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Description of the business and summary of significant accounting policies: (Policies) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2024
Description of the business and summary of significant accounting policies: |
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards | Recently Adopted Accounting Standards In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280) Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures” (ASU 2023-07”). ASU 2023-07 modified the reporting and disclosure requirements under Accounting Standards Codification 280 “Segment Reporting.” The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 in the year ended December 31, 2024 and has made the additional disclosures required under ASU 2023-07 in Note 10. In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers” (“ASU 2021-08”). ASU 2021-08 requires an acquirer in a business combination to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities in accordance with Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), as if the acquirer had originated the contracts at the date of the business combination. ASU 2021-08 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption was permitted. The Company adopted ASU 2021-08 in connection with its acquisition of Sprint Communications (as discussed below), at which time it became applicable to the Company and was applied in the accounting for the acquisition. The adoption did not have a material impact on the opening balance sheet recorded and there was no retrospective impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements as a result of the adoption.
Principles of consolidation | Principles of consolidation The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles and include the accounts of the Company and all of its wholly-owned and majority-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to current period presentation.
Use of estimates | Use of estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with United States generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
Allowance for credit losses | Allowance for credit losses The Company establishes an allowance for credit losses and other sales credit adjustments related to its trade receivables. Trade receivables are recorded at the invoiced amount and can bear interest. Allowances for sales credits are established through a reduction of revenue, while allowances for credit losses are established through a charge to selling, general, and administrative expenses as bad debt expense. The Company assesses the adequacy of these reserves by evaluating factors, such as the length of time individual receivables are past due, historical collection experience, and changes in the credit worthiness of its customers. The Company also assesses the ability of specific customers to meet their financial obligations and establishes specific allowances related to these customers. If circumstances relating to specific customers change or economic conditions change such that the Company’s past collection experience and assessment of the economic environment are no longer appropriate, the Company’s estimate of the recoverability of its trade receivables could be impacted. Accounts receivable balances are written off against the allowance for credit losses after all means of internal collection activities have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. The Company uses third-party collection services to continue to seek collection for its written off accounts receivable. The Company estimates credit losses expected over the life of its trade receivables based on historical information combined with current conditions that may affect a customer’s ability to pay and reasonable and supportable forecasts. While the Company uses various credit quality metrics, it primarily monitors collectability by reviewing the duration of collection pursuits on its delinquent trade receivables. Based on the Company’s experience, the customer’s delinquency status is the strongest indicator of the credit quality of the underlying trade receivables, which is analyzed monthly. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Current-period | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Balance at | ​ | Provision for | ​ | Write offs | ​ | Balance at
​ |  | Beginning |  | Expected Credit |  | Charged Against |  | End of
Description |  | of Period |  | Losses |  | Allowance |  | Period
Allowance for credit losses (deducted from accounts receivable) |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Year ended December 31, 2024 |  | $ | 3,677 | ​ | $ | 13,572 | ​ | $ | (7,487) | ​ | $ | 9,762
Year ended December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 2,303 | ​ | $ | 10,475 | ​ | $ | (9,101) | ​ | $ | 3,677
Year ended December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 1,510 | ​ | $ | 4,318 | ​ | $ | (3,525) | ​ | $ | 2,303
​ The current-period provision for expected credit losses is net of bad debt recoveries of $2.9 million, $1.9 million and $1.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Lessor Accounting | Lessor Accounting The Company is a lessor for leases of owned dark fiber acquired in connection with the Transaction, that have contract terms that are accounted for as operating leases. These transactions are generally structured as indefeasible - right - of use agreements (“IRUs”), that are the exclusive right to use specified fibers for a specified term, typically 20 - 25 years. Cash consideration received on transfers of dark fiber, including upfront installation fees, is recognized on a straight - line basis to service revenue over the term of the agreement. Lease income is included in service revenue in the consolidated statements of comprehensive (loss) income.
Leases | Leases In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (“ASU 2016-02”). ASU 2016-02 replaced most existing lease accounting guidance. The Company has elected to apply certain practical expedients under ASU 2016-02, including not separating lease and non-lease components on its finance and operating leases, not reassessing whether any existing contracts contained leases, not reconsidering lease classification, not reassessing initial direct costs and using hindsight in determining the reasonably certain term of its leases. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Year | ​ | Year | ​ | Year | ​
​ | ​ | Ended | ​ | Ended | ​ | Ended | ​
​ |  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Finance lease cost amortization of right-of-use assets | ​ | $ | 48,370 | ​ | $ | 64,698 | ​ | $ | 28,915 | ​
Interest expense on finance lease liabilities | ​ | ​ | 40,352 | ​ | ​ | 34,940 | ​ | ​ | 23,317 | ​
Operating lease cost | ​ | ​ | 98,521 | ​ | ​ | 92,763 | ​ | ​ | 18,331 | ​
Total lease costs | ​ | ​ | 187,243 | ​ | ​ | 192,401 | ​ | ​ | 70,563 | ​
Other lease information | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Operating cash flows from finance leases | ​ | $ | (37,829) | ​ | $ | (33,080) | ​ | $ | (23,317) | ​
Operating cash flows from operating leases | ​ | $ | (102,649) | ​ | $ | (93,924) | ​ | $ | (18,836) | ​
Financing cash flows from finance leases | ​ | $ | (189,208) | ​ | $ | (77,362) | ​ | $ | (45,472) | ​
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities | ​ | $ | 241,193 | ​ | $ | 232,468 | ​ | $ | 107,875 | ​
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities | ​ | $ | 12,614 | ​ | $ | 13,682 | ​ | $ | 11,168 | ​
Weighted-average remaining lease term — finance leases (in years) | ​ | ​ | 17.1 | ​ | ​ | 11.5 | ​ | ​ | 13.5 | ​
Weighted-average remaining lease term — operating leases (in years) | ​ | ​ | 10.9 | ​ | ​ | 12.2 | ​ | ​ | 16.6 | ​
Weighted average discount rate — finance leases | ​ | ​ | 8.1 | % | ​ | 7.6 | % | ​ | 8.6 | %
Weighted average discount rate — operating leases | ​ | ​ | 7.8 | % | ​ | 8.1 | % | ​ | 5.4 | %
​ Finance leases—fiber lease agreements The Company has entered into lease agreements with numerous providers of dark fiber under IRUs. These IRUs typically have initial terms of 15-20 years and include renewal options after the initial lease term. The Company establishes the number of renewal option periods used in determining the lease term based upon its assessment at the inception of the lease of the number of option periods for which failure to renew the lease imposes a penalty in such amount that renewal appears to be reasonably certain. The option to renew may be automatic, at the option of the Company or mutually agreed to between the dark fiber provider and the Company. Once the Company has accepted the related fiber route, leases that meet the criteria for treatment as finance leases are recorded as a finance lease obligation and an IRU asset. The interest rate used in determining the present value of the aggregate future minimum lease payments is the Company’s incremental borrowing rate for the reasonably certain lease term. The determination of the Company’s incremental borrowing rate requires some judgment. Finance lease assets are included in property and equipment in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had committed to additional dark fiber IRU lease agreements totaling $184.3 million in future payments to be paid over periods of up to 20 years. These obligations begin when the related fiber is accepted, which is generally expected to occur in the next 12 months. Operating leases The Company leases office space, rights-of-way, dark fiber and certain data center facilities under operating leases. Right-of-use assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent its obligation to make lease payments under the lease. Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the reasonably certain lease term. The implicit rates within the Company’s operating leases are generally not determinable, and the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date to determine the present value of its lease payments. The determination of the Company’s incremental borrowing rate requires some judgment. The Company determines its incremental borrowing rate for each lease using its current borrowing rate, adjusted for various factors including level of collateralization and term to align with the term of the lease. Certain of the Company’s leases include options to extend or terminate the lease. The Company establishes the number of renewal option periods used in determining the operating lease term based upon its assessment at the inception of the operating lease of the number of option periods for which failure to renew the lease imposes a penalty in such amount that renewal appears to be reasonably certain. The option to renew may be automatic, at the option of the Company or mutually agreed to between the landlord, dark fiber provider or the right-of-way provider and the Company. Once the Company has accepted the related fiber route or the facility lease term has begun, the present value of the aggregate future minimum operating lease payments is recorded as an operating lease liability and a right-of-use leased asset. Lease incentives and deferred rent liabilities for facilities operating leases are presented with, and netted against, the right-of-use leased asset. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. The future minimum payments under these operating lease and finance lease agreements are as follows (in thousands): ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Operating |  | Finance
For the twelve months ending December 31, | ​ | Leases | ​ | Leases
2025 |  | $ | 65,584 | ​ | $ | 63,299
2026 | ​ | ​ | 60,803 | ​ | ​ | 58,328
2027 | ​ | ​ | 57,429 | ​ | ​ | 58,361
2028 | ​ | ​ | 54,957 | ​ | ​ | 57,402
2029 | ​ | ​ | 45,777 | ​ | ​ | 56,357
Thereafter | ​ | ​ | 246,763 | ​ | ​ | 715,349
Total minimum lease obligations | ​ | ​ | 531,313 | ​ | ​ | 1,009,096
Less—amounts representing interest | ​ | ​ | (172,137) | ​ | ​ | (470,710)
Present value of minimum lease obligations | ​ | ​ | 359,176 | ​ | ​ | 538,386
Current maturities | ​ | ​ | (57,172) | ​ | ​ | (21,225)
Lease obligations, net of current maturities | ​ | $ | 302,004 | ​ | $ | 517,161
​ IRU finance lease termination – discount and gain on lease termination In June 2024, the Company elected to exercise a contractual option to prepay in full at a 12.0% discounted rate an IRU finance lease agreement (the “IRU Lease”) for $114.6 million acquired with the Sprint Business. At the payment date, the present value of the IRU finance lease liability was $117.9 million and the remaining 31 monthly principal payments of $4.2 million each totaled $130.2 million. The prepayment resulted in a gain on lease termination of $3.3 million related to the difference between the book value of $117.9 million and the cash payment of $114.6 million. The Company is continuing to use the related IRU asset.
Revenue recognition | Revenue recognition The Company recognizes revenue under ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), which requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. Under ASC 606 installation fees for contracts with terms longer than month-to-month are recognized over the contract term. The Company believes that the installation fee does not give rise to a material right as defined by ASC 606 for contracts with terms longer than month-to-month. The Company recognizes revenue over the estimated average customer life for installation fees associated with month-to-month contracts, because the installation fee represents a material right as defined by ASC 606. The Company capitalizes certain contract acquisition costs that relate directly to a customer contract, including commissions paid to its sales team and sales agents and amortizes these costs on a straight-line basis over the period the services are transferred to the customer for commissions paid to its sales team (estimated customer life) and over the remaining original contract term for agent commissions. Management assesses these costs for impairment at least quarterly and as “triggering” events occur that indicate it is more likely than not that an impairment exists. These contract costs were $31.9 million as of December 31, 2024 and $24.3 million as of December 31, 2023 and are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets (current portion) and deposits and other assets (non - current portion) on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company’s service offerings consist of on-net and off-net telecommunications services. Fixed fees are billed monthly in advance, and usage fees are billed monthly in arrears. Amounts billed are due upon receipt and contract lengths range from month to month to 60 months. The Company satisfies its performance obligations to provide services to customers over time as the services are rendered. In accordance with ASC 606, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains the promised service. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for these services. The Company has adopted the practical expedient related to certain performance obligation disclosures since it has a right to consideration from its customer in an amount that corresponds directly with the value to the customer of the Company’s performance completed to date. To achieve this core principle, the Company follows the following five steps:
| 1) | Identification of the contract, or contracts with a customer;
| 2) | Identification of the performance obligations in the contract;
| 3) | Determination of the transaction price;
| 4) | Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and
| 5) | Recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation.
Fees billed in connection with customer installations are deferred (as deferred revenue) and recognized as noted above. To the extent a customer contract is terminated prior to its contractual end, the customer is subject to termination fees. The Company vigorously seeks payment of termination fees. The Company recognizes revenue for termination fees as they are collected. Service revenue recognized from amounts in deferred revenue (contract liabilities) at the beginning of the period during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $6.5 million, $4.9 million and $5.0 million, respectively. Amortization expense for contract costs for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $20.6 million, $19.3 million and $19.4 million, respectively and are included within selling, general, and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.
Gross receipts taxes, universal service fund and other surcharges | Gross receipts taxes, universal service fund and other surcharges Revenue recognition standards include guidance relating to taxes or surcharges assessed by a governmental authority that are directly imposed on a revenue-producing transaction between a seller and a customer and may include, but are not limited to, gross receipts taxes, excise taxes, Universal Service Fund fees and certain state regulatory fees. Such charges may be presented gross or net based upon the Company’s accounting policy election. The Company records certain excise taxes and surcharges on a gross basis and includes them in its revenues and costs of network operations. Excise taxes and surcharges billed to customers and recorded on a gross basis (as service revenue and network operations expense) were $80.4 million, $50.2 million, and $15.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Network operations | Network operations Network operations expenses include the costs of personnel and related operating expenses associated with service delivery, network management, and customer support, network facilities costs, fiber and equipment maintenance fees, leased circuit costs, access fees paid to building owners and certain excise taxes and surcharges recorded on a gross basis. The Company estimates its accruals for any disputed leased circuit obligations based upon the nature and age of the dispute. Network operations costs are impacted by the timing and amounts of disputed circuit costs. The Company generally records these disputed amounts when billed by the vendor and reverses these amounts when the vendor credit has been received or the dispute has otherwise been resolved. The Company does not allocate depreciation and amortization expense to its network operations expense.
Foreign currency translation adjustment and comprehensive income | Foreign currency translation adjustment and comprehensive income The consolidated financial statements of the Company’s non-US operations are translated into US dollars using the period-end foreign currency exchange rates for assets and liabilities and the average foreign currency exchange rates for revenues and expenses. Gains and losses on translation of the accounts are accumulated and reported as a component of other comprehensive income in stockholders’ equity. The Company’s only components of “other comprehensive income” are currency translation adjustments for all periods presented. The Company considers the majority of its investments in its foreign subsidiaries to be long-term in nature. The Company’s foreign exchange transaction gains (losses) are included within interest income and other on the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.
Financial instruments | Financial instruments The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less at purchase to be cash equivalents. The Company determines the appropriate classification of its investments at the time of purchase and evaluates such designation at each balance sheet date. At December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, prepaid and other current assets, accounts payable, and accrued expenses approximated fair value because of the short-term nature of these instruments. The Company measures its cash equivalents and restricted cash at amortized cost, which approximates fair value based upon quoted market prices (Level 1). Based upon recent trading prices (Level 2 market approach) at December 31, 2024,
| ● | The fair value of the Company’s $450.0 million aggregate principal amount of 7.00% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2027 (the “2027 Notes”) was $450.0 million,
| ● | The fair value of the Company’s $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of 7.00% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2027 (the “2027 Mirror Notes”) was $299.3 million,
| ● | The fair value of the Company’s $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.50% Senior Secured Notes due 2026 (the “2026 Notes”) was $482.5 million,
| ● | The fair value of the Company’s $206.0 million aggregate principal amount of secured IPv4 notes (the “IPv4 Notes”) was $211.8 million, and
| ● | The fair value of the Company’s interest rate swap agreement (the “Swap Agreement”) was $22.3 million.
Restricted cash and interest rate swap agreement | Restricted cash and interest rate swap agreement Restricted cash includes amounts held in segregated bank accounts by the Company’s clearing broker as margin in support of the Company’s Swap Agreement as discussed in Note 4 and was $22.3 million as of December 31, 2024 and $38.7 million at December 31, 2023. Additional restricted cash related to the IPv4 Notes, as discussed in Note 4, was $7.1 million as of December 31, 2024. Additional cash may be further restricted to maintain the Company’s Swap Agreement as interest rates fluctuate and margin requirements change and under the provisions of the Company’s IPv4 Note Indenture, as defined below. The Company does not use derivative financial instruments for trading purposes.
Concentrations of credit risk | Concentrations of credit risk The Company’s assets that are exposed to credit risk consist of its cash and cash equivalents, other assets and accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company’s cash equivalents were invested in demand deposit accounts, overnight investments and money market funds. The Company places its cash equivalents in instruments that meet high-quality credit standards as specified in the Company’s investment policy guidelines. Accounts receivable are due from customers located in major metropolitan areas in the United States, Europe, Canada, Mexico, South America, Oceania and Africa. Receivables from the Company’s net-centric (wholesale) customers are generally subject to a higher degree of credit risk than the Company’s corporate and enterprise customers. The Company relies upon a limited number of equipment vendors for the majority of its network equipment and is also dependent upon many third-party fiber providers for providing its services to its customers.
Property and equipment | Property and equipment Property and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated once deployed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Useful lives are determined based on historical usage with consideration given to technological changes and trends in the industry that could impact the asset utilization. System infrastructure costs include the capitalized compensation costs of employees directly involved with construction activities and costs incurred by third-party contractors. Assets and liabilities under finance leases are recorded at the lesser of the present value of the aggregate future minimum lease payments or the fair value of the assets under lease. Leasehold improvements include costs associated with building improvements and customer installation costs. The Company determines the number of renewal option periods, if any, included in the lease term for purposes of amortizing leasehold improvements and the lease term of its finance leases based upon its assessment at the inception of the lease for which the failure to renew the lease imposes a penalty on the Company in such amount that a renewal appears to be reasonably assured. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. Depreciation and amortization periods are as follows: ​
​ | ​ | ​
Type of asset |  | Depreciation or amortization period
Indefeasible rights of use (IRUs) |  | Shorter of useful life or the IRU lease agreement; generally, 15 to 20 years
Network equipment |  | 2 to 8 years
Leasehold improvements |  | Shorter of lease term, including reasonably assured renewal periods, or useful life
Software |  | 5 years
Owned buildings |  | 16 to 40 years
Office and other equipment |  | 2 to 7 years
Asset retirement obligations | ​ | 4 years
System infrastructure |  | 5 to 40 years
​ Change in estimated useful life - owned fiber In accordance with its policy, the Company reviews the estimated useful lives of its fixed assets on an ongoing basis. This review indicated that the actual lives of owned fiber acquired as part of the acquisition of the Sprint Business were longer than the estimated useful lives used for depreciation purposes in the Company’s financial statements. As a result, effective July 1, 2024, the Company changed its estimates of the useful lives of its owned fiber to better reflect the estimated periods during which these assets will remain in service. The estimated useful lives of the owned fiber, within system infrastructure, that previously averaged 14 years were increased to an average of 40 years. The effect of this change in estimate on the year ended December 31, 2024 was to reduce depreciation expense by $8.7 million, increase net income by $6.5 million, and increase basic and diluted earnings per share by $0.14.
Long-lived assets | Long-lived assets The Company’s long-lived assets include property and equipment and intangible assets. Long-lived assets with finite-lives are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Impairment is determined by comparing the carrying value of these long-lived assets to management’s probability weighted estimate of the future undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the assets. In the event an impairment exists, a loss is recognized based on the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the asset, which would be determined by using quoted market prices or valuation techniques such as the discounted present value of expected future cash flows, appraisals, or other pricing models. In the event there are changes in the planned use of the Company’s long-term assets or the Company’s expected future undiscounted cash flows are reduced significantly, the Company’s assessment of its ability to recover the carrying value of these assets could change.
Equity-based compensation | Equity-based compensation The Company recognizes compensation expense for its share-based payments granted to its employees based on their grant date fair values with the expense being recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. The Company begins recording equity-based compensation expense related to performance awards when it is considered probable that the performance conditions will be met and for market-based awards compensation cost is recognized if the service condition is satisfied even if the market condition is not satisfied. Equity-based compensation expense is recognized in the statements of comprehensive income in a manner consistent with the classification of the employees’ salaries and other compensation.
Income taxes | Income taxes The Company’s deferred tax assets or liabilities are computed based upon the differences between financial statement and income tax bases of assets and liabilities using the enacted marginal tax rate. Deferred income tax expenses or benefits are based upon the changes in the assets or liability from period to period. At each balance sheet date, the Company assesses the likelihood that it will be able to realize its deferred tax assets. Valuation allowances are established when management determines that it is “more likely than not” that some portion or all of the deferred tax asset may not be realized. The Company considers all available positive and negative evidence in assessing the need for a valuation allowance including its historical operating results, ongoing tax planning, and forecasts of future taxable income, on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis. The Company reduces its valuation allowance if the Company concludes that it is “more likely than not” that it would be able to realize its deferred tax assets. Management determines whether a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination based on the technical merits of the position. Once it is determined that a position meets this recognition threshold, the position is measured to determine the amount of benefit to be recognized in the financial statements. The Company adjusts its estimated liabilities for uncertain tax positions periodically because of ongoing examinations by, and settlements with, the various taxing authorities, as well as changes in tax laws, regulations and interpretations. The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties accrued on any unrecognized tax benefits as a component of its income tax expense.
Basic and diluted net income per common share | Basic and diluted net (loss) income per common share Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) excludes dilution for common stock equivalents and is computed by dividing net income or (loss) available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS is based on the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period, adjusted for the effect of dilutive common stock equivalents. Shares of restricted stock are included in the computation of basic EPS as they vest and are included in diluted EPS, to the extent they are dilutive, determined using the treasury stock method. The following details the determination of the diluted weighted-average shares: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Year Ended | ​ | Year Ended | ​ | Year Ended
​ | ​ | December 31, | ​ | December 31, | ​ | December 31,
​ |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Weighted-average common shares—basic | ​ | 47,627,873 |  | 47,373,361 | ​ | 46,875,992
Dilutive effect of stock options | ​ | — |  | 15,380 | ​ | 16,064
Dilutive effect of restricted stock | ​ | — |  | 448,771 | ​ | 315,242
Weighted-average common shares—diluted | ​ | 47,627,873 |  | 47,837,512 | ​ | 47,207,298
​ The following details unvested shares of restricted common stock as well as the anti-dilutive effects of stock options and restricted stock awards outstanding: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | December 31, |  | December 31, |  | December 31,
​ | ​ | 2024 | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022
Unvested shares of restricted common stock | ​ | 1,489,277 | ​ | 1,261,623 | ​ | 1,164,021
Anti-dilutive options for common stock | ​ | 149,908 | ​ | 118,985 | ​ | 105,556
Anti-dilutive shares of restricted common stock | ​ | 704,070 | ​ | 11,365 | ​ | 541,608
​

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