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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)

☒ | Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024

or
☐ | Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
| For the transition period from _______________ to _______________

Commission File No. 1-13998
Insperity, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 76-0479645
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

19001 Crescent Springs Drive
Kingwood, | Texas | 77339
(Address of principal executive offices)

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code): (281) 358-8986

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class | Trading symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share | NSP | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Emerging growth company | ☐
Smaller reporting company | ☐ |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes ☐ No ☒
As of April 24, 2024, 37,655,455 shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share, were outstanding.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page
| Forward Looking Statements | 4
Part I, Item 1. | Financial Statements | 6
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets | 6
| Consolidated Statements of Income | 7
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 8
| Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity | 9
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 10
Part I, Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 18
Part I, Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 31
Part I, Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 31
Part II, Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 32
Part II, Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 32
Part II, Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 32
Part II, Item 5. | Other Information | 32
Part II, Item 6. | Exhibits | 33

FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

The statements contained herein that are not historical facts are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. You can identify such forward-looking statements by the words “anticipates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “projects,” “believes,” “estimates,” “likely,” “possibly,” “probably,” “could,” “goal,” “opportunity,” “objective,” “target,” “assume,” “outlook,” “guidance,” “predicts,” “appears,” “indicator” and similar expressions. Forward-looking statements involve a number of risks and uncertainties. In the normal course of business, in an effort to help keep our stockholders and the public informed about our operations, from time to time, we may issue such forward-looking statements, either orally or in writing. Generally, these statements relate to business plans or strategies; including our strategic partnership with Workday, Inc.; projected or anticipated benefits or other consequences of such plans or strategies; or projections involving anticipated revenues, earnings, average number of worksite employees (“WSEEs”), benefits and workers’ compensation costs, or other operating results. We base these forward-looking statements on our current expectations, estimates and projections. We caution you that these statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions that we cannot predict. In addition, we have based many of these forward-looking statements on assumptions about future events that may prove to be inaccurate. Therefore, the actual results of the future events described in such forward-looking statements could differ materially from those stated in such forward-looking statements. Among the factors that could cause actual results to differ materially are:
•adverse economic conditions;
•failure to comply with or meet client expectations regarding certain COVID-19 relief programs;
•bank failures or other events affecting financial institutions;
•labor shortages, increasing competition for highly skilled workers, and evolving employee expectations regarding the workplace;
•impact of inflation;
•vulnerability to regional economic factors because of our geographic market concentration;
•failure to comply with covenants under our credit facility;
•impact of a future outbreak of highly infectious or contagious disease;
•our liability for WSEE payroll, payroll taxes and benefits costs, or other liabilities associated with actions of our client companies or WSEEs, including if our clients fail to pay us;
•increases in health insurance costs and workers’ compensation rates and underlying claims trends, health care reform, financial solvency of workers’ compensation carriers, other insurers or financial institutions, state unemployment tax rates, liabilities for employee and client actions or payroll-related claims;
•an adverse determination regarding our status as the employer of our WSEEs for tax and benefit purposes and an inability to offer alternative benefit plans following such a determination;
•cancellation of client contracts on short notice, or the inability to renew client contracts or attract new clients;
•the ability to secure competitive replacement contracts for health insurance and workers’ compensation insurance at expiration of current contracts;
•regulatory and tax developments and possible adverse application of various federal, state and local regulations;
•failure to manage growth of our operations and the effectiveness of our sales and marketing efforts;
•the impact of the competitive environment and other developments in the human resources services industry, including the professional employer organization (or PEO) industry, on our growth and/or profitability;
•an adverse final judgment or settlement of claims against Insperity;
•disruptions of our information technology systems or failure to enhance our service and technology offerings to address new regulations or client expectations;

Insperity | 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q | 4

FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

•our liability or damage to our reputation relating to disclosure of sensitive or private information as a result of data theft, cyberattacks or security vulnerabilities;
•failure of third-party providers, such as financial institutions, data centers or cloud service providers;
•our ability to fully realize the anticipated benefits of our strategic partnership and plans to develop a joint solution with Workday, Inc.; and
•our ability to integrate or realize expected returns on future product offerings, including through acquisitions, strategic partnerships, and investments.
These factors are discussed in further detail in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 under “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in Part I and “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, and elsewhere in this report. Any of these factors, or a combination of such factors, could materially affect the results of our operations and whether forward-looking statements we make ultimately prove to be accurate.
Any forward-looking statements are made only as of the date hereof and, unless otherwise required by applicable securities laws, we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

Insperity | 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q | 5

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)

PART I
Item 1. Financial Statements
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in millions) | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 667 |  |  | $ | 693 |
Restricted cash | 61 |  |  | 57 |
Marketable securities | 16 |  |  | 16 |
Accounts receivable, net | 724 |  |  | 694 |
Prepaid insurance and related assets | 37 |  |  | 7 |
Funds held for clients and other current assets | 114 |  |  | 128 |
Total current assets | 1,619 |  |  | 1,595 |
Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation | 191 |  |  | 197 |
Right-of-use (“ROU”) leased assets | 56 |  |  | 57 |
Prepaid health insurance | 9 |  |  | 9 |
Deposits – health insurance | 8 |  |  | 8 |
Deposits – workers’ compensation | 204 |  |  | 198 |
Goodwill and other intangible assets, net | 13 |  |  | 13 |
Deferred income taxes, net | 6 |  |  | 20 |
Other assets | 20 |  |  | 23 |
Total assets | $ | 2,126 |  |  | $ | 2,120 |
Liabilities and stockholders' equity |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 11 |
Payroll taxes and other payroll deductions payable | 489 |  |  | 566 |
Accrued worksite employee payroll costs | 622 |  |  | 559 |
Accrued health insurance costs | 71 |  |  | 46 |
Accrued workers’ compensation costs | 64 |  |  | 60 |
Accrued corporate payroll and commissions | 55 |  |  | 64 |
Income taxes payable | 15 |  |  | 3 |
Client funds liability and other accrued liabilities | 84 |  |  | 127 |
Total current liabilities | 1,406 |  |  | 1,436 |
Accrued workers’ compensation costs, net of current | 155 |  |  | 163 |
Long-term debt | 369 |  |  | 369 |
Operating lease liabilities, net of current | 56 |  |  | 58 |
Total noncurrent liabilities | 580 |  |  | 590 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |  |  |
Common stock | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Additional paid-in capital | 172 |  |  | 185 |
Treasury stock, at cost | (826) |  |  | (831) |
Retained earnings | 793 |  |  | 739 |
Total stockholders' equity | 140 |  |  | 94 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 2,126 |  |  | $ | 2,120 |

See accompanying notes.

Insperity | 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q | 6

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

| Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions, except per share amounts) | 2024 | 2023
Revenues | $ | 1,802 |  | $ | 1,770 |
Payroll taxes, benefits and workers’ compensation costs | 1,457 |  | 1,438 |
Gross profit | 345 |  | 332 |
Salaries, wages and payroll taxes | 140 |  | 125 |
Stock-based compensation | 10 |  | 11 |
Commissions | 12 |  | 11 |
Advertising | 7 |  | 6 |
General and administrative expenses | 57 |  | 48 |
Depreciation and amortization | 11 |  | 10 |
Total operating expenses | 237 |  | 211 |
Operating income | 108 |  | 121 |
Other income (expense): |  |
Interest income | 10 |  | 9 |
Interest expense | (7) |  | (6) |
Income before income tax expense | 111 |  | 124 |
Income tax expense | 32 |  | 29 |
Net income | $ | 79 |  | $ | 95 |
Net income per share of common stock |  |
Basic | $ | 2.11 |  | $ | 2.49 |
Diluted | $ | 2.08 |  | $ | 2.45 |

See accompanying notes.

Insperity | 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q | 7

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

| Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions) | 2024 | 2023
Cash flows from operating activities |  |
Net income | $ | 79 |  | $ | 95 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization | 11 |  | 10 |
Stock-based compensation | 10 |  | 11 |
Deferred income taxes | 14 |  | 17 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |
Accounts receivable | (30) |  | 16 |
Prepaid insurance and related assets | (30) |  | (39) |
Other current assets | (27) |  | (12) |
Other assets and ROU assets | 5 |  | 2 |
Accounts payable | (5) |  | 1 |
Payroll taxes and other payroll deductions payable | (77) |  | (60) |
Accrued worksite employee payroll costs | 63 |  | 12 |
Accrued health insurance costs | 25 |  | 26 |
Accrued workers’ compensation costs | (4) |  | — |
Accrued corporate payroll, commissions and other accrued liabilities | (15) |  | (46) |
Income taxes payable/receivable | 12 |  | 7 |
Total adjustments | (48) |  | (55) |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 31 |  | 40 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |
Marketable securities: |  |
Purchases | (6) |  | (14) |
Proceeds from maturities | 6 |  | 12 |
Property and equipment purchases | (5) |  | (7) |
Net cash used in investing activities | (5) |  | (9) |
Cash flows from financing activities |  |
Purchase of treasury stock | (23) |  | (35) |
Dividends paid | (21) |  | (20) |
Client funds liability and other | (39) |  | 8 |
Net cash used in financing activities | (83) |  | (47) |
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and funds held for clients | (57) |  | (16) |
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and funds held for clients beginning of period | 1,035 |  | 1,014 |
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and funds held for clients end of period | $ | 978 |  | $ | 998 |

Supplemental cash flow information: |  |
ROU assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations | $ | 4 |  | $ | 1 |

See accompanying notes.

Insperity | 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q | 8

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023

| Common Stock Issued | Additional Paid-In Capital | Treasury Stock | Retained Earnings and AOCI | Total
(in millions) | Shares | Amount
Balance at December 31, 2023 | 55 |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 185 |  | $ | (831) |  | $ | 739 |  | $ | 94 |
Purchase of treasury stock, at cost | — |  | — |  | — |  | (23) |  | — |  | (23) |
Issuance of equity-based incentive awards and dividend equivalents | — |  | — |  | (24) |  | 28 |  | (4) |  | — |
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  | — |  | 10 |  | — |  | — |  | 10 |
Other | — |  | — |  | 1 |  | — |  | — |  | 1 |
Dividends paid | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (21) |  | (21) |
Net income | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 79 |  | 79 |
Balance at March 31, 2024 | 55 |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 172 |  | $ | (826) |  | $ | 793 |  | $ | 140 |
Balance at December 31, 2022 | 55 |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 151 |  | $ | (726) |  | $ | 655 |  | $ | 81 |
Purchase of treasury stock, at cost | — |  | — |  | — |  | (35) |  | — |  | (35) |
Issuance of equity-based incentive awards and dividend equivalents | — |  | — |  | (21) |  | 26 |  | (5) |  | — |
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  | — |  | 11 |  | — |  | — |  | 11 |
Other | — |  | — |  | 1 |  | — |  | — |  | 1 |
Dividends paid | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (20) |  | (20) |
Net income | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 95 |  | 95 |
Balance at March 31, 2023 | 55 |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 142 |  | $ | (735) |  | $ | 725 |  | $ | 133 |

See accompanying notes.

Insperity | 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q | 9

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. | Basis of Presentation |

Insperity, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Insperity,” “we,” “our,” and “us”), provides an array of human resources (“HR”) and business solutions designed to help improve business performance. Our most comprehensive HR services offerings are provided through our professional employer organization (“PEO”) services, known as our Workforce Optimization® and Workforce Synchronization TM solutions (together, our “PEO HR Outsourcing Solutions”), which we provide by entering into a co-employment relationship with our clients. Our PEO HR Outsourcing Solutions encompass a broad range of HR functions, including payroll and employment administration, employee benefits, workers’ compensation, government compliance, performance management, and training and development services, along with our cloud-based human capital management solution, the Insperity Premier TM platform.
In addition to our PEO HR Outsourcing Solutions, we offer a comprehensive traditional payroll and human capital management solution, known as our Workforce Acceleration TM solution (our “Traditional Payroll Solution”). We also offer a number of other business performance solutions, including Recruiting Services, Employment Screening, Retirement Services, and Insurance Services. These other products or services are offered separately or with our other solutions.
The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Insperity, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with our audited Consolidated Financial Statements at and for the year ended December 31, 2023. Our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2023 has been derived from the audited financial statements at that date, but does not include all of the information or footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. Our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at March 31, 2024 and our Consolidated Statements of Income for the three month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 and our Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the three month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, have been prepared by us without audit. In the opinion of management, all adjustments necessary to present fairly the consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows have been made, and all such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature.
The results of operations for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for a full year or of future operations.

2. | Accounting Policies

Health Insurance Costs
We provide group health insurance coverage under a single-employer plan that covers both our WSEEs in our PEO HR Outsourcing Solutions and our corporate employees and utilizes a national network of carriers, including UnitedHealthcare (“United”), UnitedHealthcare of California, Kaiser Permanente, Blue Shield of California, HMSA BlueCross BlueShield of Hawaii, and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, formerly known as Tufts, all of which provide fully insured policies or service contracts.
Approximately 87% of our costs related to health insurance coverage are provided under our policy with United. While the policy with United is a fully insured plan, as a result of certain contractual terms, we have accounted for this plan since its inception using a partially self-funded insurance accounting model. Effective January 1, 2020, under the amended agreement with United, we no longer have financial responsibilities for a participant’s annual claim costs that exceed $1 million (“Individual Claims Limit”). Accordingly, we record the cost of the United plan, including an estimate of the incurred claims, taxes and administrative fees (collectively the “Plan Costs”), as benefits expense, which is a component of direct costs, in our Consolidated Statements of Income. The estimated incurred but not reported claims are based upon: (1) the level of claims processed during each quarter; (2) estimated completion rates based upon recent claim development

Insperity | 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q | 10

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

patterns under the plan; and (3) the number of participants in the plan, including both active and COBRA enrollees. Each reporting period, changes in the estimated ultimate costs resulting from claim trends, plan design and migration, participant demographics, and other factors are incorporated into the benefits costs, which requires a significant level of judgment.
Additionally, since the plan’s inception, under the terms of the contract, United establishes cash funding rates 90 days in advance of the beginning of a reporting quarter. If the Plan Costs for a reporting quarter are greater than the premiums paid and owed to United, a deficit in the plan would be incurred and a liability for the excess costs would be accrued in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. On the other hand, if the Plan Costs for the reporting quarter are less than the premiums paid and owed to United, a surplus in the plan would be incurred and we would record an asset for the excess premiums in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The terms of the arrangement require us to maintain an accumulated cash surplus in the plan of $9 million, which is reported as long-term prepaid health insurance. In addition, United requires a deposit equal to approximately one day of claims funding activity, which was $7 million at March 31, 2024, and is included in deposits - health insurance as a long-term asset on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of March 31, 2024, Plan Costs were less than the net premiums paid and owed to United by $33 million. As this amount is in excess of the agreed-upon $9 million surplus maintenance level, the $24 million difference is included in prepaid insurance, a current asset, in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The premiums, including the additional quarterly premiums, owed to United at March 31, 2024 were $63 million, which is included in accrued health insurance costs, a current liability in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Our benefits costs incurred in the first three months of 2024 included a decrease of $18 million for changes in estimated run-off related to prior periods, net of Individual Claims Limit. Our benefits costs incurred in the first three months of 2023 included a decrease of $9 million for changes in estimated run-off related to prior periods.
Workers’ Compensation Costs
Our workers’ compensation coverage for our WSEEs in our PEO HR Outsourcing Solutions has been provided through an arrangement with the Chubb Group of Insurance Companies or its predecessors (the “Chubb Program”) since 2007. The Chubb Program is fully insured in that Chubb has the responsibility to pay all claims incurred under the policy regardless of whether we satisfy our responsibilities. Under the Chubb Program, for claims incurred on or before September 30, 2019, we have financial responsibility to Chubb for the first $1 million layer of claims per occurrence and, for claims over $1 million, up to a maximum aggregate amount of $6 million per policy year for claims that exceed $1 million. Chubb bears the financial responsibility for all claims in excess of these levels. Effective for claims incurred on or after October 1, 2019, we have financial responsibility to Chubb for the first $1.5 million layer of claims per occurrence and, for claims over $1.5 million, up to a maximum aggregate amount of $6 million per policy year for claims that exceed $1.5 million.
Because we bear the financial responsibility for claims up to the levels noted above, such claims, which are the primary component of our workers’ compensation costs, are recorded in the period incurred. Workers’ compensation insurance includes ongoing health care and indemnity coverage whereby claims are paid over numerous years following the date of injury. Accordingly, the accrual of related incurred costs in each reporting period includes estimates, which take into account the ongoing development of claims and therefore requires a significant level of judgment.
We utilize a third-party actuary to estimate our loss development rate, which is primarily based upon the nature of WSEEs’ job responsibilities, the location of WSEEs, the historical frequency and severity of workers’ compensation claims, and an estimate of future cost trends. Each reporting period, changes in the actuarial assumptions resulting from changes in actual claims experience and other trends are incorporated into our workers’ compensation claims cost estimates. During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, we reduced accrued workers’ compensation costs by $9 million and $8 million, respectively, for changes in estimated losses related to prior periods. Workers’ compensation cost estimates are discounted to present value at a rate based upon the U.S. Treasury rates that correspond with the weighted average estimated claim payout period (the average discount rate utilized in the 2024 period was 4.5% and in the 2023 period was 4.0%) and are accreted over the estimated claim payment period and included as a component of direct costs in our Consolidated Statements of Income.

Insperity | 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q | 11

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The following table provides the activity and balances related to incurred but not paid workers’ compensation claims:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023
Beginning balance, January 1, | $ | 220 |  |  | $ | 229 |
Accrued claims | 14 |  |  | 16 |
Present value discount, net of accretion | (3) |  |  | (3) |
Paid claims | (16) |  |  | (13) |
Ending balance | $ | 215 |  |  | $ | 229 |
Current portion of accrued claims | $ | 60 |  |  | $ | 48 |
Long-term portion of accrued claims | 155 |  |  | 181 |
Total accrued claims | $ | 215 |  |  | $ | 229 |

The current portion of accrued workers’ compensation costs on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2024 and 2023 includes $4 million in both periods of workers’ compensation administrative fees.
The undiscounted accrued workers’ compensation costs were $247 million as of March 31, 2024 and $253 million as of March 31, 2023.
At the beginning of each policy period, the workers’ compensation insurance carrier establishes monthly funding requirements comprised of premium costs and funds to be set aside for payment of future claims (“claim funds”). The level of claim funds is primarily based upon anticipated WSEE payroll levels and expected workers’ compensation loss rates, as determined by the insurance carrier. Monies funded into the program for incurred claims expected to be paid within one year are recorded as restricted cash, a short-term asset, while the remainder of claim funds are included in deposits – workers’ compensation, a long-term asset in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. At March 31, 2024, we had restricted cash of $61 million and deposits – workers’ compensation of $204 million.
Our estimate of incurred claim costs expected to be paid within one year is included in short-term liabilities, while our estimate of incurred claim costs expected to be paid beyond one year is included in long-term liabilities on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Revenues
We enter into contracts with our customers for human resources services based on a stated rate and price in the contract. Our contracts generally establish pricing for a period of 12 months and are generally cancellable at any time by either party with 30-days’ notice. Our performance obligations are satisfied as services are rendered each month. The term between invoicing and when our performance obligations are satisfied is not significant. Our payment terms typically require payment concurrently with the invoicing of our PEO services. We do not have significant financing components or significant payment terms.
Our revenue is generally recognized ratably over the payroll period as WSEEs perform their service at the client worksite in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Customers are invoiced concurrently with each periodic payroll of its WSEEs. Revenues that have been recognized but not invoiced represent unbilled accounts receivable of $712 million and $669 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and are included in accounts receivable, net on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Pursuant to the “practical expedients” provided under ASC 340-40, Other Assets and Deferred Costs - Contracts with Customers, we expense sales commissions when incurred because the terms of our contracts are cancellable by either party with a 30-day notice. These costs are recorded in commissions in our Consolidated Statements of Income.

Insperity | 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q | 12

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Our revenue for our PEO HR Outsourcing Solutions by geographic region and for our other products and services offerings are as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions) | 2024 | 2023 | % Change
Northeast | $ | 509 |  | $ | 492 |  | 3 | %
Southeast | 246 |  | 239 |  | 3 | %
Central | 324 |  | 319 |  | 2 | %
Southwest | 340 |  | 340 |  | — | %
West | 366 |  | 363 |  | 1 | %
| 1,785 |  | 1,753 |  | 2 | %
Other revenue | 17 |  | 17 |  | — | %
Total revenue | $ | 1,802 |  | $ | 1,770 |  | 2 | %

Our PEO HR Outsourcing Solutions revenues are primarily derived from our gross billings, which are based on (1) the payroll cost of our WSEEs; and (2) a markup computed as a percentage of the payroll cost. The gross billings are invoiced concurrently with each periodic payroll of our WSEEs. Revenues, which exclude the payroll cost component of gross billings and therefore consist solely of the markup, are recognized ratably over the payroll period as WSEEs perform their service at the client worksite.
In determining the pricing of the markup component of our gross billings, we take into consideration our estimates of the costs directly associated with our WSEEs, including payroll taxes, benefits and workers’ compensation costs, plus an acceptable gross profit margin. As a result, our operating results are significantly impacted by our ability to accurately estimate our direct costs relative to the revenues derived from the markup component of our gross billings.
Revenues are comprised of gross billings less WSEE payroll costs as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions) | 2024 | 2023
Gross billings | $ | 11,483 |  | $ | 11,451 |
Less: WSEE payroll cost | 9,681 |  | 9,681 |
Revenues | $ | 1,802 |  | $ | 1,770 |

3. | Other Balance Sheet Information

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities
The following table summarizes our cash and investments in cash equivalents and marketable securities held by investment managers and overnight investments:

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
(in millions) | Cash & Cash Equivalents | Marketable Securities | Total |  | Cash & Cash Equivalents | Marketable Securities | Total
Overnight holdings | $ | 356 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 356 |  |  | $ | 611 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 611 |
Investment holdings | 118 |  | 16 |  | 134 |  |  | 119 |  | 16 |  | 135 |
| 474 |  | 16 |  | 490 |  |  | 730 |  | 16 |  | 746 |
Cash in demand accounts | 212 |  | — |  | 212 |  |  | 27 |  | — |  | 27 |
Outstanding checks | (19) |  | — |  | (19) |  |  | (64) |  | — |  | (64) |
Total | $ | 667 |  | $ | 16 |  | $ | 683 |  |  | $ | 693 |  | $ | 16 |  | $ | 709 |

Insperity | 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q | 13

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Our cash and overnight holdings fluctuate based on the timing of clients’ payroll processing cycles. Our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 included $443 million and $510 million, respectively, of funds associated with federal and state income tax withholdings, employment taxes, and other payroll deductions, as well as $34 million and $28 million, respectively, in client prepayments.
Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash and Funds Held for Clients
The following table summarizes our cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and funds held for clients as reported in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023
Supplemental schedule of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and funds held for clients |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 693 |  |  | $ | 733 |
Restricted cash | 57 |  |  | 50 |
Other current assets – funds held for clients(1) | 87 |  |  | 35 |
Deposits – workers’ compensation | 198 |  |  | 196 |
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and funds held for clients beginning of period | $ | 1,035 |  |  | $ | 1,014 |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 667 |  |  | $ | 697 |
Restricted cash | 61 |  |  | 48 |
Other current assets – funds held for clients(1) | 46 |  |  | 42 |
Deposits – workers’ compensation | 204 |  |  | 211 |
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and funds held for clients end of period | $ | 978 |  |  | $ | 998 |

____________________________________
(1)Funds held for clients represent amounts held on behalf of our Traditional Payroll Solution customers that are restricted for the purpose of satisfying obligations to remit funds to clients’ employees and various tax authorities.
Please read Note 2. “Accounting Policies,” for a discussion of our accounting policies for deposits – workers’ compensation and restricted cash.

4. | Fair Value Measurements

We account for our financial assets in accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement. This standard defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. The fair value measurement disclosures are grouped into three levels based on valuation factors:
•Level 1 - quoted prices in active markets using identical assets
•Level 2 - significant other observable inputs, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other observable inputs
•Level 3 - significant unobservable inputs

Insperity | 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q | 14

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Fair Value of Instruments Measured and Recognized at Fair Value
The following table summarizes the levels of fair value measurements of our financial assets:

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
(in millions) | Total | Level 1 | Level 2 |  | Total | Level 1 | Level 2
Money market funds | $ | 474 |  | $ | 474 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 730 |  | $ | 730 |  | $ | — |
U.S. Treasury bills | 16 |  | 16 |  | — |  |  | 16 |  | 16 |  | — |
| 490 |  | 490 |  | — |  |  | 746 |  | 746 |  | — |
Deposits - money market funds | 42 |  | 42 |  | — |  |  | 22 |  | 22 |  | — |
Total | $ | 532 |  | $ | 532 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 768 |  | $ | 768 |  | $ | — |

Please read Note 3. “Other Balance Sheet Information,” for additional information.
Our valuation techniques used to measure fair value for these securities during the period consisted primarily of third-party pricing services that utilized actual market data such as trades of comparable bond issues, broker/dealer quotations for the same or similar investments in active markets and other observable inputs.
The following is a summary of our available-for-sale marketable securities:

(in millions) | Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses | Estimated Fair Value
March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury bills | $ | 16 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 16 |
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury bills | $ | 16 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 16 |

As of March 31, 2024, the contractual maturities of all marketable securities in our portfolio were less than one year.
Fair Value of Other Financial Instruments
The carrying amounts of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, deposits and accounts payable approximate their fair values due to the short-term maturities of these instruments.
As of March 31, 2024, the carrying value of borrowings under our revolving credit facility approximates fair value and was classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. Please read Note 5, “Long-Term Debt,” for additional information.

5. | Long-Term Debt

We have a revolving credit facility (the “Facility”) with a borrowing capacity of up to $650 million. The Facility may be further increased to $700 million based on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the agreement relating to the Facility (as amended, the “Credit Agreement”). The Facility is available for working capital and general corporate purposes, including acquisitions, stock repurchases and issuances of letters of credit. Our obligations under the Facility are secured by 100% of the stock of our captive insurance subsidiary and are guaranteed by all of our subsidiaries other than our captive insurance subsidiary and certain other excluded subsidiaries. At March 31, 2024, our outstanding balance on the Facility was $369 million, and we had an outstanding $1 million letter of credit issued under the Facility, resulting in an available borrowing capacity of $280 million.
The Facility matures on June 30, 2027. Borrowings under the Facility bear interest at an annual rate equal to an alternate base rate or Adjusted Term SOFR for term SOFR loans, in either case plus an applicable margin. Adjusted Term SOFR is a forward-looking term rate based on the secured overnight financing rate plus a spread adjustment, which ranges from 0.10% to 0.25% depending on the interest period and type of loan. Depending on our leverage ratio, the applicable margin

Insperity | 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q | 15

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

varies (1) in the case of SOFR loans, from 1.50% to 2.25% and (2) in the case of alternate base rate loans, from 0.00% to 0.50%. The alternate base rate is the highest of (1) the prime rate most recently published in The Wall Street Journal, (2) the federal funds rate plus 0.50%; and (3) the Adjusted Term SOFR rate plus 2.00%. We also pay an unused commitment fee on the average daily unused portion of the Facility at a rate of 0.25% per year. The average interest rate for the three month period ended March 31, 2024 was 7.2%. Interest expense and unused commitment fees are recorded in other income (expense).
The Facility contains both affirmative and negative covenants that we believe are customary for arrangements of this nature. Covenants include, but are not limited to, limitations on our ability to incur additional indebtedness, sell material assets, retire, redeem or otherwise reacquire our capital stock, acquire the capital stock or assets of another business, make investments and pay dividends. In addition, the Credit Agreement requires us to comply with financial covenants limiting our total funded debt, minimum interest coverage ratio, and maximum leverage ratio. We were in compliance with all financial covenants under the Credit Agreement at March 31, 2024.

6. | Stockholders' Equity

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we repurchased or withheld an aggregate of 232,891 shares of our common stock, as described below.
Repurchase Program
Our Board of Directors (the “Board”) has authorized a program to repurchase shares of our outstanding common stock (“Repurchase Program”). The purchases may be made from time to time in the open market or directly from stockholders at prevailing market prices based on market conditions and other factors. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, 53,744 shares were repurchased under the Repurchase Program. As of March 31, 2024, we were authorized to repurchase an additional 1,915,818 shares under the Repurchase Program.
Withheld Shares
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we withheld 179,147 shares to satisfy tax withholding obligations for the vesting of long-term incentive and restricted stock unit awards.
Dividends
The Board declared and paid quarterly dividends as follows:

(amounts per share) | 2024 |  | 2023
First quarter | $ | 0.57 |  |  | $ | 0.52 |

During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, we declared and paid dividends totaling $21 million and $20 million, respectively.

7. | Earnings Per Share

Basic EPS is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period, plus the dilutive effect of time-vested and performance-based restricted stock units (“RSUs”).

Insperity | 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q | 16

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The following table summarizes the net income and the basic and diluted shares used in the earnings per share computations:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions) | 2024 | 2023
Net income | $ | 79 |  | $ | 95 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding | 37 |  | 38 |
Incremental shares from assumed time-vested and performance-based RSU awards | 1 |  | 1 |
Adjusted weighted average common shares outstanding | 38 |  | 39 |

An insignificant number of shares of time-vested and performance-based RSU awards were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share due to anti-dilution during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

8. | Commitments and Contingencies

Litigation
We are a defendant in various lawsuits and claims arising in the normal course of business. Management believes it has valid defenses in these cases and is defending them vigorously. While the results of litigation cannot be predicted with certainty, management believes the final outcome of such litigation will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations.

Insperity | 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q | 17

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
You should read the following discussion in conjunction with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, as well as our Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Executive Summary
Overview
Insperity, Inc. (“Insperity,” “we,” “our,” and “us”) provides an array of human resources (“HR”) and business solutions designed to help improve business performance. Our most comprehensive HR services offerings are provided through our professional employer organization (“PEO”) services, known as our Workforce Optimization® and Workforce Synchronization TM solutions (together, our “PEO HR Outsourcing Solutions”), which we provide by entering into a co-employment relationship with our clients. Our PEO HR Outsourcing Solutions encompass a broad range of HR functions, including payroll and employment administration, employee benefits, workers’ compensation, government compliance, performance management, and training and development services, along with our cloud-based human capital management solution, the Insperity Premier TM platform.
2024 Highlights
First Quarter 2024 Compared to First Quarter 2023
•Average number of WSEEs paid per month decreased 1%
•Net income and diluted earnings per share (“diluted EPS”) decreased 17% and 15% to $79 million and $2.08, respectively
•Adjusted EPS decreased 15% to $2.27
•Adjusted EBITDA decreased 7% to $142 million
Please read “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EPS to their most directly comparable financial measures calculated and presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”).

Insperity | 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q | 18

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Results of Operations
Key Financial and Statistical Data

(in millions, except per share, WSEE and statistical data) | Three Months Ended March 31,
2024 | 2023 | % Change
Financial data: |  |  |
Revenues | $ | 1,802 |  | $ | 1,770 |  | 2 | %
Gross profit | 345 |  | 332 |  | 4 | %
Operating expenses | 237 |  | 211 |  | 12 | %
Operating income | 108 |  | 121 |  | (11) | %
Other income (expense), net | 3 |  | 3 |  | — | %
Net income | 79 |  | 95 |  | (17) | %
Diluted EPS | 2.08 |  | 2.45 |  | (15) | %
Non-GAAP financial measures(1): |  |  |
Adjusted net income | $ | 86 |  | $ | 103 |  | (17) | %
Adjusted EBITDA | 142 |  | 152 |  | (7) | %
Adjusted EPS | 2.27 |  | 2.67 |  | (15) | %
Average WSEEs paid | 303,904 |  | 306,691 |  | (1) | %
Statistical data (per WSEE per month): |  |  |
Revenues(2) | $ | 1,977 |  | $ | 1,924 |  | 3 | %
Gross profit | 378 |  | 361 |  | 5 | %
Operating expenses | 260 |  | 229 |  | 14 | %
Operating income | 118 |  | 132 |  | (11) | %
Net income | 87 |  | 103 |  | (16) | %

____________________________________
(1)Please read “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measures to their most directly comparable financial measures calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP.
(2)Revenues per WSEE per month are comprised of gross billings per WSEE per month less WSEE payroll costs per WSEE per month as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
(per WSEE per month) | 2024 | 2023
Gross billings | $ | 12,595 |  | $ | 12,446 |
Less: WSEE payroll cost | 10,618 |  | 10,522 |
Revenues | $ | 1,977 |  | $ | 1,924 |

Insperity | 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q | 19

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Key Operating Metrics
We monitor certain key metrics to measure our performance, including:
•WSEEs
•Adjusted EBITDA
•Adjusted EPS
Our growth in the number of WSEEs paid is affected by three primary sources: new client sales, client retention and the net change in WSEEs paid at existing clients through new hires and employee terminations.
•During Q1 2024, WSEEs paid decreased 1% compared to Q1 2023. The number of WSEEs paid from new client sales remained consistent compared to Q1 2023, while client retention and the net gain in our client base declined compared to Q1 2023.
Average WSEEs Paid and
Year-over-Year Growth Percentage

Insperity | 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q | 20

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Adjusted EBITDA and Year-over-Year Growth Percentage (in millions)

Adjusted EPS and Year-over-Year Growth Percentage (amounts per share)

Revenues
Our PEO HR Outsourcing Solutions revenues are primarily derived from our gross billings, which are based on (1) the payroll cost of our WSEEs and (2) a monthly markup component.
Our revenues are primarily dependent on the number of clients enrolled, the resulting number of WSEEs paid each period and the number of WSEEs enrolled in our benefit plans. Because our monthly markup is computed in part as a percentage of payroll cost, certain revenues are also affected by the payroll cost of WSEEs, which may fluctuate based on the composition of the WSEE base, inflationary effects on wage levels and differences in the local economies of our markets.

Insperity | 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q | 21

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Revenue and
Year-over-Year Growth Percentage
(in millions)
First Quarter 2024 Compared to First Quarter 2023
Our revenues for Q1 2024 were $1.8 billion, an increase of 2%, primarily due to the following:
•Revenues per WSEE per month increased 3%, or $53.
We provide our PEO HR Outsourcing Solutions to small and medium-sized businesses throughout the United States. Our PEO HR Outsourcing Solutions revenue distribution by region follows:
PEO HR Outsourcing Solutions Revenue by Region
(in millions)
________________________________________________________
(1)The Southwest region includes Texas.

Insperity | 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q | 22

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The percentage of total PEO HR Outsourcing Solutions revenue in our significant markets includes the following:
Significant Markets
The middle market sector, which we generally define as those companies with approximately 150 to 5,000 WSEEs, includes smaller clients whose number of WSEEs has grown to approximately 150 or more WSEEs. Currently, we have a dedicated sales management, service personnel, and consulting staff who concentrate solely on the middle market sector. Our average number of WSEEs per month in our middle market sector decreased 4% during Q1 2024 compared to Q1 2023, representing approximately 25% and 26% of our total average paid WSEEs during Q1 2024 and Q1 2023, respectively.
Gross Profit
In determining the pricing of the markup component of our gross billings, we take into consideration our estimates of the costs directly associated with our WSEEs, including payroll taxes, benefits and workers’ compensation costs, plus an acceptable gross profit margin. As a result, our operating results are significantly impacted by our ability to accurately estimate our direct costs relative to the revenues derived from the markup component of our gross billings.
Our gross profit per WSEE is primarily determined by our ability to accurately estimate direct costs and our ability to incorporate changes in these costs into the gross billings charged to PEO HR Outsourcing Solutions clients, which are subject to pricing arrangements that are typically renewed annually. We use gross profit per WSEE per month as our principal measurement of relative performance at the gross profit level.

Insperity | 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q | 23

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

First Quarter 2024 Compared to First Quarter 2023

Gross Profit and Year-over-Year Growth Percentage (in millions)

Gross Profit per WSEE per Month and Year-over-Year Growth Percentage

First Quarter 2024 Compared to First Quarter 2023
Gross profit for Q1 2024 increased 4% to $345 million compared to $332 million in Q1 2023. Gross profit per WSEE per month for Q1 2024 increased $17 to $378 compared to $361 in Q1 2023 due primarily to higher average pricing, offset in part by higher direct costs, as discussed below.
Our pricing objectives attempt to achieve a level of revenue per WSEE that matches or exceeds changes in primary direct costs and operating expenses. Our revenues per WSEE per month increased $53 due to higher average pricing of 3%.
The net decrease in direct costs between Q1 2024 and Q1 2023 attributable to the changes in cost estimates for benefits and workers’ compensation totaled $10 million as discussed below. The $36 per WSEE per month increase in direct costs is due primarily to the direct cost components changes as follows:

Insperity | 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q | 24

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Benefits costs
•The cost of group health insurance and related employee benefits increased $20 per WSEE per month and increased 4.6% on a cost per covered employee basis in Q1 2024 as compared to Q1 2023.
•The percentage of WSEEs covered under our health insurance plans was 64% in Q1 2024 compared to 65% in Q1 2023.
•Reported results include changes in estimated claims run-off related to prior periods, which was a reduction in costs of $18 million, or $20 per WSEE per month, in Q1 2024 compared to a decrease in costs of $9 million, or $10 per WSEE per month, in Q1 2023.
Please read Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, “Accounting Policies – Health Insurance Costs,” for a discussion of our accounting for health insurance costs.
Workers’ compensation costs
Our continued discipline around our client selection, workplace safety and claims management has allowed for claims within our policy periods to be closed out at amounts below our original cost estimates.
•Workers’ compensation costs decreased $2 per WSEE per month in Q1 2024 compared to Q1 2023 while non-bonus payroll costs increased 2%.
•As a percentage of non-bonus payroll cost, workers’ compensation costs were 0.22% in Q1 2024 and 0.25% in Q1 2023.
•We recorded a reduction in workers’ compensation costs of $9 million, or 0.11% of non-bonus payroll costs in Q1 2024, as a result of closing out claims at lower than expected costs. In Q1 2023, we recorded a reduction of $8 million, or 0.10% of non-bonus payroll costs.
Please read Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, “Accounting Policies – Workers’ Compensation Costs,” for a discussion of our accounting for workers’ compensation costs.
Payroll tax costs
•Payroll taxes increased 1%, or $18 per WSEE per month, while payroll costs remained flat.
•Payroll taxes as a percentage of payroll costs were 8% in both Q1 2024 and Q1 2023.
Operating Expenses
•Salaries, wages and payroll taxes — Salaries, wages and payroll taxes (“Salaries”) are primarily a function of the number of corporate employees, their associated average pay and any additional cash incentive compensation.
•Stock-based compensation — Our stock-based compensation relates to the recognition of non-cash compensation expense over the requisite service period of time-vested and performance-based awards.
•Commissions — Commissions expense consists primarily of amounts paid to sales managers and other sales personnel, including business performance advisors (“BPAs”), as well as channel referral fees. Commissions are based on new accounts sold and a percentage of revenue generated by such personnel.
•Advertising — Advertising expense primarily consists of media advertising and other business promotions in our current and anticipated sales markets.
•General and administrative expenses — Our general and administrative expenses primarily include:
◦rent expenses related to our service centers and sales offices
◦outside professional service fees related to legal, consulting and accounting services

Insperity | 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q | 25

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

◦administrative costs, such as postage, printing and supplies
◦employee travel and training expenses
◦facility costs, including repairs and maintenance
◦technology costs, including software-as-a-service (“SaaS”) subscription costs, amortization of SaaS implementation costs and costs related to our strategic partnership with Workday, Inc.
•Depreciation and amortization — Depreciation and amortization expense is primarily a function of our capital investments in corporate facilities, service centers, sales offices, software development, and technology infrastructure.
First Quarter 2024 Compared to First Quarter 2023
The following table presents certain information related to our operating expenses:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
|  |  | per WSEE
(in millions, except per WSEE) | 2024 | 2023 | % Change |  | 2024 | 2023 | % Change
Salaries | $ | 140 |  | $ | 125 |  | 12 | % |  | $ | 154 |  | $ | 136 |  | 13 | %
Stock-based compensation | 10 |  | 11 |  | (9) | % |  | 11 |  | 12 |  | (8) | %
Commissions | 12 |  | 11 |  | 9 | % |  | 13 |  | 12 |  | 8 | %
Advertising | 7 |  | 6 |  | 17 | % |  | 8 |  | 7 |  | 14 | %
General and administrative: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of SaaS implementation costs | 3 |  | 1 |  | 200 | % |  | 3 |  | 1 |  | 200 | %
Workday SaaS licensing and implementation expense | 4 |  | — |  | — | % |  | 4 |  | — |  | — | %
All other general and administrative | 50 |  | 47 |  | 6 | % |  | 55 |  | 50 |  | 10 | %
Total general and administrative | 57 |  | 48 |  | 19 | % |  | 62 |  | 51 |  | 22 | %
Depreciation and amortization | 11 |  | 10 |  | 10 | % |  | 12 |  | 11 |  | 9 | %
Total operating expenses | $ | 237 |  | $ | 211 |  | 12 | % |  | $ | 260 |  | $ | 229 |  | 14 | %

Operating expenses for Q1 2024 increased 12% to $237 million compared to $211 million in Q1 2023. Operating expenses per WSEE per month for Q1 2024 increased 14% to $260 compared to $229 in Q1 2023.
•Salaries of corporate and sales staff for Q1 2024 increased 12% to $140 million, or $18 per WSEE per month, compared to Q1 2023. The increase was primarily due to a 5% increase in BPA, service and support headcount in Q1 2024 compared to Q1 2023 and higher incentive compensation accruals in Q1 2024.
•General and administrative expenses for Q1 2024 increased 19% to $57 million, or $11 per WSEE per month, compared to Q1 2023. The increase was primarily due to increased software licensing, maintenance costs, SaaS implementation expense, travel and training, and professional services fees.
Income Tax Expense

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2024 | 2023
Effective income tax rate | 29% | 23%

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, our provision for income taxes differed from the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to state income taxes, non-deductible expenses and vesting of restricted and long-term incentive stock awards.

Insperity | 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q | 26

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

During the first three months of 2024 and 2023, we recognized an income tax benefit of $0 and $5 million, respectively, related to the vesting of long-term incentive and restricted stock awards.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Non-GAAP financial measures are not prepared in accordance with GAAP and may be different from non-GAAP financial measures used by other companies. Non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered as a substitute for, or superior to, measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. Investors are encouraged to review the reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measures used to their most directly comparable GAAP financial measures as provided in the tables below.

Non-GAAP Measure | Definition | Benefit of Non-GAAP Measure
Non-bonus payroll cost | Non-bonus payroll cost is a non-GAAP financial measure that excludes the impact of bonus payrolls paid to our WSEEs. Bonus payroll cost varies from period to period, but has no direct impact to our ultimate workers’ compensation costs under the current program. | Our management refers to non-bonus payroll cost in analyzing, reporting and forecasting our workers’ compensation costs. We include these non-GAAP financial measures because we believe they are useful to investors in allowing for greater transparency related to the costs incurred under our current workers’ compensation program.
Adjusted cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities | Excludes funds associated with: • federal and state income tax withholdings, • employment taxes, • other payroll deductions, and • client prepayments. | We believe that the exclusion of the identified items helps us reflect the fundamentals of our underlying business model and analyze results against our expectations, against prior periods, and to plan for future periods by focusing on our underlying operations. We believe that the adjusted results provide relevant and useful information for investors because they allow investors to view performance in a manner similar to the method used by management and improves their ability to understand and assess our operating performance. Adjusted EBITDA is used by our lenders to assess our leverage and ability to make interest payments.
EBITDA | Represents net income computed in accordance with GAAP, plus: • interest expense, • income tax expense, • depreciation and amortization expense, and • amortization of SaaS implementation costs.
Adjusted EBITDA | Represents EBITDA plus: • non-cash stock-based compensation.
Adjusted net income | Represents net income computed in accordance with GAAP, excluding: • non-cash stock-based compensation.
Adjusted EPS | Represents diluted net income per share computed in accordance with GAAP, excluding: • non-cash stock-based compensation.

Following is a reconciliation of payroll cost (GAAP) to non-bonus payroll costs (non-GAAP):

(in millions, except per WSEE per month) | Three Months Ended March 31,
2024 |  | 2023
| Per WSEE |  |  | Per WSEE
Payroll cost | $ | 9,681 |  | $ | 10,618 |  |  | $ | 9,681 |  | $ | 10,522 |
Less: Bonus payroll cost | 1,862 |  | 2,042 |  |  | 2,001 |  | 2,175 |
Non-bonus payroll cost | $ | 7,819 |  | $ | 8,576 |  |  | $ | 7,680 |  | $ | 8,347 |
% Change period over period | 2 | % | 3 | % |  | 13 | % | 3 | %

Insperity | 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q | 27

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Following is a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities (GAAP) to adjusted cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities (non-GAAP):

(in millions) | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities | $ | 683 |  |  | $ | 709 |
Less: |  |  |
Amounts payable for withheld federal and state income taxes, employment taxes and other payroll deductions | $ | 443 |  |  | 510 |
Client prepayments | $ | 34 |  |  | 28 |
Adjusted cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities | $ | 206 |  |  | $ | 171 |

Following is a reconciliation of net income (GAAP) to EBITDA (non-GAAP) and adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP):

| Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions, except per WSEE per month) | 2024 |  | 2023
| Per WSEE |  |  | Per WSEE
Net income | $ | 79 |  | $ | 87 |  |  | $ | 95 |  | $ | 103 |
Income tax expense | 32 |  | 35 |  |  | 29 |  | 31 |
Interest expense | 7 |  | 8 |  |  | 6 |  | 7 |
Amortization of SaaS implementation costs | 3 |  | 3 |  |  | 1 |  | 1 |
Depreciation and amortization | 11 |  | 12 |  |  | 10 |  | 11 |
EBITDA | 132 |  | 145 |  |  | 141 |  | 153 |
Stock-based compensation | 10 |  | 11 |  |  | 11 |  | 12 |
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 142 |  | $ | 156 |  |  | $ | 152 |  | $ | 165 |
% Change period over period | (7) | % | (5) | % |  | 28 | % | 16 | %

Following is a reconciliation of net income (GAAP) to adjusted net income (non-GAAP):

| Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions) | 2024 | 2023
Net income | $ | 79 |  | $ | 95 |
Non-GAAP adjustments: |  |
Stock-based compensation | 10 |  | 11 |
Tax effect | (3) |  | (3) |
Total non-GAAP adjustments, net | 7 |  | 8 |
Adjusted net income | $ | 86 |  | $ | 103 |
% Change period over period | (17) | % | 34 | %

Insperity | 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q | 28

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Following is a reconciliation of diluted EPS (GAAP) to adjusted EPS (non-GAAP):

| Three Months Ended March 31,
(amounts per share) | 2024 | 2023
Diluted EPS | $ | 2.08 |  | $ | 2.45 |
Non-GAAP adjustments: |  |
Stock-based compensation | 0.28 |  | 0.29 |
Tax effect | (0.09) |  | (0.07) |
Total non-GAAP adjustments, net | 0.19 |  | 0.22 |
Adjusted EPS | $ | 2.27 |  | $ | 2.67 |
% Change period over period | (15) | % | 34 | %

Liquidity and Capital Resources
We periodically evaluate our liquidity requirements, capital needs and availability of resources in view of, among other things, our expansion plans, stock repurchases, potential acquisitions, debt service requirements and other operating cash needs. To meet short-term liquidity requirements, which are primarily the payment of direct costs and operating expenses, we rely primarily on cash from operations. Longer-term projects, large stock repurchases or significant acquisitions may be financed with public or private debt or equity. We have a revolving credit facility (“Facility”) with a syndicate of financial institutions with a current borrowing capacity of $650 million. The Facility is available for working capital and general corporate purposes, including acquisitions and stock repurchases. We have in the past sought, and may in the future seek, to raise additional capital or take other steps to increase or manage our liquidity and capital resources.
We had $683 million in cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities at March 31, 2024, of which approximately $443 million was payable in early April 2024 for withheld federal and state income taxes, employment taxes and other payroll deductions, and approximately $34 million represented client prepayments that were payable in April 2024. At March 31, 2024, we had working capital of $213 million compared to $159 million at December 31, 2023. We currently believe that our cash on hand, marketable securities, cash flows from operations, and availability under the Facility will be adequate to meet our liquidity requirements for the remainder of 2024. We intend to rely on these same sources, as well as public and private debt or equity financing, to meet our longer-term liquidity and capital needs.
As of March 31, 2024, we had outstanding letters of credit and borrowings totaling $370 million under the Facility. Please read Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, “Long-Term Debt,” for additional information.
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities in the first three months of 2024 was $31 million. Our primary source of cash from operations is the comprehensive service fee and payroll funding we collect from our clients. Our cash and cash equivalents, and thus our reported cash flows from operating activities, are significantly impacted by various external and internal factors, which are reflected in part by the changes in our balance sheet accounts. These include the following:
•Timing of client payments / payroll taxes — We typically collect our comprehensive service fee, along with the client’s payroll funding, from clients no later than the same day as the payment of WSEE payrolls and associated payroll taxes. Therefore, the last business day of a reporting period has a substantial impact on our reporting of operating cash flows. For example, many WSEEs are paid on Fridays; therefore, operating cash flows decrease in the reporting periods that end on a Friday or a Monday. In the three months ended March 31, 2024, the last business day of the reporting period was a Friday, client prepayments were $34 million and employment taxes and other deductions were $443 million. In the three months ended March 31, 2023, the last business day of the reporting period was also a Friday, client prepayments were $44 million and employment taxes and other deductions were $458 million.

Insperity | 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q | 29

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

•Medical plan funding — Our health care contract with United establishes participant cash funding rates 90 days in advance of the beginning of a reporting quarter. Therefore, changes in the participation level of the United plan have a direct impact on our operating cash flows. In addition, changes to the funding rates, which are solely determined by United based primarily upon recent claim history and anticipated cost trends, also have a significant impact on our operating cash flows. As of March 31, 2024, Plan Costs were less than the net premiums paid and owed to United by $33 million, which is $24 million in excess of our agreed-upon $9 million surplus maintenance level. The $24 million difference is therefore reflected as a current asset and $9 million is reflected as a long-term asset on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at March 31, 2024. In addition, the premiums owed to United at March 31, 2024, were $63 million, which is included in accrued health insurance costs, a current liability, on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.
•Operating results — Our adjusted net income has a significant impact on our operating cash flows. Our adjusted net income decreased 17% to $86 million in the first three months of 2024, compared to $103 million in the first three months of 2023. Please read “Results of Operations – First Quarter 2024 Compared to First Quarter 2023.”
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Net cash flows used in investing activities were $5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, primarily due to property and equipment purchases of $5 million.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Net cash flows used in financing activities were $83 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. We paid $21 million in dividends and repurchased or withheld $23 million in stock. In addition, client funds liability and other financing activities decreased by $39 million.

Insperity | 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q | 30

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK AND CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
We are primarily exposed to market risks from fluctuations in interest rates and the effects of those fluctuations on the market values of our cash equivalent short-term investments, our available-for-sale marketable securities and our borrowings under our Facility, which bears interest at a variable market rate. As of March 31, 2024, we had outstanding letters of credit and borrowings totaling $370 million under the Facility. Please read Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, “Long-Term Debt,” for additional information.
The cash equivalent short-term investments consist primarily of overnight investments, which are not significantly exposed to interest rate risk, except to the extent that changes in interest rates will ultimately affect the amount of interest income earned on these investments. Our available-for-sale marketable securities are subject to interest rate risk because these securities generally include a fixed interest rate. As a result, the market values of these securities are affected by changes in prevailing interest rates.
We attempt to limit our exposure to interest rate risk primarily through diversification and low investment turnover. Our investment policy is designed to maximize after-tax interest income while preserving our principal investment. As a result, our marketable securities consist of primarily short-term U.S. Government Securities.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
In accordance with Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2024.
There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the three months ended March 31, 2024 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Insperity | 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q | 31

OTHER INFORMATION

PART II
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
Please read Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, “Commitments and Contingencies,” which is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes in our risk factors disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 under “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in Part I and “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
The following table provides information about purchases by Insperity during the three months ended March 31, 2024 of equity securities that are registered by Insperity pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act:

Period | Total Number of Shares Purchased(1)(2) |  | Average Price Paid per Share | Total Number of Shares Purchased Under Announced Program(2) | Maximum Number of Shares Available for Purchase under Announced Program(2)
01/01/2024 — 01/31/2024 | 1,232 |  |  | $ | 112.06 |  | 1,202 |  | 1,968,360 |
02/01/2024 — 02/29/2024 | 197,345 |  |  | 96.69 |  | 52,542 |  | 1,915,818 |
03/01/2024 — 03/31/2024 | 34,314 |  |  | 100.29 |  | — |  | 1,915,818 |
Total | 232,891 |  |  | $ | 97.30 |  | 53,744 |  |

____________________________________
(1)During the three months ended March 31, 2024, 179,147 shares of stock were withheld to satisfy tax-withholding obligations arising in conjunction with the vesting of restricted stock units. The required withholding is calculated using the closing sales price reported by the New York Stock Exchange on the date prior to the applicable vesting date. These shares are not subject to the repurchase program.
(2)Our Board of Directors has approved a program to repurchase shares of our outstanding common stock, which was originally announced on January 28, 1999. From time to time, our Board of Directors has increased the number of shares authorized to be repurchased under the program. On August 1, 2023, we announced that our Board of Directors had authorized an increase of 2,000,000 shares that may be repurchased under the program. As of March 31, 2024, we were authorized to repurchase an additional 1,915,818 shares under the program. Unless terminated earlier by resolution of our Board of Directors, the repurchase program will expire when we have repurchased all shares authorized for repurchase under the repurchase program.
Item 5. Other Information
Trading Plans
During the first quarter of 2024, none of our directors or executive officers adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” (as each term is defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K).
Credit Facility Amendment
On April 26 2024, we entered into the Sixth Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the “Sixth Amendment”) with Zions Bancorporation, N.A. dba Amegy Bank, as administrative agent, and certain financial institutions, as lenders. The Sixth Amendment amends the Company’s existing credit agreement, dated as of February 6, 2018 (as amended), to amend the definition of EBITDA to exclude certain expenses arising in connection with the Company’s strategic partnership with Workday, Inc. through 2025.
The foregoing summary is qualified in its entirety by reference to the Sixth Amendment, a copy of which is filed as Exhibit 10.1 to this Form 10-Q and is incorporated in this Item 5 by reference.

Insperity | 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q | 32

OTHER INFORMATION

Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit No |  | Exhibit
10.1 | * | Sixth Amendment to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated April 26, 2024.
10.2 | † | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for awards granted to executive officers on or after January 29, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed on February 9, 2024).
10.3 | † | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for awards granted to certain senior personnel on or after January 29, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed on February 9, 2024).
10.4 | † | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for awards granted to certain other employees on or after January 29, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed on February 9, 2024).
10.5 | † | Form of Employee Award Notice and Agreement under LTIP granted on or after January 29, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed on February 9, 2024).
10.6 | † | Insperity, Inc. Long-Term Incentive Program, as amended and restated January 29, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed on February 9, 2024).
31.1 | * | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 | * | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1 | ** | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2 | ** | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS | * | Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH | * | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL | * | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF | * | Inline XBRL Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB | * | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE | * | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded with the Inline XBRL document).

| ____________________________________ |
| † | Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement
| * | Filed with this report.
| ** | Furnished with this report.

Insperity | 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q | 33

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| INSPERITY, INC.
Date: May 1, 2024 | By: | /s/ Douglas S. Sharp
|  | Douglas S. Sharp
|  | Executive Vice President of Finance, Chief Financial Officer & Treasurer
|  | (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

Insperity | 2024 First Quarter Form 10-Q | 34