<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001104659-25-046003.txt : 20250508
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<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20250508121911
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001104659-25-046003
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		14
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20250507
ITEM INFORMATION:		Departure of Directors or Certain Officers; Election of Directors; Appointment of Certain Officers: Compensatory Arrangements of Certain Officers
ITEM INFORMATION:		Amendments to Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws; Change in Fiscal Year
ITEM INFORMATION:		Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20250508
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20250508

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			COGENT COMMUNICATIONS HOLDINGS, INC.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001158324
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	COMMUNICATION SERVICES, NEC [4899]
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	06 Technology
		EIN:				522337274
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	000-51829
		FILM NUMBER:		25924902

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		2450 N STREET, NW
		CITY:			WASHINGTON
		STATE:			DC
		ZIP:			20037
		BUSINESS PHONE:		2022954200

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		2450 N STREET, NW
		CITY:			WASHINGTON
		STATE:			DC
		ZIP:			20037

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	COGENT COMMUNICATIONS GROUP INC
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20010828
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<p style="font: 18pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>UNITED STATES<br/>
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</b></p>

<p style="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549</b></p>

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<p style="font: 18pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>FORM&#160;<span id="xdx_904_edei--DocumentType_c20250507__20250507_zDR9cPEyH0rb"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2025-05-07" id="Fact000010" name="dei:DocumentType">8-K</ix:nonNumeric></span></b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>CURRENT REPORT<br/>
Pursuant to Section&#160;13 or 15(d)&#160;of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Date of Report (Date of Earliest Event Reported):<b>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(Exact name of registrant as specified in
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Not Applicable</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b></b></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b></b>(Former name or former address, if
changed since last report)</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Check the appropriate box below if the Form&#160;8-K filing
is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions:</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in"><span style="font-family: Wingdings"><span id="xdx_903_edei--WrittenCommunications_c20250507__20250507_z5MUyU57gIo9"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2025-05-07" format="ixt:booleanfalse" id="Fact000022" name="dei:WrittenCommunications">&#168;</ix:nonNumeric></span></span>&#160;&#160;&#160;
Written communications pursuant to Rule&#160;425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)</p>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>
<p style="margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in"><span style="font-family: Wingdings"><span id="xdx_903_edei--SolicitingMaterial_c20250507__20250507_zdR4bq6Cquwi"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2025-05-07" format="ixt:booleanfalse" id="Fact000023" name="dei:SolicitingMaterial">&#168;</ix:nonNumeric></span></span>&#160;&#160;&#160;
Soliciting material pursuant to Rule&#160;14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)</p>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>
<p style="margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in"><span style="font-family: Wingdings"><span id="xdx_906_edei--PreCommencementTenderOffer_c20250507__20250507_zQdxekhUEYDd"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2025-05-07" format="ixt:booleanfalse" id="Fact000024" name="dei:PreCommencementTenderOffer">&#168;</ix:nonNumeric></span></span>&#160;&#160;&#160;
Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule&#160;14d-2(b)&#160;under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))</p>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>
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Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule&#160;13e-4(c)&#160;under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Securities registered pursuant to Section&#160;12(b)&#160;of
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging
growth company as defined in Rule&#160;405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (&#167;230.405 of this chapter) or Rule&#160;12b-2 of
the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (&#167;240.12b-2 of this chapter).</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; font-size: 10pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Emerging growth
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; font-size: 10pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If an emerging
growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with
any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section&#160;13(a)&#160;of the Exchange Act. </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"></p>

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<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"></p>

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<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Item 5.02 Departure of Directors or Certain Officers; Election of
Directors; Appointment of Certain Officers; Compensatory Arrangements of Certain Officers.</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">As noted below under Item 5.07, at the Annual Meeting of Stockholders
of Cogent Communications Holdings, Inc. (the &#8220;Company&#8221;) held on May 7, 2025 (the &#8220;Annual Meeting&#8221;), the Company&#8217;s
stockholders, upon the recommendation of the Board of Directors (the &#8220;Board&#8221;), approved the Second Amended and Restated Cogent
Communications Holdings, Inc. 2017 Incentive Award Plan (the &#8220;Plan&#8221;).</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Plan increases the number of shares available for issuance by 1.5
million shares, extends the date to which awards can be made under the Plan to May 7, 2035, and makes certain updates to reflect current
market practices.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">A more detailed
description of the material terms of the Plan was included in the Company&#8217;s <a href="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1158324/000110465925028214/tm252347-4_def14a.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit">Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 26, 2025</a> </span>&#160;<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(the &#8220;Proxy
Statement&#8221;), and such description is hereby incorporated by reference herein. The foregoing and the summary in the Proxy Statement
are not complete summaries of the terms of the Plan and are subject to and qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of
the Plan, which is attached as Exhibit 10.1 hereto and incorporated herein by reference.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>&#160;</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Item 5.03 Amendments to Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws; Change
in Fiscal Year.</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">As noted below under Item 5.07, at the Annual Meeting, the stockholders
of the Company voted to approve Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company, which are attached as Exhibit 3.1 hereto and incorporated
herein by reference.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Item 5.07 Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders.</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">On May 7, 2025, the Company held its Annual Meeting at 2450 N Street
NW, Washington, DC 20037. On the record date of March 13, 2025, there were 49,380,408 shares of the Company&#8217;s common stock entitled
to vote, and the number of shares present at the Annual Meeting, by person or by proxy, was 43,594,186 shares. The following proposals
were submitted to a vote of the stockholders at the Annual Meeting, each of which is described in detail in the Proxy Statement:</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Under the first proposal, each of the following nominees was elected
to the Company&#8217;s Board, to hold office until his or her successor is elected and qualified, with the following voting results:</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Dave Schaeffer:</span></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">FOR: 40,232,177</span></td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">AGAINST: &#160;&#160;&#160;470,164</span></td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ABSTAIN: 89,686</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Marc Montagner</span></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">FOR: 39,349,312</span></td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">AGAINST: 1,358,995</span></td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ABSTAIN: 83,720</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Steven D. Brooks:</span></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">FOR: 38,983,833</span></td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">AGAINST: 1,716,585</span></td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ABSTAIN: 91,609</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Paul de Sa:</span></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">FOR: 39,959,345</span></td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">AGAINST: &#160;&#160;&#160;749,114</span></td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ABSTAIN: 83,568</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Lewis H. Ferguson, III:</span></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">FOR: 39,344,056</span></td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">AGAINST: 1,363,543</span></td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ABSTAIN: 84,428</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Eve Howard:</span></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">FOR: 40,589,554</span></td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">AGAINST: &#160;&#160;&#160;109,052</span></td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ABSTAIN: 93,421</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Deneen Howell:</span></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">FOR: 40,445,311</span></td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">AGAINST: &#160;&#160;&#160;263,503</span></td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ABSTAIN: 83,213</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Sheryl Kennedy:</span></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">FOR: 39,594,080</span></td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">AGAINST: 1,114,868</span></td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ABSTAIN: 83,079</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Broker non-votes for the first proposal were 2,802,159 shares.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Stockholders approved the second proposal, to approve the Company&#8217;s
Amended and Restated Bylaws to amend Article III, Section 12 to provide that the size of the Board shall be not less than six nor more
than eight directors, with the exact number within such range to be fixed exclusively by the Board. The vote on this second proposal was
as follows: FOR: 43,072,412; AGAINST: 151,809; ABSTAIN: 369,965. There were no broker non-votes on this second proposal.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Stockholders approved the third proposal, to approve the Plan. The
vote on this third proposal was as follows: FOR: 39,389,310; AGAINST: 1,025,183; ABSTAIN: 377,534. Broker non-votes for this third proposal
were 2,802,159 shares.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Stockholders approved the fourth proposal, to ratify the appointment
of Ernst &amp; Young LLP as the Company&#8217;s independent registered public accountants for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2025.
The vote on this fourth proposal was as follows: FOR: 42,433,416; AGAINST: 802,067; ABSTAIN: 358,703. There were no broker non-votes on
this fourth proposal.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Stockholders approved the fifth proposal, to approve named executive
officer compensation. The vote on this fifth proposal was as follows: FOR: 35,794,728; AGAINST: 4,611,544; ABSTAIN: 385,755. Broker non-votes
for this fifth proposal were 2,802,159 shares.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white"><b>Item 9.01 Financial Statements and Exhibits.</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">(d)&#160;Exhibits:</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 8%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Exhibit&#160;<br/>
Number</b></span></td>
    <td style="width: 2%; text-align: center">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 90%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Description</b></span></td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="tm2514030d2_ex3-1.htm"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.1</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="tm2514030d2_ex3-1.htm"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amended and Restated Bylaws of Cogent Communications Holdings, Inc. (as of May 7, 2025) (filed herewith). </span></a></td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1158324/000110465925028214/tm252347-4_def14a.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.1</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1158324/000110465925028214/tm252347-4_def14a.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Second Amended and Restated Cogent Communications Holdings, Inc. 2017 Incentive Award Plan (incorporated by reference to Annex B of the Company&#8217;s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed March 26, 2025 (File No. 000-51829)). </span></a></td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">104</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cover Page&#160;Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document).</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left"><b>&#160;</b></p>

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    <div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left"></p>




<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>&#160;</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>SIGNATURES</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cogent Communications Holdings,&#160;Inc.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 50%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Dated: May 8, 2025</span></td>
    <td style="width: 3%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">By: </span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 47%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ David Schaeffer</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Name: David Schaeffer</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Title: &#160;President and Chief Executive Officer</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>












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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-3.1
<SEQUENCE>2
<FILENAME>tm2514030d2_ex3-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 3.1
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="text-align: right; margin: 0"><B>Exhibit 3.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B>AMENDED AND RESTATED BYLAWS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B>OF</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>COGENT COMMUNICATIONS HOLDINGS,&nbsp;INC.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B>(as of May&nbsp;7, 2025)</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B>TABLE OF CONTENTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in; width: 12%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 78%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 10%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>PAGE</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ARTICLE&nbsp;I. OFFICES</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-1</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;1.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">REGISTERED OFFICE</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-1</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;2.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">OTHER OFFICES</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-1</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ARTICLE&nbsp;II. MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-1</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;3.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">PLACE OF MEETINGS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-1</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;4.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">NOTICE OF STOCKHOLDER BUSINESS AND NOMINATIONS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-1</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;5.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">QUORUM; ADJOURNED MEETINGS AND NOTICE THEREOF</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-3</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;6.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">VOTING</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-3</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;7.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">PROXIES</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-3</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;8.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">SPECIAL MEETINGS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-3</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;9.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">NOTICE OF MEETINGS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-3</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;10.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION OF STOCKHOLDER LIST</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-4</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;11.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">STOCKHOLDER ACTION BY WRITTEN CONSENT WITHOUT A MEETING</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-4</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ARTICLE&nbsp;III. DIRECTORS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-4</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;12.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">THE NUMBER OF DIRECTORS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-4</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;13.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">VACANCIES</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-4</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;14.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">POWERS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-4</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;15.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">PLACE OF DIRECTORS&rsquo; MEETINGS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-4</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;16.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">REGULAR MEETINGS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-4</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;17.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">SPECIAL MEETINGS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-4</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;18.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">QUORUM</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-5</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;19.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ACTION WITHOUT MEETING</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-5</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;20.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">TELEPHONIC MEETINGS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-5</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;21.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">COMMITTEES OF DIRECTORS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-5</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;22.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">MINUTES OF COMMITTEE MEETINGS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-5</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;23.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">COMPENSATION OF DIRECTORS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-5</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ARTICLE&nbsp;IV. INDEMNIFICATION AND INSURANCE</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-6</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-left: 0.25in; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;24.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">POWER TO INDEMNIFY IN ACTIONS, SUITS OR PROCEEDINGS OTHER</FONT> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">THAN ACTIONS BY OR IN THE RIGHT OF THE CORPORATION</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-6</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;25.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">POWER TO INDEMNIFY IN ACTIONS BY OR IN THE RIGHT OF</FONT>
    THE <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">CORPORATION</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-6</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;26.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">AUTHORIZATION OF INDEMNIFICATION</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-6</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;27.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">GOOD FAITH DEFINED</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-6</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;28.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">INDEMNIFICATION BY A COURT</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-7</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;29.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">EXPENSES PAYABLE IN ADVANCE</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-7</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;30.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">NON-EXCLUSIVITY OF INDEMNIFICATION AND ADVANCEMENT OF</FONT> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">EXPENSES</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-7</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;31.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">INSURANCE</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-7</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;32.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">CERTAIN DEFINITIONS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-7</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
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<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in; width: 12%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 78%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 10%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>PAGE</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;33.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">SURVIVAL OF INDEMNIFICATION AND ADVANCEMENT OF EXPENSES</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-8</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;34.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">LIMITATION ON INDEMNIFICATION</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-8</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;35.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">INDEMNIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AND AGENTS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-8</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ARTICLE&nbsp;V. OFFICERS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-8</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;36.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">OFFICERS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-8</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;37.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ELECTION OF OFFICERS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-8</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;38.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">COMPENSATION OF OFFICERS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-8</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;39.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">TERM OF OFFICE; REMOVAL AND VACANCIES</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-8</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;40.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-8</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;41.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-8</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;42.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">PRESIDENT</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-8</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;43.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">VICE PRESIDENTS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-9</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;44.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">SECRETARY</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-9</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;45.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ASSISTANT SECRETARY</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-9</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;46.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">TREASURER</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-9</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;47.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ASSISTANT TREASURER</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-9</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ARTICLE&nbsp;VI. CERTIFICATES OF STOCK</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-9</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;48.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">CERTIFICATES</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-9</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;49.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">SIGNATURES ON CERTIFICATES</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-9</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;50.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">STATEMENT OF STOCK RIGHTS, PREFERENCES, PRIVILEGES</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-10</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;51.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">LOST CERTIFICATES</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-10</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;52.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">TRANSFERS OF STOCK</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-10</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;53.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">FIXING RECORD DATE</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-10</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;54.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">REGISTERED STOCKHOLDERS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-10</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ARTICLE&nbsp;VII. GENERAL PROVISIONS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-10</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;55.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">DIVIDENDS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-10</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;56.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">PAYMENT OF DIVIDENDS; DIRECTORS&rsquo; DUTIES</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-10</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;57.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">CHECKS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-10</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;58.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">FISCAL YEAR</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-10</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;59.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">CORPORATE SEAL</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-11</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;60.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">MANNER OF GIVING NOTICE</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-11</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;61.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">WAIVER OF NOTICE</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-11</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ARTICLE&nbsp;VIII. AMENDMENTS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-11</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;62.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">AMENDMENT</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A-11</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B>ARTICLE&nbsp;I.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B>OFFICES</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;1. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;REGISTERED OFFICE.
The registered office of Cogent Communications Holdings,&nbsp;Inc. (the &ldquo;Corporation&rdquo;) shall be in the City of Dover, County
of Kent, State of Delaware.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;2. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;OTHER OFFICES. The
Corporation may also have offices at such other places both within and without the State of Delaware as the Board of Directors may from
time to time determine or the business of the Corporation may require.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B>ARTICLE&nbsp;II.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B>MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;3. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;PLACE OF MEETINGS.
Meetings of stockholders shall be held at any place within or outside the State of Delaware designated by the Board of Directors. In the
absence of any such designation, stockholders&rsquo; meetings shall be held at the principal executive office of the Corporation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;4.
 &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;NOTICE OF STOCKHOLDER BUSINESS AND NOMINATIONS. The annual meeting of stockholders shall be held each year at a date and a time designated
by the Board of Directors. At each annual meeting directors shall be elected and any other proper business may be transacted.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">(A)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">ANNUAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(1)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;Nominations
of persons for election to the Board of Directors of the Corporation and the proposal of business to be considered by the stockholders
may be made at an annual meeting of stockholders only (a)&nbsp;pursuant to the Corporation&rsquo;s notice of meeting (or any supplement
thereto), (b)&nbsp;by or at the direction of the Board of Directors or (c)&nbsp;by any stockholder of the Corporation who was a stockholder
of record of the Corporation at the time the notice provided for in this Section&nbsp;4 is delivered to the Secretary of the Corporation,
who is entitled to vote at the meeting and who complies with the notice procedures set forth in this Section&nbsp;4.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(2)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;For
nominations or other business to be properly brought before an annual meeting by a stockholder pursuant to clause (c)&nbsp;of paragraph
(A)(1)&nbsp;of this Section&nbsp;4, the stockholder must have given timely notice thereof in writing to the Secretary of the Corporation
and such other business must otherwise be a proper matter for stockholder action. To be timely, a stockholder&rsquo;s notice shall be
delivered to the Secretary at the principal executive office of the Corporation not later than the close of business on the ninetieth
day nor earlier than the close of business on the one hundred twentieth day prior to the first anniversary of the preceding year&rsquo;s
annual meeting (provided, however, that in the event that the date of the annual meeting is more than thirty days before or more than
seventy days after such anniversary date, notice by the stockholder must be so delivered not earlier than the close of business on the
one hundred twentieth day prior to such annual meeting and not later than the close of business on the later of the ninetieth day prior
to such annual meeting or the tenth day following the day on which public announcement of the date of such meeting is first made by the
Corporation). In no event shall the public announcement of an adjournment or postponement of an annual meeting commence a new time period
for the giving of a stockholder&rsquo;s notice as described above. Such stockholder&rsquo;s notice shall set forth: (a)&nbsp;as to each
person whom the stockholder proposes to nominate for election or reelection as a director all information relating to such person that
is required to be disclosed in solicitations of proxies for election of directors in an election contest, or is otherwise required, in
each case pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the &ldquo;Exchange Act&rdquo;) and Rule&nbsp;14a-11
thereunder (and such person&rsquo;s written consent to being named in the proxy statement as a nominee and to serving as a director if
elected); (b)&nbsp;as to any other business that the stockholder proposes to bring before the meeting, a brief description of the business
desired to be brought before the meeting, the reasons for conducting such business at the meeting and any material interest in such business
of such stockholder and the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the proposal is made, and in the event that such business includes
a proposal to amend the By-laws of the Corporation, the language of the proposed amendment; and (c)&nbsp;as to the stockholder giving
the notice and the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the nomination or proposal is made (i)&nbsp;the name and address of such
stockholder, as they appear on the Corporation&rsquo;s books, and or such beneficial owner, (ii)&nbsp;the class and number of shares
of capital stock of the Corporation which are owned beneficially and of record by such stockholder and such beneficial owner, (iii)&nbsp;a
representation that the stockholder is a holder of record of stock of the Corporation entitled to vote at such meeting and intends to
appear in person or by proxy at the meeting to propose such business of nomination, and (iv)&nbsp;a representation whether the stockholder
or the beneficial owner, if any, intends or is part of a group which intends to (a)&nbsp;deliver a proxy statement and/or form of proxy
to holders of at least the percentage of the Corporation&rsquo;s outstanding capital stock required to approve or adopt the proposal
or elect the nominee and/or (b)&nbsp;otherwise solicit proxies from stockholders in support of such proposal or nomination. The Corporation
may require any proposed nominee to furnish such other information as it may reasonably require to determine the eligibility of such
proposed nominee to serve as a director of the Corporation.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(3)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;Notwithstanding
anything in the second sentence of paragraph (A)(2)&nbsp;of this Section&nbsp;4 to the contrary, in the event that the number of directors
to be elected to the Board of Directors of the Corporation at an annual meeting is increased and there is no public announcement by the
Corporation naming all of the nominees for director or specifying the size of the increased Board of Directors at least one hundred days
prior to the first anniversary of the preceding year&rsquo;s annual meeting, a stockholder&rsquo;s notice required by this Section&nbsp;4
shall also be considered timely, but only with respect to nominees for any new positions created by such increase, if it shall be delivered
to the Secretary at the principal executive office of the Corporation not later than the close of business on the tenth day following
the day on which such public announcement is first made by the Corporation.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(B)</FONT>&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">SPECIAL
MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS. Only such business shall be conducted at a special meeting of stockholders as shall have been brought before
the meeting pursuant to the Corporation&rsquo;s notice of meeting pursuant to Section&nbsp;9. Nominations of persons for election to
the Board of Directors may be made at a special meeting of stockholders at which directors are to be elected pursuant to the Corporation&rsquo;s
notice of meeting (1)&nbsp;by or at the direction of the Board of Directors or (2) provided that the Board of Directors has determined
that directors shall be elected at such meeting, by any stockholder of the Corporation who is a stockholder of record at the time the
notice provided for in this Section&nbsp;4 is delivered to the Secretary of the Corporation, who shall be entitled to vote at the meeting
and upon such election and who complies with the notice procedures set forth in this Section&nbsp;4. In the event the Corporation calls
a special meeting of stockholders for the purpose of electing one or more directors to the Board of Directors, any such stockholder entitled
to vote in such election of directors may nominate a person or persons (as the case may be) for election to such position(s)&nbsp;as
specified in the Corporation&rsquo;s notice of meeting, if the stockholder&rsquo;s notice required by paragraph (A)(2) of
this Section&nbsp;4 shall be delivered to the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the Corporation not earlier than the close
of business on the one hundred twentieth day prior to such special meeting and not later than the close of business on the later of the
ninetieth day prior to such special meeting, or the tenth day following the day on which public announcement is first made of the date
of the special meeting and of the nominees proposed by the Board of Directors to be elected at such meeting. In no event shall the public
announcement of an adjournment or postponement of a special meeting commence a new time period for the giving of a stockholder&rsquo;s
notice as described above.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">(C)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">GENERAL.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(1)</FONT>
 &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Only such persons who are nominated in accordance with the procedures set forth
in this Section&nbsp;4 shall be eligible to be elected at an annual or special meeting of stockholders of the Corporation to serve
as directors and only such business shall be conducted at a meeting of stockholders as shall have been brought before the meeting in
accordance with the procedures set forth in this Section&nbsp;4. Except as otherwise provided by law or the Certificate of
Incorporation, the chairman of the meeting shall have the power and duty to (a)&nbsp;determine whether a nomination or any business
proposed to be brought before the meeting was made or proposed, as the case may be, in accordance with the procedures set forth in
this Section&nbsp;4 and (b)&nbsp;if any proposed nomination or business is not in compliance with this Section&nbsp;4 (including
whether the stockholder or beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the nomination or proposal is made solicits (or is part of a
group which solicits), or fails to so solicit (as the case may be), proxies in support of such stockholder&rsquo;s proposal in
compliance with such stockholder&rsquo;s representation required by clause (c)(iv)&nbsp;of Section&nbsp;(A)(2)&nbsp;of this By-law),
to declare that such defective nomination shall be disregarded or that such proposed business shall not be transacted.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(2)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;For
purposes of this Section&nbsp;4, &ldquo;public announcement&rdquo; shall mean disclosure in a press release reported by the Dow Jones
News Service, Associated Press or comparable national news service or in a document publicly filed by the Corporation, with the Securities
and Exchange Commission pursuant to Section&nbsp;13, 14 or 15(d)&nbsp;of the Exchange Act.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(3)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;Notwithstanding
the foregoing provisions of this Section&nbsp;4, a stockholder shall also comply with all applicable requirements of the Exchange Act
and the rules&nbsp;and regulations thereunder with respect to the matters set forth in this Section&nbsp;4. Nothing in this Section&nbsp;4
shall be deemed to affect any rights (a)&nbsp;of stockholders to request inclusion of proposals in the Corporation&rsquo;s proxy statement
pursuant to Rule&nbsp;14a-8 under the Exchange Act or (b)&nbsp;of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock to elect directors under
specified circumstances.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;5.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239; QUORUM; ADJOURNED MEETINGS
AND NOTICE THEREOF. A majority of the stock issued and outstanding and entitled to vote at any meeting of stockholders, the holders of
which are present in person or represented by proxy, shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business except as otherwise provided
by law, by the Certificate of Incorporation, or by these Bylaws. A quorum, once established, shall not be broken by the withdrawal of
enough votes to leave less than a quorum and the votes present may continue to transact business until adjournment. If, however, such
quorum shall not be present or represented at any meeting of the stockholders, a majority of the voting stock represented in person or
by proxy may adjourn the meeting from time to time, without notice other than announcement at the meeting, until a quorum shall be present
or represented. At such adjourned meeting at which a quorum shall be present or represented, any business may be transacted which might
have been transacted at the meeting as originally notified. If the adjournment is for more than thirty days, or if after the adjournment
a new record date is fixed for the adjourned meeting, a notice of the adjourned meeting shall be given to each stockholder of record entitled
to vote thereat.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;6. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;VOTING. When a quorum
is present at any meeting, the vote of the holders of a majority of the stock having voting power present in person or represented by
proxy shall decide any question brought before such meeting, unless the question is one upon which by express provision of the statutes,
or the Certificate of Incorporation, or these Bylaws, a different vote is required in which case such express provision shall govern and
control the decision of such question.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;7.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239; PROXIES. At each meeting
of the stockholders, each stockholder having the right to vote may vote in person or may authorize another person or persons to act for
him by proxy appointed by an instrument in writing subscribed by such stockholder and bearing a date not more than three years prior to
said meeting, unless said instrument provides for a longer period. All proxies must be filed with the Secretary of the Corporation at
the beginning of each meeting in order to be counted in any vote at the meeting. Each stockholder shall have one vote for each share of
stock having voting power, registered in his name on the books of the Corporation on the record date set by the Board of Directors as
provided in Article&nbsp;6, Section&nbsp;53 hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;8. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;SPECIAL MEETINGS. Special
meetings of the stockholders, for any purpose, or purposes, unless otherwise prescribed by statute or by the Certificate of Incorporation,
may be called by the President and shall be called by the President or the Secretary at the request in writing of a majority of the Board
of Directors, or at the request in writing of stockholders owning at least a majority of the entire capital stock of the Corporation,
issued and outstanding, and entitled to vote. Such request shall state the purpose or purposes of the proposed meeting. Business transacted
at any special meeting of stockholders shall be limited to the purposes stated in the notice.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;9.
 &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;NOTICE OF MEETINGS. Whenever stockholders are required or permitted to take any action at a meeting, a written notice of the meeting
shall be given which notice shall state the place, date and hour of the meeting, and, in the case of a special meeting, the purpose
or purposes for which the meeting is called. The written notice of any meeting shall be given to each stockholder entitled to vote
at such meeting not less than ten nor more than sixty days before the date of the meeting. If mailed, notice is given when deposited
in the United States mail, postage prepaid, directed to the stockholder at his address as it appears on the records of the
Corporation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;10. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION
OF STOCKHOLDER LIST. The officer who has charge of the stock ledger of the Corporation shall prepare and make, at least ten days before
every meeting of stockholders, a complete list of the stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting, arranged in alphabetical order, and
showing the address of each stockholder and the number of shares registered in the name of each stockholder. Such list shall be open to
the examination of any stockholder, for any purpose germane to the meeting, during ordinary business hours, for a period of at least ten
days prior to the meeting, either at a place within the city where the meeting is to be held, which place shall be specified in the notice
of the meeting, or, if not so specified, at the place where the meeting is to be held. The list shall also be produced and kept at the
time and place of the meeting during the whole time thereof, and may be inspected by any stockholder who is present.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;11. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;STOCKHOLDER ACTION
BY WRITTEN CONSENT WITHOUT A MEETING. Unless otherwise provided in the Certificate of Incorporation, any action required to be taken at
any annual or special meeting of stockholders of the Corporation, including the election of directors, or any action which may be taken
at any annual or special meeting of such stockholders, may be taken without a meeting, without prior notice and without a vote, if a consent
in writing, setting forth the action so taken, shall be signed by the holders of outstanding stock having not less than the minimum number
of votes that would be necessary to authorize or take such action at a meeting at which all shares entitled to vote thereon were present
and voted. Prompt notice of the taking of the corporate action without a meeting by less than unanimous written consent shall be given
to those stockholders who have not consented in writing.</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B>ARTICLE&nbsp;III.</B></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B>DIRECTORS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;12.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239; THE NUMBER OF DIRECTORS.
The total number of directors constituting the whole Board shall be not less than six nor more than eight, the exact number within such
range to be fixed exclusively by a resolution adopted by the Board. The directors need not be stockholders. The directors shall be elected
at the annual meeting of the stockholders, except as provided in Section&nbsp;13, and each director elected shall hold office until his
or her successor is elected and qualified; provided, however, that unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate of Incorporation or
by law, any director or the entire Board of Directors may be removed, either with or without cause, from the Board of Directors at any
meeting of stockholders by a majority of the stock represented and entitled to vote thereat.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;13. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;VACANCIES. Vacancies
on the Board of Directors by reason of death, resignation, retirement, disqualification, removal from office, or otherwise, and newly
created directorships resulting from any increase in the authorized number of directors may be filled by a majority of the directors then
in office, although less than a quorum, or by a sole remaining director, provided, however, that the Board of Directors shall not take
any action unless and until the any Stockholders entitled to designate nominees of the Board of Directors under any Stockholders Agreement
have been given adequate opportunity to do so.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;14. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;POWERS. The Board
of Directors shall elect and appoint management to manage the business and property of the Corporation. In addition to the powers and
authorities by these Bylaws expressly conferred upon them, the Board may exercise all such powers of the Corporation and do all such lawful
acts and things as are not by statute or by the Certificate of Incorporation or by these Bylaws directed or required to be exercised or
done by the stockholders.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;15.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239; PLACE OF DIRECTORS&rsquo;
MEETINGS. The directors may hold their meetings and have one or more offices, and keep the books of the Corporation outside of the State
of Delaware.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;16. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;REGULAR MEETINGS.
Regular meetings of the Board of Directors may be held without notice at such time and place as shall from time to time be determined
by the Board.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;17.
 &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;SPECIAL MEETINGS. Special meetings of the Board of Directors may be called by the Chairman of the Board or the President on
forty-eight hours&rsquo; notice to each director, either personally or by mail or by facsimile; special meetings shall be called by
the President or the Secretary in like manner and on like notice on the written request of two directors.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;18. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;QUORUM. At all meetings
of the Board of Directors, a majority of the then-appointed directors shall be necessary and sufficient to constitute a quorum for the
transaction of business, and the vote of a majority of the directors present at any meeting at which there is a quorum, shall be the act
of the Board of Directors, except as may be otherwise specifically provided by statute, by the Certificate of Incorporation, by any Stockholders
Agreement or by these Bylaws. If a quorum shall not be present at any meeting of the Board of Directors, the directors present thereat
may adjourn the meeting from time to time, without notice other than announcement at the meeting, until a quorum shall be present. If
only one director is authorized, such sole director shall constitute a quorum. At any meeting, a director shall have the right to be accompanied
by counsel (provided that such counsel shall agree to any confidentiality restrictions reasonably imposed by the Corporation) and an observer
(to the extent such right is agreed upon in any Stockholders Agreement).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;19. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;ACTION WITHOUT MEETING.
Unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, any action required or permitted to be taken at any meeting
of the Board of Directors or of any committee thereof may be taken without a meeting, if all members of the Board or committee, as the
case may be, consent thereto in writing, and the writing or writings are filed with the minutes of proceedings of the Board or committee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;20. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;TELEPHONIC MEETINGS.
Unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, members of the Board of Directors, or any committee designated
by the Board of Directors, may participate in a meeting of the Board of Directors, or any committee, by means of conference telephone
or similar communications equipment by means of which all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other, and such participation
in a meeting shall constitute presence in person at such meeting.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;21. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;COMMITTEES OF DIRECTORS.
The Board of Directors may, by resolution passed by a majority of the whole Board, designate one or more committees, each such committee
to consist of one or more of the directors of the Corporation. The Board may designate one or more directors as alternate members of any
committee, who may replace any absent or disqualified member at any meeting of the committee. In the absence or disqualification of a
member of a committee, the member or members thereof present at any meeting and not disqualified from voting, whether or not he or they
constitute a quorum, may unanimously appoint another member of the Board of Directors to act at the meeting in the place of any such absent
or disqualified member. Any such committee, to the extent provided in the resolution of the Board of Directors, shall make recommendations
regarding the management of the business and affairs of the Corporation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;22. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;MINUTES OF COMMITTEE
MEETINGS. Each committee shall keep regular minutes of its meetings and report the same to the Board of Directors.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;23. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;COMPENSATION OF DIRECTORS.
Unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate of Incorporation, any Stockholders Agreement or these Bylaws, the Board of Directors shall
have the authority to fix the compensation of directors. The directors may be paid their expenses, if any, of attendance at each meeting
of the Board of Directors and may be paid a fixed sum for attendance at each meeting of the Board of Directors or a stated salary as director.
No such payment shall preclude any director from serving the Corporation in any other capacity and receiving compensation therefor. Members
of special or standing committees may be allowed like compensation for attending committee meetings.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B>ARTICLE&nbsp;IV.</B></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B>INDEMNIFICATION AND INSURANCE</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;24.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239; POWER TO
INDEMNIFY IN ACTIONS, SUITS OR PROCEEDINGS OTHER THAN ACTIONS BY OR IN THE RIGHT OF THE CORPORATION. Subject to Section&nbsp;26 of
this Article&nbsp;4, the Corporation shall indemnify any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any
threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (other than an
action by or in the right of the Corporation) by reason of the fact that such person is or was a director or officer of the
Corporation, or is or was a director or officer of the Corporation serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer,
employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise, against
expenses (including attorneys&rsquo; fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by such
person in connection with such action, suit or proceeding if such person acted in good faith and in a manner such person reasonably
believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding,
such person had no reasonable cause to believe his or her conduct was unlawful. The termination of any action, suit or proceeding by
judgment, order, settlement, conviction, or upon a plea of nolo contendere or its equivalent, shall not, of itself, create a
presumption that such person did not act in good faith and in a manner which such person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed
to the best interests of the Corporation, and with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had reasonably cause to believe
that his or her conduct was unlawful.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;25. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;POWER TO INDEMNIFY
IN ACTIONS BY OR IN THE RIGHT OF THE CORPORATION. Subject to Section&nbsp;26 of this Article&nbsp;4, the Corporation shall indemnify any
person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending, or completed action or suit or by or in the
right of the Corporation to procure a judgment in its favor by reason of the fact that such person is or was a director or officer of
the Corporation, or is or was a director or officer of the Corporation serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer,
employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise, against expenses
(including attorneys&rsquo; fees) actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection with the defense or settlement of such
action or suit if such person acted in good faith and in a manner such person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best
interests of the Corporation; except that no indemnification shall be made in respect of any claim, issue or matter as to which such person
shall have been adjudged to be liable to the Corporation unless and only to the extent that the Court of Chancery or the court in which
such action or suit was brought shall determine upon application that, despite the adjudication of liability but in view of all the circumstances
of the case, such person is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnity for such expenses which the Court of Chancery or such other court
shall deem proper.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;26. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;AUTHORIZATION OF INDEMNIFICATION.
Any indemnification under this Article&nbsp;4 (unless ordered by a court) shall be made by the Corporation only as authorized in the specific
case upon a determination that indemnification of the director or officer is proper in the circumstances because such person has met the
applicable standard of conduct set forth in Section&nbsp;24 or 25 of this Article&nbsp;4, as the case may be. Such determination shall
be made (i)&nbsp;by a majority vote of the directors who are not parties to such action, suit or proceeding, even though less than a quorum,
or (ii)&nbsp;if there are no such directors, or if such directors so direct, by independent legal counsel in a written opinion, or (iii)&nbsp;by
the stockholders. To the extent, however, that a director or officer of the Corporation has been successful on the merits or otherwise
in defense if any action, suit or proceeding described above, or in defense of any claim, issue or matter therein, such person shall be
indemnified against expenses (including attorneys&rsquo; fees) actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection therewith,
without the necessity of authorization in the specific case.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;27. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;GOOD FAITH DEFINED.
For purposes of any determination under Section&nbsp;26 of this Article&nbsp;4, a person shall be deemed to have acted in good faith and
in a manner such person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation, or, with respect to any
criminal action or proceeding, to have had no reasonable cause to believe his or her conduct was unlawful, if such person&rsquo;s action
is based on the records or books of account of the Corporation or another enterprise, or on information supplied to such person by the
officers of the Corporation or another enterprise in the course of their duties, or on the advice of legal counsel for the Corporation
or another enterprise or on information or records given or reports made to the Corporation or another enterprise by an independent certified
public accountant or by an appraiser or other expert selected with reasonable care by the Corporation or another enterprise. The term
 &ldquo;another enterprise&rdquo; as used in this Section&nbsp;27 shall mean any other corporation or any partnership, joint venture, trust,
employee benefit plan or other enterprise of which such person is or was serving at the request of the Corporation as director, officer,
employee or agent. The provisions of this Section&nbsp;27 shall not be deemed to be exclusive or to limit in any way the circumstances
in which a person may be deemed to have met the applicable standard of conduct set forth in Section&nbsp;24 or 25 of this Article&nbsp;4,
as the case may be.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;28.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239; INDEMNIFICATION BY
A COURT. Notwithstanding any contrary determination in the specific case under Section&nbsp;26 of this Article&nbsp;4, and notwithstanding
the absence of any determination thereunder, any director or officer may apply to the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware or any
other court of competent jurisdiction in the State of Delaware for indemnification to the extent otherwise permissible under Sections
24 and 25 of this Article&nbsp;4. The basis of such indemnification by a court shall be a determination by such court that indemnification
of the director or officer is proper in the circumstances because such person has met the applicable standards of conduct set forth in
Section&nbsp;24 or 25 of this Article&nbsp;4, as the case may be. Neither a contrary determination in the specific case under Section&nbsp;26
of this Article&nbsp;4 nor the absence of any determination thereunder shall be a defense to such application or create a presumption
that the director or officer seeking indemnification has not met any applicable standard of conduct. Notice of any application for indemnification
pursuant to this Section&nbsp;28 shall be given to the Corporation promptly upon the filing of such application. If successful, in whole
or in part, the director or officer seeking indemnification shall also be entitled to be paid the expense of prosecuting such application.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;29.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239; EXPENSES PAYABLE IN
ADVANCE. Expenses incurred by a director or officer in defending or investigating a threatened or pending action, suit or proceeding shall
be paid by the Corporation in advance of the final disposition of such action, suit or proceeding upon receipt of an undertaking by or
on behalf of such director or officer to repay such amount if it shall ultimately be determined that such person is not entitled to be
indemnified by the Corporation as authorized in this Article&nbsp;4. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Corporation shall not be required
to advance any expenses to an Indemnitee in the event and to the extent that such Indemnitee has entered a plea of guilty in the applicable
criminal proceeding.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;30. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;NON-EXCLUSIVITY OF
INDEMNIFICATION AND ADVANCEMENT OF EXPENSES. The indemnification and the advancement of expenses provided by or granted pursuant to this
Article&nbsp;4 shall not be deemed exclusive of any other rights to which those seeking indemnification or advancement of expenses may
be entitled under the Certificate of Incorporation or any By-law, agreement, contract, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors
or pursuant to the direction (howsoever embodied) of any court of competent jurisdiction or otherwise, both as to action in such person&rsquo;s
official capacity and as to action in another capacity while holding such office, it being the policy of the corporation that indemnification
of persons specified in Section&nbsp;24 and 25 of this Article&nbsp;4 shall be made to the fullest extent permitted by law. The provisions
of this Article&nbsp;4 shall not be deemed to preclude the indemnification of any person who is not specified in Section&nbsp;24 or 25
of this Article&nbsp;4 but whom the Corporation has the power or obligation to indemnify under the provision of the Delaware General Corporation
Law (&ldquo;DGCL&rdquo;) or otherwise.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;31.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239; INSURANCE. The Corporation
may purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of any person who is or was a director or officer of the Corporation or is or was a director
or officer of the Corporation serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation,
partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise against any liability asserted against such person and incurred
by such person in any such capacity, or arising out of such person&rsquo;s status as such, whether or not the Corporation would have the
power or the obligation to indemnify such person against such liability under the provisions of this Article&nbsp;4.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;32.
 &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;CERTAIN DEFINITIONS. For the purposes of this Article&nbsp;4, references to the &ldquo;Corporation&rdquo; shall include, in addition
to the resulting corporation, any constituent corporation (including any constituent of a constituent) absorbed in a consolidation
or merger which, if its separate existence had continued, would have had power and authority to indemnify its directors or officers,
so that any person who is or was a director or officer of such constituent corporation, or is or was a director or officer of such
constituent corporation serving at the request of such constituent corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another
corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise, shall stand in the same position under
the provisions of this Article&nbsp;4 with respect to the resulting or surviving corporation as such person would have with respect
to such constituent corporation if its separate existence had continued. For purposes of this Article&nbsp;4, references to
 &ldquo;fines&rdquo; shall include any excise taxes assessed on a person with respect to an employee benefit plan; and references to
 &ldquo;serving at the request of the Corporation&rdquo; shall include any service as a director, officer, employee or agent of the
Corporation which imposes duties on, or involves services by, such director or officer which respect to an employee benefit plan,
its participants or beneficiaries; and a person who acted in good faith and in a manner such person reasonably believed to be in the
interest of the participants and beneficiaries of an employee benefit plan shall be deemed to have acted in a manner &ldquo;not
opposed to the best interests of the Corporation&rdquo; as referred to in this Article&nbsp;4.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;33. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;SURVIVAL OF INDEMNIFICATION
AND ADVANCEMENT OF EXPENSES. The indemnification and advancement of expenses provided by, or granted pursuant to, this Article&nbsp;4
shall, unless otherwise provided when authorized or ratified. continue as to a person who has ceased to be a director or officer shall
inure to the benefit of the heirs, executors and administrators of such a person.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;34. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;LIMITATION ON INDEMNIFICATION.
Notwithstanding anything contained in this Article&nbsp;4 to the contrary, except for proceedings to enforce rights to indemnification
(which shall be governed by Section&nbsp;28 hereof), the Corporation shall not be obligated to indemnify any director or officer (or his
heirs, executors or personal or legal representatives) or advance expenses in connection with a proceeding (or part thereof) initiated
by such person unless such proceeding (or part thereof) was authorized or consented to by the Board of Directors of the Corporation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;35.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239; INDEMNIFICATION OF
EMPLOYEES AND AGENTS. The Corporation may, to the extent authorized from time to time by the Board of Directors, provide rights to indemnification
and to advancement of expenses to employees and agents of the Corporation similar to those conferred in this Article&nbsp;4 to directors
and officers of the Corporation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B>ARTICLE&nbsp;V.</B></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B>OFFICERS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;36.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239; OFFICERS. The officers
of this corporation shall be chosen by the Board of Directors and shall include a Chief Executive Officer, President, a Secretary, and
a Treasurer. The Corporation may also have, at the discretion of the Board of Directors, such other officers as are desired, including
a Chairman of the Board, one or more Vice Presidents, one or more Assistant Secretaries and Assistant Treasurers, and such other officers
as may be appointed in accordance with the provisions of Section&nbsp;3 hereof. In the event there are two or more Vice Presidents, then
one or more may be designated as Executive Vice President, Senior Vice President, or other similar or dissimilar title. Any number of
offices may be held by the same person unless the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws otherwise provide.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;37. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;ELECTION OF OFFICERS.
The Board of Directors, at its first meeting after each annual meeting of stockholders, shall choose the officers of the Corporation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;38.
 &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;COMPENSATION OF OFFICERS. The salaries of all officers and agents of the Corporation shall be fixed by the Board of Directors on the advice
and consent of the Compensation Committee thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;39. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;TERM OF OFFICE; REMOVAL
AND VACANCIES. The officers of the Corporation shall hold office until their successors are chosen and qualify in their stead. Any officer
elected or appointed by the Board of Directors may be removed at any time by the affirmative vote of a majority of the Board of Directors.
If the office of any officer or officers becomes vacant for any reason, the vacancy shall be filled by the Board of Directors.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;40.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239; CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD.
The Chairman of the Board, if such an officer be elected, shall, if present, preside at meetings of the Board of Directors and shall have
no power or authority to manage the affairs of the corporation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;41. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER.
The Chief Executive Officer of the Corporation shall be the principle officer of the Corporation and shall have general supervision, direction
and control of the business and officers of the Corporation. He shall preside at all meetings of the stockholders and, in the absence
of the Chairman of the Board, or if there be none, at all meetings of the Board of Directors.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;42. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;PRESIDENT. The President
shall be the chief operating officer of the Corporation. He shall assist the Chief Executive Officer at the Chief Executive Officer&rsquo;s
discretion in the performance of his duties.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;43. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;VICE PRESIDENTS. The
Vice Presidents shall assist the President at the President&rsquo;s discretion in the performance of his duties.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;44. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;SECRETARY. The Secretary
shall attend all sessions of the Board of Directors and all meetings of the stockholders and record all votes and the minutes of all proceedings
in a book to be kept for that purpose; and shall perform like duties for the standing committees when required by the Board of Directors.
He shall give, or cause to be given, notice of all meetings of the stockholders and of the Board of Directors.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">He shall keep in safe custody the seal
of the Corporation, and when authorized by the Board, affix the same to any instrument requiring it, and when so affixed it shall be attested
by his signature or by the signature of an Assistant Secretary. The Board of Directors may give general authority to any other officer
to affix the seal of the Corporation and to attest the affixing by his signature.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;45. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;ASSISTANT SECRETARY.
The Assistant Secretary, or if there be more than one, the Assistant Secretaries in the order determined by the Board of Directors, or
if there be no such determination, the Assistant Secretary designated by the Board of Directors, shall, in the absence or disability of
the Secretary, perform the duties and exercise the powers of the Secretary.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;46. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;TREASURER. The Treasurer
shall have the custody of the corporate funds and securities and shall keep full and accurate accounts of receipts and disbursements in
books belonging to the Corporation and shall deposit all moneys, and other valuable effects in the name and to the credit of the Corporation,
in such depositories as may be designated by the Board of Directors. He shall disburse the funds of the Corporation as may be ordered
by the Board of Directors, taking proper vouchers for such disbursements, and shall render to the Board of Directors, at its regular meetings,
or when the Board of Directors so requires, an account of all his transactions as Treasurer and of the financial condition of the Corporation.
If required by the Board of Directors, he shall give the Corporation a bond, in such sum and with such surety or sureties as shall be
satisfactory to the Board of Directors, for the faithful performance of the duties of his office and for the restoration to the Corporation,
in case of his death, resignation, retirement or removal from office, of all books, papers, vouchers, money and other property of whatever
kind in his possession or under his control belonging to the Corporation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;47.
 &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;ASSISTANT TREASURER. The Assistant Treasurer, or if there shall be more than one, the Assistant Treasurers, shall, in the absence or disability
of the Treasurer, perform the duties and exercise the powers of the Treasurer.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B>ARTICLE&nbsp;VI.</B></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B>CERTIFICATES OF STOCK</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;48. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;CERTIFICATES. Every
holder of stock of the Corporation shall be entitled to have a certificate signed by, or in the name of the Corporation by, the Chairman
or Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors, or the President or a Vice President, and by the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary, or the
Treasurer or an Assistant Treasurer of the Corporation, certifying the number of shares represented by the certificate owned by such stockholder
in the Corporation, except that the Board of Directors may provide that some or all of any class or series of stock will be uncertificated
shares. No decision to have uncertificated shares will apply to stock represented by a certificate until that certificate has been surrendered
to the Corporation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;49. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;SIGNATURES ON CERTIFICATES.
Any or all of the signatures on the certificate may be a facsimile. In case any officer, transfer agent, or registrar who has signed or
whose facsimile signature has been placed upon a certificate shall have ceased to be such officer, transfer agent, or registrar before
such certificate is issued, it may be issued by the Corporation with the same effect as if he were such officer, transfer agent, or registrar
at the date of issue.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;50.
 &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;STATEMENT OF STOCK RIGHTS, PREFERENCES, PRIVILEGES. If the Corporation shall be authorized to issue more than one class of stock or
more than one series of any class, the powers, designations, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other special
rights of each class of stock or series thereof and the qualification, limitations or restrictions of such preferences and/or rights
shall be set forth in full or summarized on the face or back of the certificate which the Corporation shall issue to represent such
class or series of stock, provided that, except as otherwise provided in Section&nbsp;202 of the General Corporation Law of
Delaware, in lieu of the foregoing requirements, there may be set forth on the face or back of the certificate which the Corporation
shall issue to represent such class or series of stock, a statement that the Corporation will furnish without charge to each
stockholder who so requests the powers, designations, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other special rights of
each class of stock or series thereof and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions of such preferences and/or rights.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;51.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239; LOST CERTIFICATES.
The Board of Directors may direct a new certificate or certificates to be issued in place of any certificate or certificates theretofore
issued by the Corporation alleged to have been lost, stolen or destroyed, upon the making of an affidavit of that fact by the person claiming
the certificate of stock to be lost, stolen or destroyed. When authorizing such issue of a new certificate or certificates, the Board
of Directors may, in its discretion and as a condition precedent to the issuance thereof, require the owner of such lost, stolen or destroyed
certificate or certificates, or his legal representative, to advertise the same in such manner as it shall require and/or to give the
Corporation a bond in such sum as it may direct as indemnity against any claim that may be made against the Corporation with respect to
the certificate alleged to have been lost, stolen or destroyed.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;52. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;TRANSFERS OF STOCK.
Upon surrender to the Corporation, or the transfer agent of the Corporation, of a certificate for shares duly endorsed or accompanied
by proper evidence of succession, assignation or authority to transfer, the Corporation shall issue a new certificate to the person entitled
thereto, cancel the old certificate and record the transaction upon its book.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;53. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;FIXING RECORD DATE.
In order that the Corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at any meeting of the stockholders, or any
adjournment thereof, or to express consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting, or entitled to receive payment of any dividend
or other distribution or allotment of any rights, or entitled to exercise any rights in respect of any change, conversion or exchange
of stock or for the purpose of any other lawful action, the Board of Directors may fix a record date which shall not be more than sixty
nor less than ten days before the date of such meeting, nor more than sixty days prior to any other action. A determination of stockholders
of record entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall apply to any adjournment of the meeting; provided, however,
that the Board of Directors may fix a new record date for the adjourned meeting.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;54.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239; REGISTERED STOCKHOLDERS.
The Corporation shall be entitled to treat the holder of record of any share or shares of stock as the holder in fact thereof and accordingly
shall not be bound to recognize any equitable or other claim or interest in such share on the part of any other person, whether or not
it shall have express or other notice thereof, save as expressly provided by the laws of the State of Delaware.</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B>ARTICLE&nbsp;VII.</B></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B>GENERAL PROVISIONS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;55. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;DIVIDENDS. Dividends
upon the capital stock of the Corporation, subject to the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation, if any, may be declared by the
Board of Directors at any regular or special meeting, pursuant to law. Dividends may be paid in cash, in property, or in shares of the
capital stock, subject to the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;56. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;PAYMENT OF DIVIDENDS;
DIRECTORS&rsquo; DUTIES. Before payment of any dividend there may be set aside out of any funds of the Corporation available for dividends
such sum or sums as the directors from time to time, in their absolute discretion, think proper as a reserve fund to meet contingencies,
or for equalizing dividends, or for repairing or maintaining any property of the Corporation, or for such other purpose as the directors
shall think conducive to the interests of the Corporation, and the directors may abolish any such reserve.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;57. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;CHECKS. All checks
or demands for money and notes of the Corporation shall be signed by such officer or officers as the Board of Directors may from time
to time designate.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;58. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;FISCAL YEAR. The fiscal year of the Corporation
shall be the calendar year.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;59. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;CORPORATE SEAL. The
corporate seal shall have inscribed thereon the name of the Corporation, the year of its organization and the words &ldquo;Corporate Seal,
Delaware.&rdquo; Said Seal may be used by causing it or a facsimile thereof to be impressed or affixed or reproduced or otherwise.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;60. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;MANNER OF GIVING NOTICE.
Whenever, under the provisions of the statutes or of the Certificate of Incorporation or of these Bylaws, notice is required to be given
to any director or stockholder, it shall not be construed to mean personal notice, but such notice may be given in writing, by mail, addressed
to such director or stockholder, at his address as it appears on the records of the Corporation, with postage thereon prepaid, and such
notice shall be deemed to be given at the time when the same shall be deposited in the United States mail. Notice to directors may also
be given by telegram or by facsimile or e-mail at such fax or e-mail addresses as the directors have last given to the Secretary.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;61. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;WAIVER OF NOTICE.
Whenever any notice is required to be given under the provisions of the statutes or of the Certificate of Incorporation or of these Bylaws,
a waiver thereof in writing, signed by the person or persons entitled to said notice, whether before or after the time stated therein,
shall be deemed equivalent thereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B>ARTICLE&nbsp;VIII.</B></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B>AMENDMENTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in">Section&nbsp;62. &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;AMENDMENT. These Bylaws
may be altered, amended or repealed or new Bylaws may be adopted by the Board of Directors or stockholders at any annual, regular or special
meeting, in accordance with the Certificate of Incorporation and any Stockholders Agreement, if notice of such alteration, amendment,
repeal or adoption of new Bylaws be contained in the notice of such meeting.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.SCH
<SEQUENCE>3
<FILENAME>ccoi-20250507.xsd
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION SCHEMA
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="US-ASCII" ?>
    <!-- Field: Doc-Info; Name: Generator; Value: GoFiler Complete; Version: 6.0b -->
    <!-- Field: Doc-Info; Name: VendorURI; Value: https://www.novaworks.com -->
    <!-- Field: Doc-Info; Name: Status; Value: 0x00000000 -->
    <!-- Field: Doc-Info; Name: Misc; Value: +aA5w7xRiXgen8uLa3ZcWaaNmbOdzZR+mYkxtmBwbSnKHykvvLj5fiLONit2ocgK -->
<schema xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:xbrli="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" xmlns:xbrldt="http://xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt" xmlns:xbrldi="http://xbrl.org/2006/xbrldi" xmlns:dei="http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023" xmlns:us-gaap="http://fasb.org/us-gaap/2023" xmlns:srt="http://fasb.org/srt/2023" xmlns:srt-types="http://fasb.org/srt-types/2023" xmlns:ccoi="http://cogentco.com/20250507" elementFormDefault="qualified" targetNamespace="http://cogentco.com/20250507">
    <annotation>
      <appinfo>
        <link:roleType roleURI="http://cogentco.com/role/Cover" id="Cover">
          <link:definition>00000001 - Document - Cover</link:definition>
          <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
        </link:roleType>
        <link:linkbaseRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="ccoi-20250507_pre.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationLinkbaseRef" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:title="Presentation Links" />
        <link:linkbaseRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="ccoi-20250507_lab.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/labelLinkbaseRef" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:title="Label Links" />
      </appinfo>
    </annotation>
    <import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-instance-2003-12-31.xsd" />
    <import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd" />
    <import namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd" />
    <import namespace="http://fasb.org/us-gaap/2023" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2023/elts/us-gaap-2023.xsd" />
    <import namespace="http://fasb.org/us-types/2023" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2023/elts/us-types-2023.xsd" />
    <import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2022-03-31" schemaLocation="https://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2022-03-31/types.xsd" />
    <import namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/country/2023" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.sec.gov/country/2023/country-2023.xsd" />
    <import namespace="http://fasb.org/srt/2023" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.fasb.org/srt/2023/elts/srt-2023.xsd" />
    <import namespace="http://fasb.org/srt-types/2023" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.fasb.org/srt/2023/elts/srt-types-2023.xsd" />
</schema>
</XBRL>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.LAB
<SEQUENCE>4
<FILENAME>ccoi-20250507_lab.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION LABEL LINKBASE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="US-ASCII" standalone="no"?>
    <!-- Field: Doc-Info; Name: Generator; Value: GoFiler Complete; Version: 6.0b -->
    <!-- Field: Doc-Info; Name: VendorURI; Value: https://www.novaworks.com -->
    <!-- Field: Doc-Info; Name: Status; Value: 0x00000000 -->
<link:linkbase xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:xbrli="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd">
    <link:roleRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedLabel" roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" />
    <link:roleRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedPeriodEndLabel" roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedPeriodEndLabel" />
    <link:roleRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedPeriodStartLabel" roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedPeriodStartLabel" />
    <link:roleRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedTotalLabel" roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedTotalLabel" />
    <link:roleRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedNetLabel" roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedNetLabel" />
    <link:roleRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedTerseLabel" roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedTerseLabel" />
    <link:roleRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/net-2009-12-16.xsd#netLabel" roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/netLabel" />
    <link:labelLink xlink:type="extended" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/link">
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:label="dei_CoverAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:to="dei_CoverAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_CoverAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Cover [Abstract]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentType" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentType" xlink:to="dei_DocumentType_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Type</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:to="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Amendment Flag</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_AmendmentDescription" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentDescription" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_AmendmentDescription" xlink:to="dei_AmendmentDescription_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentDescription_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Amendment Description</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentRegistrationStatement" xlink:label="dei_DocumentRegistrationStatement" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentRegistrationStatement" xlink:to="dei_DocumentRegistrationStatement_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentRegistrationStatement_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Registration Statement</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentAnnualReport" xlink:label="dei_DocumentAnnualReport" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentAnnualReport" xlink:to="dei_DocumentAnnualReport_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentAnnualReport_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Annual Report</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport" xlink:label="dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport" xlink:to="dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Quarterly Report</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentTransitionReport" xlink:label="dei_DocumentTransitionReport" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentTransitionReport" xlink:to="dei_DocumentTransitionReport_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentTransitionReport_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Transition Report</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport" xlink:label="dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport" xlink:to="dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Shell Company Report</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentShellCompanyEventDate" xlink:label="dei_DocumentShellCompanyEventDate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentShellCompanyEventDate" xlink:to="dei_DocumentShellCompanyEventDate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentShellCompanyEventDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Shell Company Event Date</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentPeriodStartDate" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodStartDate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentPeriodStartDate" xlink:to="dei_DocumentPeriodStartDate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodStartDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Period Start Date</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:to="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Period End Date</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" xlink:to="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Fiscal Period Focus</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xlink:to="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Fiscal Year Focus</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate" xlink:label="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate" xlink:to="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Current Fiscal Year End Date</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity File Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:to="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Registrant Name</link:label>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:to="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Central Index Key</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Primary SIC Number</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Tax Identification Number</link:label>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Address Line One</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Address Line Two</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Address Line Three</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, City or Town</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, State or Province</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCountry" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCountry_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Soliciting Material</link:label>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">No Trading Symbol Flag</link:label>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:to="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Trading Symbol</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_Security12gTitle_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Title of 12(g) Security</link:label>
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</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.PRE
<SEQUENCE>5
<FILENAME>ccoi-20250507_pre.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION PRESENTATION LINKBASE
<TEXT>
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<head>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.25.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Cover<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>May 07, 2025</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CoverAbstract', window );"><strong>Cover [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">May  07,  2025<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate', window );">Current Fiscal Year End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">--12-31<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">000-51829<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">Cogent Communications Holdings, Inc.<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0001158324<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">46-5706863<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">DE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">2450 N St. NW<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">Washington<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">DC<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">20037<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">202<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">295-4200<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_WrittenCommunications', window );">Written Communications</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial', window );">Soliciting Material</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">CCOI<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NASDAQ<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CoverAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cover page.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CoverAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>End date of current fiscal year in the format --MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:gMonthDayItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For the EDGAR submission types of Form 8-K: the date of the report, the date of the earliest event reported; for the EDGAR submission types of Form N-1A: the filing date; for all other submission types: the end of the reporting or transition period.  The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<tr>
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<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:employerIdItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_Security12bTitle">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Title of a 12(b) registered security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_Security12bTitle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:securityTitleItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SecurityExchangeName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarExchangeCodeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Section 14a<br> -Number 240<br> -Subsection 12<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SolicitingMaterial</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_TradingSymbol">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_TradingSymbol</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:tradingSymbolItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_WrittenCommunications">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 425<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_WrittenCommunications</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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