10-K 1 a12312016-documentx10k.htm 10-K
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark One)

ý | Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

| For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016.

or

o | Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

| For the transition period from _____________________to _____________________

Commission File No. 1-13998
Insperity, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 76-0479645
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
19001 Crescent Springs Drive |  |
Kingwood, Texas |  | 77339
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code: (281) 358-8986
Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share |  | New York Stock Exchange
Rights to Purchase Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock |  | New York Stock Exchange
(Title of class) |  | (Name of Exchange on Which Registered)

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: NONE
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.
Yes o No ý
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer x | Accelerated filer o
Non-accelerated filer o (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) | Smaller reporting company o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes o No ý
As of February 6, 2017, 21,001,016 shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share, were outstanding. As of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second quarter, the aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates (based upon the June 30, 2016 closing price of the common stock as reported by the New York Stock Exchange) was approximately $1.4 billion.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Part III information is incorporated by reference from the proxy statement for the 2017 annual meeting of stockholders, which the registrant intends to file within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Part I
Item 1. | Business | 2
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 17
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 23
Item 2. | Properties | 23
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 24
Item S-K 401(b). | Executive Officers of the Registrant | 24
Part II
Item 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 26
Item 6. | Selected Financial Data | 28
Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 30
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 48
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 48
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 49
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 49
Item 9B. | Other Information | 49
Part III
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 50
Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 50
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 50
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 50
Item 14. | Principal Accounting Fees and Services | 50
Part IV
Item 15. | Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules | 51

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PART I
Unless otherwise indicated, “Insperity,” “we,” “our” and “us” are used in this annual report to refer to Insperity, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. This annual report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. You can identify such forward-looking statements by the words “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “projects,” “believes,” “estimates,” “likely,” “possibly,” “probably,” “goal,” “opportunity,” “objective,” “target,” “assume,” “outlook,” “guidance,” “predicts,” “appears,” “indicator” and similar expressions. In the normal course of business, in an effort to help keep our stockholders and the public informed about our operations, from time to time, we may issue such forward-looking statements, either orally or in writing. Generally, these statements relate to business plans or strategies, projected or anticipated benefits or other consequences of such plans or strategies, or projections involving anticipated revenues, earnings or other operating results. We base the forward-looking statements on our current expectations, estimates and projections. We caution you that these statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions that we cannot predict. In addition, we have based many of these forward-looking statements on assumptions about future events that may prove to be inaccurate. Therefore, the actual results of the future events described in such forward-looking statements in this annual report, or elsewhere, could differ materially from those stated in such forward-looking statements. Among the factors that could cause actual results to differ materially are the risks and uncertainties discussed in this annual report, including, without limitation, factors discussed in Item 1, “Business,” Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” and Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”
ITEM 1. BUSINESS.
General
We provide an array of human resources (“HR”) and business solutions designed to help improve business performance. Since our formation in 1986, we have evolved from being solely a professional employer organization (“PEO”), an industry we pioneered, to our current position as a comprehensive business performance solutions provider.
Our long-term strategy is to provide the best small and medium-sized businesses in the United States with our specialized human resources service offering and to leverage our buying power and expertise to provide additional valuable services to clients. Our most comprehensive HR services offerings are provided through our Workforce Optimization® and Workforce Synchronization TM solutions (together, our “PEO HR Outsourcing solutions”), which encompass a broad range of human resources functions, including payroll and employment administration, employee benefits, workers’ compensation, government compliance, performance management and training and development services, along with our cloud-based human capital management platform, the Employee Service Center SM (“ESC”). Our Workforce Optimization solution is our most comprehensive HR outsourcing solution and is our primary offering. Our Workforce Synchronization solution, which is generally offered only to our middle market client segment, is a lower cost offering with a longer commitment that includes the same compliance and administrative services as our Workforce Optimization solution and makes available, for an additional fee, the strategic HR products and organizational development services that are included with our Workforce Optimization solution.
In addition to our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions, we offer a number of other business performance solutions, including Human Capital Management, Payroll Services, Time and Attendance, Performance Management, Organizational Planning, Recruiting Services, Employment Screening, Financial and Expense Management Services, Retirement Services and Insurance Services, many of which are offered via desktop applications and cloud-based delivery models. These other products and services are offered separately, along with our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions or as a bundle, such as our new Workforce Administration TM solution that provides a comprehensive human capital management and payroll service solution.
Our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions are designed to improve the productivity and profitability of small and medium-sized businesses. These solutions relieve business owners and key executives of many employer-related administrative and regulatory burdens, which enables them to focus on the core competencies of their businesses. Our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions also promote employee performance through human resources management techniques designed to improve employee satisfaction. We enter into a Client Service Agreement (“CSA”) with each of our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions clients, under which we and our client act as co-employers of the employees who work at the client’s worksite (“worksite employees”). Under the CSA, we assume responsibility for personnel administration and assist our clients in complying with employment-related governmental regulations, while the client retains the employees’ services in its business and remains the employer for various other purposes. We charge a comprehensive service fee (“comprehensive service fee” or “gross billing”), which is invoiced concurrently with the processing of payroll for the worksite employees of the client. The comprehensive
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service fee consists of the payroll of our worksite employees plus an additional amount reflected as a percentage of the payroll cost of the worksite employees.
We accomplish the objectives of our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions through a “high-touch/high-tech” approach to service delivery. In advisory areas, such as recruiting, employee performance management and employee training, we employ a high-touch approach designed to ensure that our clients receive the personal attention and expertise needed to create a customized human resources solution. For transactional processing, we employ a high-tech approach that utilizes the ESC, our cloud-based PEO HR Outsourcing solutions portal, to provide an online platform through which our clients, worksite employees and we manage worksite employee information, payroll, benefits and retirement solutions, creating efficiencies for all parties. In addition, the ESC is designed to provide automated, personalized PEO HR Outsourcing solutions to our clients and worksite employees.
As of December 31, 2016, we had 61 offices, including 54 PEO HR Outsourcing solutions sales offices in 27 markets. In addition, we had four regional service centers along with human resources and client service personnel located in a majority of our 27 sales markets, which serviced an average of 172,578 worksite employees per month in the fourth quarter of 2016. Our service centers coordinate PEO HR Outsourcing solutions for clients on a regional basis and localized face-to-face human resources services.
We were organized as a corporation in 1986. Our principal executive offices are located at 19001 Crescent Springs Drive, Kingwood, Texas 77339. Our telephone number at that address is (281) 358-8986, and our website address is www.insperity.com. Our stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “NSP.” We file or furnish periodic reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), including our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and if applicable, amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Through the investor relations section of our website, we make available electronic copies of the documents that we file or furnish to the SEC, the charters of the standing committees of our Board of Directors (the “Board”) and other documents related to our corporate governance, including our Code of Conduct. Access to these electronic filings is available free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after filing or furnishing them to the SEC. Printed copies of our committee charters and other governance documents and filings can be requested by writing to our corporate secretary at the address above.
PEO Industry
The PEO industry began to evolve in the early 1980s largely in response to the burdens placed on small and medium-sized employers by an increasingly complex legal and regulatory environment. While various service providers were available to assist these businesses with specific tasks, PEOs emerged as providers of a more comprehensive range of services relating to the employer/employee relationship. In a PEO arrangement, the PEO assumes certain aspects of the employer/employee relationship as defined in the contract between the PEO and its client. Because PEOs provide employer-related services to a large number of employees, they can achieve economies of scale that allow them to perform employment-related functions more efficiently, provide a greater variety of employee benefits, and devote more attention to human resources management than a client can individually.
We believe the key factors driving demand for PEO services include:

• | the focus on growth and productivity of the small and medium-sized business community in the United States, utilizing outsourcing to concentrate on core competencies

• | the need to provide competitive health care and related benefits to attract and retain employees

• | the increasing costs associated with health and workers’ compensation insurance coverage, workplace safety programs, employee-related complaints and litigation

• | complex regulation of employment issues and the related costs of compliance, including the allocation of time and effort to such functions by owners and key executives

A significant factor in the development of the PEO industry has been increasing recognition and acceptance of PEOs and the co-employer relationship by federal and state governmental authorities. Insperity and other industry leaders, in concert with the National Association of Professional Employer Organizations (“NAPEO”), have worked with the relevant governmental entities for the establishment of a regulatory framework that protects clients and employees, discourages unscrupulous and financially unsound PEOs, and promotes further development of the industry. Currently, 41 states have enacted legislation either recognizing PEOs or requiring licensing, registration, or certification, and several others are considering such regulation. Such laws vary from state to state but generally provide for monitoring the fiscal responsibility of PEOs. State regulation assists in screening insufficiently capitalized PEO operations and helps to resolve interpretive issues
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concerning employer/employee status for specific purposes under applicable state law. We have actively supported such regulatory efforts and are currently recognized, licensed, registered, certified or pursuing registration in all of these states. The cost of compliance with these regulations is not material to our financial position or results of operations.
In 2014, the Small Business Efficiency Act (“SBEA”) was enacted. The SBEA created a federal regulatory framework for the payment of wages to worksite employees and the reporting and remittance of payroll taxes on those wages paid by PEOs certified under the statute (“CPEOs”). We actively supported the enactment of this law. The SBEA clarifies that a CPEO, rather than the client, will be treated as the employer for purposes of reporting and remitting payroll taxes. It also clarifies that a CPEO shall be treated as a successor employer for purposes of the wage base of worksite employees on which federal payroll taxes are applied. In addition, the law clarifies that clients of a CPEO remain eligible for specified tax credits for which they would have been eligible absent the CPEO relationship. The SBEA has a stated effective date of January 1, 2016 and instructed the Secretary of the Treasury to establish a certification program not later than July 1, 2015. However, the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) delayed the implementation of the certification program and is still in the process of finalizing the regulations and requirements relative to becoming a CPEO and maintaining CPEO status once obtained. In 2016, we filed an application with the IRS to become a CPEO. We have been in the process of modifying our internal processes and systems in order to comply with the expected requirements of being a CPEO. The cost of implementation and compliance with the new law is not expected to be material to our financial position or results of operations.
Service Offerings
PEO HR Outsourcing Solutions
We serve small and medium-sized businesses by providing our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions, which encompass a broad range of services. Both of our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions offer the following:

• | benefits and payroll administration

• | health and workers’ compensation insurance programs

• | personnel records management

• | employer liability management

• | assistance with government compliance

• | general HR advice

• | access to the ESC for employees, managers and client owners

• | 401(k) retirement plan sponsored by us

Our Workforce Optimization solution also provides additional services that our Workforce Synchronization clients can purchase for an additional fee, including the following:

• | employee recruiting and support

• | employee performance management

• | training and development services

Our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions are designed to attract and retain high-quality employees, while relieving client owners and key executives of many employer-related administrative and regulatory burdens. Among the employment-related laws and regulations that may affect a client are the following:
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• | Internal Revenue Code (the “Code”) | • | The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA)
• | Federal Income Contribution Act (FICA) | • | Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008
• | Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA) | • | Drug-Free Workplace Act
• | Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) | • | Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
• | Employee Retirement Income Security Act, as amended (ERISA) | • | Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act (WARN)
• | Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 (COBRA) | • | Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act (USERRA)
• | Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) | • | State unemployment and employment security laws
• | Title VII (Civil Rights Act of 1964) | • | State workers’ compensation laws
• | Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) | • | Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (the “Reconciliation Act”)
• | Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) | • | Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA)
• | Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) | • | State and local law equivalents of the foregoing

While these laws and regulations are complex, and in some instances overlapping, we assist our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions clients in complying with these laws and regulations by providing services in the categories set forth below:
Administrative Functions. Administrative functions encompass a wide variety of processing and recordkeeping tasks, mostly related to payroll administration and regulatory compliance. Specific examples include:

• | payroll processing

• | payroll tax deposits

• | quarterly payroll tax reporting

• | employee file maintenance

• | unemployment claims processing

• | workers’ compensation claims reporting and monitoring

Benefit Plans Administration. We maintain several benefit plans for eligible worksite employees including the following:

• | a group health plan

• | a health savings account program

• | a health care flexible spending account plan

• | an educational assistance program

• | an adoption assistance program

• | group term life insurance

• | group universal life insurance

• | accidental death and dismemberment insurance

• | short-term and long-term disability insurance

• | a 401(k) retirement plan

• | cafeteria plans for group health and health savings account contributions

The group health plan includes medical, dental, vision and prescription drug coverage, as well as a work-life program. All benefit plans are provided to eligible employees based on the specific eligibility provisions of each plan. We are the policyholder responsible for the costs and premiums associated with any group insurance policies that provide benefits under these plans, and we act as plan sponsor and administrator of the plans. We negotiate the terms and costs of the plans, maintain the plans in accordance with applicable federal and state regulations and serve as liaison for the delivery of these benefits to worksite and corporate employees. COBRA coverage is extended to eligible terminated worksite employees and other eligible individuals, in accordance with applicable law. We believe that the variety and comprehensive nature of our benefit plan offerings are generally not available to employees in our small and medium-sized business target market and are usually offered only by larger companies that can spread program costs over a much larger group of employees. As a result, we believe the availability of these benefit plans provides our clients with a competitive advantage that small and medium-sized businesses are typically unable to attain on their own.
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Employee Service Center. The ESC is our cloud-based human capital management platform for our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions. The ESC is designed to provide role-based access to a wide range of human capital management functions, along with personalized content to the managers, owners and worksite employees of our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions clients, including:
For managers and client owners:

• | WebPayroll for the submission, approval and reporting of payroll data

• | tools to manage the onboarding of new employees

• | employee administration functions such as viewing or changing information about employees

• | access to client-specific compliance-related information relevant to many HR areas, including the Affordable Care Act

• | a reporting and analytics tool to create, view, save and export reports and data about employees

• | ability to manage employee time and attendance information, absences and paid time off

• | access to Talent Management tools in the areas of Recruiting, Performance Management and Learning Management

• | access to a library of online human resources forms

• | access to a wide range of best-practices human resources management content

• | through Insperity Mobile, access to review and approve payroll transactions and employee time entry from most mobile devices

For worksite employees:

• | access to view, edit and change a range of employee profile information

• | online check stubs, pay history reports and W-2s

• | employee-specific benefits content, including summary plan descriptions and enrollment status

• | access to 401(k) retirement plan information through the Retirement Service Center powered by Insperity

• | e-Learning web-based training

• | links to benefits providers and other key vendors

• | performance management tools including self-reviews and review history

• | ability to submit time and attendance information, absences and paid time off requests

• | access to view a wide range of employee-specific information such as pay stub, insurance coverage and ID card, 401(k) balances and other commonly accessed data through Insperity Mobile

Personnel Management. In addition to the services that we deliver through the ESC, we provide a wide variety of personnel management services that give our clients access to HR advisors and additional resources normally found only in the human resources departments of large companies. All PEO HR Outsourcing solutions clients have access to our advice concerning personnel policies and practices, including recruiting, discipline and termination procedures. Other personnel management services we provide include:

• | drafting and reviewing personnel policies and employee handbooks

• | designing job descriptions

• | performing prospective employee screening and background investigations

• | designing performance appraisal processes and forms

• | professional development and issues-oriented training

• | employee counseling

• | substance abuse awareness training

• | outplacement services

• | compensation guidance

Employer Liability Management. Under the CSA, we assume many of the employment-related responsibilities associated with the administrative functions, benefit plans administration and personnel management services we provide. For many of those employment-related responsibilities that are the responsibility of the client or of both the client and us, we may assist our clients in managing and limiting exposure. This assistance includes first-time and ongoing safety-related risk management reviews as well as the implementation by our clients of safety programs designed to reduce workplace accidents and, consequently, workers’ compensation claims. We also provide guidance to clients for avoiding discrimination, sexual harassment and civil rights violations, and we assist with termination decisions when consulted to attempt to minimize liability on those grounds. While we do not provide legal services to our clients, we employ in-house and external counsel who
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specialize in several areas of employment law, have broad experience in disputes concerning the employer/employee relationship and provide support to our internal human resources professionals. As part of our comprehensive service, we also maintain employment practice liability insurance coverage for ourselves and our clients, monitor changing government laws and regulations, and notify clients of the potential effect of such changes on employer liability.
MarketPlace SM provided by Insperity®. Through our many alliances with best-of-class providers, Insperity’s MarketPlace is an e-commerce portal that brings a wide range of products and services to our clients, worksite employees and their families. Through MarketPlace, which is provided through the ESC, our clients also have the opportunity to offer their products and services to other clients and worksite employees.
Middle Market Solutions™. We believe the middle market sector, which we generally define as those companies with employees ranging from approximately 150 to 2,000 worksite employees, has historically been under-served by the PEO industry. Currently, we have a dedicated sales management and consulting staff who concentrate solely on the middle market sector. In addition, we have service personnel who have been trained and specialize in the middle market sector. Our average number of worksite employees per month with our middle market clients increased 19.6% over 2015, representing approximately 24.5% of our total paid worksite employees during 2016.
Other Product and Services Offerings
Our other product and services offerings expand the type of business performance improvement services we offer to our current and prospective clients and are designed to increase our overall client base by providing products and services that can be offered separately from our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions. We also strive to leverage our relationships with clients of our other products and services to cross-sell our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions as well as additional products and services. We offer all of our products and services to both PEO HR Outsourcing solutions clients and non-PEO HR Outsourcing solutions clients, with the exception of our new Workforce Administration TM solution that offers human capital management and payroll services, which is offered separately to non-PEO HR Outsourcing solutions clients because comparable solutions are already included within the PEO HR Outsourcing solutions.
During 2016 and 2015, revenues from our other products and services offerings as a percentage of our total revenues were 1.4% and 1.6%, respectively. Also during 2016 and 2015, our gross profit from our other products and services offerings as a percentage of our total gross profit was 6.5% and 6.8%, respectively.
The following are the key components of our other products and services, which are offered separately or as a bundle:
Traditional Payroll and Human Capital Management. In 2016, we began offering our Insperity Workforce Administration solution, a new comprehensive human capital management and payroll services solution. This cloud-based solution is a unified human resources suite that includes payroll, HR administration and employee onboarding, benefits administration, performance management, time and attendance and other HR tools, as well as reporting and analytics. Our customers utilizing our legacy human capital management and payroll solutions are being migrated to Workforce Administration. Our payroll services team supports our clients who select this solution.
Time and Attendance. Our Time and Attendance products and services provide small to medium-sized businesses with software, hardware and services to track, allocate, and analyze employee resources and provide inputs into clients’ payroll processing and accounting systems. The service is delivered as a cloud-based solution or as an “on-premise” client-server solution. For customers utilizing the Time and Attendance solution in conjunction with our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions, we provide access through the ESC.
Performance Management. Our Performance Management products and services provide human resources software offerings including a suite of desktop products: Insperity® Descriptions Now®, Insperity® Policies Now®, Insperity® Performance Now®, and Insperity® Ultimate Employer®; along with Insperity® PerformSmart® a performance management cloud-based offering. Insperity PerformSmart is available, for a fee, to both our Workforce Optimization and Workforce Synchronization clients. For customers utilizing PerformSmart in conjunction with our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions, we provide access through the ESC. We intend to continue to sell packaged software through online subscription arrangements and through various reseller arrangements.
Organizational Planning. Organizational planning offers cloud-based and desktop software used by companies to facilitate the creation, management and communication of detailed organizational management charts.
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Recruiting Services. Our Recruiting Services offer direct hire placement on an as-needed basis and provides outsourced support for individual requisitions or large-scale hiring projects. In addition, we provide consulting services to assist in the creation and maintenance of consistent hiring practices and retention strategies. We also provide compensation services, behavior-based interview training and talent assessment.
Employment Screening. Our Employment Screening services offer a customized approach to background-check reporting for companies. Services include criminal records checks; verification of employment history or education; driving record, civil record and credit history checks; and confirmation of extraordinary credentials.
Expense Management. Our Expense Management product delivers employee expense management solutions that automate employee expense reporting, enforce travel and expense policies, and provide management reporting and analysis. The service is delivered both as a cloud-based solution and as a desktop software product.
Retirement Services. Our Retirement Services solutions deliver comprehensive 401(k) retirement plan recordkeeping and administrative services to small and medium-sized businesses, primarily in connection with a 401(k) retirement plan sponsored by us related to our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions clients. Services include employee education and enrollment, participant communications, elective deferral withholding and transmission, matching contribution calculation, loan and distribution processing, regulatory filing preparation and nondiscrimination testing.
Insurance Services. Our Insurance Services solutions offer assistance through our licensed insurance agency to small and medium-sized businesses in all 50 states to secure affordable, customizable business insurance packages and life, health and disability insurance policies. Our licensed agents regularly assist our Workforce Administration and other Human Capital Management and Payroll Services clients to secure corporate and health insurance. Insurance Services also assists individuals in obtaining insurance coverages.
Client Service Agreement
All PEO HR Outsourcing solutions clients execute a CSA with us. The CSA provides for an ongoing relationship between Insperity and the PEO HR Outsourcing solutions client. For most clients, the CSA generally is an annual contract subject to earlier termination by Insperity or the client upon 30 days’ written notice or upon shorter notice in the event of default. CSAs for our middle market clients are generally two-year contracts, subject to earlier termination by clients upon payment of a termination fee or otherwise by the parties upon an event of default. The CSA establishes our comprehensive service fee, which is subject to periodic adjustments to account for changes in the composition of the client’s workforce, employee benefit election changes and statutory changes that affect our costs. Under the CSA, clients active in January of any year are obligated to pay the estimated payroll tax component of the comprehensive service fee in a manner that reflects the pattern of incurred payroll tax costs. This practice aligns clients’ payments to us with our obligations to make payments to tax authorities, which are higher in the earlier part of the year and decrease as limits on wages subject to payroll tax are reached. New clients enrolling subsequent to January of any year are invoiced at a relatively constant rate throughout the remaining portion of the year, generally resulting in improving profitability for us over the course of the year for those clients because of the typical pattern of incurred payroll tax costs.
The CSA also establishes the division of responsibilities between us and the client as co-employers. Pursuant to the CSA, we are responsible for personnel administration and for compliance with certain employment-related government regulations. In addition, we assume liability for payment of salaries and wages (as well as related payroll taxes) of our worksite employees and responsibility for providing specified employee benefits to such persons. These liabilities are not contingent on the prepayment by the client of the associated comprehensive service fee. Instead, as a result of our employment relationship with each of our worksite employees, we are liable for payment of salary and wages to the worksite employees as reported by the client and are responsible for providing specified employee benefits to such persons regardless of whether the client pays the associated comprehensive service fee. The client retains the employees’ services and remains liable for complying with certain government regulations that require control of the worksite or daily supervisory responsibility or is otherwise beyond our ability to assume. A third group of responsibilities and liabilities are assumed by both Insperity and the client where such concurrent responsibility is appropriate. The specific division of applicable responsibilities under our CSAs generally is as follows:
Insperity

• | Payment of wages and salaries as reported by the client and related tax reporting and remittance (local, state and federal withholding, FICA, FUTA, state unemployment)

• | Workers’ compensation compliance, procurement, management and reporting

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• | Compliance with the Code, COBRA, HIPAA and ERISA (for each employee benefit plan sponsored by Insperity), as well as monitoring changes in other governmental laws and regulations governing the employer/employee relationship and updating the client when necessary

• | Offering benefits under Insperity-sponsored employee benefit plans that comply with PPACA requirements

• | Employee benefits administration of plans sponsored solely by Insperity

Client

• | Payment, through Insperity, of commissions, bonuses, vacations, paid time off, sick pay, paid leaves of absence and severance payments

• | Payment and related tax reporting and remittance of non-qualified deferred compensation and equity-based compensation

• | Ownership and protection of all client intellectual property rights

• | Compliance with OSHA regulations, EPA regulations, FLSA, FMLA, WARN, USERRA and state and local equivalents and compliance with government contracting provisions

• | Compliance with federal, state and local pay or play health care mandates and all such other similar federal, state and local legislation

• | Compliance with the National Labor Relations Act (“NLRA”), including all organizing efforts and expenses related to a collective bargaining agreement and related benefits

• | Professional licensing requirements, fidelity bonding and professional liability insurance

• | Products produced and/or services provided

• | COBRA, HIPAA, PPACA, the Code and ERISA compliance for client-sponsored benefit plans

Concurrent

• | Implementation of policies and practices relating to the employee/employer relationship

• | Compliance with all federal, state and local employment laws, including, but not limited to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, ADEA, Title I of ADA, the Consumer Credit Protection Act and immigration laws and regulations

We maintain employment practice liability insurance coverages (including coverages for our clients) to manage our exposure for various employee-related claims. Our incurred costs in excess of annual premiums with respect to this exposure have historically been insignificant to our operating results.
Because we are a co-employer with the client for some purposes, it is possible that we could incur liability for violations of such laws, even if we are not responsible for the conduct giving rise to such liability. Our CSA ordinarily addresses this issue by providing that the client will indemnify us for liability incurred to the extent the liability is attributable to conduct by the client. Notwithstanding this contractual right to indemnification, it is possible that we could be unable to collect on a claim for indemnification and may therefore be ultimately responsible for satisfying the liability in question.
In most instances, clients are required to remit their comprehensive service fees no later than one day prior to the applicable payroll date by wire transfer or automated clearinghouse transaction. Although we are ultimately liable, as the employer for payroll purposes, to pay employees for work previously performed, we retain the ability to terminate immediately the CSA and associated worksite employees or to require prepayment, letters of credit or other collateral upon deterioration in a client’s financial condition or upon non-payment by a client. These rights, the periodic nature of payroll, and the overall quality of our client base have resulted in an excellent overall collections history.
PEO HR Outsourcing Solutions Clients
Insperity’s PEO HR Outsourcing solutions provide value-added, full-service human resources solutions we believe are most suitable to a specific segment of the small and medium-sized business community. We target successful businesses with approximately 10 to 2,000 employees that recognize the advantage in the strategic use of high-performance human resources practices. We have set a long-term goal to serve approximately 10% of the overall small and medium-sized business community in terms of worksite employees. We serve clients and worksite employees located throughout the United States. By region, our 2016 revenue change compared to 2015 and revenue distribution for the year ended December 31, 2016, was as follows:
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|  | Revenue Change |  | % of Total Revenues
Northeast |  | 13.4 | % |  | 26.0 | %
Southeast |  | 21.4 | % |  | 11.0 | %
Central |  | 18.4 | % |  | 16.2 | %
Southwest |  | 6.0 | % |  | 23.9 | %
West |  | 13.3 | % |  | 22.9 | %

All prospective PEO HR Outsourcing solutions clients are evaluated on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of employer-related risks entailing many factors, including industry and operations, workplace safety and workers’ compensation, unemployment history, operating stability, group medical information, human resources practices and other employer risks. As part of our client selection strategy, we strive to minimize offering our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions to businesses falling within certain specified NAICS (North American Industry Classification System) codes for those industries that we believe present a higher employer risk such as employee injury, high turnover or litigation.
Our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions client base is broadly distributed throughout a wide variety of industries including:

Industry |  | % of Client Base
Computer and information services |  | 18 | %
Management, administration and consulting services |  | 15 | %
Finance, insurance and real estate |  | 14 | %
Manufacturing |  | 10 | %
Wholesale trade |  | 8 | %
Engineering, accounting and legal services |  | 8 | %
Medical services |  | 7 | %
Retail trade |  | 4 | %
Not-for-profit and similar organizations |  | 5 | %
Construction |  | 4 | %
Other |  | 7 | %

This diverse client base lowers our exposure to downturns or volatility in any particular industry. However, our performance could be affected by a downturn in one of these industries or by general economic conditions within the small and medium-sized business community.
We focus heavily on client retention. During 2016 and 2015, our retention rate was approximately 86% and 84%, respectively. For all PEO HR Outsourcing solutions clients, the average annual retention rate over the last five years was approximately 82%. Client attrition is attributable to a variety of factors, including: (1) client non-renewal due to price or service factors; (2) client business failure, sale, merger, or disposition; (3) our termination of the CSA resulting from the client’s non-compliance or inability to make timely payments; and (4) competition from other PEOs or business services firms.
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Marketing and Sales
As of December 31, 2016, we had 54 PEO HR Outsourcing solutions sales offices located in 27 markets. Our sales offices typically consist of six to eight Business Performance Advisors (“BPAs”), a district sales manager and an office administrator. To take advantage of economic efficiencies, multiple sales offices may share a physical location. Insperity’s markets and their respective year of entry are as follows:

|  |  |  | Initial
Market |  | Sales Offices |  | Entry Date
Houston |  | 5 |  | 1986
San Antonio |  | 1 |  | 1989
Austin |  | 1 |  | 1989
Orlando |  | 1 |  | 1989
Dallas/Fort Worth |  | 5 |  | 1993
Atlanta |  | 3 |  | 1994
Phoenix |  | 1 |  | 1995
Chicago |  | 3 |  | 1995
Washington D.C. |  | 2 |  | 1995
Denver |  | 2 |  | 1996
Los Angeles |  | 5 |  | 1997
Charlotte |  | 1 |  | 1997
St. Louis |  | 1 |  | 1998
San Francisco |  | 3 |  | 1998
New York |  | 4 |  | 1999
Maryland |  | 2 |  | 2000
New Jersey |  | 2 |  | 2000
San Diego |  | 1 |  | 2001
Boston |  | 2 |  | 2001
Minneapolis |  | 2 |  | 2002
Raleigh |  | 1 |  | 2006
Kansas City |  | 1 |  | 2007
Columbus |  | 1 |  | 2010
Nashville |  | 1 |  | 2011
Philadelphia |  | 1 |  | 2012
Seattle |  | 1 |  | 2015
Indianapolis |  | 1 |  | 2016

We identify markets using a systematic market evaluation and selection process. We continue to evaluate a broad range of factors in the selection process, using a market selection model that weighs various criteria that, based on our experience, we believe are reliable predictors of successful penetration. Among the factors we consider are:

• | market size, in terms of small and medium-sized businesses engaged in selected industries that meet our risk profile

• | market receptivity to PEO services, including the regulatory environment and relevant history with other PEO providers

• | existing relationships within a given market, such as vendor or client relationships

• | expansion cost issues, such as advertising and overhead costs

• | direct cost issues that bear on our effectiveness in controlling and managing the cost of our services, such as workers’ compensation and health insurance costs, unemployment risks and various legal and other factors

• | a comparison of the services we offer to alternatives available to small and medium-sized businesses in the relevant market, such as the cost to the target clients of procuring services directly or through other PEOs

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• | long-term strategy issues, such as the general perception of markets and our estimate of the long-term revenue growth potential of the market

We develop a mix of national and local advertising media and a placement strategy tailored to each individual market. After selecting a market and developing our marketing mix, but prior to entering the market, we engage in an organized media and public relations campaign to prepare the market for our entry and to begin the process of generating sales leads. We market our services through various business promotions and a broad range of media outlets, including the Internet, television, radio, newspapers, periodicals and direct mail. We employ public relations firms for most of our markets as well as advertising consultants to coordinate and implement our marketing campaigns. We have developed an inventory of television, radio and newsprint advertisements, which are utilized in this effort.
We routinely seek to develop new marketing approaches and campaigns to capitalize on changes in the competitive landscape for our human resources services and to more successfully reach our target market. We have an agreement with the Professional Golf Association Champions Tour to be the title sponsor of the annual Insperity Invitational™ presented by UnitedHealthcare® professional golf tournament held annually in The Woodlands, Texas (a suburb of Houston). In addition, we have an arrangement with Jim Nantz, a sports commentator, to serve as our national spokesperson. Our marketing campaigns use this event and the relationship with Mr. Nantz as a focal point of our brand marketing efforts.
Our organic growth model generates sales leads from five primary sources: direct sales efforts, advertising, referrals, marketing alliances and the Internet. These leads result in initial presentations to prospective PEO HR Outsourcing solutions clients, and ultimately, prospective PEO HR Outsourcing solutions client census reports. A prospective PEO HR Outsourcing solutions client’s census report reflects information gathered by the BPA about the prospect’s employees, including base compensation, level of benefits coverage options, job classification, state of employment and workers’ compensation classification. This information is used to generate a bid from our customized bid system, which applies Insperity’s proprietary pricing model to the census data. Concurrent with this process, we evaluate prospective clients through the previously described comprehensive employer risk analysis. Upon completion of a favorable employer risk evaluation, the BPA presents the bid and attempts to complete the sale and enroll the prospect. Our selling process typically takes approximately 90 days for clients with less than 150 employees, and 180 days or longer for middle market clients. The process can be extended during economic downturns.
We have implemented cross-selling channels between our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions business and our other products and services in order to execute on our cross-selling strategy. This strategy focuses on using our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions to increase market penetration in each of our other products and services and using our other product and service offerings as a source of leads for our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions. The cross-selling channels attempt to reduce barriers to selling our products and services and allow us to tailor service packages to better meet the specific needs of the business.
Competition
We provide a value-added, full-service human resources solution through our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions, which we believe is most suitable to a specific segment of the small and medium-sized business community. This full-service approach is exemplified by our commitment to provide a high level of service and technology personnel, which has produced a ratio of corporate staff to worksite employees (the “staff support ratio”) that is higher than average for the PEO industry. Based on an analysis of the 2013 through 2015 annual NAPEO surveys of the PEO industry, we have successfully leveraged our full-service approach into significantly higher returns for Insperity on a per worksite employee per month basis. During the three-year period from 2013 through 2015, our staff support ratio averaged 57% higher than the PEO industry average. During the same three-year period, our gross profit per worksite employee and operating income per worksite employee exceeded industry averages by 140% and 90%, respectively.
Competition in the PEO industry revolves primarily around quality of services, scope of services, choice and quality of benefits packages, reputation and price. We believe reputation, national presence, regulatory expertise, financial resources, risk management and information technology capabilities distinguish leading PEOs from the rest of the industry. We also believe we compete favorably in these areas; however, other PEOs may offer their PEO services at more competitive prices than we may be able to offer.
Due to the differing geographic regions and market segments in which most PEOs operate, and the relatively low level of market penetration by the industry, we consider our primary competition for our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions to be the traditional in-house provision of human resources services. The PEO industry is highly fragmented, and we believe Insperity is one of the largest PEO service providers in the United States. Our largest national competitors include the PEO divisions of
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large business services companies such as Automatic Data Processing, Inc. and Paychex, Inc., and other national PEOs, such as TriNet Group, Inc. In addition, we also face competition from: (1) fee-for-service providers such as payroll processors and human resources consultants; (2) human resources technology solution companies; and (3) large regional PEOs in certain areas of the country. As Insperity and other large PEOs expand nationally, we expect that competition may intensify.
Vendor Relationships
Insperity provides benefits to its worksite employees under arrangements with a variety of vendors. We consider our contracts with UnitedHealthcare (“United”) and the Chubb Group of Insurance Companies (“Chubb”) to be the most significant elements of our employee benefits package, as they would be the most difficult to replace.
We provide group health insurance coverage to our worksite employees through a national network of carriers including United, UnitedHealthcare of California, Kaiser Permanente, Blue Shield of California, HMSA BlueCross BlueShield of Hawaii and Tufts, all of which provide fully insured policies or service contracts. The health insurance contract with United provides approximately 86% of our health insurance coverage and expires on December 31, 2019, subject to cancellation by either party upon 180 days’ notice. For a discussion of our contract with United, which is accounted for using a partially self-funded insurance accounting model, please read Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates – Benefits Costs.”
Our workers’ compensation coverage (the “Chubb Program”) has been provided through an arrangement with Chubb (formerly ACE American Insurance Company) since 2007. The Chubb Program is a fully insured policy whereby Chubb has the responsibility to pay all claims incurred under the policy regardless of whether we satisfy our responsibilities. For additional discussion of the Chubb Program, which includes terms shifting some of the economic burden to us, please read Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates – Workers’ Compensation Costs.”
Information Technology
Insperity utilizes a variety of information technology capabilities to provide its PEO HR Outsourcing solutions and business performance improvement services to its clients and worksite employees and for its own administrative and management information requirements.
Insperity’s PEO HR Outsourcing solutions information system is a proprietary set of applications that utilizes both internally developed and licensed software applications. This system manages transactions and information specific to our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions and to Insperity, including:

• | worksite employee enrollment

• | human resources management

• | benefits and defined contribution plan administration

• | payroll processing

• | client invoicing and collection

• | management information and reporting

• | sales bid calculations

Central to this system are transaction processing capabilities that allow us to process a high volume of payroll, invoice and bid transactions that meet the specific needs of our clients and prospects. We administer our employee benefits through a proprietary application designed to process employee eligibility and enrollments, manage carrier relationships and maintain a variety of plan offerings. Our retirement services operations are conducted utilizing an industry-leading retirement plan administration application in a third-party hosted environment. Aspects of all of these components are delivered to our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions clients and worksite employees through the ESC. We utilize commercially available software for other business functions such as finance and accounting, sales force activity management and customer relationship management.
Our products and services utilize a variety of owned and licensed software applications to deliver business performance improvement services to our clients, including to some of our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions clients.
Insperity has hosting facilities located at two separate leased facilities, located in Bryan, Texas and The Woodlands, Texas. These facilities host the majority of our business applications, telecommunications equipment, information security infrastructure and network equipment. Each hosting facility houses a mix of primary production applications, disaster recovery,
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replication and back-up applications, and pre-production environments with the Bryan facility acting as our primary data center for all mission-critical applications. Both hosting facilities are designed to run all of our critical business applications and have sufficient capacity to handle all of our operations on a stand-alone basis, if required. Periodically, we perform testing to ensure our disaster recovery capabilities remain effective and available.
Our network infrastructure is designed to ensure appropriate connectivity exists among all of our facilities and employees and provides appropriate Internet connectivity to conduct business with our clients and worksite employees. The network infrastructure is provided through industry standard core network hardware and via high-speed network services provided by multiple vendors.
We have incorporated a variety of measures to maintain the security and privacy of the information managed through our systems and applications. These measures include industry standard technologies designed to protect, monitor and assess our data centers and network environment; best practice security policies and procedures; and a variety of measures designed to control access to sensitive and private information.
Industry Regulations
The operations for our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions are affected by numerous federal and state laws relating to tax, insurance and employment matters. By entering into a co-employer relationship with our worksite employees, we assume certain obligations and responsibilities of an employer under these federal and state laws. Because many of these federal and state laws were enacted prior to the development of nontraditional employment relationships, such as PEOs, temporary employment and outsourcing arrangements, many of these laws do not specifically address the obligations and responsibilities of nontraditional employers. Currently, 41 states have passed laws that recognize PEOs or require licensing, registration or certification requirements for PEOs, and several others are considering such regulation. The SBEA, which was enacted in 2014, will establish a certification program and create a federal regulatory framework for the payment of wages to worksite employees and for the reporting and remittance of payroll taxes on those wages paid by CPEOs. This law has a stated effective date of January 1, 2016, however, the IRS delayed the implementation of the certification program and is still in the process of finalizing the regulations and requirements relative to becoming a CPEO and maintaining CPEO status once obtained. Please read Item 1. “Business – PEO Industry” for further information.
As an employer, we are subject to federal statutes and regulations governing the employer/employee relationship. Subject to the issues discussed below, we believe that our operations are in compliance, in all material respects, with all applicable federal statutes and regulations.
Employee Benefit Plans
We offer various employee benefits plans to eligible employees, including our worksite employees. These plans include:

• | a 401(k) retirement plan

• | cafeteria plans under Code Section 125

• | a group health plan, which includes medical, dental, vision and prescription drug coverage, as well as a work-life program

• | a health savings account program

• | a welfare benefits plan, which includes life, disability and accidental death and dismemberment coverage

• | a health care flexible spending account plan

• | an educational assistance program

• | an adoption assistance program

• | a commuter benefits program

Generally, employee benefit plans are subject to provisions of the Code, ERISA and COBRA. The number and complex nature of federal and state regulations relating to employer-sponsored health plans has continued to increase over time. We believe that additional regulatory burdens placed on employers can increase the demand for our services because small and medium-sized businesses are especially challenged in their efforts to comply with governmental regulations due to limited resources and a lack of expertise. As a co-employer in the PEO relationship, we assume or share many of the employer-related responsibilities and assist our clients in complying with many employment-related governmental laws and regulations. Historically, we believe that we have successfully marketed the compliance component of our service offering and that our compliance-related services have increased the value proposition of our service offering.
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Employer Status. In order to qualify for favorable tax treatment under the Code, employee benefit plans must be established and maintained by an employer for the exclusive benefit of its employees. Generally, an entity is an “employer” of individuals for federal employment tax purposes if an employment relationship exists between the entity and the individuals under the common law test of employment. In addition, the officers of a corporation are deemed to be employees of that corporation for federal employment tax purposes. The common law test of employment, as applied by the IRS, involves an examination of approximately 20 factors to ascertain whether an employment relationship exists between a worker and a purported employer. Generally, the test is applied to determine whether an individual is an independent contractor or an employee for federal employment tax purposes and not to determine whether each of two or more companies is a “co-employer.” Substantial weight is typically given to the question of whether the purported employer has the right to direct and control the details of an individual’s work. Among the factors that appear to have been considered more important by the IRS are:

• | the employer’s degree of behavioral control (the extent of instructions, training and the nature of the work)

• | the financial control or the economic aspects of the relationship

• | the intended relationship of the parties (whether employee benefits are provided, whether any contracts exist, whether services are ongoing or for a project, whether there are any penalties for discharge/termination, and the frequency of the business activity)

ERISA Requirements. Employee pension and welfare benefit plans are also governed by ERISA. ERISA defines “employer” as “any person acting directly as an employer, or indirectly in the interest of an employer, in relation to an employee benefit plan.” ERISA defines the term “employee” as “any individual employed by an employer.” The United States Supreme Court has held that the common law test of employment must be applied to determine whether an individual is an employee or an independent contractor under ERISA. A definitive judicial interpretation of “employer” in the context of a PEO or employee leasing arrangement has not been established.
If Insperity were found not to be an employer with respect to worksite employees for ERISA purposes, its plans would not comply with ERISA. Further, as a result of such finding, Insperity and its plans would not enjoy, with respect to worksite employees, the preemption of state laws provided by ERISA and could be subject to varying state laws and regulations as well as to claims based upon state common laws. Even if such a finding were made, we believe we would not be materially adversely affected because we would endeavor to make available similar benefits at comparable costs.
In addition to ERISA and the Code provisions discussed herein, issues related to the relationship between Insperity and its worksite employees may also arise under other federal laws, including other federal income tax laws.
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. The PPACA was signed into law on March 23, 2010. The PPACA was subsequently amended on March 30, 2010, by the Reconciliation Act. The PPACA and the Reconciliation Act (collectively the “Act”) entail sweeping health care reforms with original staggered effective dates from 2010 through 2018, some of which were subsequently extended until as late as 2020. While the Act did not have a material adverse impact on our results of operations in 2016, the future impact of the following provisions or changes to the provisions, including any changes or a repeal that may be proposed by this Congressional session, is unknown at this time.
Beginning in 2014, the Act provided for the establishment of state insurance exchanges (“Exchanges”) to make health insurance available to individuals and small employers (initially defined as 100 employees or less). States had the option of building a state-based exchange, entering into a state-federal partnership exchange or accepting the federally-facilitated exchange. States that accept the federally-facilitated exchange can transition to a state-based exchange at a later date. The Exchanges provide consumers with educational services and information on available options and offer a variety of health plans. Small business tax credits and subsidies are available to qualifying businesses and individuals who purchase health insurance through the Exchanges. At this time, the Exchanges, tax credits and subsidies have not had a material impact on our operations, but the impact of future changes to these provisions is unknown.
Additionally in 2014, the Act ushered in a number of insurance market reforms for the small group and individual markets. The reforms required guaranteed issue and renewability of coverage, eliminated certain underwriting practices by issuers, consolidated the number of risk pools in each state and restricted the permissible factors and variable ranges of those factors that can be considered in determining health insurance premiums. Transition relief permitted states to delay the effective date of some of these reforms. At this time, we are unable to determine whether the insurance market reforms will have an adverse impact on our business operations, our ability to attract and retain clients, or our ability to increase service fees to offset any increased costs.
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The health insurance industry became subject to additional excise taxes in 2014, and reinsurance taxes were imposed on insurers and third-party administrators for the purpose of helping to offset the cost for insurance covering high-risk individuals. As the policyholder, all or a portion of these increased costs were passed on to us by our carriers. At this time, these taxes have not had a material impact on our operations, but the impact of future changes to these provisions is unknown.
Effective January 1, 2015, “pay or play” requirements applied to large employers with at least 50 full-time and full-time equivalent employees in the prior calendar year (“Applicable Large Employers” or “ALEs”). ALEs who fail to offer “minimum essential coverage” satisfying minimum value and affordability requirements may be subject to a penalty if a full-time employee obtains coverage from an Exchange and receives a subsidy or tax credit for such coverage. While clients are responsible for employer pay or play health care mandates under the CSA, the Insperity Group Health Plan qualifies as minimum essential coverage and is designed to satisfy the minimum value and affordability requirements. Clients are not required to use the affordability safe harbor utilized by us.
Information contained in the Congressional Record, which specifically references PEOs, indicates that any pay or play penalties should apply separately to clients of a PEO and not at the PEO level. However, the Act and subsequently issued IRS guidance do not expressly address the issue of whether the pay or play penalties apply only at the client level or whether the penalties can be applied at the PEO level. At this time, we are unable to determine if pay or play penalties may be assessed against a PEO for coverage provided to worksite employees under a PEO sponsored plan.
In December 2015, the effective date of the rules imposing excise taxes on employers and insurers who offer excessive health benefits under so-called “Cadillac plans” was delayed until 2020. We anticipate taking appropriate steps to avoid, to the extent necessary and possible, benefits under our group health plan from triggering such excise taxes, which our carrier may pass on to us in the form of increased premiums. At this time, we are unable to determine the effect that the excise taxes will have on our ability to match pricing with any increased costs.
401(k) Retirement Plans. Our 401(k) Retirement Plans are operated pursuant to guidance provided by the IRS under Revenue Procedure 2002-21 and Revenue Procedure 2003-86, each of which provides guidance for the operation of defined contribution plans maintained by PEOs that benefit worksite employees. This guidance provides qualification standards for PEO plans which, if met, negate the inquiry of common law employer status for purposes of the exclusive benefit rule. All of Insperity’s 401(k) Retirement Plans have received determination letters from the IRS confirming the qualified status of the plans.
Employment Taxes
As a co-employer, Insperity assumes responsibility and liability for the payment of federal and state employment taxes with respect to wages and salaries paid to our worksite employees. There are essentially three types of federal employment tax obligations:

• | withholding of income tax requirements governed by Code Section 3401, et seq.

• | obligations under FICA, governed by Code Section 3101, et seq.

• | obligations under FUTA, governed by Code Section 3301, et seq.

Under these Code sections, employers have the obligation to withhold and remit the employer portion and, where applicable, the employee portion of these taxes.
Code Section 3401, which applies to federal income tax withholding requirements, contains an exception to the general common law test applied to determine whether an entity is an “employer” for purposes of federal income tax withholding. Code Section 3401(d)(1) states that if the person for whom services are rendered does not have control of the payment of wages, the “employer” for this purpose is the person having control of the payment of wages. The Treasury regulations issued under Code Section 3401(d)(1) state that a third party can be deemed to be the employer of workers under this section for income tax withholding purposes where the person for whom services are rendered does not have legal control of the payment of wages. While several courts have examined Code Section 3401(d)(1), its ultimate scope has not been delineated. Moreover, the IRS has to date relied extensively on the common law test of employment in determining liability for failure to comply with federal income tax withholding requirements.
Accordingly, while we believe that we can assume the withholding obligations for worksite employees, in the event we fail to meet these obligations, the client may be held ultimately liable for those obligations. While this interpretive issue has not to our knowledge discouraged clients from enrolling with Insperity, there can be no assurance that a definitive adverse
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resolution of this issue would not do so in the future. These interpretive uncertainties may also impact our ability to report employment taxes on our own account rather than the accounts of our clients.
The SBEA provides that a CPEO shall be treated as the employer under Subtitle C – Employment Taxes of the Code, and shall be responsible for reporting employment taxes rather than the CPEO clients. This law has a stated effective date of January 1, 2016, however, the IRS delayed the implementation of the certification program and is still in the process of finalizing the regulations and requirements relative to becoming a CPEO and maintaining CPEO status once obtained. We have submitted an application seeking qualification as a CPEO, which is pending.
Unemployment Taxes
We record our state unemployment (“SUI”) tax expense based on taxable wages and tax rates assigned by each state. State unemployment tax rates vary by state and are determined, in part, based on Insperity’s prior years’ compensation experience in each state. Certain rates are determined, in part, by each client’s own compensation experience. In addition, states have the ability under law to increase unemployment tax rates, including retroactively, to cover deficiencies in the unemployment tax funds. Overall, state unemployment tax rates increased substantially from 2010 to 2012 due to U.S. economic conditions, but declined from 2013 to 2016 and in 2017 are anticipated to remain consistent with 2016. Rate notices are typically provided by the states during, or prior to, the first quarter of each year; however, some notices are received later. Until we receive the final tax rate notices, we estimate our expected SUI rate in those particular states.
Employers in certain states are experiencing higher FUTA tax rates as a result of states not repaying their unemployment loans from the federal government in a timely manner. We are obligated to pay the federal government at a higher rate in these situations. As such, we estimate the additional tax owed in states that have had a history of not repaying their federal loans in a timely manner.
State Regulation
While some states do not explicitly regulate PEOs, 41 states have adopted provisions for licensing, registration, certification or recognition of PEOs, and several others are considering such regulation. Such laws vary from state to state but generally provide for monitoring the fiscal responsibility of PEOs, and in some cases codify and clarify the co-employment relationship for unemployment, workers’ compensation and other purposes under state law. We believe that we are in compliance with the material requirements in all 41 states that have such laws. Regardless of whether a state has licensing, registration or certification requirements for PEOs, we must comply with a number of other state and local regulations that could impact our operations.
Corporate Office Employees
We had approximately 2,600 corporate employees as of December 31, 2016. We believe our relations with our corporate employees are good. None of our corporate employees are covered by a collective bargaining agreement.
Intellectual Property
Insperity currently has registered trademarks, copyrights and other intellectual property. We believe that our trademarks as a whole are of considerable importance to our business.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.
The statements in this section describe the known material risks to our business and should be considered carefully.
Adverse Economic Conditions Could Negatively Affect Our Industry, Business and Results of Operations
The small and medium-sized business market is sensitive to changes in economic activity levels as well as the credit markets. As a result, the demand for the outsourced HR services we provide clients could be adversely impacted by weak economic conditions or difficulty obtaining credit. Current and prospective clients may respond to such conditions by reducing employment levels, compensation levels, employee benefit levels and outsourced HR services. In addition, during periods of weak economic conditions, current clients may have difficulty meeting their financial obligations to us and may select alternative HR services at more competitive rates than we offer. Such developments could adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations and future growth rates.
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We Assume Liability for Worksite Employee Payroll, Payroll Taxes and Benefits Costs and Are Responsible for Their Payment Regardless of the Amount Billed to or Paid by Our Clients
Under the CSA, we become a co-employer of worksite employees and assume the obligations to pay the salaries, wages and related benefits costs and payroll taxes of such worksite employees. We assume such obligations as a principal, not as an agent of the client. Our obligations include responsibility for:

• | payment of the salaries and wages for work performed by worksite employees, regardless of whether the client timely pays us the associated service fee

• | withholding and payment of federal and state payroll taxes with respect to wages and salaries reported by Insperity

• | providing benefits to worksite employees even if our costs to provide such benefits exceed the fees the client pays us

If a client does not pay us, or if the costs of benefits we provide to worksite employees exceed the fees a client pays us, our ultimate liability for worksite employee payroll and benefits costs could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.
Increases in Health Insurance Costs or Inability to Secure Replacement Contracts on Competitive Terms Could Have a Material Adverse Effect on Our Financial Condition or Results of Operations
Maintaining health insurance plans that cover worksite employees is a significant part of our business. Our primary health insurance contract expires on December 31, 2019, subject to cancellation by either party upon 180 days’ notice. In the event we are unable to secure replacement contracts on competitive terms, significant disruption to our business could occur.
Health insurance costs are in part determined by our claims experience and comprise a significant portion of our direct costs. If we experience an increase in the number or severity of claims, our health insurance costs could increase. Claim activity levels and costs are impacted by a number of factors, including, but not limited to, macro-economic changes, proposed and enacted regulatory changes and medical outbreaks. Contractual arrangements with our clients limit or delay our ability to incorporate increases in costs into our service fees. As a result, such increases could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. For additional information related to our health insurance costs, please read Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates – Benefits Costs.”
Health Care Reform Could Affect Our Health Insurance Plan and Could Lead to a Significant Disruption in Our Business
The PPACA was signed into law on March 23, 2010. The PPACA was subsequently amended on March 30, 2010 by the Reconciliation Act. The Act entails sweeping health care reforms with original staggered effective dates from 2010 through 2018, some of which were subsequently extended out as far as 2020. Some provisions in the Act still require the issuance of additional guidance from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”) and the states.
Beginning in 2014, a number of key provisions of the Act took effect, including the Exchanges, insurance market reforms and the imposition of excise taxes on the health insurance industry and reinsurance taxes on insurers and third-party administrators. Additionally, the pay or play penalties on Applicable Large Employers took effect in 2015, however there was a one-year delay until 2016 for ALEs with less than 100 full-time and full-time equivalent employees in 2014, provided that certain transition relief requirements are satisfied. Collectively, these items have the potential to significantly change the insurance marketplace for small and medium sized businesses and how employers provide insurance to employees. In addition, as a co-employer in the PEO relationship, we assume or share many of the employer-related responsibilities and assist our clients in complying with many employment-related governmental regulations. Generally, the Act and subsequently issued guidance by the IRS and HHS have not addressed or in some instances are unclear as to their application in the PEO relationship or whether such provisions should be applied at the PEO or client level.
We are currently unable to determine the impact of the Act, or any subsequent changes or repeal resulting from action that may be taken during this Congressional session, on our benefit plans, business model and future results of operations. In future periods, the changes may result in increased costs to us and could affect our ability to attract and retain clients. Additionally, contractual arrangements and competitive market conditions may limit or delay our ability to increase service fees to offset any associated potential increased costs. For additional information related to the Act, please read Item 1. “Business – Industry Regulations – Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.” We are also currently unable to determine the
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impact of potential changes to the Act including the potential repeal and replacement of the Act as has been advocated by Congressional leaders and the administration of President Trump.
Increases in Workers’ Compensation Costs or Inability to Secure Replacement Coverage on Competitive Terms Could Lead to a Significant Disruption to Our Business
Our workers’ compensation coverage has been provided through an arrangement with Chubb (formerly ACE American Insurance Company) since 2007. Under our current arrangement with Chubb, we have a financial responsibility to Chubb for the first $1 million layer of claims per occurrence and for claims over $1 million, up to a maximum aggregate amount of $5 million per policy year for claims that exceed the first $1 million. Chubb bears the financial responsibility for all claims in excess of these levels. The Chubb Program is a fully insured policy whereby Chubb has the responsibility to pay all claims incurred under the policy regardless of whether we satisfy our responsibilities. For additional discussion of our policy with Chubb, please read Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates – Workers’ Compensation Costs.”
Workers’ compensation costs are a significant portion of our direct costs. If we were to experience an unexpected large increase in the number or severity of claims, our workers’ compensation costs could increase, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.
The current workers’ compensation coverage with Chubb expires on September 30, 2017 and may be extended until September 30, 2018 if our claims do not exceed certain thresholds and certain other program conditions are satisfied. In the event we are unable to secure replacement coverage on competitive terms, significant disruption to our business could occur.
Our Ability to Adjust and Collect Service Fees for Increases in Unemployment Tax Rates May be Limited
We record our SUI tax expense based on taxable wages and tax rates assigned by each state. SUI tax rates vary by state and are determined, in part, based on prior years’ compensation experience in each state. Prior to the receipt of final tax rate notices, we estimate our expected SUI tax rate in those states for which tax rate notices have not yet been received for purposes of pricing. In a period of adverse economic conditions state unemployment funds may experience a significant increase in the number of unemployment claims. Accordingly, SUI tax rates would likely increase substantially. Some states have the ability under law to increase SUI tax rates retroactively to cover deficiencies in the unemployment fund.
In addition, FUTA may be retroactively increased in certain states in the event the state fails to timely repay federal unemployment loans. Employers in such states are experiencing higher FUTA tax rates as a result of not repaying their unemployment loans from the federal government in a timely manner. The Benefit Cost Ratio Add-On (“BCR”) is an additional tax on the FUTA wage base for employers in states that continue to have outstanding federal unemployment insurance loans beginning with the fifth year in which there is a balance due on the loan. States have the option to apply for a waiver before July 1 st of the year in which the BCR is applicable.
Generally, our contractual agreements allow us to incorporate such statutory tax increases into our service fees upon the effective date of the rate change. However, our ability to fully adjust service fees in our billing systems and collect such increases over the remaining term of the clients’ contracts could be limited, resulting in a potential tax increase not being fully recovered. As a result, such increases could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.
Our Contracts for Our PEO HR Outsourcing Solutions May be Canceled on Short Notice. Our Inability to Renew Client Contracts or Attract New Clients Could Materially and Adversely Affect Our Financial Conditions or Results of Operations
Our standard CSA can generally be canceled by us or the client with 30 days’ notice. Accordingly, the short-term nature of the CSA makes us vulnerable to potential cancellations by existing PEO HR Outsourcing Solution clients, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations. In addition, in the event we have a high proportion of terminating clients from our middle market client base (which are generally subject to CSAs with two-year terms), the financial impact of such an event could be significant due to the number of worksite employees involved and the time it takes to replace middle market clients. Also, our results of operations are dependent in part upon our ability to retain or replace our clients upon the termination or cancellation of the CSA. Our client attrition rate was approximately 14% in 2016. There can be no assurance that the number of contract cancellations will continue at these levels and such cancellations may increase in the future due to various factors, including but not limited to, economic conditions in the markets we operate. Clients electing to purchase our services or electing an alternative solution often do so at the beginning of the calendar year. As a result, we typically experience our largest concentration of new client additions and attrition in the first quarter of each year.
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We May Be Subject to Liabilities for Client and Employee Actions
A number of legal issues remain unresolved with respect to the co-employment arrangement between a PEO and its worksite employees, including questions concerning the ultimate liability for violations of employment, payroll and discrimination laws. Our CSA establishes the contractual division of responsibilities between Insperity and our clients for various personnel management matters, including compliance with and liability under various governmental regulations.
Because we act as a co-employer, we may be subject to liability for violations of various employment. payroll and discrimination laws despite these contractual provisions, even if we do not participate in such violations. Although the CSA generally requires the client to indemnify us for certain liabilities attributable to the client’s conduct, we may not be able to collect on such a contractual indemnification claim and thus may be responsible for satisfying such liabilities to the extent that such liabilities are not covered or insured against under our insurance policies. In addition, worksite employees may be deemed to be our agents, which may subject us to liability for the actions of such worksite employees.
Competition and Other Developments in the HR Services Industry May Impact Our Growth and/or Profitability
The human resources services industry, including the PEO industry, is highly fragmented. Many PEOs have limited operations and fewer than 1,000 worksite employees, but there are several industry participants that are comparable to our size or larger. We also encounter competition from “fee for service” companies such as payroll processing firms, insurance companies, human resources consultants and human resources technology solutions as well as cloud-based self-service bundled human resources offerings. Our competitors include the PEO divisions of large business services companies, such as Automatic Data Processing, Inc. and Paychex, Inc., and other national PEOs such as TriNet Group, Inc. In many cases, these competitors offer a reduced service PEO offering at a lower price than our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions. We expect that as the PEO industry grows and its regulatory framework becomes better established, well organized competition with greater resources than we have may enter the PEO market, possibly including large “fee for service” companies currently providing a more limited range of services. In addition, competitors may be able to offer or develop new technology-based lower service models that may require us to make substantial investments in order to effectively compete.
In 2013, we began offering a lower priced reduced service level PEO offering referred to as Workforce Synchronization in response to certain middle market client needs and the evolving PEO marketplace. As of December 2016, approximately 11% of our worksite employees were co-employed by Workforce Synchronization clients. In the event we were to experience a significant increase in the number of clients using the Workforce Synchronization offering or increased pricing pressures in the PEO marketplace without corresponding reductions in operating costs, our operating margins may decline, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition or results of operations.
Changes in Federal, State and Local Regulation or Our Inability to Obtain Licenses Under New Regulatory Frameworks Could Have a Material Adverse Effect on Our Results of Operations or Financial Condition
As a major employer, our operations are affected by numerous federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to labor, tax, benefit, insurance and employment matters. By entering into a co-employer relationship with employees assigned to work at client locations, we assume certain obligations and responsibilities of an employer under these laws. However, many of these current laws (such as the Act, ERISA and federal and state employment tax laws) do not specifically address the obligations and responsibilities of non-traditional employers such as PEOs, and the definition of “employer” under these laws is not uniform. While the SBEA is expected to provide clarification under federal employment tax laws for CPEOs, until further administrative guidance is issued, including the requirements for CPEOs, we cannot be certain as to the benefit that this law will provide or whether we may determine not to become certified. In addition, many of the states in which we operate have not addressed the PEO relationship for purposes of compliance with applicable state laws governing the employer/employee relationship. Any adverse application of new or existing federal or state laws to the PEO relationship with our worksite employees and client companies could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.
While some states do not explicitly regulate PEOs, 41 states have passed laws that have recognition, licensing, certification or registration requirements for PEOs and several other states are considering such regulation. Such laws vary from state to state, but generally provide for monitoring the fiscal responsibility of PEOs, and in some cases codify and clarify the co-employment relationship for unemployment, workers’ compensation and other purposes under state law. In addition, the SBEA will provide certain benefits for companies that qualify as a CPEO. While we generally support licensing regulation because it serves to validate the PEO relationship, we may not be able to satisfy licensing requirements or other applicable
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regulations for all states. In addition, there can be no assurance that we will be able to renew our licenses in all states or that we will be able to qualify as a CPEO following the implementation of the SBEA.
Geographic Market Concentration Makes Our Results of Operations Vulnerable to Regional Economic Factors
Our New York, California and Texas markets accounted for approximately 9%, 18% and 22% (including 10% in Houston), respectively, of our worksite employees for the year ended December 31, 2016. Accordingly, while we have a goal of expanding in our current markets and into new markets, for the foreseeable future, a significant portion of our revenues may be subject to economic factors specific to New York, California and Texas.
A Determination that a Client is Liable for Employment Taxes Not Paid by a PEO May Discourage Clients from Contracting with Us in the Future
Under the CSA, we assume sole responsibility and liability for paying federal employment taxes imposed under the Code with respect to wages and salaries we pay our worksite employees. There are essentially three types of federal employment tax obligations:

• | income tax withholding requirements

• | FICA

• | FUTA

Under the Code, employers have the obligation to withhold and remit the employer portion and, where applicable, the employee portion of these taxes. Most states impose similar employment tax obligations on the employer. While the CSA provides that we have sole legal responsibility for making these tax contributions, the applicable state taxing authority or, prior to the implementation of the SBEA and the Company becoming a CPEO, the IRS could conclude that such liability cannot be completely transferred to us. Accordingly, in the event that we fail to meet our tax withholding and payment obligations, the client may be held jointly and severally liable for those obligations. While this interpretive issue has not, to our knowledge, discouraged clients from enrolling with Insperity, a definitive adverse resolution of this issue, a delay in the implementation of the SBEA or a delay in our certification as a CPEO may discourage clients from enrolling in the future.
Failure of Our Information Technology Systems, Including From Cyber Attacks and Data Breaches, Could Damage Our Reputation, Materially Disrupt Our Business Operations, and Increase Our Costs and Cause Losses
Many of the HR services offerings we provide to clients are conducted through a technology infrastructure using both internally developed and purchased commercial software, a wide variety of hardware infrastructure technologies, and a multi-carrier wide area network. The processing of payroll, benefits and other transactions is dependent upon this complex infrastructure, some of which is provided by third party vendors. Hardware or applications we develop or procure from third party vendors may contain defects in design or other problems that could unexpectedly compromise the confidentiality, integrity or availability of data or our systems. Any delays or failures caused by network outages, software or hardware failures, or other data processing disruptions, could result in our inability to timely process transactions. If such failures cause us to not meet client service expectations, we may lose existing clients and may have difficulty attracting new clients.
In connection with our HR services offerings, we collect, use, transmit and store large amounts of personal and business information about our worksite employees and clients, including payroll information, personal and business financial data, social security numbers, bank account numbers, tax information and other sensitive personal and business information. We are focused on ensuring that the technology infrastructure that we use safeguards and protects personal and business information. We have programs in place to prevent, detect and respond to data security incidents, and we take steps to require that our third party vendors protect sensitive information. Nonetheless, attacks on information technology systems continue to grow in frequency and sophistication, and we and our third party vendors are sometimes targeted by unauthorized parties using malicious tactics, code and viruses. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access and disable or sabotage systems change frequently and may be difficult to detect for long periods of time, we and our third party vendors may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventive measures. As these threats continue to evolve, we may be required to invest significant additional resources to modify and enhance our information security and controls or to investigate and remediate any security vulnerabilities. While our technology infrastructure is designed to safeguard and protect personal and business information, we do not have the ability to monitor the implementation of similar safeguards by our vendors, clients or worksite employees.
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Any cyber-attack, unauthorized intrusion, malicious software infiltration, network disruption, corruption of data, or theft of private or other sensitive information, or inadvertent acts by our own employees, could result in the disclosure or misuse of confidential or proprietary information, and could have a material adverse effect on our business operations or that of our clients, result in liability or regulatory sanction, or cause a loss of confidence in our ability to serve clients. Although we believe that we maintain a stringent program of information security and controls, the impact of a data security incident could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We are also subject to various federal and state laws, rules and regulations relating to the collection, use, transmission and security of personal and business information. Most states and the District of Columbia have enacted notification rules that may require notification to regulators, clients or employees in the event of a privacy breach. It is possible that these federal and states laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our data practices. If so, in addition to the possibility of fines, this could result in an order requiring that we change our data practices, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Complying with these various laws could cause us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices in a manner adverse to our business. The future enactment of more restrictive laws, rules or regulations could have a material adverse impact on us through increased costs or restrictions on our businesses and noncompliance could result in regulatory penalties and significant liability.
The Failure of Our Insurance Carriers or Financial Institutions Could Have a Material Adverse Effect on Us
As part of our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions, we contract with various insurance carriers to provide insurance coverage including health insurance, workers’ compensation insurance and employment practices liability insurance. In addition, we obtain insurance coverage for various commercial risks in our business such as property insurance, errors and omissions insurance, cyber liability insurance, general liability insurance, fiduciary liability insurance, automobile liability insurance, and directors’ and officers’ liability insurance. The failure of any insurance carrier providing such coverage could leave us exposed to uninsured risk and could have a material adverse effect on our business.
In conjunction with providing services to clients, we rely on financial institutions to electronically transfer funds for the collection of our comprehensive service fee as well as the payment of wages and associated payroll tax withholdings. Failure by these financial institutions, for any reason, to deliver their services in a timely manner could result in material interruptions to our operations, impact client relations, and result in significant penalties or liabilities to us.
New and Higher Federal, State and Local Taxes Could Have a Material and Adverse Impact on Our Financial Condition and Results of Operations
In times of economic slowdowns, states and municipalities in which we operate may experience reductions in tax revenues and corresponding budget deficits. In response to the budget shortfalls, many states and municipalities have in the past and may in the future increase or enact new taxes on businesses operating within their tax jurisdiction, including business activity taxes and income taxes. In addition, federal, state and local taxing agencies may increase their audit activity in an effort to identify additional tax revenues. New tax assessments on our operations could result in increased costs. Our ability to adjust our service fees and incorporate additional tax assessments into our billing system could be limited. As a result, such higher taxes could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition or results of operations.
Failure to Integrate or Realize the Expected Return on Our Acquisitions and Investments Could Have a Material Adverse Impact on Our Financial Condition or Results of Operations
We have adopted a strategy to market and sell additional products and services within and outside of traditional PEO HR Outsourcing solutions. As part of this strategy, periodically we make strategic long-term decisions to invest in and/or acquire new companies, business units or assets. Acquiring new businesses involves a number of risks such as over-valuation of the acquired companies, entering markets or businesses in which we have no prior experience, integrating the technology, operations, and personnel, diversion of management’s attention from other business concerns and litigation resulting from the activities of the acquired company. The occurrence of one or more of these events could result in the loss of existing or prospective clients or employees, not achieving anticipated revenues or profitability, or impairment of acquired assets. Such developments could have a material impact to our financial condition, results of operations and future growth rates.
In connection with our goodwill impairment assessments, we recorded impairment charges of $2.5 million in our Employment Screening reporting unit in 2014, $3.3 million in our Expense Management reporting unit in 2013 and $4.2 million in our Performance Management reporting unit in 2012. In addition, we recorded a $2.7 million impairment charge related to our minority investment in The Receivables Exchange in 2013. Based on market conditions or changes in operating plans, the fair value of our other acquired businesses could decline, requiring us to record additional impairment charges for all
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or portions of the investments. Please read Note 6, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets” and Note 7, “Impairment Charges and Other,“ to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Our Business Could Be Disrupted as a Result of Actions of Certain Stockholders
In 2015, one of our largest stockholders made public statements critical of our performance, advocated that we make certain changes regarding our strategic plan, operating expenses, capital allocation, management and corporate governance, and suggested that we should pursue strategic alternatives. In each of 2015 and 2016, prior to our annual meetings of stockholders in those years, we entered into an agreement with this stockholder pursuant to which, among other things, we appointed new directors nominated by the stockholder to our Board.
If any of our stockholders commence a proxy contest, further advocate for change or engage in other similar activities, then our business could be adversely affected because we may have difficulty attracting and retaining clients due to perceived uncertainties as to our future direction and negative public statements about our business; responding to proxy contests and other similar actions by stockholders is likely to result in us incurring substantial additional costs and significantly divert the attention of management and our employees; and, if individuals are elected to our Board with a specific agenda, the execution of our strategic plan may be disrupted or a new strategic plan altogether may be implemented.
We cannot predict, and no assurances can be given, as to the outcome or timing of any matters relating to the foregoing actions by stockholders or the ultimate impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Further, any of these matters or any further actions by this or other stockholders may impact and result in volatility of the price of our common stock, including if this stockholder were to exit its investment in our common stock.
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.
None.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES.
We believe our current real estate and facilities are adequate for the purposes for which they are intended and provide for further expansion to accommodate our long-term growth and expansion goals. We believe that short-term leased facilities are readily available if needed to accommodate near-term needs if they arise. We will continue to evaluate the need for additional facilities based on the extent of our product and service offerings, the rate of client growth, the geographic distribution of our client base and our long-term service delivery requirements.
Corporate Facilities
Our corporate headquarters is located in Kingwood, Texas, in a 327,000 square foot campus-style facility. This 33-acre company-owned office campus includes approximately 12 acres of undeveloped land for future expansion. Development and support operations are located in the Kingwood facility.
In December 2015, we began the construction of a 100,000 square foot office facility located on our corporate campus in Kingwood, Texas. The new facility, which is expected to be completed in 2017, is estimated to cost approximately $28 million. We expect to fund the construction costs with cash on hand and cash from operations, as well as funds available under our revolving credit facility (“credit facility”). We expect to relocate personnel from our Houston service center to this new facility in early 2017.
We have hosting facilities, totaling approximately 2,000 square feet, located at two separate leased facilities. The hosting facilities house the majority of our business applications, telecommunications equipment and network equipment. The facilities, located in Bryan, Texas and The Woodlands, Texas, are under lease until 2022 and 2019, respectively.
Service Centers
We currently have four regional service centers located in Atlanta, Dallas, Houston and Los Angeles.
The Atlanta service center, which currently services approximately 34% of our worksite employee base, is located in a 40,500 square foot facility under lease until 2023.
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The Dallas service center, which currently services approximately 23% of our worksite employee base, is located in a 42,500 square foot facility under lease until 2023. In addition to the service center operations, the facility also contains sales operations.
The Houston service center, which currently services approximately 18% of our worksite employee base, is located in a 58,400 square foot facility under lease until early 2018. In addition to the service center operations, the facility also contains corporate support operations. We plan to move our Houston service center to a new facility on our corporate campus in early 2017.
The Los Angeles service center, which currently services approximately 25% of our worksite employee base, is located in a 38,000 square foot facility under lease until 2019.
Sales Offices
As of December 31, 2016, we had PEO HR Outsourcing solutions sales and service personnel in 49 facilities located in 27 sales markets throughout the United States. All of the facilities are leased and some are shared by multiple sales offices and/or client service personnel. As of December 31, 2016, we had 54 PEO HR Outsourcing solutions sales offices in these 27 markets. To take advantage of economic efficiencies, multiple sales offices may share a physical location. Each sales office is typically staffed by six to eight BPAs, a district sales manager and an office administrator. In addition, we have placed certain client service personnel in a majority of our sales markets to provide high-quality, localized service to our clients in those major markets. We expect to continue placing various client service personnel in sales markets as a critical mass of clients is attained in each market.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.
We are not a party to any material pending legal proceedings other than ordinary routine litigation incidental to our business that we believe would not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations, except as discussed in Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, “Commitments and Contingencies,” which is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM S-K 401 (b). EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT.
The following table sets forth the names, ages (as of February 6, 2017) and positions of Insperity’s executive officers:

Name |  | Age |  | Position
Paul J. Sarvadi |  | 60 |  | Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Richard G. Rawson |  | 68 |  | President
A. Steve Arizpe |  | 59 |  | Executive Vice President of Client Services and Chief Operating Officer
Jay E. Mincks |  | 63 |  | Executive Vice President of Sales and Marketing
Douglas S. Sharp |  | 55 |  | Senior Vice President of Finance, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
Daniel D. Herink |  | 50 |  | Senior Vice President of Legal, General Counsel and Secretary

Paul J. Sarvadi has served as Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer since August 2003. Mr. Sarvadi co-founded Insperity in 1986 and served as Vice President and Treasurer of Insperity from its inception in 1986 through April 1987, as Vice President from April 1987 through 1989 and as President and Chief Executive Officer from 1989 to August 2003. Prior to founding Insperity, Mr. Sarvadi started and operated several small businesses. Mr. Sarvadi has served as President of NAPEO and was a member of its Board of Directors for five years. Mr. Sarvadi was selected as the 2001 National Ernst & Young Entrepreneur Of The Year® for service industries. In 2004, he received the Conn Family Distinguished New Venture Leader Award from Mays Business School at Texas A&M University. In 2007, he was inducted into the Texas Business Hall of Fame.
Richard G. Rawson is President of Insperity and a Class III director. He has been a director of Insperity since 1989 and has been President since August 2003. Before being elected President, he served as Executive Vice President of Administration, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer of Insperity from February 1997 until August 2003. Prior to that, he served as Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer of Insperity since 1989. Prior to joining Insperity in 1989, Mr. Rawson served as a Senior Financial Officer and Controller for several companies in the manufacturing and seismic data processing industries. Mr. Rawson has served NAPEO as Chairman of the Accounting Practices Committee and several
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other offices and became President in 1999-2000. Mr. Rawson has a Bachelor of Business Administration in finance from the University of Houston and currently serves as a board member for the C.T. Bauer College of Business.
A. Steve Arizpe has served as Executive Vice President of Client Services and Chief Operating Officer since August 2003. He joined Insperity in 1989 and has served in a variety of roles, including Houston Sales Manager, Regional Sales Manager and Vice President of Sales. Prior to joining Insperity, Mr. Arizpe served in sales and sales management roles for NCR Corporation and Clarke-American. He has also served as a director of the Texas Chapter of NAPEO. Mr. Arizpe graduated from Texas A&M University in 1979, earning his degree in Business Management.
Jay E. Mincks has served as Executive Vice President of Sales and Marketing since January 1999. Mr. Mincks served as Vice President of Sales and Marketing from February 1997 through January 1999. He joined Insperity in 1990 and has served in a variety of other roles, including Houston Sales Manager and Regional Sales Manager for the Western United States. Prior to joining Insperity, Mr. Mincks served in a variety of positions, including management positions, in the sales and sales training fields with various large companies. He holds a business degree from the University of Houston.
Douglas S. Sharp has served as Senior Vice President of Finance, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer since May 2008. He served as Vice President of Finance, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer from August 2003 until May 2008. Mr. Sharp joined Insperity in January 2000 as Vice President of Finance and Controller. From July 1994 until he joined Insperity, he served as Chief Financial Officer for Rimkus Consulting Group, Inc. Prior to that, he served as Controller for a small publicly held company; as Controller for a software company; and as an Audit Manager for Ernst & Young LLP. Mr. Sharp has served as a member of the Accounting Practices Committee of NAPEO. Mr. Sharp is also a certified public accountant.
Daniel D. Herink has served as Senior Vice President of Legal, General Counsel and Secretary since May 2008. Mr. Herink joined Insperity in 2000 as Assistant General Counsel and was promoted to Associate General Counsel in 2002. He was elected to his current position in May 2007. Mr. Herink previously served as an attorney at Rodriguez, Colvin & Chaney, L.L.P. and McGinnis, Lochridge & Kilgore, L.L.P. He earned his Bachelor of Science degree in business administration from the University of Nebraska and a Doctorate of Jurisprudence from The University of Texas School of Law, where he was a member of the Texas Law Review and The Order of the Coif. Mr. Herink is also a certified public accountant.
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PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.
Price Range of Common Stock
Our common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “NSP.” As of February 6, 2017, there were 377 holders of record of our common stock. This number does not include stockholders for whom shares were held in “nominee” or “street name.” The following table sets forth the high and low sales prices for the common stock as reported on the New York Stock Exchange transactional tape.

2016 |  | High |  | Low |  | Dividends per Share |
First Quarter |  | $ | 52.32 |  |  | $ | 41.83 |  |  | $ | 0.22 |  |
Second Quarter |  | 77.24 |  |  | 50.61 |  |  | 0.25 |  |
Third Quarter |  | 82.18 |  |  | 64.70 |  |  | 0.25 |  |
Fourth Quarter |  | 76.70 |  |  | 64.55 |  |  | 0.25 |  |
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First Quarter |  | $ | 55.42 |  |  | $ | 32.43 |  |  | $ | 0.19 |  |
Second Quarter |  | 55.11 |  |  | 47.83 |  |  | 0.22 |  |
Third Quarter |  | 52.95 |  |  | 41.77 |  |  | 0.22 |  |
Fourth Quarter |  | 49.00 |  |  | 41.88 |  |  | 0.22 |  |

Dividend Policy
During 2016 and 2015, we paid dividends of $20.6 million and $21.2 million, respectively. The payment of dividends is made at the discretion of our Board and depends upon our operating results, financial condition, capital requirements, general business conditions and such other factors as our Board deems relevant.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
In January 2016, we completed a modified Dutch auction tender offer whereby 3,013,531 shares of our common stock were repurchased and retired for $143.1 million, excluding approximately $1.1 million of transaction costs. The tender offer was funded with borrowings of $104.4 million under our credit facility and the remainder with cash on hand.
The following table provides information about our purchases of Insperity common stock during the three months ended December 31, 2016:

Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased(1)(2) |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Program(1) |  | Maximum Number of Shares that may yet be Purchased under the Program(1)
10/01/2016 – 10/31/2016 |  | 604 |  |  | $ | 73.10 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,388,811 |
11/01/2016 – 11/30/2016 |  | 168,960 |  |  | 69.74 |  |  | 168,960 |  |  | 1,219,851 |
12/01/2016 – 12/31/2016 |  | 83,582 |  |  | 70.94 |  |  | 83,582 |  |  | 1,136,269 |
Total |  | 253,146 |  |  | $ | 70.14 |  |  | 252,542 |  |  | 1,136,269 |

__________________________________

(1) | Our Board has approved a program to repurchase shares of our outstanding common stock, including an additional one million shares authorized for repurchase in May 2016. During the three months ended December 31, 2016, 252,542 shares were repurchased under the program. As of December 31, 2016, we were authorized to repurchase an additional 1,136,269 shares under the program. Unless terminated earlier by resolution of the Board, the repurchase program will expire when we have repurchased all the shares authorized for repurchase under the repurchase program.

(2) | During the three months ended December 31, 2016, 604 shares of restricted stock were withheld to satisfy tax-withholding

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obligations arising in conjunction with the vesting of restricted stock. The required withholding is calculated using the closing sales price reported by the New York Stock Exchange on the date prior to the applicable vesting date. These shares are not subject to the repurchase program described above.
Performance Graph
The following graph compares our cumulative total stockholder return since December 31, 2011, with the S&P Smallcap 600 Index and the S&P 1500 Composite Human Resources and Employment Services Index. The graph assumes that the value of the investment in our common stock and each index (including reinvestment of dividends) was $100 on December 31, 2011.

|  | 12/11 |  |  | 12/12 |  |  | 12/13 |  |  | 12/14 |  |  | 12/15 |  |  | 12/16 |
Insperity, Inc. |  | 100.00 |  |  | 135.97 |  |  | 154.17 |  |  | 157.39 |  |  | 227.62 |  |  | 340.41 |
S&P Smallcap 600 |  | 100.00 |  |  | 116.33 |  |  | 164.38 |  |  | 173.84 |  |  | 170.41 |  |  | 215.67 |
S&P 1500 Composite Human Resources and Employment Services |  | 100.00 |  |  | 117.53 |  |  | 195.39 |  |  | 204.13 |  |  | 209.03 |  |  | 231.76 |

This graph shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Exchange Act, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.
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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA.
The selected consolidated financial data set forth below should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying Notes and Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | 2012 |
|  | (in thousands, except per share and statistical data) |
Income Statement Data: |  |  |
Revenues(1) |  | $ | 2,941,347 |  |  | $ | 2,603,614 |  |  | $ | 2,357,788 |  |  | $ | 2,256,112 |  |  | $ | 2,158,824 |  |
Gross profit |  | 491,610 |  |  | 437,867 |  |  | 403,805 |  |  | 393,251 |  |  | 382,221 |  |
Operating income |  | 106,306 |  |  | 65,699 |  | (2) | 47,474 |  | (3) | 56,223 |  | (4) | 67,494 |  | (4)
Net income |  | 65,991 |  |  | 39,390 |  |  | 28,004 |  |  | 32,032 |  | (5) | 40,402 |  |
Diluted net income per share of common stock |  | 3.09 |  |  | 1.58 |  |  | 1.05 |  | (6) | 1.25 |  |  | 1.56 |  | (6)
Adjusted net income(7) |  | 76,718 |  |  | 54,519 |  |  | 36,734 |  |  | 42,289 |  |  | 48,668 |  |
Adjusted diluted net income per share of common stock(7) |  | 3.59 |  |  | 2.19 |  |  | 1.43 |  |  | 1.65 |  |  | 1.89 |  |
Adjusted EBITDA(7) |  | 141,183 |  |  | 110,014 |  |  | 84,124 |  |  | 92,303 |  |  | 100,899 |  |
Balance Sheet Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Working capital |  | $ | 39,364 |  |  | $ | 54,337 |  |  | $ | 66,742 |  |  | $ | 120,445 |  |  | $ | 108,495 |  |
Total assets |  | 907,174 |  |  | 784,912 |  |  | 792,595 |  |  | 758,864 |  |  | 742,989 |  |
Total debt |  | 104,400 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
Total stockholders’ equity |  | 60,525 |  |  | 172,455 |  |  | 204,096 |  |  | 253,272 |  |  | 240,905 |  |
Cash dividends per share |  | 0.97 |  |  | 0.85 |  |  | 2.74 |  | (8) | 0.68 |  |  | 1.66 |  | (8)
Statistical Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average number of worksite employees paid per month during period |  | 165,850 |  |  | 145,830 |  |  | 130,718 |  |  | 127,517 |  |  | 125,650 |  |
Revenues per worksite employee per month(9) |  | $ | 1,478 |  |  | $ | 1,488 |  |  | $ | 1,503 |  |  | $ | 1,474 |  |  | $ | 1,432 |  |
Gross profit per worksite employee per month |  | $ | 247 |  |  | $ | 250 |  |  | $ | 257 |  |  | $ | 257 |  |  | $ | 253 |  |
Operating income per worksite employee per month |  | $ | 53 |  |  | $ | 38 |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | 45 |  |
Adjusted EBITDA per worksite employee per month(7) |  | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | 63 |  |  | $ | 54 |  |  | $ | 60 |  |  | $ | 67 |  |

____________________________________

(1) | Gross billings of $17.933 billion, $15.806 billion, $14.187 billion, $13.462 billion and $12.992 billion, less worksite employee payroll cost of $14.992 billion, $13.202 billion, $11.829 billion, $11.206 billion and $10.833 billion, respectively.

(2) | Includes non-cash impairment and other charges in the first and second quarters of 2015 of $9.8 million and $1.3 million, respectively, partially offset by a reduction of $0.6 million in the fourth quarter of 2015. Please read Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, “Impairment Charges and Other,” for additional information.

(3) | Includes a non-cash impairment charge in the second quarter of 2014 of $2.5 million. Please read Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets,” for additional information. Also includes a non-cash charge in the fourth quarter of 2014 of $1.2 million. Please read Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, “Accounting Policies,” for additional information.

(4) | Includes non-cash impairment charges of $3.3 million and $4.2 million in the fourth quarters of 2013 and 2012, respectively. Please read Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets,” for additional information.

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(5) | Includes a non-cash impairment charge in the second quarter of 2013 of $2.7 million, please read Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, “Impairment Charges and Other,” for additional information. Also includes a $2.0 million tax benefit in the fourth quarter of 2013 related to tax years 2009 through 2012, please read Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, “Income Taxes,” for additional information.

(6) | Includes the impact of dividends exceeding earnings under the two-class method, resulting in a $0.05 and $0.01 earnings per share decrease in 2014 and 2012, respectively. Please read Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, “Net Income Per Share,” for additional information.

(7) | These are non-GAAP measures used by management to analyze Insperity’s performance. Please read Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable financial measures calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP.

(8) | Includes a $2.00 and $1.00 per share special dividend paid in the fourth quarters of 2014 and 2012, respectively.

(9) | Gross billings of $9,011, $9,032, $9,044, $8,797 and $8,617 per worksite employee per month, less payroll cost of $7,533, $7,544, $7,541, $7,323 and $7,185 per worksite employee per month, respectively.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.
You should read the following discussion in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes included elsewhere in this annual report. Historical results are not necessarily indicative of trends in operating results for any future period.
The statements contained in this annual report that are not historical facts are forward-looking statements that involve a number of risks and uncertainties. The actual results of the future events described in such forward-looking statements in this annual report could differ materially from those stated in such forward-looking statements. Among the factors that could cause actual results to differ materially are the risks and uncertainties discussed in Item 1A. Risk Factors and the uncertainties set forth from time to time in our other public reports and filings and public statements.
Overview
Our long-term strategy is to provide the best small and medium-sized businesses in the United States with our specialized human resources service offering and to leverage our buying power and expertise to provide additional valuable services to clients. Our most comprehensive HR services offerings are provided through our Workforce Optimization® and Workforce Synchronization TM solutions (together, our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions), which encompass a broad range of human resources functions, including payroll and employment administration, employee benefits, workers’ compensation, government compliance, performance management and training and development services. Our overall operating results can be measured in terms of revenues, payroll costs, gross profit or operating income per worksite employee per month. We often use the average number of worksite employees paid during a period as our unit of measurement in analyzing and discussing our results of operations.
In addition to our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions, we offer a number of other business performance solutions, including Human Capital Management, Payroll Services, Time and Attendance, Performance Management, Organizational Planning, Recruiting Services, Employment Screening and Expense Management Services, Retirement Services and Insurance Services, many of which are offered via desktop applications and cloud-based delivery models. These other products or services are offered separately, as a bundle, or along with our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions.
We ended 2016 averaging 172,578 paid worksite employees in the fourth quarter, which represents a 12.7% increase over the fourth quarter of 2015. Approximately 24.5% and 23.3% of our average paid worksite employees were in our middle market sector for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, which is generally defined as companies with 150 to 2,000 worksite employees. We expect the average number of paid worksite employees per month to be between 174,200 and 175,800 in the first quarter of 2017.
Our average gross profit per worksite employee per month was $247 in 2016 and $250 in 2015, which included a contribution to average gross profit from our other products and services offerings of $16 per worksite employee per month in 2016 and $17 per worksite employee per month in 2015.
Adjusted operating expenses increased 6.9% in 2016 to $385.0 million. On a per worksite employee per month basis, adjusted operating expenses decreased from $206 in 2015 to $193 in 2016.
Our adjusted net income in 2016 was $76.7 million, a $22.2 million increase compared to 2015. Our adjusted EBITDA increased 28.3% over 2015 to $141.2 million.
Our adjusted EBITDA per worksite employee per month increased 12.7% from $63 in 2015 to $71 in 2016.
We ended 2016 with working capital of $39.4 million. During 2016, we paid $20.6 million in dividends and repurchased shares of our common stock at a cost of $175.9 million.
Revenues
We account for our revenues in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 605-45, Revenue Recognition. Our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions gross billings to clients include the payroll cost of each worksite employee at the client location and a markup computed as a percentage of each worksite employee’s payroll cost. We invoice the gross billings concurrently with each periodic payroll of our worksite employees. Revenues, which exclude the payroll cost component of gross billings, and therefore, consist solely of the markup, are recognized ratably over the payroll period as
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worksite employees perform their service at the client worksite. This markup includes pricing components associated with our estimates of payroll taxes, benefits and workers’ compensation costs, plus a separate component related to our HR services. We include revenues that have been recognized but not invoiced in unbilled accounts receivable on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Our revenues are primarily dependent on the number of clients enrolled, the resulting number of worksite employees paid each period and the number of worksite employees enrolled in our benefit plans. Because our total markup is computed as a percentage of payroll cost, certain revenues are also affected by the payroll cost of worksite employees, which may fluctuate based on the composition of the worksite employee base, inflationary effects on wage levels and differences in the local economies of our markets.
Direct Costs
The primary direct costs associated with revenue-generating activities for our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions are:

• | employment-related taxes (“payroll taxes”)

• | costs of employee benefit plans

• | workers’ compensation costs

Payroll taxes consist of the employer’s portion of Social Security and Medicare taxes under FICA, federal unemployment taxes and state unemployment taxes. Payroll taxes are generally paid as a percentage of payroll cost. The federal unemployment tax rates are defined by federal regulations. State unemployment tax rates are subject to claim histories and vary from state to state.
Employee benefits costs are comprised primarily of health insurance premiums and claims costs (including dental and pharmacy costs), but also include costs of other employee benefits such as life insurance, vision care, disability insurance, education assistance, adoption assistance, a flexible spending account program and a work-life program.
Workers’ compensation costs include administrative and risk charges paid to the insurance carrier, and claims costs, which are driven primarily by the frequency and severity of claims.
Gross Profit
Our gross profit per worksite employee is primarily determined by our ability to accurately estimate and control direct costs and our ability to incorporate changes in these costs into the gross billings charged to PEO HR Outsourcing solutions clients, which are subject to pricing arrangements that are typically renewed annually. We use gross profit per worksite employee per month as our principal measurement of relative performance at the gross profit level.
Operating Expenses

• | Salaries, wages and payroll taxes – Salaries, wages and payroll taxes are primarily a function of the number of corporate employees, their associated average pay and any additional incentive compensation. Our corporate employees include client services, sales and marketing, benefits, legal, finance, information technology, administrative support personnel and those associated with our other products and services.

• | Stock-based compensation – Our stock-based compensation relates to the recognition of non-cash compensation expense over the vesting period of restricted stock and long-term incentive plan awards.

• | Commissions – Commissions expense consists primarily of amounts paid to sales managers and BPAs. Commissions are based on new accounts sold and a percentage of revenue generated by such personnel.

• | Advertising – Advertising expense primarily consists of media advertising and other business promotions in our current and anticipated sales markets, including the Insperity Invitational™ presented by UnitedHealthcare® sponsorship.

• | General and administrative expenses – Our general and administrative expenses primarily include:

• | rent expenses related to our service centers and sales offices

• | outside professional service fees related to legal, consulting and accounting services

• | administrative costs, such as postage, printing and supplies

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• | employee travel and training expenses

• | technology and facility repairs and maintenance costs

• | Depreciation and amortization – Depreciation and amortization expense is primarily a function of our capital investments in corporate facilities, service centers, sales offices, technology infrastructure and that associated with our acquisitions.

• | Impairment charges and other – Impairment charges and other consist of non-cash expense associated with the decline in fair value of long-lived and intangible assets, including goodwill. Please read Note 1 “Accounting Policies,” Note 6 “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets” and Note 7 “Impairment Charges and Other,” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Other Income (Expense)
Other income (expense) includes interest charges incurred in connection with borrowings under our credit facility and interest income earned on our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. Please read Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Liquidity and Capital Resources” for additional information.
Income Taxes
Our provision for income taxes typically differs from the U.S. statutory rate of 35%, due primarily to state income taxes, non-deductible expenses and various tax credits. Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities used for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant items resulting in deferred income taxes include prepaid assets, accruals for workers’ compensation expenses, stock-based compensation and depreciation. Changes in these items are reflected in our financial statements through a deferred income tax provision.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our Consolidated Financial Statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”). The preparation of these financial statements requires our management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate these estimates, including those related to health and workers’ compensation insurance claims experience, client bad debts, income taxes, property and equipment, goodwill and other intangibles, and contingent liabilities. We base these estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
We believe the following accounting policies are critical and/or require significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements:

• | Benefits costs – We provide group health insurance coverage to our worksite employees through a national network of carriers including United, UnitedHealthcare of California, Kaiser Permanente, Blue Shield of California, HMSA BlueCross BlueShield of Hawaii and Tufts, all of which provide fully insured policies or service contracts.

The health insurance contract with United provides the majority of our health insurance coverage. As a result of certain contractual terms, we have accounted for this plan since its inception using a partially self-funded insurance accounting model. Accordingly, we record the costs of the United plan, including an estimate of the incurred claims, taxes and administrative fees (collectively the “Plan Costs”), as benefits expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The estimated incurred claims are based upon: (i) the level of claims processed during the quarter; (ii) estimated completion rates based upon recent claim development patterns under the plan; and (iii) the number of participants in the plan, including both active and COBRA enrollees. Each reporting period, changes in the estimated ultimate costs resulting from claim trends, plan design and migration, participant demographics and other factors are incorporated into the benefits costs.
Additionally, since the plan’s inception, under the terms of the contract, United establishes cash funding rates 90 days in advance of the beginning of a reporting quarter. If the Plan Costs for a reporting quarter are greater than the premiums paid and owed to United, a deficit in the plan would be incurred and we would accrue a liability for the excess costs on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. On the other hand, if the Plan Costs for the reporting quarter are less than the premiums paid
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and owed to United, a surplus in the plan would be incurred and we would record an asset for the excess premiums on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The terms of the arrangement with United require us to maintain an accumulated cash surplus in the plan of $9.0 million, which is reported as long-term prepaid insurance. As of December 31, 2016, Plan Costs were less than the premiums paid and owed to United by $15.0 million. As this amount is in excess of the agreed-upon $9.0 million surplus maintenance level, the $6.0 million difference is included in prepaid health insurance costs, a current asset, on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. In addition, the premiums owed to United at December 31, 2016, were $22.6 million, which is included in accrued health insurance costs, a current liability, on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
We believe that recent claims activity is representative of incurred and paid trends during the reporting period. The estimated completion rate and annual trend used to compute incurred but not reported claims involves a significant level of judgment. Accordingly, an increase (or decrease) in the completion rate or annual trend used to estimate the incurred claims would result in an increase (or decrease) in benefits costs and net income would decrease (or increase) accordingly.
The following table illustrates the sensitivity of changes in the completion rate and annual trend on our estimate of total benefit costs of $1.3 billion in 2016:

Change in Completion Rate and Annual Trend |  | Change in Benefits Costs (in thousands) |  | Change in Net Income (in thousands)
(2.5)% |  | $ | (16,236 | ) |  | $ | 10,187 |
(1.0)% |  | (6,494 | ) |  | 4,075 |
1.0% |  | 6,494 |  |  | (4,075 | )
2.5% |  | 16,236 |  |  | (10,187 | )

• | Workers’ compensation costs – Since October 1, 2007, our workers’ compensation coverage has been provided through our arrangement with Chubb. Under the Chubb Program, we bear the economic burden for the first $1 million layer of claims per occurrence, and effective October 1, 2010, we also bear the economic burden for a maximum aggregate amount of $5 million per policy year for claim amounts that exceed the first $1 million. Chubb bears the economic burden for all claims in excess of these levels. The Chubb Program is a fully insured policy whereby Chubb has the responsibility to pay all claims incurred under the policy regardless of whether we satisfy our responsibilities. Our coverage from September 1, 2003 through September 30, 2007 was provided through selected member insurance companies of American International Group, Inc.

Because we bear the economic burden for claims up to the levels noted above, such claims, which are the primary component of our workers’ compensation costs, are recorded in the period incurred. Workers’ compensation insurance includes ongoing health care and indemnity coverage whereby claims are paid over numerous years following the date of injury. Accordingly, the accrual of related incurred costs in each reporting period includes estimates, which take into account the ongoing development of claims and therefore requires a significant level of judgment.
We employ a third-party actuary to estimate our loss development rate, which is primarily based upon the nature of worksite employees’ job responsibilities, the location of worksite employees, the historical frequency and severity of workers’ compensation claims, and an estimate of future cost trends. Each reporting period, changes in the actuarial assumptions resulting from changes in actual claims experience and other trends are incorporated into our workers’ compensation claims cost estimates. During the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, we reduced accrued workers’ compensation costs by $10.9 million and $1.3 million, respectively, for changes in estimated losses related to prior reporting periods. Workers’ compensation cost estimates are discounted to present value at a rate based upon the U.S. Treasury rates that correspond with the weighted average estimated claim payout period (the average discount rate utilized was 1.1% in 2016 and 1.0% in 2015) and are accreted over the estimated claim payment period and included as a component of direct costs in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Our claim trends could be greater than or less than our prior estimates, in which case we would revise our claims estimates and record an adjustment to workers’ compensation costs in the period such determination is made. If we were to experience any significant changes in actuarial assumptions, our loss development rates could increase (or decrease), which would result in an increase (or decrease) in workers’ compensation costs and a resulting decrease (or increase) in net income reported in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
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The following table illustrates the sensitivity of changes in the loss development rate on our estimate of workers’ compensation costs totaling $79.2 million in 2016:

Change in Loss Development Rate |  | Change in Workers’ Compensation Costs (in thousands) |  | Change in Net Income (in thousands)
(5.0)% |  | $ | (3,565 | ) |  | $ | 2,236 |
(2.5)% |  | (1,783 | ) |  | 1,118 |
2.5% |  | 1,783 |  |  | (1,118 | )
5.0% |  | 3,565 |  |  | (2,236 | )

At the beginning of each policy period, the insurance carrier establishes monthly funding requirements comprised of premium costs and funds to be set aside for payment of future claims (“claim funds”). The level of claim funds is primarily based upon anticipated worksite employee payroll levels and expected workers’ compensation loss rates, as determined by the carrier. Monies funded into the program for incurred claims expected to be paid within one year are recorded as restricted cash, a short-term asset, while the remainder of claim funds are included in deposits, a long-term asset in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. In 2016, we received $12.8 million for the return of excess claim funds related to the workers’ compensation program, which decreased deposits. As of December 31, 2016, we had restricted cash of $42.6 million and deposits of $143.9 million. We have estimated and accrued $183.9 million in incurred workers’ compensation claim costs as of December 31, 2016. Our estimate of incurred claim costs expected to be paid within one year are recorded as accrued workers’ compensation costs and included in short-term liabilities, while our estimate of incurred claim costs expected to be paid beyond one year are included in long-term liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

• | Contingent liabilities – We accrue and disclose contingent liabilities in our Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with ASC 450-10, Contingencies. GAAP requires accrual of contingent liabilities that are considered probable to occur and that can be reasonably estimated. For contingent liabilities that are considered reasonably possible to occur, financial statement disclosure is required, including the range of possible loss if it can be reasonably determined. From time to time we disclose in our financial statements issues that we believe are reasonably possible to occur, although we cannot determine the range of possible loss in all cases. As issues develop, we evaluate the probability of future loss and the potential range of such losses. If such evaluation were to determine that a loss was probable and the loss could be reasonably estimated, we would be required to accrue our estimated loss, which would reduce net income in the period that such determination was made.

• | Deferred taxes – We have recorded a valuation allowance to reduce our deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. While we have considered future taxable income and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies in assessing the need for the valuation allowance, our ability to realize our deferred tax assets could change from our current estimates. If we determine that we would be able to realize our deferred tax assets in the future in excess of the net recorded amount, an adjustment to reduce the valuation allowance would increase net income in the period that such determination is made. Likewise, should we determine that we will not be able to realize all or part of our net deferred tax assets in the future, an adjustment to increase the valuation allowance would reduce net income in the period such determination is made.

• | Allowance for doubtful accounts – We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of our clients to pay their comprehensive service fees. We believe that the success of our business is heavily dependent on our ability to collect these comprehensive service fees for several reasons, including:

• | the fact that we are at risk for the payment of our direct costs and worksite employee payroll costs regardless of whether our clients pay their comprehensive service fees

• | the large volume and dollar amount of transactions we process

• | the periodic and recurring nature of payroll, upon which the comprehensive service fees are based

To mitigate this risk, we have established very tight credit policies. We generally require our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions clients to pay their comprehensive service fees no later than one day prior to the applicable payroll date. In addition, we generally maintain the right to terminate the CSA and associated worksite employees or to require prepayment, letters of credit or other collateral if a client’s financial position deteriorates or if the client does not pay the comprehensive service fee. As a result of these efforts, losses related to client nonpayment have historically been low as a
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percentage of revenues. However, if our clients’ financial conditions were to deteriorate rapidly, resulting in nonpayment, our accounts receivable balances could grow and we could be required to provide for additional allowances, which would decrease net income in the period that such determination was made.

• | Property and equipment – Our property and equipment relate primarily to our facilities and related improvements, furniture and fixtures, computer hardware and software and capitalized software development costs. These costs are depreciated or amortized over the estimated useful lives of the assets. If we determine that the useful lives of these assets will be shorter than we currently estimate, our depreciation and amortization expense could be accelerated, which would decrease net income in the periods of such a determination. In addition, we periodically evaluate these costs for impairment. If events or circumstances were to indicate that any of our long-lived assets might be impaired, we would assess recoverability based on the estimated undiscounted future cash flows to be generated from the applicable asset. In addition, we may record an impairment loss, which would reduce net income, to the extent that the carrying value of the asset exceeded the fair value of the asset. Fair value is generally determined using an estimate of discounted future net cash flows from operating activities or upon disposal of the asset. Please read Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, “Accounting Policies,” for additional information.

• | Goodwill and other intangibles – Goodwill is tested for impairment on an annual basis and between annual tests in certain circumstances, and is written down when impaired. Purchased intangible assets other than goodwill are amortized over their useful lives unless these lives are determined to be indefinite. Our purchased intangible assets are carried at cost less accumulated amortization. Amortization is computed over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, which ranges from three to 10 years. Please read Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets,” for additional information.

New Accounting Pronouncements
We believe that we have implemented the accounting pronouncements with a material impact on our financial statements and do not believe there are any new or pending pronouncements that will materially impact our financial position or results of operations.
In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). ASU No. 2014-09 outlines a single comprehensive revenue recognition model for revenue arising from contracts with customers and supersedes most current revenue recognition guidance, including industry-specific guidance. Under ASU No. 2014-09, an entity recognizes revenue for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration for which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. ASU No. 2014-09 is effective for annual reporting periods ending after December 15, 2017, and early adoption is not permitted. Companies may use either a full retrospective or a modified retrospective approach to adopt ASU No. 2014-09. While we are currently evaluating the guidance and have not yet determined the impact this standard may have on our Consolidated Financial Statements, we expect to apply the modified retrospective method upon adoption.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases. The new standard requires recognition of lease assets and lease liabilities for leases previously classified as operating leases. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. We are currently reviewing the guidance and assessing the impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting. The ASU includes multiple provisions intended to simplify various aspects of the accounting for share-based compensation payments, including (i) permitting the election of estimated or actual forfeitures for share grants, (ii) allowing excess tax benefits for share-based payments to be recorded as a reduction of income taxes reflected in operating cash flows in place of excess tax benefits currently recorded in equity and as financing activity in the cash flow statement, and (iii) providing for statutory withholding requirements. This guidance is effective for annual and interim reporting periods for public entities beginning after December 15, 2016; however, it can be elected early in any interim or annual period. We elected to prospectively adopt this pronouncement for calendar year 2016, resulting in the recognition of an income tax benefit of $1.5 million, or $0.07 per diluted share in 2016 related to excess tax benefits from the vesting of restricted stock awards and exercise of non-qualified stock options. Prior to the adoption of this pronouncement excess tax benefits were required to be reported as an increase in additional paid in capital. Prior periods have not been adjusted.
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Results of Operations
Year Ended December 31, 2016 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2015.
The following table presents certain information related to our results of operations:

|  | Year ended December 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | % Change
|  | (in thousands, except per share and statistical data)
Revenues (gross billings of $17.933 billion and $15.806 billion, less worksite employee payroll cost of $14.992 billion and $13.202 billion, respectively) |  | $ | 2,941,347 |  |  | $ | 2,603,614 |  |  | 13.0 | %
Gross profit |  | 491,610 |  |  | 437,867 |  |  | 12.3 | %
Operating expenses |  | 385,304 |  |  | 372,168 |  | (1) | 3.5 | %
Operating income |  | 106,306 |  |  | 65,699 |  |  | 61.8 | %
Other expense |  | (1,129 | ) |  | (80 | ) |  | — |
Net income |  | 65,991 |  |  | 39,390 |  |  | 67.5 | %
Diluted net income per share of common stock |  | 3.09 |  |  | 1.58 |  |  | 95.6 | %
Adjusted net income(2) |  | 76,718 |  |  | 54,519 |  |  | 40.7 | %
Adjusted diluted net income per share of common stock(2) |  | 3.59 |  |  | 2.19 |  |  | 63.9 | %
Adjusted EBITDA(2) |  | 141,183 |  |  | 110,014 |  |  | 28.3 | %
Statistical Data: |  |  |  |  |  |
Average number of worksite employees paid per month |  | 165,850 |  |  | 145,830 |  |  | 13.7 | %
Revenues per worksite employee per month(3) |  | $ | 1,478 |  |  | $ | 1,488 |  |  | (0.7 | )%
Gross profit per worksite employee per month |  | 247 |  |  | 250 |  |  | (1.2 | )%
Operating expenses per worksite employee per month |  | 194 |  |  | 212 |  |  | (8.5 | )%
Operating income per worksite employee per month |  | 53 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 39.5 | %
Net income per worksite employee per month |  | 33 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 43.5 | %
Adjusted EBITDA per worksite employee per month(2) |  | 71 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 12.7 | %

____________________________________

(1) | Includes non-cash impairment and other charges in the first and second quarters of 2015 of $9.8 million and $1.3 million, respectively, offset by a reduction of $0.6 million in the fourth quarter of 2015. Please read Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, “Impairment Charges and Other,” for additional information.

(2) | Please read Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measures to their most directly comparable financial measures calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP.

(3) | Gross billings of $9,011 and $9,032 per worksite employee per month, less payroll cost of $7,533 and $7,544 per worksite employee per month, respectively.

Revenues
Our revenues, which represent gross billings net of worksite employee payroll cost, increased 13.0% in 2016 compared to 2015, but decreased 0.7%, or $10 on a per worksite employee per month basis compared to 2015. The revenue increase was primarily due to an 13.7% increase in the average number of worksite employees paid per month.
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We provide our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions to small and medium-sized businesses in strategically selected markets throughout the United States. By region, our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions revenue change from 2015 and distribution for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 were as follows:

|  | Year ended December 31, |  | Year ended December 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | % Change |  | 2016 |  | 2015
|  | (in thousands) |  | (% of total revenue)
Northeast |  | $ | 750,748 |  |  | $ | 661,891 |  |  | 13.4 | % |  | 26.0 | % |  | 25.9 | %
Southeast |  | 318,185 |  |  | 262,128 |  |  | 21.4 | % |  | 11.0 | % |  | 10.3 | %
Central |  | 467,297 |  |  | 394,649 |  |  | 18.4 | % |  | 16.2 | % |  | 15.4 | %
Southwest |  | 689,334 |  |  | 650,350 |  |  | 6.0 | % |  | 23.9 | % |  | 25.5 | %
West |  | 664,308 |  |  | 586,252 |  |  | 13.3 | % |  | 22.9 | % |  | 22.9 | %
|  | 2,889,872 |  |  | 2,555,270 |  |  | 13.1 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %
Other revenue(1) |  | 51,475 |  |  | 48,344 |  |  | 6.5 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Total revenue |  | $ | 2,941,347 |  |  | $ | 2,603,614 |  |  | 13.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  |

____________________________________
(1) Comprised primarily of revenues generated by our other products and services offerings
The percentage of total PEO HR Outsourcing solutions revenues in our significant markets include the following:

|  | Year ended December 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015
Texas |  | 22.1 | % |  | 23.7 | %
California |  | 18.2 | % |  | 18.3 | %
New York |  | 9.4 | % |  | 9.5 | %
Other |  | 50.3 | % |  | 48.5 | %
Total |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %

Our growth in the number of worksite employees paid is affected by three primary sources: new client sales, client retention and the net change in existing clients through worksite employee new hires and layoffs. During 2016, new client sales and client retention improved over 2015, while the net change in existing clients declined compared with 2015. As a result, our year-over-year growth in average worksite employees paid per month in 2016 was 13.7% compared to 11.6% in 2015.
Gross Profit
Gross profit was $491.6 million in 2016, a 12.3% increase over 2015. The average gross profit per worksite employee per month was $247 in 2016 and $250 in 2015. Included in gross profit in 2016 is a $16 per worksite employee per month contribution from our other products and services offerings compared to $17 per worksite employee per month in the 2015 period.
Our pricing objectives attempt to achieve a level of revenue per worksite employee to match or exceed changes in primary direct costs and operating expenses. Our revenues per worksite employee per month decreased 0.7% to $1,478 in 2016 versus 2015 and our direct costs, which primarily include payroll taxes, benefits and workers’ compensation expenses, decreased 0.6% to $1,231 per worksite employee per month. The primary direct cost components changed as follows:

• | Benefits costs – The cost of group health insurance and related employee benefits increased $2 per worksite employee per month, or 2.0%, on a per covered employee basis compared to 2015. Included in 2016 benefits costs is a charge of $5.1 million, or $3 per worksite employee per month, for changes in estimated claims run-off related to prior periods. The percentage of worksite employees covered under our health insurance plan was 69.2% in 2016 and 70.4% in 2015. Please read “—Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates – Benefits Costs” for a discussion of our accounting for health insurance costs.

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• | Workers’ compensation costs – Workers’ compensation costs increased 0.6%, but decreased $5 on a per worksite employee per month basis, compared to 2015. As a percentage of non-bonus payroll cost, workers’ compensation costs decreased to 0.59% in 2016 from 0.68% in 2015. During 2016, as a result of closing out claims at lower than expected costs, we recorded reductions in workers’ compensation costs of $10.9 million, or 0.08% of non-bonus payroll costs, for changes in estimated losses related to prior reporting periods, compared to $1.3 million, or 0.01% of non-bonus payroll costs, in 2015. The 2016 period costs include the impact of a 1.1% discount rate used to accrue workers’ compensation loss claims, compared to a 1.0% discount rate used in the 2015 period. Please read “—Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates – Workers’ Compensation Costs” for a discussion of our accounting for workers’ compensation costs.

• | Payroll tax costs – Payroll taxes increased 13.4%, but decreased $2 on a per worksite employee per month basis, compared to 2015, due primarily to a 13.5% increase in total payroll cost in 2016. Payroll taxes as a percentage of payroll cost decreased to 6.84% in 2016 compared to 6.85% in 2015.

Operating Expenses
The following table presents certain information related to our operating expenses:

|  | Year ended December 31, |  | Year ended December 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | % Change |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | % Change
|  | (in thousands) |  | (per worksite employee per month)
Salaries, wages and payroll taxes |  | $ | 229,589 |  |  | $ | 211,060 |  |  | 8.8 | % |  | $ | 115 |  |  | $ | 120 |  |  | (4.2 | )%
Stock-based compensation |  | 16,643 |  |  | 13,345 |  |  | 24.7 | % |  | 8 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |
Commissions |  | 19,288 |  |  | 18,479 |  |  | 4.4 | % |  | 10 |  |  | 11 |  |  | (9.1 | )%
Advertising |  | 16,447 |  |  | 15,980 |  |  | 2.9 | % |  | 8 |  |  | 9 |  |  | (11.1 | )%
General and administrative expenses |  | 86,693 |  |  | 84,259 |  |  | 2.9 | % |  | 44 |  |  | 47 |  |  | (6.4 | )%
Impairment charges and other |  | — |  |  | 10,480 |  |  | (100.0 | )% |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | (100.0 | )%
Depreciation and amortization |  | 16,644 |  |  | 18,565 |  |  | (10.3 | )% |  | 9 |  |  | 11 |  |  | (18.2 | )%
Total operating expenses |  | $ | 385,304 |  |  | $ | 372,168 |  |  | 3.5 | % |  | $ | 194 |  |  | $ | 212 |  |  | (8.5 | )%

Operating expenses were $385.3 million in 2016, a 3.5% increase over 2015. We recorded a $10.5 million impairment and other charges in 2015. Please read Note 1 “Accounting Policies,” Note 6 “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets,” and Note 7 “Impairment Charges and Other,” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Operating expenses per worksite employee per month decreased to $194 in 2016 from $212 in 2015. The components of operating expenses changed as follows:

• | Salaries, wages and payroll taxes of corporate and sales staff increased 8.8%, but decreased $5 on a per worksite employee per month basis, compared to 2015. The increase was primarily due to a 5.8% rise in headcount, including a 9.9% increase in BPAs in 2016.

• | Stock-based compensation increased 24.7%, but remained flat on a per worksite employee per month basis, compared to 2015. This increase was primarily due to awards issued under our Long-Term Incentive Program established in 2015. Stock-based compensation expense represents amortization of restricted stock and long-term incentive awards granted to employees and the annual stock grant made to non-employee directors. Please read Note 1 “Accounting Policies” and Note 11 “Incentive Plans,” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

• | Commissions expense increased 4.4%, but decreased $1 on a per worksite employee per month basis, compared to 2015, primarily due to commissions associated with our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions.

• | Advertising costs increased 2.9%, but decreased $1 on a per worksite employee per month basis, compared to 2015, primarily due to increased spending on Internet advertising.

• | General and administrative expenses, which includes $0.3 million and $1.5 million in stockholder advisory expenses in 2016 and 2015, respectively, increased 2.9%, but decreased $3 on a per worksite employee per month basis, compared to 2015.

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• | Depreciation and amortization expense decreased 10.3%, or $2 per worksite employee per month, compared to 2015, primarily due to certain acquired assets becoming fully depreciated in 2015 and the sale of our two aircraft in 2015, which eliminated the depreciation on those assets. Please reach Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, “Impairment Charges and Other,” for additional information.

Other Income (Expense)
Other expense, net was $1.1 million in 2016 compared to $0.1 million in 2015. The increase was primarily due to interest expense incurred on borrowings under our credit facility. Please read Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, “Long-Term Debt,” for additional information.
Income Tax Expense
During 2016 we incurred federal and state income tax expense of $39.2 million on pre-tax income of $105.2 million. Our provision for income taxes differed from the U.S. statutory rate of 35% primarily due to state income taxes and non-deductible expenses. In addition, during 2016, as a result of our adoption of Accounting Standard Update No. 2016-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share Based Payment Accounting, we recognized income tax benefits of $1.5 million related to the vesting of restricted stock awards and exercise of non-qualified stock options. Please read Note 1 “Accounting Policies” and Note 9 “Income Taxes” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Our effective income tax rate was 37.3% in 2016 compared to 40.0% in 2015.
Net Income
Net income for 2016 was $66.0 million, or $3.09 per diluted share, compared to $39.4 million, or $1.58 per diluted share in 2015. On a per worksite employee per month basis, net income was $33 in 2016 compared to $23 in 2015. Please read Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, “Net Income Per Share,” for additional information.
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Year Ended December 31, 2015 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2014.
The following table presents certain information related to our results of operations:

|  | Year ended December 31,
|  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | % Change
|  | (in thousands, except per share and statistical data)
Revenues (gross billings of $15.806 billion and $14.187 billion, less worksite employee payroll cost of $13.202 billion and $11.829 billion, respectively) |  | $ | 2,603,614 |  |  | $ | 2,357,788 |  |  | 10.4 | %
Gross profit |  | 437,867 |  |  | 403,805 |  |  | 8.4 | %
Operating expenses |  | 372,168 |  | (1) | 356,331 |  | (2) | 4.4 | %
Operating income |  | 65,699 |  |  | 47,474 |  |  | 38.4 | %
Other income (expense) |  | (80 | ) |  | 153 |  |  | (152.3 | )%
Net income |  | 39,390 |  |  | 28,004 |  |  | 40.7 | %
Diluted net income per share of common stock |  | 1.58 |  |  | 1.05 |  | (3) | 50.5 | %
Adjusted net income(4) |  | 54,519 |  |  | 36,734 |  |  | 48.4 | %
Adjusted diluted net income per share of common stock(4) |  | 2.19 |  |  | 1.43 |  |  | 53.1 | %
Adjusted EBITDA(4) |  | 110,014 |  |  | 84,124 |  |  | 30.8 | %
Statistical Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average number of worksite employees paid per month |  | 145,830 |  |  | 130,718 |  |  | 11.6 | %
Revenues per worksite employee per month(5) |  | $ | 1,488 |  |  | $ | 1,503 |  |  | (1.0 | )%
Gross profit per worksite employee per month |  | 250 |  |  | 257 |  |  | (2.7 | )%
Operating expenses per worksite employee per month |  | 212 |  |  | 227 |  |  | (6.6 | )%
Operating income per worksite employee per month |  | 38 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 26.7 | %
Net income per worksite employee per month |  | 23 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 27.8 | %
Adjusted EBITDA per worksite employee per month(4) |  | 63 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 16.7 | %

____________________________________

(1) | Includes non-cash impairment and other charges in the first and second quarters of 2015 of $9.8 million and $1.3 million, respectively, offset by a reduction of $0.6 million in the fourth quarter of 2015. Please read Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, “Impairment Charges and Other,” for additional information.

(2) | Includes a non-cash impairment charge in the second quarter of 2014 of $2.5 million. Please read Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets,” for additional information. Also includes a non-cash charge in the fourth quarter of 2014 of $1.2 million. Please read Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, “Accounting Policies,” for additional information.

(3) | Includes the impact of dividends exceeding earnings under the two-class method, resulting in a $0.05 earnings per share decrease in 2014. Please read Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, “Net Income Per Share,” for additional information.

(4) | Please read Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measures to their most directly comparable financial measures calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP.

(5) | Gross billings of $9,032 and $9,044 per worksite employee per month, less payroll cost of $7,544 and $7,541 per worksite employee per month, respectively.

Revenues
Our revenues, which represent gross billings net of worksite employee payroll cost, increased 10.4% in 2015 compared to 2014, but decreased 1.0%, or $15 on a per worksite employee per month basis compared to 2014. The revenue increase was primarily due to an 11.6% increase in the average number of worksite employees paid per month, while the 1.0% decrease in revenues per worksite employee per month was primarily due to decreases in the benefits and service fee pricing.
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We provide our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions to small and medium-sized businesses in strategically selected markets throughout the United States. By region, our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions revenue change from 2014 and distribution for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 were as follows:

|  | Year ended December 31, |  | Year ended December 31,
|  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | % Change |  | 2015 |  | 2014
|  | (in thousands) |  | (% of total revenue)
Northeast |  | $ | 661,891 |  |  | $ | 601,526 |  |  | 10.0 | % |  | 25.9 | % |  | 26.0 | %
Southeast |  | 262,128 |  |  | 225,709 |  |  | 16.1 | % |  | 10.3 | % |  | 9.7 | %
Central |  | 394,649 |  |  | 334,669 |  |  | 17.9 | % |  | 15.4 | % |  | 14.5 | %
Southwest |  | 650,350 |  |  | 632,356 |  |  | 2.8 | % |  | 25.5 | % |  | 27.3 | %
West |  | 586,252 |  |  | 521,139 |  |  | 12.5 | % |  | 22.9 | % |  | 22.5 | %
|  | 2,555,270 |  |  | 2,315,399 |  |  | 10.4 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %
Other revenue(1) |  | 48,344 |  |  | 42,389 |  |  | 14.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Total revenue |  | $ | 2,603,614 |  |  | $ | 2,357,788 |  |  | 10.4 | % |  |  |  |  |  |

____________________________________
(1) Comprised primarily of revenues generated by our other products and services offerings
The percentage of total PEO HR Outsourcing solutions revenues in our significant markets include the following:

|  | Year ended December 31,
|  | 2015 |  | 2014
Texas |  | 23.7 | % |  | 25.3 | %
California |  | 18.3 | % |  | 17.8 | %
New York |  | 9.5 | % |  | 9.7 | %
Other |  | 48.5 | % |  | 47.2 | %
Total |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %

Our growth in the number of worksite employees paid is affected by three primary sources: new client sales, client retention and the net change in existing clients through worksite employee new hires and layoffs. During 2015, new client sales and client retention improved, while the net change in existing clients remained consistent with 2014. As a result, our year-over-year growth in average worksite employees paid per month in 2015 was 11.6% compared to 2.5% in 2014.
Gross Profit
Gross profit was $437.9 million in 2015, an 8.4% increase over 2014. The average gross profit per worksite employee per month was $250 in 2015 and $257 in 2014. Included in gross profit in both the 2015 and 2014 periods is a $17 per worksite employee per month contribution from our other products and services offerings.
Our pricing objectives attempt to achieve a level of revenue per worksite employee to match or exceed changes in primary direct costs and operating expenses. Our revenues per worksite employee per month decreased 1.0% to $1,488 in 2015 versus 2014 and our direct costs, which primarily include payroll taxes, benefits and workers’ compensation expenses, decreased 0.6% to $1,238 per worksite employee per month. The primary direct cost components changed as follows:

• | Benefits costs – The cost of group health insurance and related employee benefits decreased $3 per worksite employee per month, but increased 1.4%, on a per covered employee basis compared to 2014. The percentage of worksite employees covered under our health insurance plan was 70.4% in 2015 and 71.7% in 2014. Please read “—Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates – Benefits Costs” for a discussion of our accounting for health insurance costs.

• | Workers’ compensation costs – Workers’ compensation costs increased 14.7%, or $1 per worksite employee per month, compared to 2014, due primarily to an 11.6% increase in the average number of worksite employees paid per month. As a

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percentage of non-bonus payroll cost, workers’ compensation costs increased to 0.68% in 2015 from 0.67% in 2014. During 2015, we recorded reductions in workers’ compensation costs of $1.3 million, or 0.01% of non-bonus payroll costs, for changes in estimated losses related to prior reporting periods, compared to $2.9 million, or 0.03% of non-bonus payroll costs in 2014. The 2015 and 2014 period costs include the impact of a 1.0% discount rate used to accrue workers’ compensation loss claims. Please read “—Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates – Workers’ Compensation Costs” for a discussion of our accounting for workers’ compensation costs.

• | Payroll tax costs – Payroll taxes increased 10.3%, but decreased $6 on a per worksite employee per month basis, compared to 2014, due primarily to an 11.6% increase in total payroll cost in 2015, offset in part by lower state unemployment tax rates. Payroll taxes as a percentage of payroll cost decreased to 6.85% in 2015 compared to 6.93% in 2014.

Operating Expenses
The following table presents certain information related to our operating expenses:

|  | Year ended December 31, |  | Year ended December 31,
|  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | % Change |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | % Change
|  | (in thousands) |  | (per worksite employee per month)
Salaries, wages and payroll taxes |  | $ | 211,060 |  |  | $ | 200,118 |  |  | 5.5 | % |  | $ | 120 |  |  | $ | 127 |  |  | (5.5 | )%
Stock-based compensation |  | 13,345 |  |  | 11,053 |  |  | 20.7 | % |  | 8 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 14.3 | %
Commissions |  | 18,479 |  |  | 15,285 |  |  | 20.9 | % |  | 11 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 10.0 | %
Advertising |  | 15,980 |  |  | 20,084 |  |  | (20.4 | )% |  | 9 |  |  | 13 |  |  | (30.8 | )%
General and administrative expenses |  | 84,259 |  |  | 84,717 |  |  | (0.5 | )% |  | 47 |  |  | 54 |  |  | (13.0 | )%
Impairment charges and other |  | 10,480 |  |  | 3,687 |  |  | 184.2 | % |  | 6 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 200.0 | %
Depreciation and amortization |  | 18,565 |  |  | 21,387 |  |  | (13.2 | )% |  | 11 |  |  | 14 |  |  | (21.4 | )%
Total operating expenses |  | $ | 372,168 |  |  | $ | 356,331 |  |  | 4.4 | % |  | $ | 212 |  |  | $ | 227 |  |  | (6.6 | )%

Operating expenses were $372.2 million in 2015, a 4.4% increase over 2014. We recorded $10.5 million of impairment and other charges in 2015 and a $3.7 million impairment charge in 2014. Please read Note 1 “Accounting Policies,” Note 6 “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets” and Note 7 “Impairment Charges and Other,” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Operating expenses per worksite employee per month decreased to $212 in 2015 from $227 in 2014. The components of operating expenses changed as follows:

• | Salaries, wages and payroll taxes of corporate and sales staff increased 5.5%, but decreased $7 on a per worksite employee per month basis, compared to 2014. The increase was primarily due to a 2.7% rise in headcount, including an 11.8% increase in BPAs, and increased incentive compensation, primarily attributable to a higher level of achievement on our 2015 annual incentive goals as compared to 2014.

• | Stock-based compensation increased 20.7%, or $1 per worksite employee per month, compared to 2014. This increase was primarily due to awards issued under our Long-Term Incentive Program established in 2015. Stock-based compensation expense represents amortization of restricted stock and long-term incentive awards granted to employees and the annual stock grant made to non-employee directors. Please read Note 1 “Accounting Policies” and Note 11 “Incentive Plans,” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

• | Commissions expense increased 20.9%, or $1 per worksite employee per month, compared to 2014, primarily due to commissions associated with our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions.

• | Advertising costs decreased 20.4%, or $4 per worksite employee per month, compared to 2014, primarily due to decreased spending on radio and television advertising and sponsorships.

• | General and administrative expenses were flat, but decreased $7 per worksite employee per month, compared to 2014.

• | Depreciation and amortization expense decreased 13.2%, or $3 per worksite employee per month, compared to 2014, primarily due to the July 2015 sale of our aircraft, which eliminated the depreciation on those assets. Please read Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, “Impairment Charges and Other,” for additional information.

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Income Tax Expense
During 2015 we incurred federal and state income tax expense of $26.2 million on pre-tax income of $65.6 million. Our provision for income taxes differed from the U.S. statutory rate of 35% primarily due to state income taxes and non-deductible expenses. Our effective income tax rate was 40.0% in 2015 compared to 41.2% in 2014.
Net Income
Net income for 2015 was $39.4 million, or $1.58 per diluted share, compared to $28.0 million, or $1.05 per diluted share in 2014. On a per worksite employee per month basis, net income was $23 in 2015 compared to $18 in 2014. Diluted earnings per share in 2014 includes a $0.05 earnings per share decrease related to the accounting treatment under the two-class method of dividends exceeding net income. Please read Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, “Net Income Per Share,” for additional information.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Non-GAAP financial measures are not prepared in accordance with GAAP and may be different from non-GAAP financial measures used by other companies. Non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered as a substitute for, or superior to, measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. Investors are encouraged to review the reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measures used to their most directly comparable GAAP financial measures as provided in the tables below.
Non-bonus payroll cost is a non-GAAP financial measure that excludes the impact of bonus payrolls paid to our worksite employees. Bonus payroll cost varies from period to period, but has no direct impact to our ultimate workers’ compensation costs under the current program. As a result, our management refers to non-bonus payroll cost in analyzing, reporting and forecasting our workers’ compensation costs. We include these non-GAAP financial measures because we believe they are useful to investors in allowing for greater transparency related to the costs incurred under our current workers’ compensation program.
Following is a GAAP to non-GAAP reconciliation of non-bonus payroll costs:

|  | Year ended December 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
|  | (in thousands, except per worksite employee per month data)
Payroll cost (GAAP) |  | $ | 14,991,510 |  |  | $ | 13,202,564 |  |  | $ | 11,829,133 |
Less: bonus payroll cost |  | 1,648,936 |  |  | 1,611,857 |  |  | 1,509,010 |
Non-bonus payroll cost |  | $ | 13,342,574 |  |  | $ | 11,590,707 |  |  | $ | 10,320,123 |
Payroll cost per worksite employee (GAAP) |  | $ | 7,533 |  |  | $ | 7,544 |  |  | $ | 7,541 |
Less: Bonus payroll cost per worksite employee |  | 829 |  |  | 921 |  |  | 962 |
Non-bonus payroll cost per worksite employee |  | $ | 6,704 |  |  | $ | 6,623 |  |  | $ | 6,579 |

EBITDA represents net income computed in accordance with GAAP, plus interest expense, income tax expense and depreciation and amortization expense. Adjusted EBITDA represents EBITDA plus non-cash impairments, stockholder advisory expenses and stock-based compensation. We believe EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA are often useful measures of our operating performance, as they allow for additional analysis of our operating results separate from the impact of these items.
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Following is a GAAP to non-GAAP reconciliation of EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA:

|  | Year-ended December 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | 2012
|  | (in thousands, except worksite employee per month data)
Net income (GAAP) |  | $ | 65,991 |  |  | $ | 39,390 |  |  | $ | 28,004 |  |  | $ | 32,032 |  |  | $ | 40,402 |
Income tax expense |  | 39,186 |  |  | 26,229 |  |  | 19,623 |  |  | 21,700 |  |  | 27,888 |
Interest expense |  | 2,396 |  |  | 459 |  |  | 370 |  |  | 383 |  |  | 354 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 16,644 |  |  | 18,565 |  |  | 21,387 |  |  | 21,064 |  |  | 18,250 |
EBITDA |  | 124,217 |  |  | 84,643 |  |  | 69,384 |  |  | 75,179 |  |  | 86,894 |
Impairment charges and other |  | — |  |  | 10,480 |  |  | 3,687 |  |  | 6,021 |  |  | 4,191 |
Stock-based compensation |  | 16,643 |  |  | 13,345 |  |  | 11,053 |  |  | 11,103 |  |  | 9,814 |
Stockholder advisory expenses |  | 323 |  |  | 1,546 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP) |  | $ | 141,183 |  |  | $ | 110,014 |  |  | $ | 84,124 |  |  | $ | 92,303 |  |  | $ | 100,899 |
Net income per worksite employee per month (GAAP) |  | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 27 |
Income tax expense per worksite employee per month |  | 20 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 18 |
Interest expense per worksite employee per month |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Depreciation and amortization per worksite employee per month |  | 9 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 12 |
EBITDA per worksite employee per month |  | 62 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 57 |
Impairment charges and other per worksite employee per month |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 3 |
Stock-based compensation per worksite employee per month |  | 8 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 7 |
Stockholder advisory expenses per worksite employee per month |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Adjusted EBITDA per worksite employee per month (non-GAAP) |  | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | 63 |  |  | $ | 54 |  |  | $ | 60 |  |  | $ | 67 |

Adjusted cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities excludes funds associated with federal and state income tax withholdings, employment taxes and other payroll deductions, as well as client prepayments. We believe adjusted cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities is a useful measure of our available funds.
Following is a GAAP to non-GAAP reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities:

|  | December 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015
|  | (in thousands)
Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities (GAAP) |  | $ | 287,885 |  |  | $ | 279,413 |
Less: Amounts payable for withheld federal and state income taxes, employment taxes and other payroll deductions |  | 221,710 |  |  | 185,719 |
Client prepayments |  | 21,256 |  |  | 17,037 |
Adjusted cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities (non-GAAP) |  | $ | 44,919 |  |  | $ | 76,657 |

Adjusted operating expenses represent operating expenses excluding the impact of stockholder advisory expenses in 2016 and impairment and other charges related to the sale of two aircraft and stockholder advisory expenses in 2015 and an impairment charge associated with our Employment Screening reporting unit in 2014. We believe adjusted operating expenses is a useful measure of our operating costs, as it allows for additional analysis of our operating expenses separate from the impact of these items.
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Following is a GAAP to non-GAAP reconciliation of operating expenses and adjusted operating expenses:

|  | Year-ended December 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
|  | (in thousands, except worksite employee per month data)
Operating expenses (GAAP) |  | $ | 385,304 |  |  | $ | 372,168 |  |  | $ | 356,331 |
Less: Impairment charges and other |  | — |  |  | 10,480 |  |  | 3,687 |
Stockholder advisory expenses |  | 323 |  |  | 1,546 |  |  | — |
Adjusted operating expenses (non-GAAP) |  | $ | 384,981 |  |  | $ | 360,142 |  |  | $ | 352,644 |
Operating expenses per worksite employee per month (GAAP) |  | $ | 194 |  |  | $ | 212 |  |  | $ | 227 |
Less: Impairment charges and other per worksite employee per month |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | 2 |
Stockholder advisory expenses per worksite employee per month |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Adjusted operating expenses per worksite employee per month (non-GAAP) |  | $ | 193 |  |  | $ | 206 |  |  | $ | 225 |

Adjusted net income and adjusted diluted net income per share of common stock represent net income and diluted net income per share computed in accordance with GAAP, excluding the impact of: (i) impairment and other charges of $10.5 million related to the sale of two aircraft in 2015; (ii) a $2.5 million impairment charge associated with the Employment Screening reporting unit in 2014; (iii) a $1.2 million non-cash charge related to a revision to our office consolidation plans in 2014; (iv) a $3.3 million impairment charge associated with the Expense Management reporting unit in 2013; (v) a $2.7 million impairment charge related to The Receivables Exchange in 2013; (vi) a $2.0 million tax credit relating to tax years 2009 - 2012 and recorded in 2013; (vii) a $4.2 million impairment charge associated with the Performance Management reporting unit in 2012; (viii) stock-based compensation expenses of $16.6 million in 2016, $13.3 million in 2015, $11.1 million in 2014, $11.1 million in 2013 and $9.8 million in 2012; and (ix) stockholder advisory expenses of $0.3 million in 2016 and $1.5 million in 2015. Under the two-class earnings per share method, the undistributed losses resulting from dividends exceeding net income in 2014 and 2012 are not allocated to participating securities. Our management believes adjusted net income and adjusted diluted net income per share of common stock are useful measures of our operating performance, as they allow for additional analysis of our operating results separate from the impact of these items.
Following is a GAAP to non-GAAP reconciliation of adjusted net income:

|  | Year-ended December 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | 2012
|  | (in thousands)
Net income (GAAP) |  | $ | 65,991 |  |  | $ | 39,390 |  |  | $ | 28,004 |  |  | $ | 32,032 |  |  | $ | 40,402 |
Impairment charges and other |  | — |  |  | 10,480 |  |  | 3,687 |  |  | 6,021 |  |  | 4,191 |
Stock-based compensation |  | 16,643 |  |  | 13,345 |  |  | 11,053 |  |  | 11,103 |  |  | 9,814 |
Stockholder advisory expenses |  | 323 |  |  | 1,546 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Tax credit |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,982 | ) |  | — |
Total non-GAAP adjustment |  | 16,966 |  |  | 25,371 |  |  | 14,740 |  |  | 15,142 |  |  | 14,005 |
Tax effect on non-GAAP adjustments |  | (6,239 | ) |  | (10,242 | ) |  | (6,010 | ) |  | (4,885 | ) |  | (5,739 | )
Adjusted net income (non-GAAP) |  | $ | 76,718 |  |  | $ | 54,519 |  |  | $ | 36,734 |  |  | $ | 42,289 |  |  | $ | 48,668 |

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Following is a GAAP to non-GAAP reconciliation of adjusted diluted net income per share of common stock:

|  | Year-ended December 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | 2012
|  | (amounts per share)
Diluted net income per share of common stock (GAAP) |  | $ | 3.09 |  |  | $ | 1.58 |  |  | $ | 1.05 |  |  | $ | 1.25 |  |  | $ | 1.56 |
Impairment charges and other |  | — |  |  | 0.42 |  |  | 0.14 |  |  | 0.24 |  |  | 0.16 |
Stock-based compensation |  | 0.78 |  |  | 0.54 |  |  | 0.42 |  |  | 0.43 |  |  | 0.38 |
Stockholder advisory expenses |  | 0.02 |  |  | 0.06 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Impact of dividends exceeding earnings |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.05 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.01 |
Tax credit |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.08 | ) |  | — |
Total non-GAAP adjustments |  | 0.80 |  |  | 1.02 |  |  | 0.61 |  |  | 0.59 |  |  | 0.55 |
Tax effect on non-GAAP adjustments |  | (0.30 | ) |  | (0.41 | ) |  | (0.23 | ) |  | (0.19 | ) |  | (0.22 | )
Adjusted diluted net income per share of common stock (non-GAAP) |  | $ | 3.59 |  |  | $ | 2.19 |  |  | $ | 1.43 |  |  | $ | 1.65 |  |  | $ | 1.89 |

Liquidity and Capital Resources
We periodically evaluate our liquidity requirements, capital needs and availability of resources in view of, among other things, our expansion plans, potential acquisitions, debt service requirements and other operating cash needs. To meet short-term liquidity requirements, which are primarily the payment of direct costs and operating expenses, we rely primarily on cash from operations. Longer-term projects or significant acquisitions may be financed with debt or equity. We have in the past sought, and may in the future seek, to raise additional capital or take other steps to increase or manage our liquidity and capital resources. We had $287.9 million in cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities at December 31, 2016, of which approximately $221.7 million was payable in early January 2017 for withheld federal and state income taxes, employment taxes and other payroll deductions, and $21.3 million were client prepayments that were payable in January 2017. At December 31, 2016, we had working capital of $39.4 million compared to $54.3 million at December 31, 2015. The reduction in working capital reflects, in part, cash flow from operations, offset by share repurchases, dividends and capital expenditures. We currently believe that our cash on hand, marketable securities, cash flows from operations and availability under our credit facility will be adequate to meet our liquidity requirements for 2017. We intend to rely on these same sources, as well as public and private debt or equity financing, to meet our longer-term liquidity and capital needs.
We have a credit facility with a syndicate of financial institutions. In January 2016, we borrowed $104.4 million under the credit facility, which we used to fund a portion of the purchase price for our modified Dutch auction tender offer. In March 2016, the credit facility was increased from $125 million to $200 million. The credit facility, which may be increased to $250 million based on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the agreement related to the facility, is available for working capital and general corporate purposes, including acquisitions. At December 31, 2016, we had outstanding letters of credit and borrowings totaling $105.4 million under the credit facility. Please read Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, “Long-Term Debt,” for additional information.
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Our net cash flows from operating activities in 2016 were $132.7 million. Our primary source of cash from operations is the comprehensive service fee and payroll funding we collect from our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions clients. Cash and cash equivalents, and thus our reported cash flows from operating activities, are significantly impacted by various external and internal factors, which are reflected in part by the changes in our balance sheet accounts. These include the following:

• | Timing of client payments / payroll levels – We typically collect our comprehensive service fee, along with the client’s payroll funding, from clients at least one day prior to the payment of worksite employee payrolls and associated payroll taxes. Therefore, the last business day of a reporting period has a substantial impact on our reporting of operating cash flows. For example, many worksite employees are paid on Fridays and at month-end; therefore, operating cash flows decrease in the reporting periods that end on a Friday. In the year ended December 31, 2016, the last business day of the reporting period ended on a Friday, client prepayments were $21.3 million and amounts payable for withheld federal and state income taxes, employment taxes and other payroll deductions was $221.7 million. In the period ended December 31, 2015, which ended on a Thursday, client prepayments were $17.0 million and amounts payable for withheld federal and state income taxes, employment taxes and other payroll deductions was $185.7 million.

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• | Workers’ compensation plan funding – Under our workers’ compensation insurance arrangements, we make monthly payments to the carriers comprised of premium costs and funds to be set aside for payment of future claims (“claim funds”). These pre-determined amounts are stipulated in our agreements with the carriers and are based primarily on anticipated worksite employee payroll levels and workers’ compensation loss rates during the policy year. Changes in payroll levels from those that were anticipated in the arrangements can result in changes in the amount of the cash payments, which will impact our reporting of operating cash flows. Our claim funds paid, based upon anticipated worksite employee payroll levels and workers’ compensation loss rates, were $52.7 million in 2016 and $54.2 million in 2015. However, our estimates of workers’ compensation loss costs were $62.4 million and $64.5 million in 2016 and 2015, respectively. In 2016 and 2015, we received $12.8 million and $5.3 million, respectively, for the return of excess claim funds related to the workers’ compensation program, which increased working capital.

• | Medical plan funding – Our health care contract with United establishes participant cash funding rates 90 days in advance of the beginning of a reporting quarter. Therefore, changes in the participation level of the United plan have a direct impact on our operating cash flows. In addition, changes to the funding rates, which are determined solely by United based primarily upon recent claim history and anticipated cost trends, also have a significant impact on our operating cash flows. Since inception of the United plan, premiums paid and owed to United have exceeded Plan Costs, resulting in a $15.0 million surplus, which is $6.0 million in excess of our agreed-upon $9.0 million surplus maintenance level. The $6.0 million difference is therefore reflected as a current asset and $9.0 million is reflected as a long-term asset on our Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2016. In addition, the premiums owed to United at December 31, 2016, were $22.6 million, which is included in accrued health insurance costs, a current liability, on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

• | Operating results – Our net income has a significant impact on our operating cash flows. Our net income increased 67.5% to $66.0 million in 2016 from $39.4 million in 2015. Please read “Results of Operations – Year Ended December 31, 2016 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2015.”

Cash Flows Used in Investing Activities
Our net cash flows used in investing activities were $26.0 million during 2016. We invested $34.0 million in capital expenditures, primarily due to property and equipment purchases, offset by net proceeds of $7.9 million from the sale of marketable securities. The increase in property and equipment purchases related to the construction of a new facility located on our corporate campus for the year ended December 31, 2016 was approximately $19.4 million.
Cash Flows Used in Financing Activities
Our net cash flows used in financing activities were $90.2 million during 2016, primarily due to the $144.3 million used to repurchase common stock associated with the modified Dutch auction tender offer, which was funded in part with net borrowings of $104.4 million under our Facility. Please read Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, “Long-Term Debt,” and Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, “Stockholders’ Equity,” for additional information. In addition, we repurchased $31.7 million in stock and paid $20.6 million in dividends.
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Contractual Obligations and Commercial Commitments
The following table summarizes our contractual obligations and commercial commitments as of
December 31, 2016, and the effect they are expected to have on our liquidity and capital resources (in thousands):

Contractual obligations |  | Total |  | 2017 |  | 2018-2019 |  | 2020-2021 |  | Thereafter
Non-cancelable operating leases |  | $ | 54,250 |  |  | $ | 14,888 |  |  | $ | 22,693 |  |  | $ | 11,514 |  |  | $ | 5,155 |
Purchase obligations(1) |  | 29,054 |  |  | 12,630 |  | (2) | 12,675 |  |  | 3,349 |  |  | 400 |
Long-term debt |  | 104,400 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 104,400 |  |  | — |
Other long-term liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrued workers’ compensation claim costs(3) |  | 183,928 |  |  | 42,637 |  |  | 46,414 |  |  | 31,045 |  |  | 63,832 |
Total contractual cash obligations |  | $ | 371,632 |  |  | $ | 70,155 |  |  | $ | 81,782 |  |  | $ | 150,308 |  |  | $ | 69,387 |

____________________________________

(1) | The table includes purchase obligations associated with non-cancelable contracts individually greater than $100,000 and one year.

(2) | Includes $4.9 million related to the construction of a new facility on our corporate campus. For more information, please read Item 2. “Properties.”

(3) | Accrued workers’ compensation claim costs include the short and long-term amounts. For more information, please read, “– Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates – Workers’ Compensation Costs.”

Seasonality, Inflation and Quarterly Fluctuations
Our quarterly earnings are impacted by the seasonal nature of our medical claims costs. Typically, medical claims costs tend to increase throughout the year with the fourth quarter being the period with the highest costs, which has a negative impact on our fourth quarter earnings. This trend is primarily the result of many worksite employees’ medical plan deductibles being fully met by the fourth quarter, which increases our liability with respect to those claims. We have also experienced variability on a quarterly basis in medical claims costs based on the unpredictable nature of large claims. These historical trends may change and other seasonal trends may develop in the future. For further information related to our health insurance costs, please read Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates - Benefits Costs.”
We believe the effects of inflation have not had a significant impact on our results of operations or financial condition.
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.
We are primarily exposed to market risks from fluctuations in interest rates and the effects of those fluctuations on the market values of our cash equivalent short-term investments and our available-for-sale marketable securities. In addition, borrowings under our credit facility bear interest at a variable market rate. As of December 31, 2016, we had outstanding letters of credit and borrowings totaling $105.4 million under the credit facility. Please read Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, “Long-Term Debt,” for additional information. Our cash equivalent short-term investments consist primarily of overnight investments, which are not significantly exposed to interest rate risk, except to the extent that changes in interest rates will ultimately affect the amount of interest income earned on these investments. Our available-for-sale marketable securities are subject to interest rate risk because these securities generally include a fixed interest rate. As a result, the market values of these securities are affected by changes in prevailing interest rates.
We attempt to limit our exposure to interest rate risk primarily through diversification and low investment turnover. Our investment policy is designed to maximize after-tax interest income while preserving our principal investment. As a result, our marketable securities consist of tax-exempt short and intermediate-term debt securities, which are primarily pre-refunded municipal bonds that are secured by escrow funds containing U.S. Government Securities.
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA.
The information required by this Item 8 is contained in a separate section of this Annual Report. See “Index to Consolidated Financial Statements.”
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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE.
None.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
In accordance with Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 and 15a-15, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2016.
Design and Evaluation of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, we included a report of management’s assessment of the design and effectiveness of our internal controls as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016. Ernst & Young LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, also audited our internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report and the independent registered public accounting firm’s audit report are included in our 2016 Consolidated Financial Statements under the captions entitled “Management’s Report on Internal Control” and “Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm,” and are incorporated herein by reference.
There has been no change in our internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the three months ended December 31, 2016, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION.
None.
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PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE.
Some of the information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information set forth under the captions “Election of Directors” and “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” in our definitive Proxy Statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this report (the “Insperity Proxy Statement”).
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics
Our Board adopted our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (the “Code of Ethics”), which meets the requirements of Rule 303A.10 of the New York Stock Exchange Listed Company Manual and Item 406 of Regulation S-K. You can access our Code of Ethics on the Corporate Governance page of our website at insperity.com. Changes in and waivers to the Code of Ethics for our directors, executive officers and certain senior financial officers will be posted on our Internet website within five business days and maintained for at least 12 months.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION.
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information set forth under the captions “Director Compensation” and “Executive Compensation” in the Insperity Proxy Statement.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS.
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information set forth under the caption “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” in the Insperity Proxy Statement.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE.
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information set forth under the caption “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions” in the Insperity Proxy Statement.
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES.
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information set forth under the caption “Ratification and Appointment of Independent Public Accountants – Fees of Ernst & Young LLP” and “—Finance, Risk Management and Audit Committee Pre-Approval Policy for Audit and Non-Audit Services” in the Insperity Proxy Statement.
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PART IV
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES.
(a) 1. Financial Statements of the Company
The Consolidated Financial Statements listed by the Registrant on the accompanying Index to Consolidated Financial Statements are filed as part of this Annual Report.
(a) 2. Financial Statement Schedules
The required information is included in the Consolidated Financial Statements or Notes thereto.
(a) 3. List of Exhibits

| 3.1 | Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 33-96952)).
| 3.2 | Certificate of Ownership and Merger dated March 3, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2011).
| 3.3 | Amended and Restated Bylaws of Insperity, Inc. dated February 17, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 18, 2014).
| 3.4 | Certificate of Designation of Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock setting forth the terms of the Preferred Stock (included as Exhibit A to the Rights Agreement).
| 4.1 | Specimen Common Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 33-96952)).
| 4.2 | Rights Agreement dated as of November 13, 2007 between Insperity, Inc. and Mellon Investor Services, LLC, as Rights Agent (the “Rights Agreement”) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 16, 2007).
| 4.3 | Form of Rights Certificate (included as Exhibit B to the Rights Agreement).
| 10.1† | Insperity, Inc. 2001 Incentive Plan, as amended and restated (incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Registrant’s definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A filed on March 18, 2009 (No. 1-13998)).
| 10.2† | Form of Director Stock Option Agreement (Annual Grant) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2004).
| 10.3† | Form of Restricted Stock Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2004).
| 10.4† | Form of Restricted Stock Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2012).
| 10.5† | Form of Director Stock Option Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2012).
| 10.6† | Form of Director Restricted Stock Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2012).
| 10.7† | Form of Employee Restricted Stock Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 22, 2013).
| 10.8† | Form of New Hire Employee Restricted Stock Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 22, 2013).
| 10.9† | Form of Named Executive Officer Restricted Stock Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 22, 2013).
| 10.10† | Form of Director Restricted Stock Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 22, 2013).
| 10.11† | Form of Employee Award Notice and Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 2, 2015).
| 10.12† | Form of Executive Officer Restricted Stock Award Agreement for awards granted on or after March 29, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 1, 2016).

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| 10.13† | Form of Employee Award Notice and Agreement under LTIP for awards granted on or after March 29, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 1, 2016).
| 10.14† | Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement for awards granted to certain senior personnel on or after March 29, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2016).
| 10.15† | Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement for awards granted to other employees on or after March 29, 3016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2016).
| 10.16† | Directors Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2012).
| 10.17† | Amendment to the Directors Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 22, 2013).
| 10.18† | First Amendment and Appendix A to Directors Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 25, 2015).
| 10.19† | Board of Directors Compensation Arrangements (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated February 7, 2005).
| 10.20 | Insperity, Inc. 2008 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (No. 333-151275)).
| 10.21 | Insperity, Inc. 2012 Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A filed on March 29, 2012 (No. 1-13998)).
| 10.22 | First Amendment to the Insperity, Inc. 2012 Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 22, 2013).
| 10.23 | Second Amendment to Insperity, Inc. 2012 Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 25, 2015).
| 10.24 | Third Amendment to Insperity, Inc. 2012 Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 1, 2016).
| 10.25 | Insperity, Inc. Long-Term Incentive Program (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 2, 2015).
| 10.26(+) | Amendment to Various Agreements between United Healthcare Insurance Company and Insperity Holdings, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2005).
| 10.27(+) | Amendment to Minimum Premium Financial Agreement, as amended and restated effective January 1, 2005, by and between Insperity Holdings, Inc., and UnitedHealthcare Insurance Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2007).
| 10.28(+) | Amendment to Minimum Premium Administrative Services Agreement, as amended and restated effective January 1, 2005, by and between Insperity Holdings, Inc., and UnitedHealthcare Insurance Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2007).
| 10.29(+) | Amendment to Minimum Premium Financial Agreement, as amended effective January 1, 2009, by and between Insperity Holdings, Inc. (fka Administaff of Texas, Inc.) and United Healthcare Insurance Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2013).
| 10.30(+) | Amendment to Minimum Premium Financial Agreement, as amended effective January 1, 2013, by and between Insperity Holdings, Inc. and United Healthcare Insurance Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2015).
| 10.31(+) | Amendment to Minimum Premium Administrative Services Agreement, as amended effective January 1, 2008, by and between Insperity Holdings, Inc. (fka Administaff of Texas, Inc.) and United Healthcare Insurance Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2013).
| 10.32(+) | Amendment to Minimum Premium Administrative Services Agreement, as amended effective January 1, 2013, by and between Insperity Holdings, Inc. and United Healthcare Insurance Company, effective as of January 1, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2015).
| 10.33(+) | Letter Agreement, dated September 2, 2014, by and between Insperity Holdings, Inc. and UnitedHealthcare Insurance Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2014).

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| 10.34(+) | Letter Agreement, dated August 28, 2015, by and between Insperity Holdings, Inc. and UnitedHealthcare Insurance Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2015).
| 10.35(+) | Amendment to Minimum Premium Financial Agreement, as amended effective January 1, 2011, by and between Insperity Holdings, Inc. (fka Administaff of Texas, Inc.) and UnitedHealthcare Insurance Company, effective as of January 1, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2014).
| 10.36(+) | Amendment to Minimum Premium Administrative Services Agreement, as amended effective January 1, 2011, by and between Insperity Holdings, Inc. (fka Administaff of Texas, Inc.) and UnitedHealthcare Insurance Company, effective as of January 1, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2014).
| 10.37(+) | Amendment to the Minimum Premium Financial Agreement, as amended effective January 1, 2015, by and between Insperity Holdings, Inc. and United HealthCare Insurance Company, effective as of January 1, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2016).
| 10.38(+) | Amendment to the Minimum Premium Administrative Services Agreement, as amended effective January 1, 2015, by and between Insperity Holdings, Inc. and United HealthCare Insurance Company, effective as of January 1, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2016).
| 10.39(+)* | Amendment to the Minimum Premium Financial Agreement, as amended effective January 1, 2016, by and between Insperity Holdings, Inc. and United HealthCare Insurance Company, effective as of January 1, 2017.
| 10.40 | Credit Agreement dated September 15, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 21, 2011).
| 10.41 | Amendment No. 1 to the Credit Agreement dated December 7, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012).
| 10.42 | Amendment No. 2 to the Credit Agreement dated December 1, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014).
| 10.43 | Amendment No. 3 to the Credit Agreement dated February 6, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.29 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014).
| 10.44 | Amendment No. 4 to the Credit Agreement dated March 14, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 14, 2016).
| 10.45 | Agreement, dated as of May 18, 2016, by and among Insperity, Inc. and Starboard Value LP and certain of its affiliates (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on May 19, 2016).
| 21.1* | Subsidiaries of Insperity, Inc.
| 23.1* | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
| 24.1* | Powers of Attorney.
| 31.1* | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
| 31.2* | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
| 32.1** | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
| 32.2** | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
| 101.INS* | XBRL Instance Document(1).
| 101.SCH* | XBRL Taxonomy Schema Document.
| 101.CAL* | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
| 101.DEF* | XBRL Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
| 101.LAB* | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
| 101.PRE* | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
| * | Filed herewith.
| ** | Furnished with this report.

____________________________________

(1) | Attached as exhibit 101 to this report are the following documents formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014; (ii) the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2016 and 2015; (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014; (iv) the Consolidated

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Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014; and (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014.

† | Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement required to be filed as an exhibit to this Form 10-K.

(+) | Confidential treatment has been requested for this exhibit and confidential portions have been filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, Insperity, Inc. has duly caused this report to be signed in its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on February 13, 2017.

| INSPERITY, INC.
| By: | /s/ Douglas S. Sharp
|  | Douglas S. Sharp
|  | Senior Vice President of Finance
|  | Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer

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Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of Insperity, Inc. in the capacities indicated on February 13, 2017:

Signature |  | Title
/s/ Paul J. Sarvadi |  | Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer
Paul J. Sarvadi |  | and Director
|  | (Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ Richard G. Rawson |  | President and Director
Richard G. Rawson |  |
/s/ Douglas S. Sharp |  | Senior Vice President of Finance
Douglas S. Sharp |  | Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
|  | (Principal Financial Officer)
* |  | Director
Michael W. Brown |  |
* |  | Director
Timothy Clifford |  |
* |  | Director
Peter A. Feld |  |
* |  | Director
Carol R. Kaufman |  |
* |  | Director
Michelle McKenna-Doyle |  |
* |  | Director
John Morphy |  |
* |  | Director
Norman R. Sorensen |  |
/s/ Austin P. Young |  | Director
Austin P. Young |  |
*By: /s/ Daniel D. Herink |  |
Daniel D. Herink, attorney-in-fact |  |

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INSPERITY, INC.
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | F-2
Management’s Report on Internal Control | F-3
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Control over Financial Reporting | F-4
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 | F-5
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 | F-7
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 | F-8
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 | F-9
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 | F-10
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | F-12

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
Board of Directors and Stockholders
Insperity, Inc.
We have audited the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets of Insperity, Inc. as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related Consolidated Statements of Operations, Comprehensive Income, Stockholders’ Equity and Cash Flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Insperity, Inc. at December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Insperity, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 13, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

| /s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Houston, Texas
February 13, 2017
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MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL
The Company has assessed the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) (2013 framework). The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal controls over financial reporting. The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016 has been audited by the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report that is included herein.
Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of the inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies and procedures may deteriorate.
The Company’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting included testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of its internal controls. In management’s opinion, the Company has maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in the COSO 2013 framework.

/s/ Paul J. Sarvadi |  | /s/ Douglas S. Sharp
Paul J. Sarvadi |  | Douglas S. Sharp
Chairman of the Board and |  | Senior Vice President of Finance
Chief Executive Officer |  | Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
Board of Directors and Stockholders
Insperity, Inc.
We have audited Insperity, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). Insperity, Inc.’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In our opinion, Insperity, Inc. maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on the COSO criteria.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Consolidated Balance Sheets of Insperity, Inc. as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related Consolidated Statements of Operations, Comprehensive Income, Stockholders’ Equity and Cash Flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016 of Insperity, Inc. and our report dated February 13, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

| /s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Houston, Texas
February 13, 2017
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INSPERITY, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands)
ASSETS

|  | December 31, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
Current assets: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 286,034 |  |  | $ | 269,538 |
Restricted cash |  | 42,637 |  |  | 37,418 |
Marketable securities |  | 1,851 |  |  | 9,875 |
Accounts receivable, net: |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade |  | 13,107 |  |  | 7,691 |
Unbilled |  | 254,999 |  |  | 190,715 |
Other |  | 2,178 |  |  | 2,259 |
Prepaid insurance |  | 15,041 |  |  | 7,417 |
Other current assets |  | 19,526 |  |  | 17,135 |
Income taxes receivable |  | 4,949 |  |  | — |
Total current assets |  | 640,322 |  |  | 542,048 |
Property and equipment: |  |  |  |  |  |
Land |  | 5,214 |  |  | 5,214 |
Buildings and improvements |  | 90,151 |  |  | 70,273 |
Computer hardware and software |  | 97,311 |  |  | 90,654 |
Software development costs |  | 51,956 |  |  | 45,762 |
Furniture, fixtures and other |  | 38,483 |  |  | 39,919 |
|  | 283,115 |  |  | 251,822 |
Accumulated depreciation and amortization |  | (202,854 | ) |  | (190,063 | )
Total property and equipment, net |  | 80,261 |  |  | 61,759 |
Other assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Prepaid health insurance |  | 9,000 |  |  | 9,000 |
Deposits – health insurance |  | 4,700 |  |  | 3,700 |
Deposits – workers’ compensation |  | 143,938 |  |  | 136,462 |
Goodwill and other intangible assets, net |  | 13,088 |  |  | 13,588 |
Deferred income taxes, net |  | 14,025 |  |  | 16,976 |
Other assets |  | 1,840 |  |  | 1,379 |
Total other assets |  | 186,591 |  |  | 181,105 |
Total assets |  | $ | 907,174 |  |  | $ | 784,912 |

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INSPERITY, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Continued)
(in thousands)
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

|  | December 31, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 4,189 |  |  | $ | 5,381 |
Payroll taxes and other payroll deductions payable |  | 247,766 |  |  | 205,393 |
Accrued worksite employee payroll cost |  | 215,214 |  |  | 161,917 |
Accrued health insurance costs |  | 26,360 |  |  | 13,643 |
Accrued workers’ compensation costs |  | 44,231 |  |  | 39,053 |
Accrued corporate payroll and commissions |  | 40,761 |  |  | 39,103 |
Other accrued liabilities |  | 22,437 |  |  | 20,250 |
Income tax payable |  | — |  |  | 2,971 |
Total current liabilities |  | 600,958 |  |  | 487,711 |
Noncurrent liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrued workers’ compensation costs |  | 141,291 |  |  | 124,746 |
Long-term debt |  | 104,400 |  |  | — |
Total noncurrent liabilities |  | 245,691 |  |  | 124,746 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share: |  |  |  |  |  |
Shares authorized – 20,000 |  |  |  |  |  |
Shares issued and outstanding – none |  | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share: |  |  |  |  |  |
Shares authorized – 60,000 |  |  |  |  |  |
Shares issued – 27,744 and 30,758 at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively |  | 277 |  |  | 308 |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 9,240 |  |  | 144,701 |
Treasury stock, at cost – 6,719 and 6,493 at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively |  | (227,152 | ) |  | (205,325 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax |  | (3 | ) |  | — |
Retained earnings |  | 278,163 |  |  | 232,771 |
Total stockholders’ equity |  | 60,525 |  |  | 172,455 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 907,174 |  |  | $ | 784,912 |

See accompanying notes.
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INSPERITY, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in thousands, except per share amounts)

|  | Year ended December 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Revenues (gross billings of $17.933 billion, $15.806 billion and $14.187 billion, less worksite employee payroll cost of $14.992 billion, $13.202 billion and $11.829 billion, respectively) |  | $ | 2,941,347 |  |  | $ | 2,603,614 |  |  | $ | 2,357,788 |
Direct costs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payroll taxes, benefits and workers’ compensation costs |  | 2,449,737 |  |  | 2,165,747 |  |  | 1,953,983 |
Gross profit |  | 491,610 |  |  | 437,867 |  |  | 403,805 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries, wages and payroll taxes |  | 229,589 |  |  | 211,060 |  |  | 200,118 |
Stock-based compensation |  | 16,643 |  |  | 13,345 |  |  | 11,053 |
Commissions |  | 19,288 |  |  | 18,479 |  |  | 15,285 |
Advertising |  | 16,447 |  |  | 15,980 |  |  | 20,084 |
General and administrative expenses |  | 86,693 |  |  | 84,259 |  |  | 84,717 |
Impairment charges and other |  | — |  |  | 10,480 |  |  | 3,687 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 16,644 |  |  | 18,565 |  |  | 21,387 |
|  | 385,304 |  |  | 372,168 |  |  | 356,331 |
Operating income |  | 106,306 |  |  | 65,699 |  |  | 47,474 |
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  | 1,267 |  |  | 379 |  |  | 523 |
Interest expense |  | (2,396 | ) |  | (459 | ) |  | (370 | )
Income before income tax expense |  | 105,177 |  |  | 65,619 |  |  | 47,627 |
Income tax expense |  | 39,186 |  |  | 26,229 |  |  | 19,623 |
Net income |  | $ | 65,991 |  |  | $ | 39,390 |  |  | $ | 28,004 |
Less distributed and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities |  | (1,496 | ) |  | (981 | ) |  | (2,002 | )
Net income allocated to common shares |  | $ | 64,495 |  |  | $ | 38,409 |  |  | $ | 26,002 |
Basic net income per share of common stock |  | $ | 3.10 |  |  | $ | 1.58 |  |  | $ | 1.05 |
Diluted net income per share of common stock |  | $ | 3.09 |  |  | $ | 1.58 |  |  | $ | 1.05 |

See accompanying notes.
F-7

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INSPERITY, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(in thousands)

|  | Year ended December 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Net income |  | $ | 65,991 |  |  | $ | 39,390 |  |  | $ | 28,004 |
Other comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities, net of tax |  | (3 | ) |  | (3 | ) |  | (26 | )
Comprehensive income |  | $ | 65,988 |  |  | $ | 39,387 |  |  | $ | 27,978 |

See accompanying notes.
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INSPERITY, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(in thousands)

|  | Common Stock Issued |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Treasury Stock |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Retained Earnings |  |
|  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |  | Total
Balance at December 31, 2013 |  | 30,758 |  |  | $ | 308 |  |  | $ | 135,653 |  |  | $ | (138,688 | ) |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 255,970 |  |  | $ | 253,272 |
Purchase of treasury stock, at cost |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20,769 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20,769 | )
Exercise of stock options |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (180 | ) |  | 459 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 279 |
Income tax benefit from stock-based compensation, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 488 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 488 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,592 |  |  | 9,461 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,053 |
Other |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 216 |  |  | 1,072 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,288 |
Dividends paid |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (69,493 | ) |  | (69,493 | )
Unrealized loss on marketable securities, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (26 | ) |  | — |  |  | (26 | )
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28,004 |  |  | 28,004 |
Balance at December 31, 2014 |  | 30,758 |  |  | $ | 308 |  |  | $ | 137,769 |  |  | $ | (148,465 | ) |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 214,481 |  |  | $ | 204,096 |
Purchase of treasury stock, at cost |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (67,113 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (67,113 | )
Exercise of stock options |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3 | ) |  | 377 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 374 |
Income tax benefit from stock-based compensation, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,216 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,216 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,239 |  |  | 9,053 |  |  | — |  |  | 53 |  |  | 13,345 |
Other |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 480 |  |  | 823 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,303 |
Dividends paid |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (21,153 | ) |  | (21,153 | )
Unrealized loss on marketable securities, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3 | )
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 39,390 |  |  | 39,390 |
Balance at December 31, 2015 |  | 30,758 |  |  | $ | 308 |  |  | $ | 144,701 |  |  | $ | (205,325 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 232,771 |  |  | $ | 172,455 |
Purchase of treasury stock, at cost |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (31,669 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (31,669 | )
Repurchase of common stock |  | (3,014 | ) |  | (31 | ) |  | (144,232 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (144,263 | )
Exercise of stock options |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (27 | ) |  | 625 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 598 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,156 |  |  | 8,487 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,643 |
Other |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 642 |  |  | 730 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,372 |
Dividends paid |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20,599 | ) |  | (20,599 | )
Unrealized loss on marketable securities, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3 | )
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 65,991 |  |  | 65,991 |
Balance at December 31, 2016 |  | 27,744 |  |  | $ | 277 |  |  | $ | 9,240 |  |  | $ | (227,152 | ) |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | 278,163 |  |  | $ | 60,525 |

See accompanying notes.
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INSPERITY, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)

|  | Year ended December 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 65,991 |  |  | $ | 39,390 |  |  | $ | 28,004 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 16,644 |  |  | 18,565 |  |  | 21,387 |
Impairment charges and other |  | — |  |  | 10,480 |  |  | 3,687 |
Amortization of marketable securities |  | 90 |  |  | 836 |  |  | 1,891 |
Stock-based compensation |  | 16,643 |  |  | 13,345 |  |  | 11,053 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 2,951 |  |  | (14,733 | ) |  | (1,733 | )
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Restricted cash |  | (5,219 | ) |  | 6,622 |  |  | 7,888 |
Accounts receivable |  | (69,619 | ) |  | (25,549 | ) |  | 34,893 |
Prepaid insurance |  | (7,624 | ) |  | 13,884 |  |  | (10,663 | )
Other current assets |  | (2,391 | ) |  | 514 |  |  | (5,596 | )
Other assets |  | (8,941 | ) |  | (22,069 | ) |  | (32,013 | )
Accounts payable |  | (1,192 | ) |  | 707 |  |  | 1,996 |
Payroll taxes and other payroll deductions payable |  | 42,373 |  |  | 29,052 |  |  | 10,737 |
Accrued worksite employee payroll expense |  | 53,297 |  |  | (30,479 | ) |  | 18,595 |
Accrued health insurance costs |  | 12,717 |  |  | (4,686 | ) |  | 13,226 |
Accrued workers’ compensation costs |  | 21,723 |  |  | 26,159 |  |  | 15,805 |
Accrued corporate payroll, commissions and other accrued liabilities |  | 3,150 |  |  | 4,105 |  |  | 18,517 |
Income taxes payable/receivable |  | (7,920 | ) |  | (1,060 | ) |  | 4,039 |
Total adjustments |  | 66,682 |  |  | 25,693 |  |  | 113,709 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 132,673 |  |  | 65,083 |  |  | 141,713 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Marketable securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases |  | (1,049 | ) |  | (10,558 | ) |  | (69,578 | )
Proceeds from maturities |  | 1,715 |  |  | 10,593 |  |  | 28,494 |
Proceeds from dispositions |  | 7,268 |  |  | 17,869 |  |  | 56,880 |
Property and equipment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases |  | (33,994 | ) |  | (17,844 | ) |  | (19,124 | )
Proceeds from sale of aircraft |  | — |  |  | 12,159 |  |  | — |
Proceeds from dispositions |  | 43 |  |  | 153 |  |  | 122 |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  | (26,017 | ) |  | 12,372 |  |  | (3,206 | )

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INSPERITY, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Continued)
(in thousands)

|  | Year ended December 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchase of treasury stock |  | $ | (31,669 | ) |  | $ | (67,113 | ) |  | $ | (20,769 | )
Repurchase of common stock |  | (144,263 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Dividends paid |  | (20,599 | ) |  | (21,153 | ) |  | (69,493 | )
Borrowings under long-term debt agreement |  | 124,400 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Principal repayments |  | (20,000 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options |  | 598 |  |  | 374 |  |  | 279 |
Income tax benefit from stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | 2,216 |  |  | 889 |
Other |  | 1,373 |  |  | 1,303 |  |  | 1,288 |
Net cash used in financing activities |  | (90,160 | ) |  | (84,373 | ) |  | (87,806 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  | 16,496 |  |  | (6,918 | ) |  | 50,701 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year |  | 269,538 |  |  | 276,456 |  |  | 225,755 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year |  | $ | 286,034 |  |  | $ | 269,538 |  |  | $ | 276,456 |
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income taxes, net |  | $ | 44,148 |  |  | $ | 39,806 |  |  | $ | 16,429 |
Interest expense |  | $ | 2,396 |  |  | $ | 459 |  |  | $ | 370 |

See accompanying notes.
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INSPERITY, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2016

1. | Accounting Policies

Description of Business
Insperity, Inc. (“Insperity” or “we”, “our”, and “us”) provides an array of human resources (“HR”) and business solutions designed to help improve business performance. Since our formation in 1986, we have evolved from being solely a professional employer organization (“PEO”), an industry we pioneered, to our current position as a comprehensive business performance solutions provider. We were organized as a corporation in 1986 and have provided PEO services since inception.
Our most comprehensive HR services offerings are provided through our Workforce Optimization® and Workforce Synchronization TM solutions (together, our “PEO HR Outsourcing solutions”), which encompass a broad range of human resources functions, including payroll and employment administration, employee benefits, workers’ compensation, government compliance, performance management, and training and development services, along with our cloud-based human capital management platform, the Employee Service Center SM (“ESC”).
In addition to our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions, we offer a number of other business performance solutions, including Human Capital Management, Payroll Services, Time and Attendance, Performance Management, Organizational Planning, Recruiting Services, Employment Screening and Expense Management Services, Retirement Services and Insurance Services, many of which are offered via desktop applications and cloud-based delivery models. These other products and services are offered separately, along with our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions or as a bundle, such as our new Workforce Administration TM solution that provides a comprehensive human capital management and payroll services solution.
We provide our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions by entering into a co-employment relationship with our clients, under which Insperity and its clients each take responsibility for certain portions of the employer-employee relationship. Insperity and its clients designate each party’s responsibilities through its Client Service Agreement (“CSA”), under which Insperity becomes the employer of the employees who work at the client’s location (“worksite employees”) for most administrative and regulatory purposes.
As a co-employer of its worksite employees, we assume many of the rights and obligations associated with being an employer. We enter into an employment agreement with each worksite employee, thereby maintaining a variety of employer rights, including the right to hire or terminate employees, the right to evaluate employee qualifications or performance, and the right to establish employee compensation levels. Typically, Insperity only exercises these rights in consultation with its clients or when necessary to ensure regulatory compliance. The responsibilities associated with our role as employer include the following obligations with regard to our worksite employees: (i) to compensate its worksite employees through wages and salaries; (ii) to pay the employer portion of payroll-related taxes; (iii) to withhold and remit (where applicable) the employee portion of payroll-related taxes; (iv) to provide employee benefit programs; and (v) to provide workers’ compensation insurance coverage.
In addition to our assumption of employer status for our worksite employees, our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions also include other human resources functions for our clients to support the effective and efficient use of personnel in their business operations. To provide these functions, we maintain a significant staff of professionals trained in a wide variety of human resources functions, including employee training, employee recruiting, employee performance management, employee compensation and employer liability management. These professionals interact and consult with clients on a daily basis to help identify each client’s service requirements and to ensure that we are providing appropriate and timely personnel management services.
Revenue and Direct Cost Recognition
We account for our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions revenues in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 605-45, Revenue Recognition, Principal Agent Considerations. Our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions revenues are primarily derived from our gross billings, which are based on (i) the payroll cost of its worksite employees; and (ii) a markup computed as a percentage of the payroll cost. The gross billings are invoiced concurrently with each periodic payroll of its worksite employees. Revenues, which exclude the payroll cost component of gross billings and therefore consist solely of markup, are recognized ratably over the payroll period as worksite employees perform their service at the client worksite.
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Revenues that have been recognized but not invoiced are included in unbilled accounts receivable on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
In determining the pricing of the markup component of our gross billings, we take into consideration our estimates of the costs directly associated with our worksite employees, including payroll taxes, benefits and workers’ compensation costs, plus an acceptable gross profit margin. As a result, our operating results are significantly impacted by our ability to accurately estimate, control and manage our direct costs relative to the revenues derived from the markup component of our gross billings.
Consistent with our revenue recognition policy, our direct costs do not include the payroll cost of our worksite employees. Our direct costs associated with our revenue generating activities are primarily comprised of all other costs related to our worksite employees, such as the employer portion of payroll-related taxes, employee benefit plan premiums and workers’ compensation insurance costs.
Segment Reporting
We operate one reportable segment under ASC 280, Segment Reporting.
Principles of Consolidation
The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Insperity, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Concentrations of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that could potentially subject us to concentration of credit risk include accounts receivable and marketable securities.
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities
We invest our excess cash in federal government and municipal-based money market funds and debt instruments of U.S. municipalities. All highly liquid investments with stated maturities of three months or less from date of purchase are classified as cash equivalents. Liquid investments with stated maturities of greater than three months are classified as marketable securities in current assets.
We account for marketable securities in accordance with ASC 320, Investments – Debt and Equity Securities. We determine the appropriate classification of all marketable securities as held-to-maturity, available-for-sale or trading at the time of purchase, and re-evaluate such classification as of each balance sheet date. At December 31, 2016 and 2015, all of our investments in marketable securities were classified as available-for-sale, and as a result, were reported at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses are reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in stockholders’ equity. The amortized cost of debt securities is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts from the date of purchase to maturity. Such amortization is included in interest income as an addition to or deduction from the coupon interest earned on the investments. We use the specific identification method of determining the cost basis in computing realized gains and losses on the sale of our available-for-sale securities. Realized gains and losses are included in other income.
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Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are recorded at cost and are depreciated over the estimated useful lives of the related assets using the straight-line method. The estimated useful lives of property and equipment for purposes of computing depreciation are as follows:

Buildings and improvements |  | 5-30 years
Computer hardware and software |  | 2-5 years
Software development costs |  | 3-5 years
Furniture, fixtures and other |  | 5-7 years

Software development costs relate primarily to software coding, system interfaces and testing of our proprietary professional employer information systems and are accounted for in accordance with ASC 350-40, Internal Use Software. Capitalized software development costs are amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the software, generally three years. We recognized $3.0 million, $3.3 million and $4.1 million in amortization of capitalized computer software costs in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Unamortized software development costs were $10.4 million and $7.1 million in 2016 and 2015, respectively.
We account for our software products in accordance with ASC 985-20, Costs of Software to be Sold. This Topic establishes standards of financial accounting and reporting for the costs of computer software to be sold, leased, or otherwise marketed as a separate product or as part of a product or process, whether internally developed and produced or purchased.
We periodically evaluate our long-lived assets for impairment in accordance with ASC 360-10, Property, Plant, and Equipment. ASC 360-10 requires that an impairment loss be recognized for assets to be disposed of or held-for-use when the carrying amount of an asset is deemed to not be recoverable. If events or circumstances were to indicate that any of our long-lived assets might be impaired, we would assess recoverability based on the estimated undiscounted future cash flows to be generated from the applicable asset. In addition, we may record an impairment loss to the extent that the carrying value of the asset exceeded the fair value of the asset. Fair value is generally determined using an estimate of discounted future net cash flows from operating activities or upon disposal of the asset. Due to a change in office consolidation plans, we recorded a $1.2 million non-cash charge related to office design fees in 2014.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Our purchased intangible assets are carried at cost less accumulated amortization. Amortization is computed over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, ranging from three to 10 years.
Our goodwill and intangible assets are subject to the provisions of ASC 350, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other. Accordingly, we perform our annual goodwill impairment testing as of December 31st of each calendar year or earlier if indicators of impairment exist on an interim basis. Step one of the impairment testing involves a comparison of the estimated fair value of a reporting unit to the related carrying value. Fair value is estimated using a discounted cash flow model. If the estimated fair value is less than its related carrying value, step two of the goodwill impairment test is completed, which involves allocating the estimated fair value of the reporting unit to individual assets and liabilities. If the carrying value of goodwill is greater than the estimated fair value, an impairment exists, which results in a write-down of the goodwill to the estimated fair value. Furthermore, ASC 350 requires purchased intangible assets other than goodwill to be amortized over their useful lives unless these lives are determined to be indefinite. Please read Note 6, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets,” for additional information.
Health Insurance Costs
We provide group health insurance coverage to our worksite employees through a national network of carriers including UnitedHealthcare (“United”), UnitedHealthcare of California, Kaiser Permanente, Blue Shield of California, HMSA BlueCross BlueShield and Tufts, all of which provide fully insured policies or service contracts.
The policy with United provides the majority of our health insurance coverage. As a result of certain contractual terms, we have accounted for this plan since its inception using a partially self-funded insurance accounting model. Accordingly, we record the cost of the United portion of the plan, including an estimate of the incurred claims, taxes and administrative fees (collectively the “Plan Costs”) as benefits expense, a component of direct costs, in the Consolidated
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Statements of Operations. The estimated incurred claims are based upon: (i) the level of claims processed during each quarter; (ii) estimated completion rates based upon recent claim development patterns under the plan; and (iii) the number of participants in the plan, including both active and COBRA enrollees. Each reporting period, changes in the estimated ultimate costs resulting from claim trends, plan design and migration, participant demographics and other factors are incorporated into the benefits costs.
Additionally, since the plan’s inception, under the terms of the contract, United establishes cash funding rates 90 days in advance of the beginning of a reporting quarter. If the Plan Costs for a reporting quarter are greater than the premiums paid and owed to United, a deficit in the plan would be incurred and a liability for the excess costs would be accrued in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. On the other hand, if the Plan Costs for the reporting quarter are less than the premiums paid and owed to United, a surplus in the plan would be incurred and we would record an asset for the excess premiums in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The terms of the arrangement require us to maintain an accumulated cash surplus in the plan of $9.0 million, which is reported as long-term prepaid insurance. In addition, United requires a deposit equal to approximately one day of claims funding activity, which was $4.5 million as of December 31, 2016, and is reported as a long-term asset. As of December 31, 2016, Plan Costs were less than the net premiums paid and owed to United by $15.0 million. As this amount is in excess of the agreed-upon $9.0 million surplus maintenance level, the $6.0 million difference is included in prepaid health insurance costs, a current asset, in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. In addition, the premiums owed to United at December 31, 2016, were $22.6 million, which is included in accrued health insurance costs, a current liability in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Our benefits costs incurred in 2016 included costs of $5.1 million for changes in estimated run-off related to prior periods.
Workers’ Compensation Costs
Our workers’ compensation coverage has been provided through an arrangement with the Chubb Group of Insurance Companies (“the Chubb Program”) since 2007. The Chubb Program is a fully insured policy whereby Chubb has the responsibility to pay all claims incurred under the policy regardless of whether we satisfy our responsibilities. Under the Chubb Program, we bear the economic burden for the first $1 million layer of claims per occurrence, and effective October 1, 2010, we also bear the economic burden for a maximum aggregate amount of $5 million per policy year for claim amounts that exceed the first $1 million. Chubb bears the economic burden for all claims in excess of these levels.
Because we bear the economic burden for claims up to the levels noted above, such claims, which are the primary component of our workers’ compensation costs, are recorded in the period incurred. Workers’ compensation insurance includes ongoing health care and indemnity coverage whereby claims are paid over numerous years following the date of injury. Accordingly, the accrual of related incurred costs in each reporting period includes estimates, which take into account the ongoing development of claims and therefore requires a significant level of judgment.
We employ a third party actuary to estimate our loss development rate, which is primarily based upon the nature of worksite employees’ job responsibilities, the location of worksite employees, the historical frequency and severity of workers compensation claims, and an estimate of future cost trends. Each reporting period, changes in the actuarial assumptions resulting from changes in actual claims experience and other trends are incorporated into our workers’ compensation claims cost estimates. During the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, we reduced accrued workers’ compensation costs by $10.9 million and $1.3 million, respectively, for changes in estimated losses related to prior reporting periods. Workers’ compensation cost estimates are discounted to present value at a rate based upon the U.S. Treasury rates that correspond with the weighted average estimated claim payout period (the average discount rate was 1.1% in 2016 and 1.0% in 2015), are accreted over the estimated claim payment period and are included as a component of direct costs in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
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The following table provides the activity and balances related to incurred but not reported workers’ compensation claims:

|  | Year ended December 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015
|  | (in thousands)
Beginning balance |  | $ | 162,184 |  |  | $ | 136,088 |
Accrued claims |  | 65,069 |  |  | 67,559 |
Present value discount |  | (2,628 | ) |  | (3,095 | )
Paid claims |  | (40,697 | ) |  | (38,368 | )
Ending balance |  | $ | 183,928 |  |  | $ | 162,184 |
Current portion of accrued claims |  | $ | 42,637 |  |  | $ | 37,438 |
Long-term portion of accrued claims |  | 141,291 |  |  | 124,746 |
|  | $ | 183,928 |  |  | $ | 162,184 |

The current portion of accrued workers’ compensation costs at December 31, 2016 and 2015 includes $1.6 million of workers’ compensation administrative fees in both periods.
As of December 31, the undiscounted accrued workers’ compensation costs were $194.2 million in 2016 and $172.3 million in 2015.
At the beginning of each policy period, the insurance carrier establishes monthly funding requirements comprised of premium costs and funds to be set aside for payment of future claims (“claim funds”). The level of claim funds is primarily based upon anticipated worksite employee payroll levels and expected workers’ compensation loss rates, as determined by the insurance carrier. Monies funded into the program for incurred claims expected to be paid within one year are recorded as restricted cash, a short-term asset, while the remainder of claim funds are included in deposits, a long-term asset in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. In 2016, we received $12.8 million for the return of excess claim funds related to the workers’ compensation program, which decreased deposits. As of December 31, 2016, we had restricted cash of $42.6 million and deposits of $143.9 million.
Our estimate of incurred claim costs expected to be paid within one year is included in short-term liabilities, while our estimate of incurred claim costs expected to be paid beyond one year are included in long-term liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Stock-Based Compensation
At December 31, 2016, we have one stock-based employee compensation plan under which we may issue awards. We account for this plan under the recognition and measurement principles of ASC 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation, which requires all share-based payments to employees, including grants of employee stock options, to be recognized in the income statement based on their fair values.
We generally make annual grants of restricted and unrestricted stock under our stock-based incentive compensation plan to our non-employee directors, officers and other management. Restricted stock grants to officers and other management generally vest over a period of three years from the date of grant. Restricted stock grants issued to non-employee directors upon their initial appointment to the board are one-third vested on each anniversary of the grant date. Annual stock grants issued to non-employee directors are 100% vested on the grant date. Shares of restricted stock are based on fair value on date of grant and the associated expense, net of estimated forfeitures, is recognized over the vesting period.
In 2015, we adopted the Insperity Long-Term Incentive Program (the “LTIP”). The LTIP provides for performance based long-term compensation awards in the form of performance units to certain employees based on the achievement of pre-established performance goals. Each performance unit represents the right to receive one common share at a future date based on our performance against certain targets. Performance units have a vesting schedule of three years for performance based awards. Market-based performance awards vest at the end of a three-year period assuming continued employment and achievement of market-based performance goals.. The fair value of each performance unit is the market price of our common stock on the date of grant. The fair value of each market-based performance unit was determined through use of the Monte
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Carlo simulation method. The compensation expense for such awards is recognized on a straight line basis over the vesting term. Over the performance period the number of shares expected to be issued is adjusted upward or downward based on the probability of achievement of the performance target.
Company-Sponsored 401(k) Retirement Plans
Under our 401(k) retirement plan for corporate employees (the “Corporate Plan”), we matched 100% of eligible corporate employees’ contributions, up to 6% of the employees’ eligible compensation in 2016, and 50% of eligible corporate employees’ contributions, up to 6% of the employees’ eligible compensation in 2015 and 2014. Matching contributions under the Corporate Plan are immediately vested. During 2016, 2015 and 2014, we made matching contributions on behalf of corporate employees to the Corporate Plan of $8.0 million, $3.4 million and $3.1 million, respectively, and is included in salaries, wages and payroll taxes in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Under our separate 401(k) retirement plan for worksite employees (the “Worksite Employee Plan”), the match percentage for worksite employees ranges from 0% to 6%, as determined by each client company. Matching contributions under the Worksite Employee Plan are immediately vested. During 2016, 2015 and 2014, we made matching contributions on behalf of worksite employees to the Worksite Employee Plan of $108.3 million, $95.3 million and $78.4 million, respectively.
Advertising
We expense all advertising costs as incurred.
Income Taxes
We use the liability method in accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and income tax carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws in effect when the differences are expected to reverse.
Reclassifications
Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the 2016 presentation.
New Accounting Pronouncements
We believe that we have implemented the accounting pronouncements with a material impact on our financial statements.
In March 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-09, Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting. The ASU includes multiple provisions intended to simplify various aspects of the accounting for share-based compensation payments, including (i) permitting the election of estimated or actual forfeitures for share grants, (ii) allowing excess tax benefits for share-based payments to be recorded as a reduction of income taxes reflected in operating cash flows in place of excess tax benefits currently recorded in equity and as financing activity in the cash flow statement, and (iii) providing for statutory withholding requirements. This guidance is effective for annual and interim reporting periods for public entities beginning after December 15, 2016; however, it can be elected early in any interim or annual period. We have elected to prospectively adopt this pronouncement for calendar year 2016. During 2016, we recognized an income tax benefit of $1.5 million, or $0.07 per diluted share related to excess tax benefits from the vesting of restricted stock awards and exercise of non-qualified stock options. Prior to the adoption of this pronouncement excess tax benefits were required to be reported as an increase in additional paid in capital. Prior periods have not been adjusted.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases. The new standard requires recognition of lease assets and lease liabilities for leases previously classified as operating leases. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. We are currently reviewing the guidance and assessing the impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In May 2014, FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). ASU No. 2014-09 outlines a single comprehensive revenue recognition model for revenue arising from contracts with customers and supersedes most current revenue recognition guidance, including industry-specific guidance. Under ASU No. 2014-09, an entity recognizes revenue for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the
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consideration for which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. ASU No. 2014-09 is effective for annual reporting periods ending after December 15, 2017, and early adoption is not permitted. Companies may use either a full retrospective or a modified retrospective approach to adopt ASU No. 2014-09. While we are currently evaluating the guidance and have not yet determined the impact this standard may have on our Consolidated Financial Statements, we expect to apply the modified retrospective method upon adoption.

2. | Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities

The following table summarizes our investments in cash equivalents and marketable securities held by investment managers and overnight investments:

|  | December 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015
|  | (in thousands)
Overnight holdings: |  |  |  |
Money market funds (cash equivalents) |  | $ | 255,091 |  |  | $ | 247,720 |
Investment holdings: |  |  |  |
Money market funds (cash equivalents) |  | 28,231 |  |  | 26,048 |
Marketable securities |  | 1,851 |  |  | 9,875 |
|  | 285,173 |  |  | 283,643 |
Cash held in demand accounts |  | 25,758 |  |  | 19,377 |
Outstanding checks |  | (23,046 | ) |  | (23,607 | )
Total cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities |  | $ | 287,885 |  |  | $ | 279,413 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 286,034 |  |  | $ | 269,538 |
Marketable securities |  | 1,851 |  |  | 9,875 |
|  | $ | 287,885 |  |  | $ | 279,413 |

Our cash and overnight holdings fluctuate based on the timing of the client’s payroll processing cycle. Included in the cash balance as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, are $221.7 million and $185.7 million, respectively, in withholdings associated with federal and state income taxes, employment taxes and other payroll deductions, as well as $21.3 million and $17.0 million, respectively, in client prepayments.
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3. | Fair Value Measurements

We account for our financial assets in accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement. This standard defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. The fair value measurement disclosures are grouped into three levels based on valuation factors:

• | Level 1 - quoted prices in active markets using identical assets

• | Level 2 - significant other observable inputs, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other observable inputs

• | Level 3 - significant unobservable inputs

Fair Value of Instruments Measured and Recognized at Fair Value
The following tables summarize the levels of fair value measurements of our financial assets:

|  | Fair Value Measurements
|  |  |  | (in thousands) |  |
|  | December 31, 2016 |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Money market funds |  | $ | 283,322 |  |  | $ | 283,322 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Municipal bonds |  | 1,851 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,851 |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 285,173 |  |  | $ | 283,322 |  |  | $ | 1,851 |  |  | $ | — |

|  | Fair Value Measurements
|  |  |  | (in thousands) |  |
|  | December 31, 2015 |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Money market funds |  | $ | 273,768 |  |  | $ | 273,768 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Municipal bonds |  | 9,875 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,875 |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 283,643 |  |  | $ | 273,768 |  |  | $ | 9,875 |  |  | $ | — |

The municipal bond securities valued as Level 2 investments are primarily pre-refunded municipal bonds that are secured by escrow funds containing U.S. Government securities. Our valuation techniques used to measure fair value for these securities during the period consisted primarily of third party pricing services that utilized actual market data such as trades of comparable bond issues, broker/dealer quotations for the same or similar investments in active markets and other observable inputs.
The following is a summary of our available-for-sale marketable securities:

|  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
|  |  |  | (in thousands) |  |
December 31, 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Municipal bonds |  | $ | 1,854 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | 1,851 |
December 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Municipal bonds |  | $ | 9,875 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | 9,875 |

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As of December 31, 2016, the contractual maturities of our marketable securities were as follows:

|  | Amortized Cost |  | Estimated Fair Value
|  | (in thousands)
Less than one year |  | $ | 1,299 |  |  | $ | 1,299 |
One to five years |  | 555 |  |  | 552 |
Total |  | $ | 1,854 |  |  | $ | 1,851 |

Fair Value of Other Financial Instruments
The carrying amounts of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, deposits and accounts payable approximate their fair values due to the short-term maturities of these instruments.
At December 31, 2016, the carrying value of our borrowings under our revolving credit facility approximates fair value and was classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. Please read Note 8, "Long-Term Debt," for additional information.

4. | Accounts Receivable

Our accounts receivable is primarily composed of trade receivables and unbilled receivables. Our trade receivables, which represent outstanding gross billings to clients, are reported net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $0.7 million and $1.1 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. We establish an allowance for doubtful accounts based on management’s assessment of the collectability of specific accounts and by making a general provision for other potentially uncollectible amounts.
We make an accrual at the end of each accounting period for our obligations associated with the earned but unpaid wages of our worksite employees and for the accrued gross billings associated with such wages. These accruals are included in accrued worksite employee payroll cost and unbilled accounts receivable; however, these amounts are presented net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. We generally require clients to pay invoices for service fees no later than one day prior to the applicable payroll date. As such, we generally do not require collateral. Client prepayments directly attributable to unbilled accounts receivable have been netted against such receivables as the gross billings have been earned and the payroll cost has been incurred, thus we have the legal right of offset for these amounts. Unbilled accounts receivable consisted of the following:

|  | December 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015
|  | (in thousands)
Accrued worksite employee payroll cost |  | $ | 215,214 |  |  | $ | 161,917 |
Unbilled revenues |  | 61,041 |  |  | 45,835 |
Customer prepayments |  | (21,256 | ) |  | (17,037 | )
Unbilled accounts receivable |  | $ | 254,999 |  |  | $ | 190,715 |

5. | Deposits

The contractual arrangement with United for health insurance coverage requires us to maintain an accumulated cash surplus in the plan of $9.0 million, which is reported as long-term prepaid health insurance. Please read Note 1, “Accounting Policies,” for a discussion of our accounting policies for health insurance costs.
As of December 31, 2016, we had $4.7 million in health insurance long-term deposits. Please read Note 1, “Accounting Policies,” for a discussion of our accounting policies for health insurance costs.
As of December 31, 2016, we had $143.9 million in workers’ compensation long-term deposits. Please read Note 1, “Accounting Policies,” for a discussion of our accounting policies for workers’ compensation costs.
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6. | Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

We perform our annual asset impairment test as of December 31, the end of our fiscal year. During the fourth quarters of 2016, 2015 and 2014, we performed step one of the annual impairment test for each of our reporting units.
Additionally, any time impairment indicators are identified, we perform an interim impairment test. During the second quarter of 2014, impairment indicators were identified in our Employment Screening business, due to changes in management, the reporting unit’s financial results and the loss of certain customers.
The declines in the estimated fair values of Employment Screening resulted primarily from lower projected revenue growth rates and profitability levels. Upon completion of step two of the goodwill impairment tests, we recognized goodwill and other intangible asset impairments of $2.5 million in 2014 related to our Employment Screening business unit. The fair values of the reporting units were estimated using a discounted cash flow model. The material assumptions used in the model included the weighted average cost of capital and long-term growth rates. We consider this a Level 3 fair value measure.
The following table presents the gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization for each class of intangible assets and the gross carrying amount and accumulated impairment for goodwill:

|  | December 31, 2015 |  | Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2016 |  | December 31, 2016
|  | Balance |  | Impairment |  | Amortization Expense |  | Balance
|  | (in thousands)
Gross carrying amount: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trademarks |  | $ | 220 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 220 |
Customer relationships |  | 6,392 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,392 |
Aggregate goodwill acquired: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill |  | 21,156 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 21,156 |
Total |  | $ | 27,768 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 27,768 |
Accumulated amortization: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trademarks |  | $ | (101 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (39 | ) |  | $ | (140 | )
Customer relationships |  | (5,609 | ) |  | — |  |  | (461 | ) |  | (6,070 | )
Accumulated impairment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill |  | (8,470 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,470 | )
Total |  | $ | (14,180 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (500 | ) |  | $ | (14,680 | )
Net carrying amount: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trademarks |  | $ | 119 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (39 | ) |  | $ | 80 |
Customer relationships |  | 783 |  |  | — |  |  | (461 | ) |  | 322 |
Goodwill |  | 12,686 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,686 |
Total goodwill and other intangible assets |  | $ | 13,588 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (500 | ) |  | $ | 13,088 |

Our amortization expense related to purchased intangible assets other than goodwill was $0.5 million in 2016, $0.9 million in 2015 and $1.5 million in 2014, and is estimated to be $0.3 million in 2017, $36,000 in 2018, $12,000 in 2019 and $7,000 in 2020.
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7. | Impairment Charges and Other

In the first quarter of 2015, we entered into a plan to sell our two aircraft, and as a result, we recorded impairment and other charges of $9.8 million, representing the difference between the carrying value and the estimated fair value of the assets as well as a provision for potential settlement of a Texas sales and use tax assessment. In July 2015, we received proceeds, net of selling costs, of $12.2 million for both aircraft and recorded an additional $1.3 million impairment charge in the second quarter of 2015. In the fourth quarter of 2015, we reduced our use tax accrual by $0.6 million due to a pending $0.2 million settlement of the Texas sales and use tax assessment. These net charges of $10.5 million are included in impairment charges and other on our Consolidated Statement of Operations. In the first quarter of 2016, we settled the Texas sales and use tax assessment.

8. | Long-Term Debt

We have a $200 million revolving credit facility (the “Facility”). The Facility was increased from $125 million to $200 million in the first quarter of 2016. The Facility may be further increased to $250 million based on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the agreement relating to the Facility (the “Credit Agreement”). The Facility is available for working capital and general corporate purposes, including acquisitions, stock repurchases and issuances of letters of credit. Our obligations under the Facility are secured by 65% of the stock of our captive insurance subsidiary and are guaranteed by all of our domestic subsidiaries. In January 2016, we had net borrowings of $104.4 million to fund a portion of the purchase price of our modified Dutch auction tender offer. In addition, as of December 31, 2016, we had an outstanding $1.0 million letter of credit issued under the Facility. As of December 31, 2016, our outstanding balance on the Facility was $104.4 million.
The Facility matures on February 6, 2020. Borrowings under the Facility bear interest at an alternate base rate or LIBOR, at our option, plus an applicable margin. Depending on our leverage ratio, the applicable margin varies (i) in the case of LIBOR loans, from 2.00% to 2.75% and (ii) in the case of alternate base rate loans, from 0.00% to 0.75%. The alternate base rate is the highest of (i) the prime rate most recently published in The Wall Street Journal, (ii) the federal funds rate plus 0.50% and (iii) the 30-day LIBOR rate plus 2.00%. We also pay an unused commitment fee on the average daily unused portion of the Facility at a rate of 0.25%. The average interest rate during 2016 was 2.33%. Interest expense and unused commitment fees are recorded in other income (expense).
The Facility contains both affirmative and negative covenants that we believe are customary for arrangements of this nature. Covenants include, but are not limited to, limitations on our ability to incur additional indebtedness, sell material assets, retire, redeem or otherwise reacquire our capital stock, acquire the capital stock or assets of another business, make investments and pay dividends. In addition, the Credit Agreement requires us to comply with financial covenants limiting our total funded debt, minimum interest coverage ratio and maximum leverage ratio. In December 2014, the Credit Agreement was amended to modify the interest coverage ratio covenant to exclude the impact of special dividends paid of $50.7 million. We were in compliance with all financial covenants under the Credit Agreement at December 31, 2016.
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9. | Income Taxes

Deferred taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities used for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of the net deferred tax assets and net deferred tax liabilities as reflected on the Consolidated Balance Sheets are as follows:

|  | December 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015
|  | (in thousands)
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |
Prepaid assets |  | $ | (7,133 | ) |  | $ | (3,952 | )
Depreciation |  | (936 | ) |  | (1,741 | )
Software development costs |  | (3,960 | ) |  | (2,699 | )
Total deferred tax liabilities |  | (12,029 | ) |  | (8,392 | )
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrued incentive compensation |  | 8,590 |  |  | 8,818 |
Net operating loss carryforward |  | 1,300 |  |  | 1,463 |
Workers’ compensation accruals |  | 7,891 |  |  | 7,586 |
Accrued rent |  | 1,092 |  |  | 1,229 |
Stock-based compensation |  | 6,217 |  |  | 4,553 |
Intangibles |  | 618 |  |  | 1,159 |
Minority investment impairment |  | 1,021 |  |  | 1,016 |
Other |  | 349 |  |  | 564 |
Total deferred tax assets |  | 27,078 |  |  | 26,388 |
Valuation allowance |  | (1,024 | ) |  | (1,020 | )
Total net deferred tax assets |  | 26,054 |  |  | 25,368 |
Net deferred tax assets |  | $ | 14,025 |  |  | $ | 16,976 |

The components of income tax expense are as follows:

|  | Year ended December 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
|  | (in thousands)
Current income tax expense: |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | $ | 31,045 |  |  | $ | 35,221 |  |  | $ | 18,034 |
State |  | 5,190 |  |  | 5,741 |  |  | 3,322 |
Total current income tax expense |  | 36,235 |  |  | 40,962 |  |  | 21,356 |
Deferred income tax (benefit) expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | 2,641 |  |  | (13,632 | ) |  | (1,764 | )
State |  | 310 |  |  | (1,101 | ) |  | 31 |
Total deferred income tax (benefit) expense |  | 2,951 |  |  | (14,733 | ) |  | (1,733 | )
Total income tax expense |  | $ | 39,186 |  |  | $ | 26,229 |  |  | $ | 19,623 |

In the first quarter of 2016, we prospectively adopted ASU No. 2016-09, Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting for calendar year 2016. In 2016, we recognized an income tax benefit of $1.5 million, or $0.07 per diluted related to excess tax benefits from the vesting of restricted stock awards and non-qualified stock options. Prior to the adoption of this pronouncement we recognized excess tax benefit as an increase in additional paid in capital of $2.2 million in 2015 and $0.5 million in 2014. Prior periods have not been adjusted, consistent with the provisions of the ASU.
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The reconciliation of income tax expense computed at U.S. federal statutory tax rates to the reported income tax expense from continuing operations is as follows:

|  | Year ended December 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
|  | (in thousands)
Expected income tax expense at 35% |  | $ | 36,812 |  |  | $ | 22,967 |  |  | $ | 16,670 |
State income taxes, net of federal benefit |  | 3,684 |  |  | 2,696 |  |  | 2,204 |
Nondeductible expenses |  | 1,669 |  |  | 1,669 |  |  | 1,939 |
Section 199 benefits |  | (686 | ) |  | (627 | ) |  | (592 | )
Equity compensation |  | (1,338 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Research and development credit |  | (751 | ) |  | (530 | ) |  | (455 | )
Other, net |  | (204 | ) |  | 54 |  |  | (143 | )
Reported total income tax expense |  | $ | 39,186 |  |  | $ | 26,229 |  |  | $ | 19,623 |

At December 31, 2016, we have net operating loss carryforwards totaling approximately $3.4 million that expire from 2022 to 2030 related to our acquisition of ExpensAble.
We recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. As of December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, we made no provisions for interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions. The tax years 2013 through 2015 remain open to examination by the Internal Revenue Service of the United States. The tax years 2012 through 2015 remain open to examination by various state tax authorities.

10. | Stockholders’ Equity

Repurchase Program
Our Board of Directors (the “Board”) has authorized a program to repurchase shares of our outstanding common stock (“Repurchase Program”). The purchases are to be made from time to time in the open market or directly from stockholders at prevailing market prices based on market conditions or other factors. During 2015, we repurchased 1,244,433 shares under the Repurchase Program and 114,523 shares were withheld to satisfy minimum tax withholding obligations for the vesting of restricted stock awards. In 2016, the Board authorized an increase of one million shares that may be repurchased under the Repurchase Program. We repurchased 388,063 shares under the Repurchase Program during 2016. In addition, 101,335 shares were withheld during 2016 to satisfy minimum tax withholding obligations for the vesting of restricted stock awards, which are not subject to the Repurchase Program. At December 31, 2016, we were authorized to repurchase an additional 1,136,269 shares under the Repurchase Program. Shares repurchased under the Repurchase Program and shares withheld to satisfy minimum tax withholding obligations for the vesting of restricted stock awards are recorded in treasury.
Tender Offer for Common Stock
In December 2015, we commenced a modified Dutch auction tender offer to purchase up to $125 million in value of our common stock at a price not less than $43.50 per share and not more than $50.00 per share. In January 2016, we exercised our right to increase the size of the tender offer by up to 2.0% of our outstanding common stock. The tender offer period expired on January 7, 2016 and on January 13, 2016, we purchased 3,013,531 shares of our common stock at a per share price of $47.50 and an aggregate price of $143.1 million, excluding $1.1 million of transaction costs. The shares were immediately canceled and retired.
The tender offer was funded through borrowings of $104.4 million under the Facility and the remainder with cash on hand.
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Dividends
The Board declared quarterly dividends in 2016 and 2015 as follows:

|  | 2016 |  | 2015 |
|  | (amounts per share) |
First quarter |  | $ | 0.22 |  |  | $ | 0.19 |  |
Second quarter |  | 0.25 |  |  | 0.22 |  |
Third quarter |  | 0.25 |  |  | 0.22 |  |
Fourth quarter |  | 0.25 |  |  | 0.22 |  |

During 2016 and 2015, we paid a total of $20.6 million and $21.2 million, respectively in dividends.
Preferred Stock
At December 31, 2016, 20 million shares of preferred stock were authorized, of which 600,000 shares were designated as Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock that is reserved for issuance on exercise of preferred stock purchase rights under our Share Purchase Rights Plan (the “Rights Plan”). Each issued share of our common stock has one preferred stock purchase right attached to it. No preferred shares have been issued and the rights are not currently exercisable. The Rights Plan expires on November 13, 2017.

11. | Incentive Plans

The Insperity, Inc. 2001 Incentive Plan, as amended, and the 2012 Incentive Plan, as amended, (collectively, the “Incentive Plans”) provide for options and other stock-based awards that have been and may be granted to eligible employees and non-employee directors of Insperity or its subsidiaries. The 2012 Incentive Plan is currently the only plan under which new stock-based awards may be granted. The Incentive Plans are administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors (the “Committee”). The Committee has the power to determine which eligible employees will receive awards, the timing and manner of the grant of such awards, the exercise price of stock options (which may not be less than market value on the date of grant), the number of shares and all of the terms of the awards. The Board may at any time amend or terminate the Incentive Plans. However, no amendment that would impair the rights of any participant, with respect to outstanding grants, can be made without the participant’s prior consent. Stockholder approval of amendments to the Incentive Plans is necessary only when required by applicable law or stock exchange rules. At December 31, 2016, 749,265 shares of common stock were available for future grants under the 2012 Incentive Plan. The Incentive Plans permit stock options, including nonqualified stock options and options intended to qualify as “incentive stock options” within the meaning of Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code, stock awards, phantom stock awards, stock appreciation rights, performance units, and other stock-based awards and cash awards, all of which may or may not be subject to the achievement of one or more performance objectives. The purposes of the Incentive Plans generally are to retain and attract persons of training, experience and ability to serve as employees of Insperity and its subsidiaries and to serve as non-employee directors of Insperity, to encourage the sense of proprietorship of such persons and to stimulate the active interest of such persons in the development and financial success of Insperity and its subsidiaries.
On March 30, 2015, we adopted the Insperity, Inc. Long-Term Incentive Program (“LTIP”) under the Insperity, Inc. 2012 Incentive Plan. The LTIP provides for performance-based long-term compensation awards in the form of performance units to certain employees based on the achievement of pre-established performance goals. We granted performance units under the LTIP to our named executive officers and certain other officers in 2015 and 2016.
We recognized $16.6 million, $13.3 million and $11.1 million of compensation expense associated with the restricted stock and the LTIP awards in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. We recognized $7.7 million, $5.3 million and $4.6 million of tax benefits associated with stock-based compensation in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
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Stock Option Awards
The following is a summary of stock option award activity for 2016:

|  | Shares |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
|  | (in thousands) |  |  |  | (in years) |  | (in thousands)
Outstanding - December 31, 2015 |  | 28 |  |  | $ | 29.56 |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  | (20 | ) |  | 29.17 |  |  |  |  |
Canceled |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding - December 31, 2016 |  | 8 |  |  | $ | 30.59 |  |  | 4.5 |  | $ | 315 |
Exercisable - December 31, 2016 |  | 8 |  |  | $ | 30.59 |  |  | 4.5 |  | $ | 315 |

The intrinsic value of options exercised during the year was $0.8 million in 2016, $0.3 million in 2015 and $0.3 million in 2014.
Restricted Stock Awards
Restricted common shares, under equity plan accounting, are generally measured at fair value on the date of grant based on the number of shares granted, estimated forfeitures and the quoted price of the common stock. Such value is recognized as compensation expense over the corresponding vesting period, three to five years for our shares currently outstanding. The total fair value of shares vested during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014 was $16.2 million, $18.6 million and $10.8 million, respectively. The weighted average grant date fair value of restricted stock awards granted during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $52.66, $51.54 and $28.22, respectively. As of December 31, 2016, unrecognized compensation expense associated with the unvested shares outstanding was $14.6 million and is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 21 months.
The following is a summary of restricted stock award activity for 2016:

|  | Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
|  | (in thousands) |  |
Non-vested - December 31, 2015 |  | 618 |  |  | $ | 37.98 |
Granted |  | 236 |  |  | 52.66 |
Vested |  | (333 | ) |  | 35.66 |
Canceled/Forfeited |  | (18 | ) |  | 44.66 |
Non-vested - December 31, 2016 |  | 503 |  |  | $ | 46.17 |

Long-Term Incentive Program Awards
Each performance unit represents the right to receive one common share at a future date based on our performance against specified targets. Performance units have a vesting schedule of three years for performance based awards. Market-based performance awards vest at the end of a three-year period assuming continued employment and achievement of market-based performance goals. The fair value of each performance unit is the market price of one common share on the date of grant. The fair value of each market-based performance unit was determined through the use of the Monte Carlo simulation method. The compensation expense for the LTIP awards is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting terms. Over the performance period, the number of shares expected to be issued is adjusted upward or downward based upon the probability of achievement of the performance targets. The ultimate number of shares issued and the related compensation cost recognized is based on a comparison of the final performance metrics to the specified targets.
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The following is a summary of LTIP award activity for 2016:

|  | Number of Performance Units at Target |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |  | Maximum Shares Eligible to Receive
Unvested at December 31, 2015 |  | 100,900 |  |  | $ | 52.80 |  |  | 201,800 |
Granted |  | 133,380 |  |  | 58.42 |  |  | 224,861 |
Vested |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Canceled |  | (2,550 | ) |  | 52.80 |  |  | (4,636 | )
Unvested at December 31, 2016 |  | 231,730 |  |  | $ | 56.04 |  |  | 422,025 |
Expected to vest |  | 302,059 |  |  |  |  |

As of December 31, 2016, we estimate that 178,770 shares and 123,289 shares will vest with $3.8 million and $4.7 million in unamortized compensation expense related to the 2015 and 2016 grants, respectively.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Our employee stock purchase plan (the “ESPP”) enables employees to purchase shares of Insperity stock at a 5% discount. The ESPP is a non-compensatory plan under generally accepted accounting principles of stock-based compensation. As a result, no compensation expense is recognized in conjunction with this plan. Approximately 17,000, 24,000 and 37,000 shares were issued from treasury under the ESPP during fiscal years 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

12. | Net Income Per Share

We utilize the two-class method to compute net income per share. The two-class method allocates a portion of net income to participating securities, which includes unvested awards of share-based payments with non-forfeitable rights to receive dividends. Net income allocated to unvested share-based payments is excluded from net income allocated to common shares. Any undistributed losses resulting from dividends exceeding net income are not allocated to participating securities. We declared a special dividend of $2.00 per share in 2014. As a result, dividends exceeded earnings, which resulted in decreased earnings per share of $0.05 per share in 2014. Basic net income per share is computed by dividing net income allocated to common shares by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share is computed by dividing net income allocated to common shares by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period, plus the dilutive effect of outstanding stock options.
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The following table summarizes the net income allocated to common shares and the basic and diluted shares used in the net income per share computations:

|  | Year ended December 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
|  | (in thousands)
Net income |  | $ | 65,991 |  |  | $ | 39,390 |  |  | $ | 28,004 |
Less distributed and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities |  | (1,496 | ) |  | (981 | ) |  | (2,002 | )
Net income allocated to common shares |  | $ | 64,495 |  |  | $ | 38,409 |  |  | $ | 26,002 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  | 20,834 |  |  | 24,308 |  |  | 24,708 |
Incremental shares from assumed conversions of common stock options and LTIP awards |  | 47 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 4 |
Adjusted weighted average common shares outstanding |  | 20,881 |  |  | 24,315 |  |  | 24,712 |
Potentially dilutive securities not included in weighted average share calculation due to anti-dilutive effect |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |

13. | Leases

We lease various office facilities, equipment and vehicles under operating lease arrangements, some of which contain rent escalation clauses. Most of the leases contain purchase and/or renewal options at fair market and fair rental value, respectively. Rental expense relating to all operating leases was $15.0 million, $13.6 million and $13.4 million in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. At December 31, 2016, future minimum rental payments under noncancelable operating leases are as follows:

|  | Operating Leases
|  | (in thousands)
2017 |  | $ | 14,888 |
2018 |  | 13,132 |
2019 |  | 9,561 |
2020 |  | 7,008 |
2021 |  | 4,506 |
Thereafter |  | 5,155 |
Total minimum lease payments |  | $ | 54,250 |

14. | Commitments and Contingencies

We enter into fixed purchase and service obligations in the ordinary course of business. These arrangements primarily consist of, construction contract for the new facility, advertising commitments and service contracts. At December 31, 2016, future purchase and service obligations greater than $100,000 and one year were as follows (in thousands):

2017 |  | $ | 12,630 |  | (1)
2018 |  | 8,799 |  |
2019 |  | 3,876 |  |
2020 |  | 2,549 |  |
2021 |  | 800 |  |
Thereafter |  | 400 |  |
Total obligations |  | $ | 29,054 |  |

____________________________________
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(1) | Includes $4.9 million related to the construction of a new facility on our corporate campus.

Worksite Employee 401(k) Retirement Plan Class Action Litigation
In December 2015, a lawsuit was filed seeking class action status on behalf of participants in the Insperity 401(k) retirement plan that is available to eligible worksite employees (the “Plan”). The suit was filed against us and the third-party discretionary trustee of the Plan in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia, Atlanta Division. It generally alleges that the third-party discretionary trustee of the Plan and Insperity breached their fiduciary duties to plan participants by selecting an Insperity subsidiary to serve as the recordkeeper for the Plan, by causing participants in the Plan to pay excessive recordkeeping fees to the Insperity subsidiary, by failing to monitor other fiduciaries, and by making imprudent investment choices. We believe we have meritorious defenses, and we intend to vigorously defend this litigation. The matter is at an early state and involves unresolved questions of fact and law. As a result of this uncertainty, no provision has been made in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.
Other Litigation
We are a defendant in various other lawsuits and claims arising in the normal course of business. Management believes it has valid defenses in these cases and is defending them vigorously. While the results of litigation cannot be predicted with certainty, management believes the final outcome of such litigation will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations.

15. | Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)

|  | Quarter ended |
|  | March 31 |  | June 30 |  |  |  | Sept. 30 |  |  |  | Dec. 31 |
|  | (in thousands, except per share amounts) |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues |  | $ | 802,408 |  |  | $ | 707,332 |  |  |  |  | $ | 702,538 |  |  |  |  | $ | 729,069 |  |
Gross profit |  | 150,016 |  |  | 113,259 |  |  |  |  | 117,796 |  |  |  |  | 110,539 |  |
Operating income |  | 53,043 |  |  | 16,023 |  |  |  | 22,773 |  |  |  |  | 14,467 |  |
Net income |  | 32,693 |  |  | 9,713 |  |  |  |  | 14,065 |  |  |  |  | 9,520 |  |
Basic net income per share |  | 1.53 |  |  | 0.45 |  |  |  |  | 0.66 |  |  |  |  | 0.45 |  |
Diluted net income per share |  | 1.53 |  |  | 0.45 |  |  |  |  | 0.66 |  |  |  |  | 0.45 |  |
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues |  | $ | 699,479 |  |  | $ | 627,838 |  |  |  |  | $ | 626,286 |  |  |  |  | $ | 650,011 |  |
Gross profit |  | 129,860 |  |  | 104,219 |  |  |  |  | 106,743 |  |  |  |  | 97,045 |  |
Operating income |  | 23,520 |  | (1) | 12,217 |  | (2) |  | 19,936 |  |  |  |  | 10,026 |  | (3)
Net income |  | 13,787 |  |  | 7,314 |  |  |  | 11,950 |  |  |  |  | 6,339 |  |
Basic net income per share |  | 0.54 |  |  | 0.29 |  |  |  |  | 0.48 |  |  |  |  | 0.26 |  |
Diluted net income per share |  | 0.54 |  |  | 0.29 |  |  |  |  | 0.48 |  |  |  |  | 0.26 |  |

____________________________________

(1) | Includes non-cash impairment and other charges in the first quarter of 2015 of $9.8 million. Please read Note 7, “Impairment Charges and Other,” for additional information.

(2) | Includes non-cash impairment and other charges in the second quarter of 2015 of $1.3 million. Please read Note 7, “Impairment Charges and Other,” for additional information.

(3) | Includes a reduction to non-cash impairment and other charges in the fourth quarter of 2015 of $0.6 million. Please read Note 7, “Impairment Charges and Other,” for additional information.

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