net | 33,484 |  |  | 33,840 |  |  | 150,323 |  |  | — |  |  | 217,647 |
Goodwill | 20,578 |  |  | 7,414 |  |  | 253,185 |  |  | — |  |  | 281,177 |
Other long term assets | 62,199 |  |  | 7,469 |  |  | 133,145 |  |  | (11,726 | ) |  | 191,087 |
Intercompany receivable | 40,365 |  |  | — |  |  | 769,886 |  |  | (810,251 | ) |  | — |
Investment in subsidiaries | 1,618,378 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,618,378 | ) |  | — |
Total | $ | 2,484,252 |  |  | $ | 98,386 |  |  | $ | 1,764,926 |  |  | $ | (2,440,355 | ) |  | $ | 1,907,209 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 33,122 |  |  | $ | 4,759 |  |  | $ | 72,378 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 110,259 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities | 44,142 |  |  | 4,746 |  |  | 53,695 |  |  | — |  |  | 102,583 |
Current portion of long term debt | 116 |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 122 |
Total current liabilities | 77,380 |  |  | 9,505 |  |  | 126,079 |  |  | — |  |  | 212,964 |
Long-term debt | 691,869 |  |  | — |  |  | 162 |  |  | — |  |  | 692,031 |
Intercompany payable | 753,933 |  |  | 56,318 |  |  | — |  |  | (810,251 | ) |  | — |
Losses in excess of investment in subsidiaries | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25,036 |  |  | (25,036 | ) |  | — |
Other long-term obligations | 8,621 |  |  | — |  |  | 52,485 |  |  | (11,726 | ) |  | 49,380 |
Shareholders’ equity attributable to Central Garden & Pet | 952,449 |  |  | 32,178 |  |  | 1,561,164 |  |  | (1,593,342 | ) |  | 952,449 |
Noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | 385 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 385 |
Total equity | 952,449 |  |  | 32,563 |  |  | 1,561,164 |  |  | (1,593,342 | ) |  | 952,834 |
Total | $ | 2,484,252 |  |  | $ | 98,386 |  |  | $ | 1,764,926 |  |  | $ | (2,440,355 | ) |  | $ | 1,907,209 |

F- 44

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

| CONSOLIDATING CONDENSED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
| Fiscal Year Ended September 28, 2019
| (in thousands)
| Parent |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 22,344 |  |  | $ | 4,625 |  |  | $ | 178,305 |  |  | $ | (300 | ) |  | $ | 204,974 |
Additions to property, plant and equipment | (3,926 | ) |  | (4,779 | ) |  | (22,872 | ) |  | — |  |  | (31,577 | )
Businesses acquired, net of cash acquired | (41,161 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (41,161 | )
Investments | (2,010 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,010 | )
Other investing activities | (518 | ) |  | — |  |  | (997 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,515 | )
Intercompany investing activities | 2,820 |  |  | — |  |  | (109,345 | ) |  | 106,525 |  |  | — |
Net cash used by investing activities | (44,795 | ) |  | (4,779 | ) |  | (133,214 | ) |  | 106,525 |  |  | (76,263 | )
Repayments of long-term debt | (121 | ) |  | — |  |  | (46,072 | ) |  | — |  |  | (46,193 | )
Repurchase of common stock | (62,974 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (62,974 | )
Payment of deferred financing costs | (1,352 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,352 | )
Payments of contingent consideration | — |  |  | — |  |  | (170 | ) |  | — |  |  | (170 | )
Distribution to parent | — |  |  | (300 | ) |  | — |  |  | 300 |  |  | — |
Distribution to noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | (76 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (76 | )
Intercompany financing activities | 104,742 |  |  | 1,783 |  |  | — |  |  | (106,525 | ) |  | — |
Net cash provided (used) by financing activities | 40,295 |  |  | 1,407 |  |  | (46,242 | ) |  | (106,225 | ) |  | (110,765 | )
Effect of exchange rates on cash | (411 | ) |  | 50 |  |  | 111 |  |  | — |  |  | (250 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 17,433 |  |  | 1,303 |  |  | (1,040 | ) |  | — |  |  | 17,696 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year | 485,109 |  |  | 6,005 |  |  | 1,891 |  |  | — |  |  | 493,005 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of year | $ | 502,542 |  |  | $ | 7,308 |  |  | $ | 851 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 510,701 |

F- 45

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

| CONSOLIDATING CONDENSED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
| Fiscal Year Ended September 29, 2018
| (in thousands)
| Parent |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Net cash provided (used) by operating activities | $ | (16,676 | ) |  | $ | (1,288 | ) |  | $ | 138,463 |  |  | $ | (6,387 | ) |  | $ | 114,112 |
Additions to property, plant and equipment | (6,633 | ) |  | (1,495 | ) |  | (29,717 | ) |  | — |  |  | (37,845 | )
Businesses acquired, net of cash acquired | (91,244 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (91,244 | )
Investments | (9,048 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9,048 | )
Other investing activities | (2,745 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,745 | )
Intercompany investing activities | (3,760 | ) |  | — |  |  | (107,749 | ) |  | 111,509 |  |  | — |
Net cash used by investing activities | (113,430 | ) |  | (1,495 | ) |  | (137,466 | ) |  | 111,509 |  |  | (140,882 | )
Repayments on revolving line of credit | (23,000 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (23,000 | )
Borrowings on revolving line of credit | 23,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23,000 |
Repayments of long-term debt | (56 | ) |  | — |  |  | (375 | ) |  | — |  |  | (431 | )
Issuance of long-term debt | 300,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 300,000 |
Proceeds from issuance of common stock | 195,631 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 195,631 |
Repurchase of common stock | (13,797 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (13,797 | )
Payments of contingent consideration | — |  |  | — |  |  | (253 | ) |  | — |  |  | (253 | )
Payment of deferred financing costs | (4,770 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,770 | )
Distribution to parent | — |  |  | (6,387 | ) |  | — |  |  | 6,387 |  |  | — |
Distribution to noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | (1,597 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,597 | )
Intercompany financing activities | 106,525 |  |  | 4,984 |  |  | — |  |  | (111,509 | ) |  | — |
Net cash provided (used) by financing activities | 583,533 |  |  | (3,000 | ) |  | (628 | ) |  | (105,122 | ) |  | 474,783 |
Effect of exchange rates on cash | (201 | ) |  | 95 |  |  | 56 |  |  | — |  |  | (50 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 453,226 |  |  | (5,688 | ) |  | 425 |  |  | — |  |  | 447,963 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year | 31,883 |  |  | 11,693 |  |  | 1,466 |  |  | — |  |  | 45,042 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of year | $ | 485,109 |  |  | $ | 6,005 |  |  | $ | 1,891 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 493,005 |

F- 46

CENTRAL GARDEN & PET COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

| CONSOLIDATING CONDENSED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
| Fiscal Year Ended September 30, 2017
| (in thousands)
| Parent |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Net cash (used) provided by operating activities | $ | (7,418 | ) |  | $ | 2,846 |  |  | $ | 122,957 |  |  | $ | (4,076 | ) |  | $ | 114,309 |
Additions to property, plant and equipment | (9,419 | ) |  | (805 | ) |  | (34,435 | ) |  | — |  |  | (44,659 | )
Businesses acquired, net of cash acquired | (103,880 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (103,880 | )
Proceeds from asset sales | 229 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,318 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,547 |
Escrow deposit for acquisition related-contingent consideration | (6,000 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,000 | )
Investments | (12,495 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12,495 | )
Other investing activities | (4,355 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,355 | )
Intercompany investing activities | (3,828 | ) |  | — |  |  | (94,763 | ) |  | 98,591 |  |  | — |
Net cash used by investing activities | (139,748 | ) |  | (805 | ) |  | (120,880 | ) |  | 98,591 |  |  | (162,842 | )
Repayments on revolving line of credit | (552,000 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (552,000 | )
Borrowings on revolving line of credit | 552,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 552,000 |
Repayments of long-term debt | (89 | ) |  | — |  |  | (374 | ) |  | — |  |  | (463 | )
Excess tax benefits from stock-based awards | 19,946 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19,946 |
Repurchase of common stock | (27,556 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (27,556 | )
Payments of contingent consideration | — |  |  |  |  |  | (1,300 | ) |  |  |  |  | (1,300 | )
Distribution to parent | — |  |  | (4,076 | ) |  | — |  |  | 4,076 |  |  | — |
Distribution to noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | (1,019 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,019 | )
Intercompany financing activities | 93,445 |  |  | 5,146 |  |  | — |  |  | (98,591 | ) |  | — |
Net cash provided (used) by financing activities | 85,746 |  |  | 51 |  |  | (1,674 | ) |  | (94,515 | ) |  | (10,392 | )
Effect of exchange rates on cash | 235 |  |  | (94 | ) |  | (66 | ) |  | — |  |  | 75 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (61,185 | ) |  | 1,998 |  |  | 337 |  |  | — |  |  | (58,850 | )
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year | 93,068 |  |  | 9,695 |  |  | 1,129 |  |  | — |  |  | 103,892 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of year | 31,883 |  |  | 11,693 |  |  | 1,466 |  |  | — |  |  | 45,042 |

20. Subsequent Event
In November 2019, the Company’s DMC business unit in its Pet Segment experienced a fire in one of its leased properties located in Athens, Texas. As a result, the Company sustained inventory and property-related losses in the estimated range of $15 million to $25 million dollars. This event has temporarily had a limited impact on the Company’s ability to fulfill orders to certain of its customers.
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