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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Principles of Consolidation | Principles of Consolidation. Our Financial Statements include all of our accounts and our subsidiaries’ accounts. All material intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.
Translation of Foreign Currency | Translation of Foreign Currency. Our foreign subsidiaries generally use the local currency of the countries in which they operate as their functional currency. Their assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. Revenue, expenses, and cash flows are translated at the average exchange rates prevailing during the period. Foreign currency translation adjustments are included in comprehensive income in stockholders’ equity. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are included in the determination of net income.
Use of Estimates in Preparation of Our Financial Statements | Use of Estimates in Preparation of Our Financial Statements. The preparation of our Financial Statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that may affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of our Financial Statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The more critical accounting estimates and related assumptions that may affect our financial position and results of operations are in the areas of: (i) revenue recognition; (ii) impairment assessments of long-lived assets; (iii) income taxes; and (iv) loss contingencies.
Revenue Recognition | Revenue Recognition. Our revenue from customer contracts is measured based on consideration specified in our contracts as discussed further below. We recognize revenue for our products and services separately if there are distinct performance obligations. A product or service, or group of products or services, has a distinct performance obligation if it is separately identifiable from other items in the context of the contract and if our customer can benefit from the product or service on their own or with other resources that are readily available to that customer. We recognize revenue when we satisfy our performance obligations by transferring control of a particular product or service, or group of products or services, to our customers, as described in more detail below. Taxes assessed on our products and services based on governmental authorities at the time of invoicing are generally excluded from our revenue. Transaction Price Allocated to Remaining Performance Obligations As of December 31, 2023, our aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations was approximately $1.5 billion, which is made up of fixed fee consideration and guaranteed minimums expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied). We expect to recognize over 75% of this amount by the end of 2026, with the remaining amount recognized by the end of 2036. We have excluded from this amount variable consideration expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied. The majority of our future revenue is related to our SaaS and related solutions customer contracts that includes variable consideration dependent upon a series of monthly volumes and/or daily usage of services and have contractual terms ending from 2025 through 2036. Disaggregation of Revenue The nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of our revenue and how revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors is most appropriately depicted by revenue type, geographic region, and customer vertical. Revenue by type for 2023, 2022, and 2021 was as follows (in thousands):
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SaaS and related solutions |  | $ | 1,024,572 |  |  | $ | 956,995 |  |  | $ | 926,290 |
Software and services |  |  | 98,078 |  |  |  | 87,247 |  |  |  | 72,818 |
Maintenance |  |  | 46,608 |  |  |  | 45,510 |  |  |  | 47,379 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 1,169,258 |  |  | $ | 1,089,752 |  |  | $ | 1,046,487 |
We use the location of the customer as the basis of attributing revenue to geographic regions. Revenue by geographic region for 2023, 2022, and 2021, as a percentage of our total revenue, was as follows:
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Americas (principally the U.S.) |  |  | 86 | % |  |  | 85 | % |  |  | 85 | %
Europe, Middle East, and Africa (principally Europe) |  |  | 10 | % |  |  | 11 | % |  |  | 11 | %
Asia Pacific |  |  | 4 | % |  |  | 4 | % |  |  | 4 | %
Total revenue |  |  | 100 | % |  |  | 100 | % |  |  | 100 | %
We generate our revenue primarily from the global communications markets; however, we serve an expanding group of customers in markets including retail, financial services, healthcare, insurance, and government entities. Revenue by customer vertical for 2023, 2022, and 2021, as a percentage of our total revenue, was as follows:
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Broadband/Cable/Satellite |  |  | 52 | % |  |  | 54 | % |  |  | 57 | %
Telecommunications |  |  | 20 | % |  |  | 20 | % |  |  | 19 | %
Other |  |  | 28 | % |  |  | 26 | % |  |  | 24 | %
Total revenue |  |  | 100 | % |  |  | 100 | % |  |  | 100 | %
Billed and Unbilled Accounts Receivable | Billed and Unbilled Accounts Receivable. Billed accounts receivable represents our unconditional rights to consideration. Once invoiced, our payment terms are generally between 30-60 days. We rarely have contracts with financing arrangements. Unbilled accounts receivable represents our rights to consideration for work completed but not billed. Unbilled accounts receivable is transferred to billed accounts receivable when the rights become unconditional, which is generally at the time of invoicing. The following table rolls forward our unbilled accounts receivable from January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2023 (in thousands):
|  | Unbilled Receivables |
Beginning Balance, January 1, 2022 |  | $ | 35,802 |
Recognized during the period |  |  | 285,562 |
Reclassified to receivables |  |  | (265,707 | )
Other |  |  | (2,827 | )
Ending Balance, December 31, 2022 |  |  | 52,830 |
Recognized during the period |  |  | 287,844 |
Reclassified to receivables |  |  | (258,792 | )
Other |  |  | 281 |
Ending Balance, December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 82,163 |
Deferred Revenue | Deferred Revenue. Deferred revenue represents consideration received from customers in advance of services being performed. The following table rolls forward our deferred revenue from January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2023 (in thousands):
|  | Deferred Revenue |
Beginning Balance, January 1, 2022 |  | $ | (73,347 | )
Revenue recognized that was included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the period |  |  | 53,947 |
Consideration received in advance of services performed net of revenue recognized in the current period |  |  | (51,432 | )
Other |  |  | 2,808 |
Ending Balance, December 31, 2022 |  |  | (68,024 | )
Revenue recognized that was included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the period |  |  | 45,699 |
Consideration received in advance of services performed net of revenue recognized in the current period |  |  | (55,920 | )
Other |  |  | 599 |
Ending Balance, December 31, 2023 |  | $ | (77,646 | )
Postage | Postage. We pass through to our customers the cost of postage that is incurred on behalf of those customers, and typically require an advance payment on expected postage costs. These advance payments are included in customer deposits in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets (“Balance Sheets” or “Balance Sheet”) and are classified as current liabilities regardless of the contract period. We net the cost of postage against the postage reimbursements for those customers where we require advance deposits and include the net amount (which is not material) in SaaS and related solutions revenue.
Cash and Cash Equivalents | Cash and Cash Equivalents. We consider all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less as of the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, our cash equivalents consist primarily of institutional money market funds, commercial paper, and time deposits held at major banks. For the cash and cash equivalents denominated in foreign currencies and/or located outside the U.S., we do not anticipate any material amounts being unavailable for use in running our business, but may face limitations on moving cash out of certain foreign jurisdictions due to currency controls and potential negative economic consequences. Restricted Cash. Restricted cash includes cash that is legally or contractually restricted, as well as our settlement and merchant reserve assets (discussed below). The nature of the restrictions on our settlement and merchant reserve assets consists of contractual restrictions with the merchants and restrictions arising from our policy and intention. It has historically been our policy to segregate settlement and merchant reserve assets from our operating cash balances and our intention is to continue to do so. Our restricted cash mainly serves to collateralize bank guarantees, performance guarantees, and certain outstanding letters of credit. As of December 31, 2023, we had $2.9 million of restricted cash included in other current and non-current assets in our Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2022, we had $1.0 million of restricted cash included in cash and cash equivalents in our Balance Sheets.
Short-term Investments and Other Financial Instruments | Short-term Investments and Other Financial Instruments. Our financial instruments as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 include cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, settlement and merchant reserve assets and liabilities, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and debt. Due to their short maturities, the carrying amounts of cash equivalents, settlement and merchant reserve assets and liabilities, accounts receivable, and accounts payable approximate their fair value. Our short-term investments and certain cash equivalents are considered “available-for-sale” and are reported at fair value in our Balance Sheets, with unrealized gains and losses, net of the related income tax effect, excluded from earnings and reported in a separate component of stockholders’ equity. Realized and unrealized gains and losses were not material in any period presented. Proceeds from the sale/maturity of short-term investments in 2023, 2022, and 2021 were $0.1 million, $28.0 million, and $90.5 million, respectively. The following table represents the fair value hierarchy based upon three levels of inputs, of which Levels 1 and 2 are considered observable and Level 3 is unobservable, for our financial assets measured at fair value (in thousands):
|  | December 31, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Total |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Total |
Cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds |  | $ | 5,484 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 5,484 |  |  | $ | 5,318 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 5,318 |
Short-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 71 |  |  |  | 71 |
Total |  | $ | 5,484 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 5,484 |  |  | $ | 5,318 |  |  | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | 5,389 |
Valuation inputs used to measure the fair value of our money market funds were derived from quoted market prices. The fair value of all other financial instruments are based upon pricing provided by third-party pricing services. These prices were derived from observable market inputs. We have chosen not to record our debt at fair value, with changes recognized in earnings each reporting period. The following table indicates the carrying value and estimated fair value of our debt as of the indicated periods (in thousands):
|  | December 31, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
|  | Carrying Value |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Carrying Value |  |  | Fair Value |
2023 Convertible Notes (par value) |  | $ | 425,000 |  |  | $ | 428,506 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
2021 Credit Agreement (carrying value including current maturities): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Term Loan |  |  | 133,125 |  |  |  | 133,125 |  |  |  | 140,625 |  |  |  | 140,625 |
Revolver |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 275,000 |  |  |  | 275,000 |
The fair value of our convertible notes was estimated based upon quoted market prices or recent sales activity, while the fair value of our credit agreement was estimated using a discounted cash flow methodology, both of which are considered Level 2 inputs. See Note 5 for discussion regarding our debt.
Settlement and Merchant Reserve Assets and Liabilities | Settlement and Merchant Reserve Assets and Liabilities. Settlement assets and settlement liabilities represent cash collected on behalf of merchants via payments processing services which is held for an established holding period until settlement with the customer. The holding period is generally one to four business days depending on the payment model and contractual terms with the customer. During the holding period, cash is subject to restriction and segregation based on the nature of our custodial relationship with the merchants. Should we fail to remit these funds to our merchants, the merchant’s sole recourse would be against us, for payment. These rights and obligations are set forth in the contracts between us and the merchants. Settlement assets are held with various major financial institutions and a corresponding liability is recorded for the amounts owed to the customer. At any given time, there may be differences between the cash held and the corresponding liability due to the timing of operating-related cash transfers. Merchant reserve assets/liabilities represent deposits collected from merchants to mitigate our risk of loss due to nonperformance of settlement obligations initiated by those merchants using our payments processing services, or non-payment by customers for services rendered by us. We perform a credit risk evaluation on each customer based on multiple criteria, which provides the basis for the deposit amount required for each merchant. For the duration of our relationship with each merchant, we hold their reserve deposits with major financial institutions. We hold these funds in separate accounts and are offset by corresponding liabilities. The following table summarizes our settlement and merchant reserve assets and liabilities as of the indicated periods (in thousands):
|  | December 31, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
|  | Assets |  |  | Liabilities |  |  | Assets |  |  | Liabilities |
Settlement assets/liabilities |  | $ | 260,712 |  |  | $ | 259,825 |  |  | $ | 219,368 |  |  | $ | 218,525 |
Merchant reserve assets/liabilities |  |  | 13,987 |  |  |  | 13,992 |  |  |  | 19,285 |  |  |  | 19,285 |
Total |  | $ | 274,699 |  |  | $ | 273,817 |  |  | $ | 238,653 |  |  | $ | 237,810 |
Concentrations of Credit Risk | Concentrations of Credit Risk. In the normal course of business, we are exposed to credit risk. The principal concentrations of credit risk relate to cash deposits, cash equivalents, and accounts receivable. We regularly monitor credit risk exposures and take steps to mitigate the likelihood of these exposures resulting in a loss. We hold our cash deposits and cash equivalents with financial institutions we believe to be of sound financial condition. We generally do not require collateral or other security to support accounts receivable. We evaluate the creditworthiness of our customers in conjunction with our revenue recognition process, as well as through our ongoing collectability assessment process for accounts receivable. We maintain an allowance for expected losses based upon factors surrounding the credit risk of specific customers, historical trends, and other information. We use various judgments and estimates in determining the adequacy of the allowance for expected losses. See Note 3 for additional details of our concentration of accounts receivable. The activity in our allowance for expected losses is as follows (in thousands):
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Balance, beginning of year |  | $ | 5,528 |  |  | $ | 4,250 |  |  | $ | 3,628 |
Additions to expense |  |  | 1,765 |  |  |  | 1,295 |  |  |  | 1,102 |
Write-offs |  |  | (1,767 | ) |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | (466 | )
Other |  |  | (94 | ) |  |  | (9 | ) |  |  | (14 | )
Balance, end of year |  | $ | 5,432 |  |  | $ | 5,528 |  |  | $ | 4,250 |
Property and Equipment | Property and Equipment. Property and equipment are recorded at cost (or at estimated fair value if acquired in a business combination) and are depreciated over their estimated useful lives ranging from three to ten years. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of their economic life or the lease term. Depreciation expense is computed using the straight-line method for financial reporting purposes. Depreciation expense for property and equipment is reflected in our Consolidated Statements of Income ("Income Statement" or "Income Statements") separately in the aggregate and is not included in the cost of revenue or the other components of operating expenses, except for accelerated depreciation expense that is included in our restructuring and reorganization charges (see Note 8).
Software | Software. We expend substantial amounts on R&D, particularly for new solutions and enhancements of existing products and services. For development of software solutions that are to be licensed by us, we expense all costs related to the development of the software until technological feasibility is established. For development of software to be used internally (e.g., cloud-based systems software), we expense all costs prior to the application development stage. During 2023, 2022, and 2021, we expended $143.2 million, $137.9 million, and $134.7 million, respectively, on R&D projects. We did not capitalize any R&D costs in 2023, 2022, and 2021, as the costs subject to capitalization during these periods were not material. We did not have any capitalized R&D costs included in our December 31, 2023 and 2022 Balance Sheets.
Realizability of Long-Lived Assets | Realizability of Long-Lived Assets. We evaluate our long-lived assets, other than goodwill, for possible impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable. A long-lived asset is impaired if estimated future undiscounted cash flows associated with that asset are insufficient to recover the carrying amount of the long-lived asset. If deemed impaired, the long-lived asset is written down to its estimated fair value.
Goodwill | Goodwill. We evaluate our goodwill for impairment on an annual basis, as well as we may evaluate our goodwill on a more periodic basis (e.g., quarterly) if events occur or circumstances change that could indicate a potential impairment may have occurred. Goodwill is considered impaired if the carrying value of the reporting unit which includes the goodwill is greater than the estimated fair value of the reporting unit.
Contingencies | Contingencies. We accrue for a loss contingency when: (i) it is probable that an asset has been impaired, or a liability has been incurred; and (ii) the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. The determination of loss contingencies is subject to various judgments and estimates. We do not record the benefit from a gain contingency until the benefit is realized.
Earnings Per Common Share | Earnings Per Common Share (“EPS”). Basic and diluted EPS amounts are presented on the face of our Income Statements. The reconciliation of the basic and diluted EPS denominators related to the common shares is included in the following table (in thousands):
|  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Basic weighted-average common shares |  |  |  | 29,938 |  |  |  | 31,028 |  |  |  | 31,776 |
Dilutive effect of restricted common stock |  |  |  | 177 |  |  |  | 270 |  |  | 234 |
Diluted weighted-average common shares |  |  |  | 30,115 |  |  |  | 31,298 |  |  |  | 32,010 |
The dilutive effect of restricted common stock is computed using the treasury stock method. The dilutive effect of the 2023 Convertible Notes is computed using the if-converted method and will only have an effect in those quarterly periods in which our average stock price exceeds the current effective conversion price. Potentially dilutive common shares related to non-participating unvested restricted stock and stock warrants were excluded from the computation of diluted EPS, as the effect was anti-dilutive, and were not material in any period presented. Stock warrants (see Note 12) will only have a dilutive effect upon vesting in those periods in which our average stock price exceeds the exercise price of $26.68 per warrant.
Stock-Based Compensation | Stock-Based Compensation. Stock-based compensation represents the cost related to stock-based awards granted to employees and non-employee directors. We measure stock-based compensation cost at the grant date of the award, based on the estimated fair value of the award, and recognize the cost (net of estimated forfeitures) over the requisite service period.
Income Taxes | Income Taxes. We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method. Under this method, income tax expense is recognized for the amount of taxes payable or refundable for the current year. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.
Accounting Pronouncements | Accounting Pronouncements Adopted. Effective January 1, 2022, we adopted ASU No. 2020-06, Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity. (“ASU 2020-06”), which simplified the accounting for certain financial instruments with characteristics of liabilities and equity, including convertible instruments and contracts in an entity’s own equity. ASU 2020-06 also amended the related EPS guidance. We adopted ASU 2020-06 using the modified retrospective transition method and recorded a $9.8 million cumulative-effect adjustment to our accumulated earnings and additional paid-in capital balances. Accounting Pronouncements Issued but Not Yet Effective. In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280), (“ASU 2023-07”), which enhances reportable segment disclosure requirements in part by requiring entities to disclose significant expenses related to their reportable segments. ASU 2023-07 also requires disclosure of the title and position of the company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) and how the CODM uses financial reporting to assess segment performance and allocate resources. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. We are in the process of evaluating what impact this ASU will have on our Financial Statements and disclosures. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-09”), which requires entities to disclose more detailed information about their effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. We are in the process of evaluating what impact this ASU will have on our Financial Statements and disclosures.
SaaS and Related Solutions Revenue |
Revenue Recognition | SaaS and Related Solutions Our SaaS and related solutions include: (i) our revenue management platforms and various related ancillary services; (ii) our managed services offering in which we operate software solutions (primarily our software solutions) on behalf of our customers; and (iii) our SaaS payments platform. We contract for our revenue management platform solutions using long-term arrangements whose terms have typically ranged from three to five years. These arrangements consist of a series of multiple services delivered daily or monthly, to include: (i) revenue management platforms; (ii) related products and services (e.g., field service management tools, consumer credit verifications, etc.); (iii) digital enablement and delivery functions; and (iv) customer statement invoice printing and mailing services. The fees for these services typically are billed to our customers monthly based upon actual monthly volumes and/or usage of services (e.g., the number of customer accounts maintained on our solutions, the number of transactions processed on our solutions, and/or the quantity and content of the monthly statements and mailings processed through our solutions). For revenue management platform solution contracts, the total contract consideration (including impacts of discounts, incentives, and/or service level agreements) is primarily variable dependent upon actual monthly volumes and/or usage of services; however, these contracts can also include ancillary fixed consideration in the form of one-time, monthly, or annual fees. The pricing of products and services in these contracts is generally at stand-alone selling price, with no allocation of value between the individual performance obligations. In situations where we do an allocation, we determine stand-alone selling price based on established pricing and/or cost, plus an applicable margin. Revenue is generally recognized based on activities performed over a series of daily or monthly periods. We contract for managed services using long-term arrangements whose terms have typically ranged from three to five years. Under managed services agreements, we operate software products (primarily our software solutions) on behalf of our customers: (i) out of a customer’s data center; (ii) out of a data center we own and operate; or (iii) out of a third-party data center we contract with for such services. Managed services can also include us providing other services, such as transitional services, fulfillment, remittance processing, operational consulting, back office, and end-user billing services. For managed services contracts, the total contract consideration is typically a fixed monthly fee, but these contracts may also have variable fee components. The fees for these services typically are billed to our customers on a monthly basis. Unless managed services are included with a software license contract (as discussed further below), there is generally only one performance obligation and revenue is recognized for these arrangements on a ratable basis as the services are performed. Our contracts for SaaS payments platform solutions are generally month-to-month or fixed term with automatic renewals. Services provided under these arrangements primarily include Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) transaction processing, credit/debit card processing, web-based and telephone payment processing, and real-time check verification and authentication services. The fees for these services typically are billed on a monthly basis. Our SaaS payments platform solutions are comprised of one performance obligation. Revenue for these services is based primarily on a fee per transaction or a percentage of the transaction principal, and is recognized as delivered over a series of daily service periods. Transaction fees collected from merchants are recognized as revenue on a gross basis when we are the principal in completing the payment processing transaction. As a principal to the transaction, we control the service of processing payments on our platform. We bear primary responsibility for the fulfillment of the payment service, contract directly with the merchant, and have full discretion in determining the fee charged to our customers which is independent of the costs we incur when we utilize payment processors or other financial institutions to perform services on our behalf. We therefore bear full margin risk when completing a payment processing transaction. Transaction fees are primarily comprised of fees paid to third-party payment processors and other financial institutions and interchange fees paid in conjunction with the delivery of service to customers under our payments services contracts. These fees are recognized in cost of revenue. Fees related to set-up or implementation activities for both SaaS and related solutions and managed services contracts are generally deferred and recognized ratably over the related service period to which the activities relate. Depending on the significance of variable consideration, number of products/services, complex pricing structures, and long-term nature of these types of contracts, the judgments and estimates made in this area could have a significant effect on the amount and timing of revenue recognized in any period.
Software and Services Revenue |
Revenue Recognition | Software and Services Our software and services revenue relates primarily to: (i) software license sales on either a perpetual or term license basis; and (ii) professional services to implement the software. Our software and services contracts are often contracted in bundled arrangements that include the software license and related implementation services, and may also include maintenance, managed services, and/or additional professional services. For our software arrangements, total contract consideration is allocated between the separate performance obligations based on stand-alone selling prices for software licenses, cost plus applicable margin for third-party licenses and/or services, and established pricing for maintenance. The initial sale of our software products generally requires significant production, modification, or customization, such that the delivery of the software license and related professional services required to implement the software represent one combined performance obligation that is satisfied over time based on hours worked (i.e., hours-based method). We are using hours worked on the project, compared against expected hours to complete the project, as the measure to determine progress toward completion as we believe it is the most appropriate metric to measure such progress. The software and services fees are generally fixed fees billed to our customers on a milestone or date basis. The determination of the performance obligations and allocation of value for software license arrangements require significant judgment. We generally determine stand-alone selling prices using pricing calculations (which include regional market factors) for our software license fees and maintenance, and cost-plus margins for services. Additionally, our use of an hours-based method of accounting for software license and other professional services performance obligations that are satisfied over time requires estimates of the expected hours necessary to complete a project. Changes in estimates as a result of additional information or experience on a project as work progresses are inherent characteristics of this method of revenue recognition as we are exposed to business risks in completing these types of performance obligations. The estimation process to support our hours-based recognition method is more difficult for projects of greater length and/or complexity. The judgments and estimates made for these types of obligations could: (i) have a significant effect on revenue recognized in any period by changing the amount and/or the timing of the revenue recognized; and/or (ii) impact the expected profitability of a project, including whether an overall loss on an arrangement has occurred. To mitigate the inherent risks in using this hours-based method, we track our current hours expended against our estimates on a periodic basis and continually reevaluate the appropriateness of our estimates. In certain instances, we sell software license volume upgrades, which provide our customers with the right to use our software to process higher transaction volume levels. In these instances, we analyze the contract to determine if the volume upgrade is a separate performance obligation and if so, we recognize the value associated with the software license as revenue on the effective date of the volume upgrade. A portion of our professional services revenue is contracted separately (e.g., business consulting services, etc.). Such contracts can either be on a fixed-price or time-and-materials basis. Revenue from fixed-price professional service contracts is recognized using an estimated hours-based method (discussed above), as these professional services represent a performance obligation that is satisfied over time. Revenue from professional services contracts billed on a time-and-materials basis is recognized as the services are performed.
Maintenance Revenue |
Revenue Recognition | Maintenance Our maintenance revenue relates primarily to support of our software once it has been implemented and placed in service. Maintenance revenue is recognized ratably over the software maintenance period as services are provided. Our maintenance consists primarily of customer and product support, technical updates (e.g., bug fixes, etc.), and unspecified upgrades or enhancements to our software products. If specified upgrades or enhancements are offered in a contract, they are accounted for as a separate performance obligation. Maintenance may be invoiced to our customers on a monthly, quarterly, or annual basis.

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