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Income Taxes (Notes) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2020
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Income Taxes |
7. | Income Taxes
Deferred taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities used for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of the net deferred tax assets as reflected on the Consolidated Balance Sheets are as follows:
| December 31,
(in thousands) | 2020 | 2019
Deferred tax liabilities |  |
Prepaid assets | $ | (4,207) |  | $ | (4,252) |
Depreciation | (4,941) |  | (4,564) |
Software development costs | (8,230) |  | (6,475) |
Tenant improvements | (3,702) |  | (3,209) |
Right-of-use leased assets | (17,322) |  | (15,949) |
Intangibles | (1,444) |  | (955) |
Total deferred tax liabilities | (39,846) |  | (35,404) |
Deferred tax assets |  |
Accrued incentive compensation | 5,092 |  | 5,946 |
Net operating loss carryforward | 558 |  | 632 |
Workers’ compensation accruals | 6,310 |  | 5,404 |
Accrued rent | 1,553 |  | 1,223 |
Stock-based compensation | 11,383 |  | 6,712 |
Operating lease liabilities | 21,024 |  | 19,158 |
Minority investment impairment | 676 |  | 673 |
Cares act deferral | 3,235 |  | — |
Other | 294 |  | 287 |
Total deferred tax assets | 50,125 |  | 40,035 |
Valuation allowance | (676) |  | (675) |
Total net deferred tax assets | 49,449 |  | 39,360 |
Net deferred tax assets | $ | 9,603 |  | $ | 3,956 |
The components of income tax expense are as follows:
| Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands) | 2020 | 2019 | 2018
Current income tax expense |  |  |
Federal | $ | 45,558 |  | $ | 27,385 |  | $ | 40,347 |
State | 11,122 |  | 6,299 |  | 11,133 |
Total current income tax expense | 56,680 |  | 33,684 |  | 51,480 |
Deferred income tax (benefit) expense |  |  |
Federal | (4,678) |  | 4,016 |  | (3,398) |
State | (969) |  | 844 |  | (1,135) |
Total deferred income tax (benefit) expense | (5,647) |  | 4,860 |  | (4,533) |
Total income tax expense | $ | 51,033 |  | $ | 38,544 |  | $ | 46,947 |
In 2016, we prospectively adopted ASU No. 2016-09, Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting. We recognized an income tax benefit of $2.1 million in 2020, $14.6 million in 2019 and $3.9 million in 2018 related to excess tax benefits from the vesting of equity compensation. The reconciliation of income tax expense computed at U.S. federal statutory tax rates to the reported income tax expense from continuing operations is as follows:
| Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands) | 2020 | 2019 | 2018
Expected income tax expense at 21% | $ | 39,747 |  | $ | 39,825 |  | $ | 38,296 |
State income taxes, net of federal benefit | 7,818 |  | 5,821 |  | 7,660 |
Nondeductible expenses | 3,641 |  | 5,959 |  | 4,831 |
Equity compensation, net | 1,335 |  | (12,120) |  | (2,737) |
Research and development credit | (1,479) |  | (1,069) |  | (856) |
Other, net | (29) |  | 128 |  | (247) |
Reported total income tax expense | $ | 51,033 |  | $ | 38,544 |  | $ | 46,947 |
At December 31, 2020, we have net operating loss carryforwards totaling $2.2 million that expire from 2023 to 2030 related to an acquisition that occurred in 2010. We recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. As of December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, we made no provisions for interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions. The tax years 2017 through 2019 remain open to examination by the Internal Revenue Service of the United States. The tax years 2016 through 2019 remain open to examination by various state tax authorities.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for income taxes. Disclosures may include net deferred tax liability or asset recognized in an enterprise's statement of financial position, net change during the year in the total valuation allowance, approximate tax effect of each type of temporary difference and carryforward that gives rise to a significant portion of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, utilization of a tax carryback, and tax uncertainties information. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 21 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84230637&loc=d3e32857-109319 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 11.C) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=116825942&loc=d3e330215-122817 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 17 -Subparagraph (b) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84230637&loc=d3e32809-109319 Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SAB TOPIC 6.I.5.Q1) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=116825942&loc=d3e330036-122817 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 14 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84230637&loc=d3e32705-109319 Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 270 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6424409&loc=d3e44925-109338 Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2144680 Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 30 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (a) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6424122&loc=d3e41874-109331 + Details
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