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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Principles of consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Gibraltar Industries, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company"). All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Use of estimates The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates due to uncertainty in the current economic environment. Segment Reporting The Company has four reportable segments: Renewables, Residential, Agtech and Infrastructure. In 2021, the Company's former Renewable Energy and Conservation segment was divided into two segments, Renewables and Agtech. For further disclosure regarding the Company's reportable segments, refer to Note 20 "Segment Information." Revenue recognition Revenue is recognized when, or as, the Company transfers control of promised products or services to a customer in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring those products or services. Performance obligations satisfied at a point in time and significant judgments Revenue from contracts with customers is recognized when the Company transfers control of the promised product at a point in time, which is determined when the customer has legal title and the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the asset, and the Company has a present right to payment for the product. The Company allocates the transaction price, which is generally the quoted price per terms of the contract and the consideration the Company expects to receive, to each performance obligation. These products are generally sold with rights of return and these contracts may provide other credits or incentives, which are accounted for as variable consideration. Sales returns, allowances, and customer incentives, including rebates, are treated as reductions to the sales transaction price and based largely on an assessment of all information (i.e., historical, current and forecasted) that is reasonably available to the Company, and estimated at contract inception and updated at the end of each reporting period as additional information becomes available. Performance obligations satisfied over time and significant judgments For a contract to construct an asset that the customer controls as it is being created or enhanced, or a promise to provide a product that has no alternative use to the Company and the Company has enforceable rights to payment, the Company recognizes revenue over time. For the contracts to construct a certain asset, the Company determines that the customer controls the asset while it is being constructed. For the contracts for products that have no alternative use and for which the Company has an enforceable right to payment, the Company identifies these products as products that are not a standard inventory item or the Company cannot readily direct the product to another customer for use without incurring a significant economic loss, or significant costs to rework the product. The Company determines the transaction price for each contract based on the consideration the Company expects to receive for the promised products and services under the entire contract, which is generally the stated contract price based on an expected cost plus a margin. For the above contracts with customers with respect to which the Company satisfies a performance obligation over time, the Company recognizes revenue based on the extent of progress towards completion of the performance obligation using the cost-to-cost measure of progress. Under the cost-to-cost measure of progress, the extent of progress toward completion is measured based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to the total estimated costs at completion of the performance obligation. Revenues are recognized proportionally as costs are incurred. Costs to fulfill a contract include all direct costs related to contract performance. Selling and administrative expenses are charged to operations as incurred. Provision for loss on an uncompleted performance obligation is recognized in the period in which such loss is determined. The Company regularly reviews the progress under the cost-to-cost method and any adjustments are recognized as necessary. Changes in estimates are recognized as they become known using the cumulative catch-up basis. The Company also recognizes revenues from services contracts over time. The Company recognizes revenue over time during the term of the agreement as the customer is simultaneously receiving and consuming the benefits provided throughout the Company's performance. Therefore, due to control transferring over time, the Company recognizes revenue on a straight-line basis throughout the contract period. Contract assets and contract liabilities Contract assets primarily represents revenue recognized for performance obligations that have been satisfied but for which amounts receivable have not been billed. These are included as current assets and included within accounts receivable on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. Contract liabilities include payments received from customers in advance of the satisfaction of performance obligations for a contract. The Company does not consider contract advances to be significant financing components as the intent of these payments in advance are for reasons other than providing a significant financing benefit and are customary in the Company's industry. Unearned revenue relates to payments received in advance of performance under the contract and is recognized when the Company performs under the contract. Unearned revenue is presented within accrued expenses in the Company's consolidated balance sheets. Costs to obtain a contract with a customer The Company recognizes an asset for the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer if the Company expects the benefit of those costs to be longer than one year. If the amortization period of the asset is one year or less, the Company recognizes the incremental costs of obtaining a contract as an expense when incurred. These incremental costs include, but are not limited to, sales commissions incurred to obtain a contract with a customer. Cash and cash equivalents All highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less are considered cash equivalents. Accounts receivable and allowance for doubtful accounts and contract assets Accounts receivable are composed of trade and contract receivables recorded at either the invoiced amount or costs in excess of billings, are expected to be collected within one year, and do not bear interest. The Company’s expected loss allowance methodology for accounts receivable and costs in excess of billings (collectively "accounts receivable") is developed using historical collection experience, current and future economic and market conditions, and a review of the current status of customers' accounts receivables. The Company is exposed to credit losses through sales of products and services. Due to the short-term nature of such accounts receivable, the estimated amount of accounts receivable that may not be collected is based on aging of the accounts receivable balances. Additionally, specific allowance amounts are established to record the appropriate provision for customers that no longer share risk characteristics similar with other accounts receivable. The Company’s monitoring activities include timely account reconciliation, dispute resolution, payment confirmation, consideration of customers' financial condition and macroeconomic conditions. Balances are written off when determined to be u ncollectible after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. Estimates are used to determine the allowance. These estimates are based on assessment of anticipated payment and all other historical, current and future information that is reasonably available. The following table summarizes activity recorded within the allowance for doubtful accounts and contract assets balances for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Beginning balance | $ | 3,738 |  |  | $ | 3,529 |  |  | $ | 5,951 |
Adoption of ASU 2016-13, cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings at January 1, 2020 | — |  |  | — |  |  | 385 |
Bad debt expense, net of recoveries | 1,221 |  |  | 898 |  |  | 1,321 |
Accounts written off against allowance and other adjustments | (1,213) |  |  | (689) |  |  | (4,128) |
Ending balance | $ | 3,746 |  |  | $ | 3,738 |  |  | $ | 3,529 |
Concentrations of credit risk in accounts receivable are limited to those from significant customers that are believed to be financially sound. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company's most significant customer is a home improvement retailer. The home improvement retailer purchases from the Residential segment. Accounts receivable as a percentage of consolidated accounts receivable from the home improvement retailer was 14% as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. Net sales to the home improvement retailer as a percentage of consolidated net sales were 14%, 13%, and 14% during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Inventories Inventories are valued at the lower of cost, determined using the first-in, first-out method, or net realizable value. Shipping and handling costs are recognized as a component of cost of sales. Property, plant, and equipment Property, plant, and equipment are stated at cost and depreciated over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method. Interest is capitalized in connection with construction of qualified assets. Expenditures that exceed an established dollar threshold and that extend the useful lives of assets are capitalized, while repair and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. The estimated useful lives of land improvements, buildings, and building improvements are 15 to 40 years, while the estimated useful lives for machinery and equipment are 3 to 20 years. The table below sets forth the depreciation expense recognized during the years ended December 31 (in thousands):
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Depreciation expense | $ | 14,583 |  |  | $ | 13,110 |  |  | $ | 11,252 |
Acquisition related assets and liabilities Accounting for the acquisition of a business as a purchase transaction requires an allocation of the purchase price to the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed in the transaction at their respective estimated fair values. The most complex estimations of individual fair values are those involving long-lived assets, such as property, plant, and equipment and intangible assets. The Company uses all available information to make these fair value determinations and engages independent valuation specialists to assist in the fair value determination of the acquired long-lived assets. Goodwill and other intangible assets The Company tests goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis at October 31, or more frequently if an event occurs, or circumstances change, that indicate that the fair value of a reporting unit could be below its carrying value. The reporting units are at the component level, or one level below the operating segment level. Goodwill is assigned to each reporting unit as of the date the reporting unit is acquired. The Company may elect to perform a qualitative assessment that considers economic, industry and company-specific factors for some or all of the Company's selected reporting units. If, after completing the assessment, it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, the Company proceeds to a quantitative test. The Company may also elect to perform a quantitative test instead of a qualitative test for any or all of the Company's reporting units. The quantitative impairment test consists of comparing the fair value of a reporting unit, determined using two valuation techniques, to its carrying value. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, goodwill is considered impaired, and a loss measured by the excess of the carrying value of the reporting unit over the fair value of the reporting unit must be recorded. The Company also tests its indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis as of October 31, or more frequently if an event occurs, or circumstances change, that indicate that the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset could be below its carrying value. The impairment test consists of comparing the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset, determined using discounted cash flows on a relief-from-royalty basis, with its carrying amount. An impairment loss would be recognized for the carrying amount in excess of its fair value. Acquired identifiable intangible assets are recorded at cost. Identifiable intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives. For additional disclosure of the Company's goodwill and other intangible assets refer to Note 7 "Goodwill and Related Intangible Assets." Impairment of long-lived assets Long-lived assets, including acquired identifiable intangible assets with finite useful lives, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of those assets may not be recoverable. In specific situations, when the Company has selected individual assets to be sold or scrapped, the Company obtains market value data for those specific assets and measures and records the impairment loss based on such data. Otherwise, the Company uses undiscounted cash flows to determine whether impairment exists and measures any impairment loss by approximating fair value using acceptable valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow models and third-party appraisals. For additional disclosure on impairment of the Company's long-lived assets refer to Note 7 "Goodwill and Related Intangible Assets," Note 14 "Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations" and Note 15 "Exit Activity Costs and Asset Impairments." Leases The Company determines if an agreement is, or contains, a lease at the inception of the agreement. At lease commencement, the Company recognizes a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for leases with terms greater than twelve months. The initial lease liability is recognized at the present value of remaining lease payments over the lease term. Leases with an initial term of twelve months or less are not recorded on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The Company recognizes lease expense for operating leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company combines lease and non-lease components, such as common area maintenance costs, in calculating the related asset and lease liabilities for all underlying asset groups. Operating lease cost is included in income from operations and includes short-term leases and variable lease costs which are immaterial. Deferred charges Deferred charges associated with initial costs incurred to enter into new debt arrangements are included as a component of long-term debt and are amortized as a part of interest expense over the terms of the associated debt agreements. Advertising The Company expenses advertising and marketing costs as incurred. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, advertising and marketing costs were $10.9 million, $8.0 million, and $7.2 million, respectively. Foreign currency transactions and translation The assets and liabilities of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars at the rate of exchange in effect at the balance sheet date. Income and expense items are translated at the average exchange rates prevailing during the period. Income taxes The provision for income taxes is determined using the asset and liability approach. Under this approach, deferred income taxes represent the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and tax basis of assets and liabilities. The Company records a valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets when uncertainty exists regarding their realization. Equity-based compensation The Company measures the cost of equity-based compensation based on grant date fair value and recognizes the cost over the period in which the employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award reduced by forfeitures. Equity-based compensation consists of grants of stock options, deferred stock units, common stock, restricted stock units, and performance stock units. Equity-based compensation expense is included as a component of selling, general, and administrative expenses. Recent accounting pronouncements The Company considers the applicability and impact of ASUs, and ASUs effective in or after 2022, respectively, were assessed and determined to be either not applicable, or had or are expected to have minimal impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

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