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Accounting Policies (Notes) | 6 Months Ended
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Jun. 30, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Accounting Policies |
2. | Accounting Policies
Health Insurance Costs We provide group health insurance coverage under a single-employer plan that covers both our WSEEs in our PEO HR Outsourcing Solutions and our corporate employees and utilizes a national network of carriers, including UnitedHealthcare (“United”), UnitedHealthcare of California, Kaiser Permanente, Blue Shield of California, HMSA BlueCross BlueShield of Hawaii, and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, formerly known as Tufts, all of which provide fully insured policies or service contracts. Approximately 87% of our costs related to health insurance coverage are provided under our policy with United. While the policy with United is a fully insured plan, as a result of certain contractual terms, we have accounted for this plan since its inception using a partially self-funded insurance accounting model. Effective January 1, 2020, under the amended agreement with United, we no longer have financial responsibilities for a participant’s annual claim costs that exceed $1 million (“Individual Claims Limit”). Accordingly, we record the cost of the United plan, including an estimate of the incurred claims, taxes and administrative fees (collectively the “Plan Costs”), as benefits expense, which is a component of direct costs, in our Consolidated Statements of Income. The estimated incurred but not reported claims are based upon: (1) the level of claims processed during each quarter; (2) estimated completion rates based upon recent claim development patterns under the plan; and (3) the number of participants in the plan, including both active and COBRA enrollees. Each reporting period, changes in the estimated ultimate costs resulting from claim trends, plan design and migration, participant demographics, and other factors are incorporated into the benefits costs, which requires a significant level of judgment. Additionally, since the plan’s inception, under the terms of the contract, United establishes cash funding rates 90 days in advance of the beginning of a reporting quarter. If the Plan Costs for a reporting quarter are greater than the premiums paid and owed to United, a deficit in the plan would be incurred and a liability for the excess costs would be accrued in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. On the other hand, if the Plan Costs for the reporting quarter are less than the premiums paid and owed to United, a surplus in the plan would be incurred and we would record an asset for the excess premiums in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The terms of the arrangement require us to maintain an accumulated cash surplus in the plan of $9 million, which is reported as long-term prepaid health insurance. In addition, United requires a deposit equal to approximately one day of claims funding activity, which was $7 million at June 30, 2024, and is included in deposits - health insurance as a long-term asset on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of June 30, 2024, Plan Costs were less than the net premiums paid and owed to United by $27 million. As this amount is in excess of the agreed-upon $9 million surplus maintenance level, the $18 million difference is included in prepaid insurance, a current asset, in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The premiums, including the additional quarterly premiums, owed to United at June 30, 2024 were $35 million, which is included in accrued health insurance costs, a current liability in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Our benefits costs incurred in the first six months of 2024 included a decrease of $26 million for changes in estimated run-off related to prior periods, net of Individual Claims Limit. Our benefits costs incurred in the first six months of 2023 included a decrease of $10 million for changes in estimated run-off related to prior periods, net of Individual Claims Limit. Workers’ Compensation Costs Our workers’ compensation coverage for our WSEEs in our PEO HR Outsourcing Solutions has been provided through an arrangement with the Chubb Group of Insurance Companies or its predecessors (the “Chubb Program”) since 2007. The Chubb Program is fully insured in that Chubb has the responsibility to pay all claims incurred under the policy regardless of whether we satisfy our responsibilities. Under the Chubb Program, for claims incurred on or before September 30, 2019, we have financial responsibility to Chubb for the first $1 million layer of claims per occurrence and, for claims over $1 million, up to a maximum aggregate amount of $6 million per policy year for claims that exceed $1 million. Chubb bears the financial responsibility for all claims in excess of these levels. Effective for claims incurred on or after October 1, 2019, we have financial responsibility to Chubb for the first $1.5 million layer of claims per occurrence and, for claims over $1.5 million, up to a maximum aggregate amount of $6 million per policy year for claims that exceed $1.5 million. Because we bear the financial responsibility for claims up to the levels noted above, such claims, which are the primary component of our workers’ compensation costs, are recorded in the period incurred. Workers’ compensation insurance includes ongoing health care and indemnity coverage whereby claims are paid over numerous years following the date of injury. Accordingly, the accrual of related incurred costs in each reporting period includes estimates, which take into account the ongoing development of claims and therefore requires a significant level of judgment. We utilize a third-party actuary to estimate our loss development rate, which is primarily based upon the nature of WSEEs’ job responsibilities, the location of WSEEs, the historical frequency and severity of workers’ compensation claims, and an estimate of future cost trends. Each reporting period, changes in the actuarial assumptions resulting from changes in actual claims experience and other trends are incorporated into our workers’ compensation claims cost estimates. During the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, we reduced accrued workers’ compensation costs by $17 million and $15 million, respectively, for changes in estimated losses related to prior periods. Workers’ compensation cost estimates are discounted to present value at a rate based upon the U.S. Treasury rates that correspond with the weighted average estimated claim payout period (the average discount rate utilized in the 2024 period was 4.5% and in the 2023 period was 4.0%) and are accreted over the estimated claim payment period and included as a component of direct costs in our Consolidated Statements of Income. The following table provides the activity and balances related to incurred but not paid workers’ compensation claims:
| Six Months Ended June 30,
(in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023
Beginning balance, January 1, | $ | 220 |  |  | $ | 229 |
Accrued claims | 31 |  |  | 31 |
Present value discount, net of accretion | (7) |  |  | (6) |
Paid claims | (33) |  |  | (26) |
Ending balance | $ | 211 |  |  | $ | 228 |
Current portion of accrued claims | $ | 65 |  |  | $ | 48 |
Long-term portion of accrued claims | 146 |  |  | 180 |
Total accrued claims | $ | 211 |  |  | $ | 228 |
The current portion of accrued workers’ compensation costs on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at June 30, 2024 and 2023 includes $2 million and $3 million, respectively, of workers’ compensation administrative fees. The undiscounted accrued workers’ compensation costs were $244 million as of June 30, 2024 and $253 million as of June 30, 2023. At the beginning of each policy period, the workers’ compensation insurance carrier establishes monthly funding requirements comprised of premium costs and funds to be set aside for payment of future claims (“claim funds”). The level of claim funds is primarily based upon anticipated WSEE payroll levels and expected workers’ compensation loss rates, as determined by the insurance carrier. Monies funded into the program for incurred claims expected to be paid within one year are recorded as restricted cash, a short-term asset, while the remainder of claim funds are included in deposits – workers’ compensation, a long-term asset in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. At June 30, 2024, we had restricted cash of $64 million and deposits – workers’ compensation of $170 million. Our estimate of incurred claim costs expected to be paid within one year is included in short-term liabilities, while our estimate of incurred claim costs expected to be paid beyond one year is included in long-term liabilities on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Revenues We enter into contracts with our customers for human resources services based on a stated rate and price in the contract. Our contracts generally establish pricing for a period of 12 months and are generally cancellable at any time by either party with 30-days’ notice. Our performance obligations are satisfied as services are rendered each month. The term between invoicing and when our performance obligations are satisfied is not significant. Our payment terms typically require payment concurrently with the invoicing of our PEO services. We do not have significant financing components or significant payment terms. Our revenue is generally recognized ratably over the payroll period as WSEEs perform their service at the client worksite in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Customers are invoiced concurrently with each periodic payroll of its WSEEs. Revenues that have been recognized but not invoiced represent unbilled accounts receivable of $727 million and $669 million at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and are included in accounts receivable, net on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Pursuant to the “practical expedients” provided under ASC 340-40, Other Assets and Deferred Costs - Contracts with Customers, we expense sales commissions when incurred because the terms of our contracts are cancellable by either party with a 30-day notice. These costs are recorded in commissions in our Consolidated Statements of Income. Our revenue for our PEO HR Outsourcing Solutions by geographic region and for our other products and services offerings are as follows:
| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
(in millions) | 2024 | 2023 | % Change |  | 2024 | 2023 | % Change
Northeast | $ | 437 |  | $ | 426 |  | 3 | % |  | $ | 946 |  | $ | 918 |  | 3 | %
Southeast | 225 |  | 221 |  | 2 | % |  | 471 |  | 460 |  | 2 | %
Central | 292 |  | 285 |  | 2 | % |  | 616 |  | 604 |  | 2 | %
Southwest | 304 |  | 308 |  | (1) | % |  | 644 |  | 648 |  | (1) | %
West | 329 |  | 330 |  | — | % |  | 695 |  | 693 |  | — | %
| 1,587 |  | 1,570 |  | 1 | % |  | 3,372 |  | 3,323 |  | 1 | %
Other revenue | 18 |  | 15 |  | 20 | % |  | 35 |  | 32 |  | 9 | %
Total revenue | $ | 1,605 |  | $ | 1,585 |  | 1 | % |  | $ | 3,407 |  | $ | 3,355 |  | 2 | %
Our PEO HR Outsourcing Solutions revenues are primarily derived from our gross billings, which are based on (1) the payroll cost of our WSEEs; and (2) a markup computed as a percentage of the payroll cost. The gross billings are invoiced concurrently with each periodic payroll of our WSEEs. Revenues, which exclude the payroll cost component of gross billings and therefore consist solely of the markup, are recognized ratably over the payroll period as WSEEs perform their service at the client worksite. In determining the pricing of the markup component of our gross billings, we take into consideration our estimates of the costs directly associated with our WSEEs, including payroll taxes, benefits and workers’ compensation costs, plus an acceptable gross profit margin. As a result, our operating results are significantly impacted by our ability to accurately estimate our direct costs relative to the revenues derived from the markup component of our gross billings. Revenues are comprised of gross billings less WSEE payroll costs as follows:
| Three Months Ended June 30, | Six Months Ended June 30,
(in millions) | 2024 | 2023 | 2024 | 2023
Gross billings | $ | 10,361 |  | $ | 10,245 |  | $ | 21,844 |  | $ | 21,696 |
Less: WSEE payroll cost | 8,756 |  | 8,660 |  | 18,437 |  | 18,341 |
Revenues | $ | 1,605 |  | $ | 1,585 |  | $ | 3,407 |  | $ | 3,355 |

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