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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ----- to -----
Commission file number 001-38669

LiveRamp Holdings, Inc.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)
Delaware (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) |  | 83-1269307 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
225 Bush Street, Seventeenth Floor San Francisco, CA (Address of Principal Executive Offices) |  | 94104 (Zip Code)
(888) 987-6764 (Registrant's Telephone Number, Including Area Code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class | Trading Symbol | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $.10 Par Value | RAMP | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
| Yes [X] | No [ ] |
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
| Yes [X] | No [ ] |

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer [X] | Accelerated filer [ ]
Non-accelerated filer [ ] | Smaller reporting company ☐
| Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. [ ]
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
| Yes [ ] | No ☒ |

The number of shares of common stock, $ 0.10 par value per share, outstanding as of November 3, 2023 was 65,510,871.
1

LIVERAMP HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
REPORT ON FORM 10-Q
September 30, 2023

|  | Page No.
| Forward-looking Statements | 3
Part I. Financial Information |
Item 1. | Financial Statements | 6
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 (Unaudited) and March 31, 2023 | 6
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months and six months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (Unaudited) | 7
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three months and six months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (Unaudited) | 8
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity for the three months and six months ended September 30, 2023 (Unaudited) | 9
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity for the three months and six months ended September 30, 2022 (Unaudited) | 10
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (Unaudited) | 11
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 13
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 29
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 44
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 44
Part II. Other Information |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 45
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 45
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 45
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 46
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 46
Item 5. | Other Information | 46
Item 6. | Exhibits | 47
Signature | 48

2

Forward-looking Statements
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including, without limitation, the items set forth beginning in the Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, contains and may incorporate by reference certain statements that may be deemed to be “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended (the “PSLRA”), and that are intended to enjoy the protection of the safe harbor for forward-looking statements provided by the PSLRA. These statements, which are not statements of historical fact, may contain estimates, assumptions, projections and/or expectations regarding the Company’s financial position, results of operations, market position, product development, growth opportunities, economic conditions, and other similar forecasts and statements of expectation. Forward-looking statements are often identified by words or phrases such as “anticipate,” “estimate,” “plan,” “expect,” “believe,” “intend,” “foresee,” or the negative of these terms or other similar variations thereof. These forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to a number of factors and uncertainties that could cause the Company’s actual results and experiences to differ materially from the anticipated results and expectations expressed in the forward-looking statements.
Forward-looking statements may include but are not limited to the following:
•management’s expectations about the macro economy and trends within the consumer or business information industries, including the use of data and consumer expectations related thereto;
•statements regarding our competitive position within our industry and our differentiation strategies;
•our expectations regarding laws, regulations and industry practices governing the collection and use of
personal data;
•our expectations regarding the impact of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 and other tax-related legislation on our tax position;
•our estimates, assumptions, projections and/or expectations regarding the Company's annualized future cost savings and expenses associated with the announced reduction in force and real estate footprint reduction;
•statements regarding our liquidity needs or containing a projection of revenues, operating income (loss), income (loss), earnings (loss) per share, capital expenditures, dividends, capital structure, or other financial items;
•statements of the plans and objectives of management for future operations;
•statements of future performance, including, but not limited to, those statements contained in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q;
•statements regarding future stock-based compensation expense;
•statements containing any assumptions underlying or relating to any of the above statements; and
•statements containing a projection or estimate.
Among the factors that may cause actual results and expectations to differ from anticipated results and expectations expressed in such forward-looking statements are the following:
•the risk factors described in Part I, “Item 1A. Risk Factors” included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") on May 24, 2023 and those described from time to time in our future reports filed with the SEC;
•the possibility that, in the event a change of control of the Company is sought, certain customers may attempt to invoke provisions in their contracts allowing for termination upon a change in control, which may result in a decline in revenue and profit;
3

•the possibility that the integration of acquired businesses may not be as successful as planned;
•the possibility that the fair value of certain of our assets may not be equal to the carrying value of those assets now or in future time periods;
•the possibility that sales cycles may lengthen;
•the possibility that we will not be able to properly motivate our sales force or other employees;
•the possibility that we may not be able to attract and retain qualified technical and leadership employees, or that we may lose key employees to other organizations;
•the possibility that our global workforce strategy could encounter difficulty and not be as beneficial as planned;
•the possibility that we may not be able to sublease our exited office spaces on favorable terms and rates;
•the possibility that competent, competitive products, technologies or services will be introduced into the marketplace by other companies;
•the possibility that we fail to keep up with rapidly changing technology practices in our products and services or that expected benefits from utilization of technological innovations may not be realized as soon as expected or at all;
•the possibility that there will be changes in consumer or business information industries and markets that negatively impact the Company;
•the possibility that we will not be able to protect proprietary information and technology or to obtain necessary licenses on commercially reasonable terms;
•the possibility that there will be changes in the judicial, legislative, regulatory, accounting, cultural and consumer environments affecting our business, including but not limited to litigation, investigations, legislation, regulations and customs impairing our and our customers' ability to collect, process, manage, aggregate, store and/or use data of the type necessary for our business, in particular that there is increasing momentum in the U.S. Congress towards a comprehensive U.S. data collection and use law and various states and countries have been moving towards a more restrictive data availability environment;
•the possibility that data suppliers might withdraw data from us, leading to our inability to provide certain products and services, in particular that there might be restrictive legislation in the U.S. and other countries that restrict the availability of data;
•the possibility that data purchasers will reduce their reliance on us by developing and using their own, or alternative, sources of data generally or with respect to certain data elements or categories;
•the possibility that we may enter into short-term contracts that would affect the predictability of our revenues;
•the possibility that the amount of volume-based and other transactional-based work will not be as expected;
•the possibility that we may experience a loss of data center capacity or capability or interruption of telecommunication links or power sources;
•the possibility that we may experience failures or breaches of our network and data security systems, leading to potential adverse publicity, negative customer reaction, or liability to third parties;
•the possibility that our customers may cancel or modify their agreements with us, or may not make timely or complete payments;
•the possibility that we will not successfully meet customer contract requirements or the service levels specified in the contracts, which may result in contract penalties or lost revenue;
•the possibility that we experience processing errors that result in credits to customers, re-performance of services or payment of damages to customers;
4

•the possibility that our performance may decline and we lose advertisers and revenue as the use of "third-party cookies" or other tracking technology continues to be pressured by Internet users, restricted or otherwise subject to unfavorable regulation, blocked or limited by technical changes on end users' devices, or our customers' ability to use data on our platform is otherwise restricted;
•general and global negative conditions, risk of recession, rising interest rates, the military conflicts in Europe and the Middle East, capital markets volatility, bank failures, cost increases and general inflationary pressure and other related causes; and
•our tax rate and other effects of the changes to U.S. federal tax law.
With respect to the provision of products or services outside our primary base of operations in the United States, all of the above factors apply, along with the difficulty of doing business in numerous sovereign jurisdictions due to differences in scale, competition, culture, laws and regulations.
Other factors are detailed from time to time in periodic reports and registration statements filed with the SEC. The Company believes that it has the product and technology offerings, facilities, employees and competitive and financial resources for continued business success, but future revenues, costs, margins and profits are all influenced by a number of factors, including those discussed above, all of which are inherently difficult to forecast.
In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the Company cautions readers not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements and such risks, uncertainties and assumptions speak only as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and the Company expressly disclaims any obligation or undertaking to update or revise any forward-looking statements contained herein, to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto, or any other change based on the occurrence of future events, the receipt of new information or otherwise, except to the extent otherwise required by law.
5

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
LIVERAMP HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Dollars in thousands)

|  | September 30, |  | March 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2023
ASSETS |  | (unaudited) |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 492,169 |  |  | $ | 464,448 |
Short-term Investments |  | 31,920 |  |  | 32,807 |
Trade accounts receivable, net |  | 174,703 |  |  | 157,379 |
Refundable income taxes, net |  | — |  |  | 28,897 |
Other current assets |  | 29,054 |  |  | 31,028 |
Total current assets |  | 727,846 |  |  | 714,559 |
Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization |  | 5,574 |  |  | 7,085 |
Intangible assets, net |  | 5,361 |  |  | 9,868 |
Goodwill |  | 360,016 |  |  | 363,116 |
Deferred commissions, net |  | 39,937 |  |  | 37,030 |
Other assets, net |  | 41,785 |  |  | 41,045 |
|  | $ | 1,180,519 |  |  | $ | 1,172,703 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |
Trade accounts payable |  | $ | 79,344 |  |  | $ | 86,568 |
Accrued payroll and related expenses |  | 35,331 |  |  | 33,434 |
Other accrued expenses |  | 37,133 |  |  | 35,736 |
Deferred revenue |  | 20,978 |  |  | 19,091 |
Income taxes payable |  | 13,911 |  |  | — |
Total current liabilities |  | 186,697 |  |  | 174,829 |
Other liabilities |  | 71,964 |  |  | 71,798 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 14) |  |  |  |
Stockholders' equity: |  |  |  |
Preferred stock |  | — |  |  | — |
Common stock |  | 15,473 |  |  | 15,399 |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 1,889,178 |  |  | 1,855,916 |
Retained earnings |  | 1,305,568 |  |  | 1,302,291 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income |  | 3,567 |  |  | 4,504 |
Treasury stock, at cost |  | (2,291,928) |  |  | (2,252,034) |
Total stockholders' equity |  | 921,858 |  |  | 926,076 |
|  | $ | 1,180,519 |  |  | $ | 1,172,703 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
6

LIVERAMP HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

|  | For the three months ended |  | For the six months ended
|  | September 30, |  | September 30,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Revenues |  | $ | 159,871 |  |  | $ | 147,099 |  |  | $ | 313,940 |  |  | $ | 289,342 |  |  |
Cost of revenue |  | 41,212 |  |  | 42,304 |  |  | 86,833 |  |  | 83,325 |  |  |
Gross profit |  | 118,659 |  |  | 104,795 |  |  | 227,107 |  |  | 206,017 |  |  |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development |  | 33,733 |  |  | 46,139 |  |  | 68,252 |  |  | 93,800 |  |  |
Sales and marketing |  | 44,135 |  |  | 45,949 |  |  | 89,014 |  |  | 97,229 |  |  |
General and administrative |  | 26,009 |  |  | 28,718 |  |  | 52,673 |  |  | 55,862 |  |  |
Gains, losses and other items, net |  | 6,574 |  |  | 13,111 |  |  | 6,690 |  |  | 13,850 |  |  |
Total operating expenses |  | 110,451 |  |  | 133,917 |  |  | 216,629 |  |  | 260,741 |  |  |
Income (loss) from operations |  | 8,208 |  |  | (29,122) |  |  | 10,478 |  |  | (54,724) |  |  |
Total other income, net |  | 6,431 |  |  | 2,248 |  |  | 11,280 |  |  | 2,947 |  |  |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes |  | 14,639 |  |  | (26,874) |  |  | 21,758 |  |  | (51,777) |  |  |
Income tax expense |  | 10,163 |  |  | 3,562 |  |  | 18,868 |  |  | 5,877 |  |  |
Net earnings (loss) from continuing operations |  | 4,476 |  |  | (30,436) |  |  | 2,890 |  |  | (57,654) |  |  |
Earnings from discontinued operations, net of tax |  | 387 |  |  | — |  |  | 387 |  |  | — |  |  |
Net earnings (loss) |  | $ | 4,863 |  |  | $ | (30,436) |  |  | $ | 3,277 |  |  | $ | (57,654) |  |  |
Basic earnings (loss) per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Continuing operations |  | $ | 0.07 |  |  | $ | (0.45) |  |  | $ | 0.04 |  |  | $ | (0.85) |  |  |
Discontinued operations |  | 0.01 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.01 |  |  | — |  |  |
Basic earnings (loss) per share |  | $ | 0.07 |  |  | $ | (0.45) |  |  | $ | 0.05 |  |  | $ | (0.85) |  |  |
Diluted earnings (loss) per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Continuing operations |  | $ | 0.07 |  |  | $ | (0.45) |  |  | $ | 0.04 |  |  | $ | (0.85) |  |  |
Discontinued operations |  | 0.01 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.01 |  |  | — |  |  |
Diluted earnings (loss) per share |  | $ | 0.07 |  |  | $ | (0.45) |  |  | $ | 0.05 |  |  | $ | (0.85) |  |  |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
7

LIVERAMP HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands)

|  | For the three months ended |  | For the six months ended
|  | September 30, |  | September 30,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Net earnings (loss) |  | $ | 4,863 |  |  | $ | (30,436) |  |  | 3,277 |  |  | (57,654) |  |  |
Other comprehensive loss: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in foreign currency translation adjustment |  | (998) |  |  | (1,876) |  |  | (937) |  |  | (3,805) |  |  |
Comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | 3,865 |  |  | $ | (32,312) |  |  | 2,340 |  |  | (61,459) |  |  |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
8

LIVERAMP HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
THREE AND SIX MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2023
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Common Stock |  | Additional |  |  |  | other |  | Treasury Stock |  |
|  | Number |  |  |  | paid-in |  | Retained |  | comprehensive |  | Number |  |  |  | Total
For the three months ended September 30, 2023 |  | of shares |  | Amount |  | Capital |  | earnings |  | income (loss) |  | of shares |  | Amount |  | Equity
Balances at June 30, 2023 |  | 154,551,628 |  |  | $ | 15,455 |  |  | $ | 1,873,935 |  |  | $ | 1,300,705 |  |  | $ | 4,565 |  |  | (88,367,267) |  |  | $ | (2,276,129) |  |  | $ | 918,531 |
Employee stock awards, benefit plans and other issuances |  | 4,060 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (23,227) |  |  | (677) |  |  | (675) |
Non-cash stock-based compensation |  | 10,205 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 14,085 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,086 |
Restricted stock units vested |  | 121,451 |  |  | 12 |  |  | (12) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Liability-classified restricted stock units vested |  | 44,796 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 1,168 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,173 |
Acquisition of treasury stock |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (490,493) |  |  | (15,122) |  |  | (15,122) |
Comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (998) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (998) |
Net earnings |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,863 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,863 |
Balances at September 30, 2023 |  | 154,732,140 |  |  | $ | 15,473 |  |  | $ | 1,889,178 |  |  | $ | 1,305,568 |  |  | $ | 3,567 |  |  | (88,880,987) |  |  | $ | (2,291,928) |  |  | $ | 921,858 |
For the six months ended September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balances at March 31, 2023 |  | 153,987,784 |  |  | $ | 15,399 |  |  | $ | 1,855,916 |  |  | $ | 1,302,291 |  |  | $ | 4,504 |  |  | (87,372,837) |  |  | $ | (2,252,034) |  |  | $ | 926,076 |
Employee stock awards, benefit plans and other issuances |  | 282,924 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 5,547 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (183,057) |  |  | (4,569) |  |  | 1,006 |
Non-cash stock-based compensation |  | 22,525 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 26,586 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26,588 |
Restricted stock units vested |  | 394,111 |  |  | 39 |  |  | (39) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Liability-classified restricted stock units vested |  | 44,796 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 1,168 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,173 |
Acquisition of treasury stock |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,325,093) |  |  | (35,325) |  |  | (35,325) |
Comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (937) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (937) |
Net earnings |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,277 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,277 |
Balances at September 30, 2023 |  | 154,732,140 |  |  | $ | 15,473 |  |  | $ | 1,889,178 |  |  | $ | 1,305,568 |  |  | $ | 3,567 |  |  | (88,880,987) |  |  | $ | (2,291,928) |  |  | $ | 921,858 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
9

LIVERAMP HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
THREE AND SIX MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2022
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Common Stock |  | Additional |  |  |  | other |  | Treasury Stock |  |
|  | Number |  |  |  | paid-in |  | Retained |  | comprehensive |  | Number |  |  |  | Total
For the three months ended September 30, 2022 |  | of shares |  | Amount |  | Capital |  | earnings |  | income (loss) |  | of shares |  | Amount |  | Equity
Balances at June 30, 2022 |  | 151,031,716 |  |  | $ | 15,103 |  |  | $ | 1,753,468 |  |  | $ | 1,393,775 |  |  | $ | 3,801 |  |  | (83,299,201) |  |  | $ | (2,160,400) |  |  | $ | 1,005,747 |
Employee stock awards, benefit plans and other issuances |  | 2,957 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (31,465) |  |  | (708) |  |  | (706) |
Non-cash stock-based compensation |  | 13,227 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 26,173 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26,175 |
Restricted stock units vested |  | 384,920 |  |  | 38 |  |  | (38) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Liability-classified restricted stock units vested |  | 44,796 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 1,198 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,203 |
Acquisition of treasury stock |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,726,665) |  |  | (40,038) |  |  | (40,038) |
Comprehensive loss: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,876) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,876) |
Net loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (30,436) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (30,436) |
Balances at September 30, 2022 |  | 151,477,616 |  |  | $ | 15,148 |  |  | $ | 1,780,803 |  |  | $ | 1,363,339 |  |  | $ | 1,925 |  |  | (85,057,331) |  |  | $ | (2,201,146) |  |  | $ | 960,069 |
For the six months ended September 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balances at March 31, 2022 |  | 149,840,925 |  |  | $ | 14,984 |  |  | $ | 1,721,118 |  |  | $ | 1,420,993 |  |  | $ | 5,730 |  |  | (81,205,596) |  |  | $ | (2,099,765) |  |  | $ | 1,063,060 |
Employee stock awards, benefit plans and other issuances |  | 281,853 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 4,563 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (53,975) |  |  | (1,290) |  |  | 3,301 |
Non-cash stock-based compensation |  | 25,024 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 45,929 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 45,932 |
Restricted stock units vested |  | 973,150 |  |  | 97 |  |  | (97) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Liability-classified restricted stock units vested |  | 356,664 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 9,290 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,326 |
Acquisition of treasury stock |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,797,760) |  |  | (100,091) |  |  | (100,091) |
Comprehensive loss: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,805) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,805) |
Net loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (57,654) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (57,654) |
Balances at September 30, 2022 |  | 151,477,616 |  |  | $ | 15,148 |  |  | $ | 1,780,803 |  |  | $ | 1,363,339 |  |  | $ | 1,925 |  |  | (85,057,331) |  |  | $ | (2,201,146) |  |  | $ | 960,069 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
10

LIVERAMP HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands)
|  | For the six months ended
|  | September 30,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net earnings (loss) |  | $ | 3,277 |  |  | $ | (57,654) |  |  |
Earnings from discontinued operations, net of tax |  | (387) |  |  | — |  |  |
Non-cash operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 5,903 |  |  | 11,430 |  |  |
Loss (gain) on disposal or impairment of assets |  | 273 |  |  | (3) |  |  |
Gain on sale of strategic investments |  | — |  |  | (194) |  |  |
Lease-related impairment and restructuring charges |  | 2,344 |  |  | 12,225 |  |  |
Provision for doubtful accounts |  | (237) |  |  | 1,115 |  |  |
Impairment of goodwill |  | 2,875 |  |  | — |  |  |
Deferred income taxes |  | 87 |  |  | 218 |  |  |
Non-cash stock compensation expense |  | 29,027 |  |  | 51,518 |  |  |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net |  | (16,258) |  |  | (11,449) |  |  |
Deferred commissions |  | (2,907) |  |  | (920) |  |  |
Other assets |  | 5,743 |  |  | 8,960 |  |  |
Accounts payable and other liabilities |  | (12,885) |  |  | (29,477) |  |  |
Income taxes |  | 43,699 |  |  | 1,513 |  |  |
Deferred revenue |  | 903 |  |  | 724 |  |  |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  | 61,457 |  |  | (11,994) |  |  |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures |  | (253) |  |  | (4,414) |  |  |
Purchases of investments |  | (24,385) |  |  | — |  |  |
Proceeds from sales of investments |  | 25,750 |  |  | — |  |  |
Purchases of strategic investments |  | (1,000) |  |  | — |  |  |
Proceeds from sale of strategic investment |  | — |  |  | 400 |  |  |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  | 112 |  |  | (4,014) |  |  |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds related to the issuance of common stock under stock and employee benefit plans |  | 5,575 |  |  | 4,591 |  |  |
Shares repurchased for tax withholdings upon vesting of stock-based awards |  | (4,569) |  |  | (1,290) |  |  |
Acquisition of treasury stock |  | (35,325) |  |  | (100,091) |  |  |
Net cash used in financing activities |  | (34,319) |  |  | (96,790) |  |  |
Net cash provided by (used in) continuing operations |  | 27,250 |  |  | (112,798) |  |  |
Cash flows from discontinued operations: |  |  |  |  |  |
From operating activities |  | 387 |  |  | — |  |  |
Net cash provided by discontinued operations |  | 387 |  |  | — |  |  |

11

LIVERAMP HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands)
|  | For the six months ended
|  | September 30,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash |  | 84 |  |  | (1,762) |  |  |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents |  | 27,721 |  |  | (114,560) |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  | 464,448 |  |  | 600,162 |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 492,169 |  |  | $ | 485,602 |  |  |
Supplemental cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid (received) for income taxes, net - continuing operations |  | $ | (25,139) |  |  | $ | 4,161 |  |  |
Cash (received) for income taxes - discontinued operations |  | (595) |  |  | — |  |  |
Cash paid for operating lease liabilities |  | 5,148 |  |  | 3,261 |  |  |
Operating lease assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities |  | 11,677 |  |  | — |  |  |
Operating lease assets, and related lease liabilities, relinquished in lease terminations |  | (4,486) |  |  | (6,781) |  |  |
Purchases of property, plant and equipment remaining unpaid at period end |  | 211 |  |  | 187 |  |  |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
12

LIVERAMP HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
1. BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES:
These condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared by LiveRamp Holdings, Inc. ("LiveRamp", "we", "us" or the "Company"), without audit, pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). In the opinion of the Company's management, all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the periods included have been made, and the disclosures are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. All such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. Certain note information has been omitted because it has not changed significantly from that reflected in Notes 1 through 18 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements filed as part of Item 8 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 (“2023 Annual Report”), as filed with the SEC on May 24, 2023. This quarterly report and the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in connection with the 2023 Annual Report. The financial information contained in this quarterly report is not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for any other period or for the full fiscal year ending March 31, 2024.
Management of the Company has made a number of estimates and assumptions relating to the reporting of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities to prepare these condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). Actual results could differ from those estimates. Certain of the accounting policies used in the preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements are complex and require management to make judgments and/or significant estimates regarding amounts reported or disclosed in these financial statements. Additionally, the application of certain of these accounting policies is governed by complex accounting principles and their interpretation. A discussion of the Company’s significant accounting principles and their application is included in Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements and in Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, of the 2023 Annual Report.

Accounting Pronouncements Adopted During the Current Year
Standard | Description | Date of Adoption | Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters
There were no material accounting pronouncements applicable to the Company |  |  |

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
Standard | Description | Date of Adoption | Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters
There are no material accounting pronouncements applicable to the Company not yet adopted |  |  |

13

2. EARNINGS (LOSS) PER SHARE AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY:
Earnings (Loss) Per Share
A reconciliation of the numerator and denominator of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share is shown below (in thousands, except per share amounts):

|  | For the three months ended |  | For the six months ended
|  | September 30, |  | September 30,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Basic earnings (loss) per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net earnings (loss) from continuing operations |  | $ | 4,476 |  |  | $ | (30,436) |  |  | $ | 2,890 |  |  | $ | (57,654) |
Earnings from discontinued operations, net of tax |  | 387 |  |  | — |  |  | 387 |  |  | — |
Net earnings (loss) |  | $ | 4,863 |  |  | $ | (30,436) |  |  | $ | 3,277 |  |  | $ | (57,654) |
Basic weighted-average shares outstanding |  | 66,284 |  |  | 67,096 |  |  | 66,391 |  |  | 67,750 |
Continuing operations |  | $ | 0.07 |  |  | $ | (0.45) |  |  | $ | 0.04 |  |  | $ | (0.85) |
Discontinued operations |  | 0.01 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.01 |  |  | — |
Basic earnings (loss) per share |  | $ | 0.07 |  |  | $ | (0.45) |  |  | $ | 0.05 |  |  | $ | (0.85) |
Diluted earnings (loss) per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic weighted-average shares outstanding |  | 66,284 |  |  | 67,096 |  |  | 66,391 |  |  | 67,750 |
Dilutive effect of common stock options and restricted stock units as computed under the treasury stock method (1) |  | 1,584 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,238 |  |  | — |
Diluted weighted-average shares outstanding |  | 67,868 |  |  | 67,096 |  |  | 67,628 |  |  | 67,750 |
Continuing operations |  | $ | 0.07 |  |  | $ | (0.45) |  |  | $ | 0.04 |  |  | $ | (0.85) |
Discontinued operations |  | 0.01 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.01 |  |  | — |
Diluted earnings (loss) per share |  | $ | 0.07 |  |  | $ | (0.45) |  |  | $ | 0.05 |  |  | $ | (0.85) |

(1) The number of common stock options and restricted stock units as computed under the treasury stock method that would have otherwise been dilutive but are excluded from the table above because their effect would have been anti-dilutive due to the net loss position of the Company was 0.5 million and 0.6 million in the three and six months ended September 30, 2022.
Restricted stock units that were outstanding during the periods presented but were not included in the computation of diluted loss per share because their effect would have been anti-dilutive (other than due to the net loss position of the Company) are shown below (shares in thousands):

|  | For the three months ended |  | For the six months ended
|  | September 30, |  | September 30,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Number of shares underlying restricted stock units |  | 1,167 |  |  | 5,919 |  |  | 1,208 |  |  | 3,289 |

14

Stockholders’ Equity
On December 20, 2022, the Company's Board of Directors approved an amendment to the existing common stock repurchase program, which was initially adopted in 2011. The amendment authorized an additional $100.0 million in share repurchases, increasing the total amount authorized for repurchase under the common stock repurchase program to $1.1 billion. In addition, it extended the common stock repurchase program duration through December 31, 2024.
During the six months ended September 30, 2023, the Company repurchased 1.3 million shares of its common stock for $35.3 million under the modified common stock repurchase program. Through September 30, 2023, the Company had repurchased a total of 37.0 million shares of its stock for $917.5 million under the program, leaving remaining capacity of $182.5 million.
Accumulated other comprehensive income balances of $3.6 million and $5.7 million at September 30, 2023 and March 31, 2023, respectively, reflect accumulated foreign currency translation adjustments.
3. REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS:
Disaggregation of Revenue
In the following table, revenue is disaggregated by primary geographical market and major service offerings (dollars in thousands):

|  | For the six months ended September 30,
Primary Geographical Markets |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
United States |  | $ | 293,569 |  |  | $ | 269,514 |  |  |
Europe |  | 16,643 |  |  | 15,955 |  |  |
Asia-Pacific ("APAC") |  | 3,144 |  |  | 3,873 |  |  |
Other |  | 584 |  |  | — |  |  |
|  | $ | 313,940 |  |  | $ | 289,342 |  |  |
Major Offerings/Services |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription |  | $ | 247,587 |  |  | $ | 235,435 |  |  |
Marketplace and Other |  | 66,353 |  |  | 53,907 |  |  |
|  | $ | 313,940 |  |  | $ | 289,342 |  |  |

Transaction Price Allocated to the Remaining Performance Obligations
We have performance obligations associated with fixed commitments in customer contracts for future services that have not yet been recognized in our condensed consolidated financial statements. The amount of fixed revenue not yet recognized was $489.8 million as of September 30, 2023, of which $339.3 million will be recognized over the next twelve months. The Company expects to recognize revenue on substantially all of these remaining performance obligations by March 31, 2028.
15

4. LEASES:
Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities balances consist of the following (dollars in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2023 |  | March 31, 2023
Right-of-use assets included in other assets, net |  | $ | 26,989 |  |  | $ | 24,604 |
Short-term lease liabilities included in other accrued expenses |  | $ | 9,852 |  |  | $ | 9,929 |
Long-term lease liabilities included in other liabilities |  | $ | 36,172 |  |  | $ | 37,243 |
Supplemental balance sheet information: |  |  |  |
Weighted average remaining lease term |  | 5.7 years |  | 5.6 years
Weighted average discount rate |  | 5.0 | % |  | 3.5 | %

The Company leases its office facilities under non-cancellable operating leases that expire at various dates through fiscal 2031. Certain leases contain provisions for property-related costs that are variable in nature for which the Company is responsible, including common area maintenance and other property operating services. These costs are calculated based on a variety of factors including property values, tax and utility rates, property service fees, and other factors. Operating lease costs were $4.7 million and $6.2 million for the six months ended September 30, 2023, and 2022, respectively.
During the six months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded $1.9 million of right-of-use asset impairment charges and $0.4 million of non-lease component restructuring charges that are included in gains, losses and other items, net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations related to certain leased office facilities. Please refer to Note 13, Restructuring, Impairment and Other Charges for further details.
The following table presents future minimum payments under all operating leases (including operating leases with a duration of one year or less) as of September 30, 2023. The amount for fiscal 2024 represents the remaining six months ending March 31, 2024. All other periods represent fiscal years ending March 31 (dollars in thousands):

|  | Amount
Fiscal 2024 |  | $ | 5,190 |
Fiscal 2025 |  | 9,885 |
Fiscal 2026 |  | 8,654 |
Fiscal 2027 |  | 8,265 |
Fiscal 2028 |  | 8,454 |
Thereafter |  | 12,828 |
Total undiscounted lease commitments |  | 53,276 |
Less: Interest and short-term leases |  | 7,252 |
Total discounted operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 46,024 |

Future minimum payments as of September 30, 2023 related to restructuring plans as a result of the Company's exit from certain leased office facilities (see Note 13) are as follows (dollars in thousands): Fiscal 2024: $1,349; Fiscal 2025: $2,698; and Fiscal 2026: $1,799.
16

5. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION:
Stock-based Compensation Plans
The Company has stock option and equity compensation plans for which a total of 49.0 million shares of the Company’s common stock have been reserved for issuance since the inception of the plans. At September 30, 2023, there were a total of 7.4 million shares available for future grants under the plans.
During the quarter ended June 30, 2023, the Board voted to amend the Amended and Restated 2005 Equity Compensation Plan (the "2005 Plan") to increase the number of shares available under the plan by 4.0 million shares. The amendment received shareholder approval at the August 2023 annual shareholders' meeting (the "2023 Annual Meeting"). This brought the plan shares from 42.4 million shares at March 31, 2023 to 46.4 million shares beginning in the quarter ended September 30, 2023 and brought the total number of shares reserved for issuance since inception of all plans from 45.0 million shares at March 31, 2023 to 49.0 million shares beginning in the quarter ended September 30, 2023.
Stock-based Compensation Expense
The Company's stock-based compensation activity for the six months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, by award type, was (dollars in thousands):

|  | For the six months ended
|  | September 30,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
Stock options |  | $ | 304 |  |  | $ | 563 |
Restricted stock units, time-vesting |  | 22,175 |  |  | 40,583 |
Restricted stock units, performance based |  | 2,707 |  |  | 2,837 |
Diablo restricted stock awards |  | — |  |  | 249 |
Data Plus Math ("DPM") acquisition consideration holdback |  | — |  |  | 2,031 |
Acuity performance plan |  | 165 |  |  | 531 |
DataFleets acquisition consideration holdback |  | 2,267 |  |  | 3,021 |
Employee stock purchase plan |  | 784 |  |  | 1,015 |
Directors stock-based compensation |  | 625 |  |  | 688 |
Total non-cash stock-based compensation included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations |  | 29,027 |  |  | 51,518 |
Less expense related to liability-based equity awards |  | (2,439) |  |  | (5,586) |
Total non-cash stock-based compensation included in the condensed consolidated statements of equity |  | $ | 26,588 |  |  | $ | 45,932 |

The effect of stock-based compensation expense on income, by financial statement line item, was (dollars in thousands):

|  | For the six months ended
|  | September 30,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 1,258 |  |  | $ | 2,456 |  |  |
Research and development |  | 10,370 |  |  | 24,016 |  |  |
Sales and marketing |  | 8,522 |  |  | 12,000 |  |  |
General and administrative |  | 8,877 |  |  | 13,046 |  |  |
Total non-cash stock-based compensation included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations |  | $ | 29,027 |  |  | $ | 51,518 |  |  |

17

The following table provides the expected future expense for all of the Company's outstanding equity awards at September 30, 2023, by award type. The amount for fiscal 2024 represents the remaining six months ending March 31, 2024. All other periods represent fiscal years ending March 31 (dollars in thousands).

|  | For the years ending March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2026 |  | 2027 |  |  |  | Total
Stock options |  | $ | 182 |  |  | $ | 90 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 272 |
Restricted stock units |  | 37,344 |  |  | 74,082 |  |  | 25,488 |  |  | 887 |  |  |  |  | 137,801 |
Employee stock purchase plan |  | 226 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 226 |
Expected future expense |  | $ | 37,752 |  |  | $ | 74,172 |  |  | $ | 25,488 |  |  | $ | 887 |  |  |  |  | $ | 138,299 |

Stock Options Activity
Stock option activity for the six months ended September 30, 2023 was:

|  |  |  |  |  | Weighted-average |  |
|  |  |  | Weighted-average |  | remaining |  | Aggregate
|  | Number of |  | exercise price |  | contractual term |  | Intrinsic value
|  | shares |  | per share |  | (in years) |  | (in thousands)
Outstanding at March 31, 2023 |  | 524,911 |  |  | $ | 18.39 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  | (144,106) |  |  | $ | 20.33 |  |  |  |  | $ | 609 |
Forfeited or canceled |  | (2,410) |  |  | $ | 5.21 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at September 30, 2023 |  | 378,395 |  |  | $ | 17.74 |  |  | 1.5 |  | $ | 4,201 |
Exercisable at September 30, 2023 |  | 374,593 |  |  | $ | 17.91 |  |  | 1.5 |  | $ | 4,095 |

The aggregate intrinsic value at period end represents the total pre-tax intrinsic value (the difference between the Company’s closing stock price on the last trading day of the period and the exercise price for each in-the-money option) that would have been received by the option holders had they exercised their options on September 30, 2023. This amount changes based upon changes in the fair market value of the Company's common stock.
A summary of stock options outstanding and exercisable as of September 30, 2023 was:

|  |  |  |  |  | Options outstanding |  | Options exercisable
Range of |  |  |  | Weighted-average |  | Weighted-average |  |  |  | Weighted-average
exercise price |  | Options |  | remaining |  | exercise price |  | Options |  | exercise price
per share |  | outstanding |  | contractual life |  | per share |  | exercisable |  | per share
$ | — |  |  | — |  | $ | 9.99 |  |  | 31,142 |  |  | 5.1 years |  | $ | 1.01 |  |  | 27,340 |  |  | $ | 1.02 |
$ | 10.00 |  |  | — |  | $ | 19.99 |  |  | 182,603 |  |  | 1.6 years |  | $ | 17.49 |  |  | 182,603 |  |  | $ | 17.49 |
$ | 20.00 |  |  | — |  | $ | 24.99 |  |  | 164,650 |  |  | 0.8 years |  | $ | 21.18 |  |  | 164,650 |  |  | $ | 21.18 |
|  |  |  |  |  | 378,395 |  |  | 1.5 years |  | $ | 17.74 |  |  | 374,593 |  |  | $ | 17.91 |

18

Restricted Stock Unit Activity
Time-vesting restricted stock units ("RSUs") -
During the six months ended September 30, 2023, the Company granted time-vesting RSUs covering 1,400,578 shares of common stock and having a fair value at the date of grant of $35.4 million. Of the RSUs granted in the current year, 617,087 vest over three years and 783,491 vest over two years. Grant date fair value of these units is equal to the quoted market price for the shares on the date of grant. RSU activity for the six months ended September 30, 2023 was:

|  |  |  | Weighted-average |  |
|  |  |  | fair value per |  | Weighted-average
|  | Number |  | share at grant |  | remaining contractual
|  | of shares |  | date |  | term (in years)
Outstanding at March 31, 2023 |  | 4,009,759 |  |  | $ | 32.57 |  |  | 2.20
Granted |  | 1,400,578 |  |  | $ | 25.30 |  |  |
Vested |  | (335,134) |  |  | $ | 32.99 |  |  |
Forfeited or canceled |  | (314,148) |  |  | $ | 34.53 |  |  |
Outstanding at September 30, 2023 |  | 4,761,055 |  |  | $ | 30.27 |  |  | 1.83

The total fair value of RSUs vested during the six months ended September 30, 2023 was $9.2 million and is measured as the quoted market price of the Company's common stock on the vesting date for the number of shares vested.
Performance-based restricted stock units ("PSUs") -
Fiscal 2024 plan:
During the six months ended September 30, 2023, the Company granted PSUs covering 539,740 shares of common stock having a fair value at the date of grant of $13.7 million. The grants were made under two separate performance plans.
Under the total shareholder return ("TSR") performance plan, units covering 161,920 shares of common stock were granted having a fair value at the date of grant of $4.1 million, determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model. The units vest subject to attainment of market conditions established by the compensation committee of the board of directors (“compensation committee”) and continuous employment through the vesting date. The units may vest in a number of shares from 0% to 200% of the award, based on the TSR of LiveRamp common stock compared to the TSR of the Russell 2000 market index for the period from April 1, 2023 to March 31, 2026.
Under the operating metrics performance plan, units covering 377,820 shares of common stock were granted having a fair value at the date of grant of $9.6 million, which was equal to the quoted market price for the shares on the date of grant. The units vest subject to attainment of performance criteria established by the compensation committee and continuous employment through the vesting date. The units may vest in a number of shares from 0% to 200% of the award, at the end of the performance period, based on the average attainment of annual revenue growth and EBITDA margin targets for fiscal years 2024, 2025, and 2026. To the extent that shares are earned, 50% vest immediately and 50% vest on the one-year anniversary of attainment approval.
Fiscal 2023 plan:
Units under the Company's fiscal 2023 TSR performance plan, net of forfeitures, covering 101,931 shares of common stock will reach maturity of their relevant performance period at March 31, 2025. The units may vest in a number of shares from 0% to 200% of the award, based on the TSR of LiveRamp common stock compared to the TSR of the Russell 2000 market index for the period from April 1, 2022 to March 31, 2025.
19

Units under the Company's fiscal 2023 operating metrics performance plan, net of forfeitures, covering 237,837 shares of common stock will reach maturity of their relevant performance period at March 31, 2025. The units may vest in a number of shares from 0% to 200% of the award, at the end of the performance period, based on the average attainment of annual revenue growth and EBITDA margin targets for fiscal years 2023, 2024, and 2025. To the extent that shares are earned, 50% vest immediately and 50% vest on the one-year anniversary of attainment approval.
Fiscal 2022 plans:
Units under the Company's fiscal 2022 special incentive performance plan covering 36,425 shares of common stock will be measured and vesting evaluated on a quarterly basis beginning on January 1, 2023 and continuing through the December 31, 2023 end of the performance period. Through September 30, 2023, measurements have resulted in an accumulated 74% achievement, or approximately 26,812 total earned units, under this plan. At September 30, 2023, there remains a maximum potential of 9,613 additional units eligible for attainment under the plan.
Units under the Company's fiscal 2022 TSR performance plan, net of forfeitures, covering 41,298 shares of common stock will reach maturity of their relevant performance period at March 31, 2024. The units may vest in a number of shares from 0% to 200% of the award, based on the TSR of LiveRamp common stock compared to the TSR of the Russell 2000 market index for the period from April 1, 2021 to March 31, 2024.
The initial measurement date for the fiscal 2022 operating metrics performance plan was June 30, 2022. Through September 30, 2023, performance metrics have resulted in an accumulated 50% achievement, or 58,308 total earned units, under this plan. Of the earned amount, one-half vested immediately, while the remaining one-half vested one year later. As of September 30, 2023, there remains a maximum potential, net of forfeitures, of 144,554 additional units eligible for attainment under the plan. Quarterly measurements of attainment will continue through March 31, 2024.
PSU activity for the six months ended September 30, 2023 was:

|  |  |  | Weighted-average |  |
|  |  |  | fair value per |  | Weighted-average
|  | Number |  | share at grant |  | remaining contractual
|  | of shares |  | date |  | term (in years)
Outstanding at March 31, 2023 |  | 709,589 |  |  | $ | 34.97 |  |  | 1.01
Granted |  | 539,740 |  |  | $ | 25.37 |  |  |
Vested |  | (55,051) |  |  | $ | 47.11 |  |  |
Forfeited or canceled |  | (214,760) |  |  | $ | 40.19 |  |  |
Outstanding at September 30, 2023 |  | 979,518 |  |  | $ | 27.85 |  |  | 1.95

The total fair value of PSUs vested in the six months ended September 30, 2023 was $1.4 million and is measured as the quoted market price of the Company’s common stock on the vesting date for the number of shares vested.
Other Stock Compensation Activity
Acquisition-related Performance Plan
Through September 30, 2023, the Company has recognized a total of $5.1 million as stock-based compensation expense related to the Acuity performance earnout plan. The final annual settlement of $1.7 million occurred in the second quarter of fiscal 2024.
Acquisition-related Consideration Holdback
Through September 30, 2023, the Company has recognized a total of $14.7 million as stock-based compensation expense related to the DataFleets consideration holdback. At September 30, 2023, the recognized, but unpaid, balance related to the DataFleets consideration holdback in other accrued expenses in the condensed consolidated balance sheet was $2.6 million. The final settlement of $2.6 million is expected to occur in the third quarter of fiscal 2024.
20

Qualified Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP")
During the six months ended September 30, 2023, 138,818 shares of common stock were purchased under the ESPP at a weighted-average price of $19.06 per share, resulting in cash proceeds of $2.6 million over the relevant offering periods.
Stock-based compensation expense associated with the ESPP was $0.8 million for the six months ended September 30, 2023. At September 30, 2023, there was approximately $0.2 million of total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to the ESPP, which is expected to be recognized on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the current offering period.
6. OTHER CURRENT AND NONCURRENT ASSETS:
Other current assets consist of the following (dollars in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2023 |  | March 31, 2023
Prepaid expenses and other |  | $ | 16,649 |  |  | $ | 18,918 |
Assets of non-qualified retirement plan |  | 12,405 |  |  | 12,110 |
Other current assets |  | $ | 29,054 |  |  | $ | 31,028 |

Other noncurrent assets consist of the following (dollars in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2023 |  | March 31, 2023
Long-term prepaid revenue share |  | $ | 7,480 |  |  | $ | 9,659 |
Right-of-use assets (see Note 4) |  | 26,989 |  |  | 24,604 |
Deferred tax asset |  | 1,207 |  |  | 1,253 |
Deposits |  | 3,324 |  |  | 3,452 |
Strategic investments |  | 2,600 |  |  | 1,600 |
Other miscellaneous noncurrent assets |  | 185 |  |  | 477 |
Other assets, net |  | $ | 41,785 |  |  | $ | 41,045 |

7. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT:
Property and equipment is summarized as follows (dollars in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2023 |  | March 31, 2023
Leasehold improvements |  | $ | 25,646 |  |  | $ | 25,262 |
Data processing equipment |  | 5,448 |  |  | 6,537 |
Office furniture and other equipment |  | 7,127 |  |  | 7,594 |
|  | 38,221 |  |  | 39,393 |
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization |  | 32,647 |  |  | 32,308 |
Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization |  | $ | 5,574 |  |  | $ | 7,085 |

Depreciation expense on property and equipment was $1.4 million and $2.2 million for the six months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
21

8. GOODWILL:
Each quarter the Company considers whether indicators of impairment exist such that additional impairment testing may be necessary. During the quarter ended September 30, 2023, triggering events occurred which required the Company to test the recoverability of goodwill associated with its APAC reporting unit. The triggering event was the restructuring of operations in the APAC region. Accordingly, we tested goodwill for impairment and determined that the fair value of the APAC reporting unit had decreased, resulting in complete impairment of the goodwill amount of $2.9 million.
In order to estimate the fair value of the APAC reporting unit, management utilized a discounted cash flow model, classified in level 3 in the fair value hierarchy, as well as considered market multiples of guideline public companies.
Changes in goodwill for the six months ended September 30, 2023 were as follows (dollars in thousands):

|  | Total
Balance at March 31, 2023 |  | $ | 363,116 |
Impairment |  | (2,875) |
Change in foreign currency translation adjustment |  | (225) |
Balance at September 30, 2023 |  | $ | 360,016 |

Goodwill by geography as of September 30, 2023 was:

|  | Total
U.S. |  | $ | 360,016 |
APAC |  | — |
Balance at September 30, 2023 |  | $ | 360,016 |

9. INTANGIBLE ASSETS:
The amounts allocated to intangible assets from acquisitions include developed technology, customer relationships, trade names, and publisher and data supply relationships. The following table shows the amortization activity of intangible assets (dollars in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2023 |  | March 31, 2023
Developed technology, gross |  | $ | 72,028 |  |  | $ | 72,095 |
Accumulated amortization |  | (66,698) |  |  | (63,658) |
Net developed technology |  | $ | 5,330 |  |  | $ | 8,437 |
Customer relationship/trade name, gross |  | $ | 34,376 |  |  | $ | 34,384 |
Accumulated amortization |  | (34,345) |  |  | (33,953) |
Net customer/trade name |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 431 |
Publisher/data supply relationships, gross |  | $ | 16,000 |  |  | $ | 16,000 |
Accumulated amortization |  | (16,000) |  |  | (15,000) |
Net publisher/data supply relationships |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,000 |
Total intangible assets, gross |  | $ | 122,404 |  |  | $ | 122,479 |
Total accumulated amortization |  | (117,043) |  |  | (112,611) |
Total intangible assets, net |  | $ | 5,361 |  |  | $ | 9,868 |

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Total amortization expense related to intangible assets was $4.5 million and $9.3 million for the six months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
The following table presents the estimated future amortization expenses related to intangible assets. The amount for fiscal 2024 represents the remaining six months ending March 31, 2024. All other periods represent fiscal years ending March 31 (dollars in thousands).

Fiscal Year: |  | Amount
2024 |  | $ | 2,362 |
2025 |  | 2,999 |
|  | $ | 5,361 |

10. OTHER ACCRUED EXPENSES:
Other accrued expenses consist of the following (dollars in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2023 |  | March 31, 2023
Liabilities of non-qualified retirement plan |  | $ | 12,405 |  |  | $ | 12,110 |
Short-term lease liabilities (see Note 4) |  | 9,852 |  |  | 9,929 |
Acuity performance earnout liability (see Note 5) |  | — |  |  | 1,535 |
DataFleets consideration holdback (see Note 5) |  | 2,590 |  |  | 324 |
Rakam consideration holdback |  | — |  |  | 223 |
Other miscellaneous accrued expenses |  | 12,286 |  |  | 11,615 |
Other accrued expenses |  | $ | 37,133 |  |  | $ | 35,736 |

11. OTHER LIABILITIES:
Other liabilities consist of the following (dollars in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2023 |  | March 31, 2023
Uncertain tax positions |  | $ | 24,697 |  |  | $ | 23,427 |
Long-term lease liabilities (see Note 4) |  | 36,172 |  |  | 37,243 |
Lease restructuring accruals and related sublease deposits |  | 5,115 |  |  | 5,713 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  | 340 |  |  | 298 |
Other |  | 5,640 |  |  | 5,117 |
Other liabilities |  | $ | 71,964 |  |  | $ | 71,798 |

12. ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES:
Trade accounts receivable are presented net of allowances for credit losses, returns and credits based on the probability of future collections. The probability of future collections is based on specific considerations of historical loss patterns and an assessment of the continuation of such patterns based on past collection trends and known or anticipated future economic events that may impair collectability. Accounts receivable that are determined to be
uncollectible are charged against the allowance for doubtful accounts. Indicators that there is no reasonable
expectation of recovery include past due status greater than 360 days or bankruptcy of the debtor.
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The following table summarizes the Company's activity of allowance for credit losses, returns and credits (dollars in thousands):

|  | Balance at beginning of period |  | Additions (reductions) charged to costs and expenses |  | Other changes |  | Bad debts written off, net of amounts recovered |  | Balance at end of period
For the six months ended September 30, 2023 |  | $ | 9,344 |  |  | $ | (237) |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | (1,728) |  |  | $ | 7,429 |

13. RESTRUCTURING, IMPAIRMENT AND OTHER CHARGES:
Restructuring activities result in various costs, including asset write-offs, right of use ("ROU") asset group impairments, exit charges including severance, contract termination fees, and decommissioning and other costs.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending restructuring liabilities is shown below for the six months ended September 30, 2023. The restructuring charges and adjustments are included in gains, losses and other items, net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The reserve balances are included in other accrued expenses and other liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets (dollars in thousands).

|  | Employee-related reserves |  | Lease accruals |  | Total
Balances at March 31, 2023 |  | $ | 759 |  |  | $ | 4,873 |  |  | $ | 5,632 |
Restructuring charges and adjustments |  | 1,471 |  |  | 398 |  |  | 1,869 |
Payments |  | (714) |  |  | (1,266) |  |  | (1,980) |
Balances at September 30, 2023 |  | $ | 1,516 |  |  | $ | 4,005 |  |  | $ | 5,521 |

Employee-related Restructuring Plans
During the six months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded a total of $1.5 million in employee-related restructuring charges and adjustments. The expense included severance and other employee-related charges in the United States and APAC of $1.4 million and adjustments to the fiscal 2021 employee-related restructuring plans for employees in the United States and Europe of $0.1 million. Of the fiscal 2024 employee-related restructuring plans, $1.4 million remained accrued as of September 30, 2023 and are expected to be paid out during fiscal 2024.
In fiscal 2023, the Company recorded a total of $7.8 million in employee-related restructuring charges and adjustments. The expense included severance and other employee-related charges primarily in the United States. The fiscal 2023 employee-related restructuring plans were paid out during fiscal 2023 and 2024.
In fiscal 2021, the Company recorded a total of $1.7 million in employee-related restructuring charges and adjustments. The expense included severance and other employee-related charges in the United States and Europe. Of the employee-related charges of $1.7 million, $0.1 million remained accrued as of September 30, 2023 and are expected to be paid out during fiscal 2024.
Lease-related Impairments and Restructuring Plans
During the six months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded a total of $1.9 million in additional impairment charges and adjustments related to the fiscal 2023 global real estate footprint reduction initiatives. The charges primarily related to the leased office space in San Francisco and were driven by declines in the expected sublease terms and rates available in the market. The impairment charges included impairments of the operating lease ROU assets of $1.7 million, and the associated furniture, equipment, and leasehold improvements of $0.2 million. Additionally, the Company recorded $0.4 million in additional lease-related restructuring charges and adjustments that covered other obligations related to the leased office spaces.
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In fiscal 2023, the Company initiated a restructuring plan to lower its operating expenses by reducing its global real estate footprint. As part of this plan, we exited a total of eight leased office spaces. Of those, five were located in the United States: one in Boston, one in Philadelphia, one in Phoenix, and two floors of leased office space in San Francisco. The three remaining spaces were located in Europe: one in the Netherlands, one floor of leased office space in London, England, and one floor of leased office space in Paris, France.
Based on a comparison of undiscounted cash flows to the ROU asset group of each exited lease, the Company determined that each of the ROU asset groups was impaired, driven largely by the difference between the existing lease terms and rates on the Company’s leases and the expected sublease terms and rates available in the market. This resulted in impairment charges totaling $24.6 million during the second, third, and fourth quarters of fiscal 2023, reflecting the excess of the ROU asset group book value over its fair value, which was determined based on estimates of future discounted cash flows and is classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. The lease impairment charges included impairments of the operating lease ROU assets of $20.5 million, and the associated furniture, equipment, and leasehold improvements of $4.1 million. Additionally, the Company recorded $2.9 million in lease-related restructuring charges and adjustments that covered other obligations related to the leased office spaces in San Francisco and Phoenix. Of the combined fiscal 2023 and 2024 lease-related restructuring charges of $3.3 million, $2.3 million remain accrued as of September 30, 2023 and will be satisfied over the remainder of the San Francisco lease term, which continues through April 2029.
In fiscal 2017, the Company made the strategic decision to exit and sub-lease a certain leased office facility under a staggered-exit plan. The full exit was completed in fiscal 2019. We intend to continue subleasing the facility to the extent possible. The liability will be satisfied over the remainder of the leased property's term, which continues through November 2025. Any future changes in the estimates or in the actual sublease income may require future adjustments to the liabilities, which would impact net earnings (loss) in the period the adjustment is recorded. Through September 30, 2023, the Company has recorded a total of $7.3 million of restructuring charges and adjustments related to this lease. Of the amount accrued for this facility lease, $1.7 million remained accrued at September 30, 2023.
Gains, Losses and Other Items, Net
The following table summarizes the activity included in gains, losses and other items, net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations for each of the periods presented (dollars in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Six Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Employee-related restructuring plan charges |  | $ | 1,383 |  |  | $ | 2,962 |  |  | $ | 1,471 |  |  | $ | 3,701 |  |  |
Lease-related restructuring plan charges and adjustments |  | 398 |  |  | — |  |  | 398 |  |  | — |  |  |
ROU asset group impairments and adjustments |  | 1,918 |  |  | 10,170 |  |  | 1,946 |  |  | 10,170 |  |  |
Goodwill impairment (see Note 8) |  | 2,875 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,875 |  |  | — |  |  |
Other |  | — |  |  | (21) |  |  | — |  |  | (21) |  |  |
|  | $ | 6,574 |  |  | $ | 13,111 |  |  | $ | 6,690 |  |  | $ | 13,850 |  |  |

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14. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES:
Legal Matters
The Company is involved in various claims and legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. Management routinely assesses the likelihood of adverse judgments or outcomes to these matters, as well as ranges of probable losses, to the extent losses are reasonably estimable. The Company records accruals for these matters to the extent that management concludes a loss is probable and the financial impact, should an adverse outcome occur, is reasonably estimable. These accruals are reflected in the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements and are adjusted to reflect the impacts of negotiations, settlements, rulings, advice of legal counsel, and other information and events pertinent to a particular matter. In management’s opinion, the Company has made appropriate and adequate accruals for these matters, and management believes the probability of a material loss beyond the amounts accrued to be remote. However, the ultimate liability for these matters is uncertain, and if accruals are not adequate, an adverse outcome could have a material effect on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial condition or results of operations. The Company maintains insurance coverage above certain limits.
Commitments
The following table presents the Company’s purchase commitments at September 30, 2023. Purchase commitments primarily include contractual commitments for the purchase of data, hosting services, software-as-a-service arrangements and leasehold improvements. The table does not include the future payment of liabilities related to uncertain tax positions of $24.7 million as the Company is not able to predict the periods in which the payments will be made. The amount for 2024 represents the remaining six months ending March 31, 2024. All other periods represent fiscal years ended March 31 (dollars in thousands):

|  | For the years ending March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2026 |  | 2027 |  | 2028 |  |  |  | Total
Purchase commitments |  | $ | 48,169 |  |  | $ | 79,976 |  |  | $ | 10,606 |  |  | $ | 4,074 |  |  | $ | 3,375 |  |  |  |  | $ | 146,200 |

While the Company does not have any other material contractual commitments for capital expenditures, certain levels of investments in facilities and computer equipment continue to be necessary to support the growth of the business.
15. INCOME TAX:
In determining the quarterly provision for income taxes, the Company applies its estimated annual effective income tax rate to its year-to-date ordinary income or loss and adjusts for discrete tax items in the period. The estimated annual effective income tax rate for the current fiscal year is primarily driven by nondeductible stock-based compensation, capitalization of research and development expenditures in accordance with Internal Revenue Code ("IRC") Section 174, as modified by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, and the valuation allowance. Realization of the Company's net deferred tax assets is dependent upon its generation of sufficient taxable income of the proper character in future years in appropriate tax jurisdictions to obtain benefit from the reversal of deductible temporary differences as well as net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. As of September 30, 2023, the Company continues to maintain a full valuation allowance on its net deferred tax assets except in certain foreign jurisdictions.
On August 16, 2022, President Biden signed into law the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “Act”). Under the Act, share repurchases made after December 31, 2022 are subject to a 1% excise tax. In determining the total taxable value of shares repurchased, a deduction is allowed for the fair market value of any newly issued shares during the fiscal year. The excise tax and other corporate income tax changes included in the Act did not have, and are not expected to have, a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.
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16. FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS:
The Company measures certain financial assets at fair value. Fair value is determined based upon the exit price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants, as determined by either the principal market or the most advantageous market. Inputs used in the valuation techniques to derive fair values are classified based on a three-level hierarchy, as follows:
•Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
•Level 2 - Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets with insufficient volume or infrequent transactions (less active markets); or model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs are observable or can be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
•Level 3 - Unobservable inputs to the valuation methodology that are significant to the measurement of fair value of assets or liabilities.
The following table details the fair value measurements within the fair value hierarchy of the Company's financial assets and liabilities at September 30, 2023 and March 31, 2023 that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis (dollars in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2023
|  | Cash and Cash Equivalents |  | Short-Term Investments |  | Other Current Assets |  | Total
Cash |  | $ | 25,200 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25,200 |
Level 1: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds |  | 466,969 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 466,969 |
Assets of non-qualified retirement plan |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,405 |  |  | 12,405 |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | — |  |  | 24,420 |  |  | — |  |  | 24,420 |
Certificates of deposit |  | — |  |  | 7,500 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,500 |
Total |  | $ | 492,169 |  |  | $ | 31,920 |  |  | $ | 12,405 |  |  | $ | 536,494 |
|  | March 31, 2023
|  | Cash and Cash Equivalents |  | Short-Term Investments |  | Other Current Assets |  | Total
Cash |  | $ | 22,603 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 22,603 |
Level 1: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds |  | 439,853 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 439,853 |
Assets of non-qualified retirement plan |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,110 |  |  | 12,110 |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | 1,992 |  |  | 25,307 |  |  | — |  |  | 27,299 |
Certificates of deposit |  | — |  |  | 7,500 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,500 |
Total |  | $ | 464,448 |  |  | $ | 32,807 |  |  | $ | 12,110 |  |  | $ | 509,365 |

For certain financial instruments, including accounts receivable and accounts payable, the carrying amounts approximate their fair value due to the relatively short maturity of these balances.
The Company held $2.6 million and $1.6 million of strategic investments without readily determinable fair values at September 30, 2023 and March 31, 2023, respectively (see Note 6). Strategic investments consist of non-controlling equity investments in privately held companies. These investments are accounted for under the cost method of accounting and are included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. There were no impairment charges for the six months ended September 30, 2023.
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Certain of the Company's non-financial assets were measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis during the six months ended September 30, 2023, including property and equipment and right-of-use assets that were reduced to fair value when they were impaired as a result of the Company's lease-related restructuring plans and goodwill that was reduced to fair value related to the restructuring of operations in the APAC region. For additional information on the Company's fair value measurement in connection with the impairment of certain property and equipment and right-of-use assets associated with office facilities, see Note 4 and Note 7. For additional information on the Company's fair value measurement in connection with the impairment of goodwill, see Note 8.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Introduction and Overview
LiveRamp Holdings, Inc. ("LiveRamp", "we", "us", or the "Company") is a global technology company that helps companies build enduring brand and business value by collaborating responsibly with data. A groundbreaking leader in consumer privacy, data ethics and foundational identity, LiveRamp offers a connected customer view with unmatched clarity and context while protecting brand and consumer trust. Our best-in-class enterprise platform enables data collaboration, where companies can share first-party consumer data with trusted business partners securely and in a privacy conscious manner. We offer flexibility to collaborate wherever data lives to support a wide range of data collaboration use cases—within organizations, between brands, and across our global network of premier partners. Global innovators, from iconic consumer brands and tech platforms to retailers, financial services, and healthcare leaders, turn to LiveRamp to deepen customer engagement and loyalty, activate new partnerships, and maximize the value of their first-party data while staying on the forefront of rapidly evolving compliance and privacy requirements.
LiveRamp is a Delaware corporation headquartered in San Francisco, California. Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “RAMP.” We serve a global customer base from locations in the United States, Europe, and the Asia-Pacific (“APAC”) region. Our direct customer list includes many of the world’s best-known and most innovative brands across most major industry verticals, including but not limited to financial, insurance and investment services, retail, automotive, telecommunications, high tech, consumer packaged goods, healthcare, travel, entertainment and non-profit. Through our expansive partner ecosystem we serve thousands of additional companies, unlocking access to unique customer moments and creating powerful network effects.
Operating Segment
The Company operates as one operating segment. An operating segment is defined as a component of an enterprise for which separate financial information is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker. Our chief operating decision maker evaluates our financial information and resources and assesses the performance of these resources on a consolidated basis. Since we operate as one operating segment, all required financial segment information can be found in the condensed consolidated financial statements.
Sources of Revenues
LiveRamp recognizes revenue from the following sources: (i) Subscription revenue, which consists primarily of subscription fees from customers accessing our platform; and (ii) Marketplace and Other revenue, which primarily consists of revenue-sharing fees generated from data transactions through our LiveRamp Data Marketplace, transactional usage-based revenue from arrangements with certain publishers and addressable TV providers, and professional services.
LiveRamp Data Collaboration Platform
As depicted in the graphic below, we power the industry’s leading enterprise platform for data collaboration. We enable organizations to access and leverage data more effectively across the applications they use to interact with their customers. At the core of our platform is an omnichannel, deterministic identity resolution technology that offers unparalleled accuracy, breadth, and depth. Leveraging deep expertise in data collaboration, the LiveRamp Data Collaboration platform (formerly branded as Safe Haven) enables an organization to unify customer and prospect data (first-, second-, or third-party) to build a single view of the customer in a way that protects consumer privacy. This single customer view can then be enhanced and activated across any of the over 500 partners in our ecosystem in order to support a variety of people-based marketing solutions, including:
•Data Collaboration. We enable second-party data collaboration between organizations and their trusted partners in a neutral, manageable environment. Our platform provides customers with collaborative opportunities to safely and securely build a more accurate, dynamic view of their customers leveraging partner data. Advanced measurement and analytics use cases can be performed on this shared data without either party giving up control or compromising privacy.
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•Activation. We enable organizations to leverage their customer and prospect data in the digital and TV ecosystems and across the customer experience applications they use through a safe and secure data matching process called data onboarding. Our technology ingests a customer’s first-party data, removes all offline data (directly identifiable information or "DII"), and replaces them with pseudonymized IDs called RampID™, a durable identifier for connecting to the digital ecosystem. RampID can then be distributed through direct integrations to the top platforms our customers work with, including leading marketing cloud providers, publishers and social networks, personalization tools, and connected TV services.
•Measurement & Analytics. We power more accurate, more complete measurement with the measurement vendors and partners our customers use. Our platform allows customers to combine disparate data files (typically ad exposure and customer events, such as transactions), replacing customer identifiers with RampID. Customers then can use that aggregated view of each customer for measurement of reach and frequency, sales lift, closed loop offline to online conversion and cross-channel attribution.
•Identity. We provide enterprise-level identity solutions that enable organizations to: 1) resolve and connect disparate identities, 2) enrich data sets with hygiene capabilities and additional audience data from the LiveRamp Data Marketplace providers, and 3) translate data between different systems. Our approach to identity is built from two complementary graphs, combining offline data and online data and providing accuracy with a focus on privacy. LiveRamp technology for DII gives brands and platforms the ability to connect and update what they know about consumers, resolving DII across enterprise databases and systems to deliver better customer experiences. Our digital identity graph powered by our Authenticated Traffic Solution (or "ATS") associates pseudonymous device IDs, TV IDs and other online customer IDs from premium publishers, platforms or data providers, around a RampID. This allows marketers to perform personalized segmentation, targeting, and measurement in use cases that require a consistent view of the user. There are currently more than 165 supply-side platforms and demand-side platforms live or committed to bid on RampID or ATS. In addition, to date more than 16,000 publisher domains, and over 70% of the comScore 100 largest digital publishers, have adopted ATS.
•Data Marketplace. Our Data Marketplace provides customers with simplified access to industry-leading third-party data providers globally. The LiveRamp Data Collaboration Platform allows for the search, discovery and distribution of data from data providers to improve targeting, measurement, and customer intelligence. Our customers may license data through the LiveRamp Data Marketplace and connect via RampID to enrich their first-party data, leveraging across technology and media platforms, agencies, analytics environments, and TV partners. Our platform provides tools for data providers to manage the organization, distribution, and operation of their data and services across our network of customers and partners. Today we work with approximately 200 data providers across all verticals and many data types (see below for discussion on Marketplace and Other).
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Subscription
We primarily charge for our platform services on an annual basis. Our subscription pricing is based primarily on data volume, which is a function of data input records and connection points.
Our solutions are sold to enterprise marketers and the companies they partner with to execute their marketing, including agencies, marketing technology providers, publishers and data providers. Today, we work with 895 direct customers world-wide and serve thousands of additional customers indirectly through our reseller partnership arrangements.
•Brands and Agencies. We work with over 500 of the largest brands and agencies in the world, helping them execute people-based marketing by creating an omni-channel understanding of the consumer and activating that understanding across their choice of best-of-breed digital marketing platforms.
•Marketing Technology Providers. We provide marketing technology providers with the identity foundation required to offer people-based targeting, measurement and personalization within their platforms. This adds value for brands by increasing audience reach, as well as the speed at which they can activate their marketing data.
•Publishers. We enable publishers of any size to offer people-based marketing on their properties. This adds value for brands by providing direct access to their customers and prospects in the publisher's premium inventory.
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•Data Sellers. Leveraging our vast network of integrations, we allow data sellers to easily connect to the digital ecosystem and monetize their own data. Data can be distributed to customers or made available through the LiveRamp Data Marketplace feature. This adds value for brands as it allows them to augment their understanding of consumers and increase their understanding of customers and prospects.
Marketplace and Other
As we have scaled the LiveRamp network and technology, we have found additional ways to leverage our platform, deliver more value to customers and create incremental revenue streams. Leveraging our common identity system and broad integration network, the Data Marketplace seamlessly connects data sellers’ audience data across the marketing ecosystem. The Data Marketplace enables data sellers to easily monetize their data across hundreds of marketing platforms and publishers. At the same time, it provides a single platform where data buyers, including platforms and publishers, in addition to brands and their agencies, access third-party data from data sellers supporting all industries and encompassing all types of data. Data providers include sources and brands exclusive to LiveRamp, emerging platforms with access to previously unavailable deterministic data, and data partnerships enabled by our platform.
We generate revenue from the Data Marketplace primarily through revenue-sharing arrangements with data sellers that are monetizing their data assets via our marketplace platform service. We also generate Marketplace and Other revenue through transactional usage-based arrangements with certain publishers and addressable TV providers.
To complement our product offering, we provide professional services and enhanced support entitlements to help customers leverage our platform and drive business outcomes. Our services offering includes product implementation, data science analytics, audience measurement and general advisory. We generate revenue from services primarily from project fees paid by subscribers to our platform. Service projects are sold on an ad hoc basis as well as bundled with platform subscriptions. Services revenue is less than 5% of total Company revenue.
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Summary Results and Notable Events
A financial summary of the quarter ended September 30, 2023 compared to the same period in fiscal 2023 is presented below:
•Revenues were $159.9 million, an 8.7% increase from $147.1 million.
•Cost of revenue was $41.2 million, a 2.6% decrease from $42.3 million.
•Gross margin increased to 74.2% from 71.2%.
•Total operating expenses were $110.5 million, a 17.5% decrease from $133.9 million.
•Cost of revenue and operating expenses for fiscal 2024 and 2023 included the following items:
◦Non-cash stock compensation of $15.7 million and $27.3 million, respectively (cost of revenue of $0.6 million and $1.3 million, respectively, and operating expenses of $15.1 million and $26.0 million, respectively)
◦Purchased intangible asset amortization of $1.2 million and $4.6 million, respectively (cost of revenue)
◦Transformation costs of $1.3 million in fiscal 2023 (general and administrative)
◦Restructuring charges of $6.6 million and $13.1 million, respectively (gains, losses, and other)
•Total other income, net was $6.4 million, an increase of $4.2 million from $2.2 million.
•Net earnings were $4.9 million, or $0.07 per diluted share compared to net loss of $30.4 million, or $0.45 per diluted share.
•Net cash provided by operating activities was $35.8 million compared to $21.4 million.
•The Company repurchased 0.5 million shares of its common stock for $15.1 million compared to 1.7 million shares for $40.0 million under the Company's common stock repurchase program.
This summary and the following discussion and analysis highlight financial results as well as other significant events and transactions of the Company during the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2023 compared to the same period in fiscal 2023, unless otherwise stated. However, this summary is not intended to be a full discussion of the Company's results. This summary should be read in conjunction with the following discussion of Results of Operations and Capital Resources and Liquidity and with the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements and footnotes accompanying this report.
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Key Performance Metrics
In addition to measures of financial performance presented in our condensed consolidated financial statements, we monitor the key metrics set forth below to help us evaluate revenue growth trends, establish budgets and measure the effectiveness of our sales and marketing efforts. The below data is presented in millions, except for percentages.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | % Change
|  | September 30, 2023 |  |  |  | September 30, 2022 |  | September 30, 2023 from September 30, 2022 |  | September 30, 2022 from September 30, 2021
Subscription net retention |  | 101 | % |  |  |  | 106 | % |  | (4.7) | % |  | (1.9) | %
Annualized recurring revenue |  | $ | 427.5 |  |  |  |  | $ | 419.7 |  |  | 1.9 | % |  | 15.0 | %
Remaining performance obligation |  | $ | 489.8 |  |  |  |  | $ | 388.8 |  |  | 26.0 | % |  | 4.7 | %
Current remaining performance obligation |  | $ | 339.3 |  |  |  |  | $ | 293.1 |  |  | 15.8 | % |  | 10.2 | %
Subscription CRPO |  | $ | 294.1 |  |  |  |  | $ | 254.7 |  |  | 15.5 | % |  | 6.0 | %

Subscription Net Retention
Subscription net retention (“SNR”) is defined as the current quarter subscription revenue (net) from customers who have been on our platform for one year or more, divided by the prior year quarter subscription revenue (net), inclusive of upsell, churn (lost contract), downsell (contract reduction), and variable revenue changes. SNR excludes revenue from new customers that have not been on our platform for one year or more. We believe our SNR is an important metric that provides insight into the long-term value of our subscription agreements and our ability to retain and grow revenue from our subscription customer base. SNR rate is an operational metric and there is no comparable GAAP financial measure to which we can reconcile this particular key metric.
The decrease in SNR at September 30, 2023 compared to September 30, 2022 was primarily attributable to increasing levels of downsell and churn activity offsetting customer upsell revenue. The increase in downsell and churn activity was driven in part by budget and economic pressures on our customers.
Annualized Recurring Revenue
Annualized Recurring Revenue (“ARR”) is defined as the last month of quarter recurring revenue annualized. Recurring revenue is fixed and contracted subscription revenue and does not include any variable or non-recurring revenue amounts. We believe ARR provides important information about our future revenue potential, our ability to acquire new customers, and our ability to maintain and expand our relationship with existing customers. ARR is not a forecast of future revenue, which can be impacted by contract start and end dates and renewal rates. ARR should be viewed independently of revenue and deferred revenue as ARR is an operating metric and is not intended to be combined with or replace these items. Our use of ARR has limitations as an analytical tool, and investors should not consider it in isolation. Other companies in our industry may calculate ARR differently, which reduces its usefulness as a comparative measure.
Our ARR growth of 1.9% was primarily attributable to new customer revenue. The decline compared to the 15.0% growth in the previous year is due to similar reasons as those resulting in SNR declines, namely downsell and churn from customers, due in part to budget pressures, more than offsetting existing customer upsell activity in the current period as well as lower contribution from new customer activity.
Remaining Performance Obligations and Current Remaining Performance Obligations
Remaining performance obligations (“RPO”) is defined as all future revenue under contract that has not yet been recognized as revenue. Future invoicing is determined to be certain when we have an executed non-cancellable contract or a significant penalty that is due upon cancellation, and invoicing is not dependent on a future event such as the delivery of a specific new product or feature, or the achievement of contractual contingencies. Current RPO
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("CRPO") represents RPO to be recognized over the next twelve months. Subscription CRPO represents CRPO associated with subscription-only RPO to be recognized over the next twelve months.
While the Company believes RPO, CRPO, and Subscription CRPO are leading indicators of revenue as they represent sales activity not yet recognized in revenue, they are not necessarily indicative of future revenue growth as they are influenced by several factors, including seasonality of contract renewal timing and average contract terms. The Company monitors RPO, CRPO, and Subscription CRPO to manage the business and evaluate performance. RPO increased due to several large, multi-year renewals. CRPO and Subscription CRPO growth was due to new customer additions, as well as the multi-year renewals.
Based on the year-over-year decline in annual growth rates for certain of these key metrics, in particular ARR and SNR, the Company expects subscription revenue growth in fiscal year 2024 to be lower than rates of growth experienced in fiscal year 2023.
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Results of Operations
A summary of selected financial information for each of the periods reported is presented below (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts):

|  | For the three months ended |  | For the six months ended
|  | September 30, |  | September 30,
|  |  |  |  |  | % |  |  |  |  |  | %
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Change |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Change
Revenues |  | $ | 159,871 |  |  | $ | 147,099 |  |  | 9 |  |  | $ | 313,940 |  |  | $ | 289,342 |  |  | 9 |
Cost of revenue |  | 41,212 |  |  | 42,304 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 86,833 |  |  | 83,325 |  |  | 4 |
Gross profit |  | 118,659 |  |  | 104,795 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 227,107 |  |  | 206,017 |  |  | 10 |
Total operating expenses |  | 110,451 |  |  | 133,917 |  |  | (18) |  |  | 216,629 |  |  | 260,741 |  |  | (17) |
Income (loss) from operations |  | 8,208 |  |  | (29,122) |  |  | 128 |  |  | 10,478 |  |  | (54,724) |  |  | 119 |
Total other income, net |  | $ | 6,431 |  |  | $ | 2,248 |  |  | 186 |  |  | 11,280 |  |  | 2,947 |  |  | NA
Net earnings (loss) from continuing operations |  | $ | 4,863 |  |  | $ | (30,436) |  |  | 116 |  |  | $ | 2,890 |  |  | $ | (57,654) |  |  | 105 |
Diluted earnings (loss) per share |  | $ | 0.07 |  |  | $ | (0.45) |  |  | 116 |  |  | $ | 0.05 |  |  | $ | (0.85) |  |  | 106 |

Revenues
The Company's revenues for each of the periods reported is presented below (dollars in thousands):

|  | For the three months ended |  | For the six months ended
|  | September 30, |  | September 30,
|  |  |  |  |  | % |  |  |  |  |  | %
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Change |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Change
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription |  | $ | 125,705 |  |  | $ | 119,702 |  |  | 5 |  |  | $ | 247,587 |  |  | $ | 235,435 |  |  | 5 |
Marketplace and Other |  | 34,166 |  |  | 27,397 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 66,353 |  |  | 53,907 |  |  | 23 |
Total revenues |  | $ | 159,871 |  |  | $ | 147,099 |  |  | 9 |  |  | $ | 313,940 |  |  | $ | 289,342 |  |  | 9 |

Total revenues for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 were $159.9 million, a $12.8 million or 8.7% increase from the same quarter a year ago. The increase was primarily due to Subscription revenue growth of $6.0 million, or 5.0%, primarily due to upsell to existing customers, new logo deals and higher variable revenue. Marketplace and Other revenue growth was $6.8 million, or 24.7%, primarily due to Data Marketplace and Services volume growth. On a geographic basis, U.S. revenue increased $11.9 million, or 8.7%. International revenue increased $0.8 million, or 8.4%. The differences in exchange rates in the current year quarter compared to those in the prior year quarter favorably impacted international revenue growth by approximately 5 percentage points.
Total revenues for the six months ended September 30, 2023 were $313.9 million, a $24.6 million or 8.5% increase compared to the same period a year ago. The increase was primarily due to Subscription revenue growth of $12.2 million, or 5.2%, primarily due to upsell to existing customers, new logo deals and higher variable revenue. Marketplace and Other revenue increased $12.4 million, or 23.1%, primarily due to Data Marketplace growth. On a geographic basis, U.S. revenue increased $24.1 million, or 8.9%. International revenue increased $0.5 million, or 2.7%. The differences in exchange rates in the current year compared to those in the prior year favorably impacted international revenue growth by approximately 2.5 percentage points.
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Cost of Revenue and Gross Profit
The Company’s cost of revenue and gross profit for each of the periods reported is presented below (dollars in thousands):

|  | For the three months ended |  | For the six months ended
|  | September 30, |  | September 30,
|  |  |  |  |  | % |  |  |  |  |  | %
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Change |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Change
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 41,212 |  | $ | 42,304 |  | (3) |  |  | $ | 86,833 |  | $ | 83,325 |  | 4 |
Gross profit |  | $ | 118,659 |  | $ | 104,795 |  | 13 |  |  | $ | 227,107 |  | $ | 206,017 |  | 10 |
Gross margin (%) |  | 74.2 | % |  | 71.2 | % |  | 4 |  |  | 72.3 | % |  | 71.2 | % |  | 2 |

Cost of revenue includes third-party direct costs including identity graph data, other data and cloud-based hosting costs, as well as costs of IT, security and product operations functions. Cost of revenue also includes amortization of acquisition-related intangibles.
Cost of revenue was $41.2 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, a $1.1 million, or 2.6%, decrease from the same quarter a year ago. Gross margins increased to 74.2% from 71.2% in the prior year quarter due to revenue increases and a $3.4 million decrease in intangible asset amortization. U.S. gross margins increased to 76.2% from 72.5% while International gross margins decreased to 46.4% from 53.4%.
Cost of revenue was $86.8 million for the six months ended September 30, 2023, a $3.5 million, or 4.2%, increase from the same period a year ago. Gross margins increased to 72.3% from 71.2% in the prior year due to revenue increases and a $4.7 million decrease in intangible amortization offset partially by an increase in cost of revenue primarily from cloud infrastructure and services support costs. U.S. gross margins increased to 74.2% from 72.5%, and International gross margins decreased to 44.9% from 54.1%.
Operating Expenses
The Company’s operating expenses for each of the periods reported is presented below (dollars in thousands):

|  | For the three months ended |  | For the six months ended
|  | September 30, |  | September 30,
|  |  |  |  |  | % |  |  |  |  |  | %
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Change |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Change
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development |  | $ | 33,733 |  |  | $ | 46,139 |  |  | (27) |  |  | $ | 68,252 |  |  | $ | 93,800 |  |  | (27) |
Sales and marketing |  | 44,135 |  |  | 45,949 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 89,014 |  |  | 97,229 |  |  | (8) |
General and administrative |  | 26,009 |  |  | 28,718 |  |  | (9) |  |  | 52,673 |  |  | 55,862 |  |  | (6) |
Gains, losses and other items, net |  | 6,574 |  |  | 13,111 |  |  | (50) |  |  | 6,690 |  |  | 13,850 |  |  | (52) |
Total operating expenses |  | $ | 110,451 |  |  | $ | 133,917 |  |  | (18) |  |  | $ | 216,629 |  |  | $ | 260,741 |  |  | (17) |

Research and development (“R&D”) expense includes operating expenses for the Company’s engineering and product/project management functions supporting research, new development, and related product enhancement.
R&D expenses were $33.7 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of $12.4 million, or 26.9%, compared to the same quarter a year ago, and are 21.1% of total revenues compared to 31.4% in the same quarter a year ago. The decrease is primarily due to stock-based compensation expense (decreased $7.1 million), headcount related and incentive compensation costs (employee-related expenses decreased $3.5 million as a result of the headcount reduction that occurred in the quarter ended December 31, 2022) and professional services (decreased $0.6 million). The decrease in stock-based compensation is due to the prior year-end accelerated vesting of awards that would have otherwise vested over the first six months of fiscal 2024 to take advantage of cash tax savings opportunities.
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R&D expenses were $68.3 million for the six months ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of $25.5 million, or 27.2%, compared to the same period a year ago, and are 21.7% of total revenues compared to 32.4% in the prior year. The decrease is primarily due to stock-based compensation expense (decreased $13.6 million), headcount related and incentive compensation costs (employee-related expenses decreased $7.9 million as a result of the headcount reduction that occurred in the quarter ended December 31, 2022) and professional services (decreased $0.9 million). The decrease in stock-based compensation is due to the prior year-end accelerated vesting of awards that would have otherwise vested over the first six months of fiscal 2024 to take advantage of cash tax savings opportunities.
Sales and marketing (“S&M”) expense includes operating expenses for the Company’s sales, marketing, and product marketing functions.
S&M expenses were $44.1 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of $1.8 million, or 3.9%, compared to the same quarter a year ago, and are 27.6% of total revenues compared to 31.2% in the same quarter a year ago. The decrease is primarily due to stock-based compensation expense (decreased $1.3 million) and headcount related costs (employee-related expense decreased $0.8 million), offset partially by an increase in marketing expenses (increased $0.7 million). The decrease in stock-based compensation is due to the prior year-end accelerated vesting of awards that would have otherwise vested over the first six months of fiscal 2024 to take advantage of cash tax savings opportunities.
S&M expenses were $89.0 million for the six months ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of $8.2 million, or 8.4%, compared to the same period a year ago, and are 28.4% of total revenues compared to 33.6% in the prior year. The decrease is primarily due to stock-based compensation expense (decreased $3.5 million), administrative expenses (decreased $1.4 million as a result of a lower bad debt provision), professional services (decreased $1.4 million) and marketing expenses (decreased $0.7 million). Employee-related expenses were relatively flat. The decrease in stock-based compensation is due to the prior year-end accelerated vesting of awards that would have otherwise vested over the first six months of fiscal 2024 to take advantage of cash tax savings opportunities.
General and administrative ("G&A") expense represents operating expenses for the Company's finance, human resources, legal, corporate IT, and other corporate administrative functions.
G&A expenses were $26.0 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of $2.7 million, or 9.4%, compared to the same quarter a year ago, and are 16.3% of total revenues compared to 19.5% in the same quarter a year ago. The decrease is primarily due to decreases in stock-based compensation expense (decreased $2.5 million). The decrease in stock-based compensation is due to the prior year-end accelerated vesting of awards that would have otherwise vested over the first six months of fiscal 2024 to take advantage of cash tax savings opportunities and current period forfeitures.
G&A expenses were $52.7 million for the six months ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of $3.2 million, or 5.7%, compared to the same period a year ago, and are 16.8% of total revenues compared to 19.3% in the prior year. The decrease is primarily due to decreases in stock-based compensation expense (decreased $4.2 million), offset partially by higher employee-related expenses due to increased incentive compensation costs. The decrease in stock-based compensation is due to the prior year-end accelerated vesting of awards that would have otherwise vested over the first six months of fiscal 2024 to take advantage of cash tax savings opportunities and current period forfeitures.
Gains, losses, and other items, net represents restructuring costs and other adjustments.
Gains, losses and other items, net was $6.6 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of $6.5 million compared to the same quarter a year ago. The current quarter amount includes $2.8 million related to the impairment of APAC goodwill, $2.3 million in lease impairments and restructuring and $1.4 million related to termination benefits for employees whose positions were or will be eliminated. The prior year quarter amount includes $12.2 million in lease impairments and restructuring and $0.9 million related to termination benefits for employees whose positions were eliminated.
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Gains, losses and other items, net was $6.7 million for the six months ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of $7.2 million compared to the same period a year ago. The current year amount includes $2.8 million related to the impairment of APAC goodwill, $2.3 million in lease impairments and restructuring and $1.5 million related to termination benefits for employees whose positions were or will be eliminated. The prior year amount includes $12.3 million in lease impairments and restructuring and $1.6 million related to termination benefits for employees whose positions were eliminated.
Income (Loss) from Operations and Operating Margin
Income from operations was $8.2 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 compared to a loss from operations of $29.1 million in the same quarter a year ago. Operating margin was positive 5.1% compared to negative 19.8%. Margins were positively impacted by revenue growth, and operating expense reduction related to the prior year headcount reduction, reduced stock-based compensation due to prior year accelerated vesting of awards, and lower gains, losses and other items.
Income from operations was $10.5 million for the six months ended September 30, 2023 compared to a loss from operations of $54.7 million in the same period a year ago. Operating margin was positive 3.3% compared to negative 18.9% in the prior year. Margins were positively impacted by revenue growth, and operating expense reduction related to the prior year headcount reduction, reduced stock-based compensation due to prior year accelerated vesting of awards, and lower gains, losses and other items.
Other Income and Income Taxes
Other income was $6.4 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 compared to $2.2 million in the same quarter a year ago. Other income was $11.3 million for the six months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $2.9 million in the same period a year ago. The quarter and year-to-date increase is primarily attributable to higher interest rates on invested cash and short-term investments.
Income tax expense was $10.2 million on pretax income of $14.6 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, resulting in a 69% effective tax rate. This compares to a prior year income tax expense of $3.6 million on pretax loss of $26.9 million, or a negative 13% effective tax rate. Tax expense for both periods reflects the impact of the capitalization of research and development expenditures in accordance with Internal Revenue Code ("IRC") Section 174, as modified by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017.
Income tax expense was $18.9 million on pretax income of $21.8 million for the six months ended September 30, 2023, resulting in an 87% effective tax rate. This compares to a prior year income tax expense of $5.9 million on pretax loss of $51.8 million, or a negative 11% effective tax rate. Tax expense for both periods reflects the impact of the capitalization of research and development expenditures in accordance with IRC Section 174, as modified by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017.
Discontinued Operations
Earnings from discontinued operations, net of tax, was $0.4 million for the three months and six months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. During fiscal 2019, the Company completed the sale of its Acxiom Marketing Solutions ("AMS") business, and the business qualified for treatment as discontinued operations. Significant income taxes were incurred and paid on the gain from the sale of AMS. During fiscal 2024, the Company recovered certain previously paid state income taxes arising from the sale of AMS.
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Capital Resources and Liquidity
The Company’s cash and cash equivalents are primarily located in the United States. At September 30, 2023, approximately $18.8 million of the total cash balance of $492.2 million, or approximately 3.8%, was located outside of the United States. The Company has no current plans to repatriate this cash to the United States.
Net accounts receivable balances were $174.7 million at September 30, 2023, an increase of $17.3 million, compared to $157.4 million at March 31, 2023. Days sales outstanding ("DSO"), a measurement of the time it takes to collect receivables, were 101 days at September 30, 2023, compared to 95 days at March 31, 2023. DSO can fluctuate due to the timing and nature of contracts that lead to up-front billings related to deferred revenue on services not yet performed, and Marketplace and Other contracts, which are billed on a gross basis, recognized on a net basis, but for which the amount that is due to data sellers is not reflected as an offset to accounts receivable. Compared to March 31, 2023, DSO at September 30, 2023 was negatively impacted by approximately 4 days by the increased impact of Data Marketplace gross accounts receivable. All customer accounts are actively managed, and no losses in excess of amounts reserved are currently expected.
Working capital at September 30, 2023 totaled $541.1 million, a $1.4 million increase when compared to $539.7 million at March 31, 2023.
Management believes that the Company's existing available cash will be sufficient to meet the Company's working capital and capital expenditure requirements for the foreseeable future. However, in light of the risk of recession, the military conflicts in Europe and the Middle East, cost increases, rising interest rates, capital markets volatility, bank failures and general inflationary pressures, our liquidity position may change due to the inability to collect from our customers, inability to raise new capital via issuance of equity or debt, and disruption in completing repayments or disbursements to our creditors. We have historically taken and may continue to take advantage of opportunities to generate additional liquidity through capital market transactions. These impacts have caused significant disruptions to the global financial markets, which could increase the cost of capital and adversely impact our ability to raise additional capital, which could negatively affect our liquidity in the future. The amount, nature, and timing of any capital market transactions will depend on our operating performance and other circumstances; our then-current commitments and obligations; the amount, nature, and timing of our capital requirements; and overall market conditions. If we are unable to raise funds as and when we need them, we may be forced to curtail our operations.
Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods reported (dollars in thousands):

|  | For the six months ended
|  | September 30,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  | $ | 61,457 |  |  | $ | (11,994) |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  | $ | 112 |  |  | $ | (4,014) |
Net cash used in financing activities |  | $ | (34,319) |  |  | $ | (96,790) |
Net cash provided by discontinued operations |  | $ | 387 |  |  | $ | — |

Operating Activities
Our cash flows from operating activities are primarily influenced by growth in our operations, increases or decreases in collections from our customers, and related payments to our suppliers and employees. The timing of cash receipts from customers and payments to suppliers can significantly impact our cash flows from operating activities. Our collection and payment cycles can vary from period to period.
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In the six months ended September 30, 2023, net cash provided by operating activities of $61.5 million resulted primarily from net earnings adjusted for non-cash items of $43.2 million and net cash provided by operating assets and liabilities of $18.3 million. Net cash provided by operating assets and liabilities was primarily related to a $29.2 million Internal Revenue Service refund related to fiscal 2021, an increase in income taxes payable of $13.9 million, and an increase in other assets of $5.7 million, offset partially by a decrease in accounts payable and other liabilities of $12.9 million and an increase in accounts receivable of $16.3 million. The change in accounts payable and other liabilities is primarily due to the payment of annual incentive compensation, and the timing of payments to suppliers. The change in accounts receivable is primarily due to revenue growth and the timing of cash receipts from customers.
In the six months ended September 30, 2022, net cash used in operating activities of $12.0 million resulted primarily from net loss adjusted for non-cash items of $18.7 million offset by net cash used by operating assets and liabilities of $30.6 million. Net cash used by operating assets and liabilities was primarily related to a decrease in accounts payable and other liabilities of $29.5 million and an increase in accounts receivable of $11.4 million. The change in accounts payable and other liabilities is primarily due to the payment of annual incentive compensation and the timing of payments to suppliers. The change in accounts receivable is primarily due to revenue growth and the timing of cash receipts from customers.
Investing Activities
Our primary investing activities have historically consisted of capital expenditures. Capital expenditures may vary from period to period due to the timing of the expansion of our operations, the addition of new headcount, new facilities, and acquisitions.
In the six months ended September 30, 2023, net cash provided by investing activities consisted of the proceeds from the sale of investments of $25.8 million, partially offset by purchases of investments of $24.4 million, purchases of strategic investments of $1.0 million and capital expenditures of $0.3 million.
In the six months ended September 30, 2022, net cash used in investing activities consisted of capital expenditures of $4.4 million, offset partially by proceeds from the sale of a strategic investment of $0.4 million.
Financing Activities
Our financing activities have consisted of acquisition of treasury stock, proceeds from our equity compensation plans, and shares repurchased for tax withholdings upon vesting of stock-based awards.
In the six months ended September 30, 2023, net cash used in financing activities was $34.3 million, consisting of the acquisition of treasury shares pursuant to the board of directors' approved stock repurchase plan of $35.3 million (1.3 million shares) and $4.6 million for shares repurchased for tax withholdings upon vesting of stock-based awards. These uses of cash were partially offset by proceeds of $5.6 million from the sale of common stock from our equity compensation plans.
In the six months ended September 30, 2022, net cash used in financing activities was $96.8 million, consisting of the acquisition of treasury shares pursuant to the board of directors' approved stock repurchase plan of $100.1 million (3.8 million shares), and $1.3 million for shares repurchased for tax withholdings upon vesting of stock-based awards. These uses of cash were partially offset by proceeds of $4.6 million from the sale of common stock from our equity compensation plans.
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Common Stock Repurchase Program
On December 20, 2022, the Company's board of directors approved an amendment to the existing common stock repurchase program, which was initially adopted in 2011. The amendment authorized an additional $100.0 million in share repurchases, increasing the total amount authorized for repurchase under the common stock repurchase program to $1.1 billion. In addition, it extended the common stock repurchase program duration through December 31, 2024.
During the six months ended September 30, 2023, the Company repurchased 1.3 million shares of its common stock for $35.3 million under the modified common stock repurchase program. Through September 30, 2023, the Company had repurchased a total of 37.0 million shares of its common stock for $917.5 million under the program, leaving remaining capacity of $182.5 million.
Pursuant to the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the "Act"), share repurchases made after December 31, 2022 are subject to a 1% excise tax. In determining the total taxable value of shares repurchased, a deduction is allowed for the fair market value of any newly issued shares during the fiscal year. The excise tax and other corporate income tax changes included in the Act did not have, and are not expected to have, a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.
Contractual Commitments
The following tables present the Company’s contractual cash obligations and purchase commitments at September 30, 2023 (dollars in thousands). Operating leases primarily consist of our various office facilities. Purchase commitments primarily include contractual commitments for the purchase of data, hosting services, software-as-a-service arrangements, and leasehold improvements. The tables do not include the future payment of liabilities related to uncertain tax positions of $24.7 million as the Company is not able to predict the periods in which the payments will be made. The amounts for 2024 represent the remaining six months ending March 31, 2024. All other periods represent fiscal years ended March 31 (dollars in thousands):

|  | For the years ending March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2026 |  | 2027 |  | 2028 |  | Thereafter |  | Total
Operating leases |  | $ | 5,190 |  |  | $ | 9,885 |  |  | $ | 8,654 |  |  | $ | 8,265 |  |  | $ | 8,454 |  |  | $ | 12,828 |  |  | $ | 53,276 |

Future minimum payments as of September 30, 2023 related to restructuring plans as a result of the Company's exit from certain leased office facilities are (dollars in thousands): Fiscal 2024: $1,349; Fiscal 2025: $2,698; and Fiscal 2026: $1,799.

|  | For the years ending March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2026 |  | 2027 |  | 2028 |  |  |  | Total
Purchase commitments |  | $ | 48,169 |  |  | $ | 79,976 |  |  | $ | 10,606 |  |  | $ | 4,074 |  |  | $ | 3,375 |  |  |  |  | $ | 146,200 |

While the Company does not have any other material contractual commitments for capital expenditures, certain levels of investments in facilities and computer equipment continue to be necessary to support the growth of the business.
For a description of certain risks that could have an impact on results of operations or financial condition, including liquidity and capital resources, see “Risk Factors” contained in Part I, Item 1A, of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 ("2023 Annual Report"), as filed with the SEC on May 24, 2023.
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Non-U.S. Operations
The Company has a presence in the United Kingdom, France, Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Brazil, India, Australia, China, Singapore and Japan. Most of the Company’s exposure to exchange rate fluctuation is due to translation gains and losses as there are no material transactions that cause exchange rate impact. In general, each of the foreign locations is expected to fund its own operations and cash flows, although funds may be loaned or invested from the U.S. to the foreign subsidiaries. These advances are considered long-term investments, and any gain or loss resulting from changes in exchange rates as well as gains or losses resulting from translating the foreign financial statements into U.S. dollars are included in accumulated other comprehensive income. Therefore, exchange rate movements of foreign currencies may have an impact on the Company’s future costs or on future cash flows from foreign investments. The Company has not entered into any foreign currency forward exchange contracts or other derivative instruments to hedge the effects of adverse fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.
Critical Accounting Policies
We prepare our condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP as set forth in the FASB ASC, and we consider the various staff accounting bulletins and other applicable guidance issued by the SEC. These accounting principles require management to make certain judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. The consolidated financial statements in the 2023 Annual Report include a summary of significant accounting policies used in the preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In addition, the Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations filed as part of the 2023 Annual Report contains a discussion of the policies that management has identified as the most critical because they require management’s use of complex and/or significant judgments. None of the Company’s critical accounting policies have materially changed since the date of the 2023 Annual Report other than as described in the Accounting Pronouncements Adopted during the Current Year section of Note 1, “Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements accompanying this report.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
For information on recent accounting pronouncements, see “Accounting Pronouncements Adopted During the Current Year" and “Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted” under Note 1, “Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements accompanying this report.
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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
We believe there have been no material changes in our market risk exposures for the six months ended September 30, 2023, as compared with those discussed in the Company's 2023 Annual Report.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures.
Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer (our principal executive officer) and our Interim Chief Financial Officer (our principal financial and accounting officer), evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined under Rule 13a-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act")). Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and our principal financial and accounting officer concluded that as of September 30, 2023, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
(b) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting.
There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
The information required by this item is set forth under Note 14, “Commitments and Contingencies,” to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
The risks described in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in the Company's 2023 Annual Report, remain current in all material respects. The risk factors in our 2023 Annual Report do not identify all risks that we face. Our operations could also be affected by factors that are not presently known to us or that we currently consider to be immaterial to our operations. If any of the identified risks or others not specified in our SEC filings materialize, our business, financial condition, or results of operations could be materially adversely affected. In these circumstances, the market price of our common stock could decline.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
a.Not applicable.
b.Not applicable.
c.The table below provides information regarding purchases by LiveRamp of its common stock during the periods indicated.

Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
July 1, 2023 - July 31, 2023 |  | 1,408 |  |  | $ | 27.02 |  |  | 1,408 |  |  | $ | 197,586,349 |
August 1, 2023 - August 31, 2023 |  | 173,956 |  |  | $ | 31.67 |  |  | 173,956 |  |  | $ | 192,076,844 |
September 1, 2023 - September 30, 2023 |  | 315,129 |  |  | $ | 30.38 |  |  | 315,129 |  |  | $ | 182,502,413 |
Total |  | 490,493 |  |  | $ | 30.83 |  |  | 490,493 |  |  |

On August 29, 2011, the board of directors adopted a common stock repurchase program. That program was subsequently modified and expanded, most recently on December 20, 2022. Under the modified common stock repurchase program, the Company may purchase up to $1.1 billion of its common stock through the period ending December 31, 2024. Through September 30, 2023, the Company had repurchased a total of 37.0 million shares of its stock for $917.5 million, leaving remaining capacity of $182.5 million under the stock repurchase program.
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Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
Not applicable.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information
a. Not applicable.
b. Not applicable.
c. Except as set forth below, during the three months ended September 30, 2023, none of the Company’s directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Exchange Act) adopted or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (as such terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K).
On September 29, 2023, Timothy R. Cadogan, a director of the Company, adopted a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (the "Plan”) to sell up to 7,500 shares of the Company’s common stock starting 90 days after adoption of the Plan, subject to certain conditions. The Plan will expire on December 31, 2024 or, if earlier, upon completion of all authorized transactions thereunder.
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Item 6. Exhibits
The following exhibits are filed with this quarterly report:

10.1 |  |  | Amended and Restated 2005 Equity Compensation Plan of LiveRamp Holdings, Inc. (previously filed on August 18, 2023 as Exhibit 10.1 to LiveRamp Holdings, Inc’s Current Report on Form 8-K, Commission File No. 001-38669, and incorporated herein by reference)
31.1 |  |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) pursuant to SEC Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Sections 302 and 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2 |  |  | Certification of Interim Chief Financial Officer (principal financial and accounting officer) pursuant to SEC Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Sections 302 and 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1 |  |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2 |  |  | Certification of Interim Chief Financial Officer (principal financial and accounting officer) pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101 |  |  | The following financial information from our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, formatted in inline XBRL: (i) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at September 30, 2023 and March 31, 2023, (ii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three and Six Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, (iii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Three and Six Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, (iv) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity for the Three and Six Months Ended September 30, 2023, (v) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity for the Three and Six Months Ended September 30, 2022, (vi) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Six Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, and (vii) the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, tagged in detail.
104 |  |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

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SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| LIVERAMP HOLDINGS, INC.
Dated: November 8, 2023 | By: | /s/ Lauren Dillard
|  | (Signature)
|  | Lauren Dillard
|  | Interim Chief Financial Officer, Senior Vice President of Finance and Investor Relations
|  | (principal financial and accounting officer)

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