Restructuring

The following table provides a summary of activity for all of the restructuring actions, which are detailed further below (in thousands):



	Excess Facilities and Other Costs			Employee Severance and Related Benefits			Total
Balance, December 1, 2015	$	412		$	2,949		$	3,361
Costs incurred	319			1,373			1,692
Cash disbursements	(633		)	(2,906		)	(3,539		)
Translation adjustments and other	9			27			36
Balance, November 30, 2016	$	107		$	1,443		$	1,550
Costs incurred	2,655			19,555			22,210
Cash disbursements	(1,456		)	(17,778		)	(19,234		)
Asset impairment	(762		)	—			(762		)
Translation adjustments and other	26			336			362
Balance, November 30, 2017	$	570		$	3,556		$	4,126
Costs incurred	1,011			1,240			2,251
Cash disbursements	(1,309		)	(4,802		)	(6,111		)
Translation adjustments and other	35			10			45
Balance, November 30, 2018	$	307		$	4		$	311

2017 Restructuring

During the first quarter of fiscal year 2017, we undertook certain operational restructuring initiatives intended to significantly reduce annual costs. As part of this action, management committed to a new strategic plan highlighted by a new product strategy and a streamlined operating approach. To execute these operational restructuring initiatives, we reduced our global workforce by over 20%. These workforce reductions occurred in substantially all functional units and across all geographies in which we operate. During the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2017, we incurred additional costs with respect to this restructuring, including reduction in redundant positions primarily within the product development and sales functions. We also consolidated offices in various locations during fiscal years 2017 and 2018. We expect to incur additional expenses related to facility closures as part of this restructuring action through fiscal year 2019, but we do not expect these additional costs to be material.

Restructuring expenses are related to employee costs, including severance, health benefits and outplacement services (but excluding stock-based compensation), facilities costs, which include fees to terminate lease agreements and costs for unused space, net of sublease assumptions, and other costs, which include asset impairment charges.

As part of this fiscal year 2017 restructuring, for the fiscal years ended November 30, 2018 and 2017, we incurred expenses of $2.3 million and $22.1 million, respectively, which are recorded as restructuring expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.

A summary of activity for this restructuring action is as follows (in thousands):



	Excess Facilities and Other Costs			Employee Severance and Related Benefits			Total
Balance, December 1, 2016	$	—		$	—		$	—
Costs incurred	2,570			19,555			22,125
Cash disbursements	(1,294		)	(16,335		)	(17,629		)
Asset impairment	(762		)	—			(762		)
Translation adjustments and other	26			336			362
Balance, November 30, 2017	$	540		$	3,556		$	4,096
Costs incurred	1,011			1,240			2,251
Cash disbursements	(1,279		)	(4,802		)	(6,081		)
Translation adjustments and other	35			10			45
Balance, November 30, 2018	$	307		$	4		$	311

Cash disbursements for expenses incurred to date under this restructuring are expected to be made through fiscal year 2019. Accordingly, the balance of the restructuring reserve of $0.3 million is included in other accrued liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet at November 30, 2018.

2016 Restructuring

During the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2016, our management approved, committed to and initiated plans to make strategic changes to our organization as a result of the appointment of our new Chief Executive Officer during the period. In connection with the new organizational structure, we eliminated the positions of Chief Product Officer and Chief Revenue Officer.

Restructuring expenses are related to employee costs, including severance, health benefits and outplacement services (but excluding stock-based compensation).

As part of this fourth quarter restructuring, for the fiscal years ended November 30, 2018 and 2017, we did not incur any expenses and do not expect to incur additional material costs with respect to this restructuring. For the fiscal year ended November 30, 2016, we incurred expenses of $1.5 million. The expenses are recorded as restructuring expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.

A summary of activity for this restructuring action is as follows (in thousands):



	Excess Facilities and Other Costs		Employee Severance and Related Benefits			Total
Balance, December 1, 2015	$	—	$	—		$	—
Costs incurred	—		1,482			1,482
Cash disbursements	—		(67		)	(67		)
Balance, November 30, 2016	$	—	$	1,415		$	1,415
Cash disbursements	—		(1,415		)	(1,415		)
Balance, November 30, 2017	$	—	$	—		$	—

2012 - 2015 Restructurings

During fiscal years 2012 through 2015, our management approved, committed to and initiated plans to make strategic changes to our organization to provide greater focus and agility in the delivery of next generation application development, deployment and integration solutions. During each of these fiscal years, we took restructuring actions that involved the elimination of personnel and/or the closure of facilities.

Restructuring expenses are related to employee costs, including severance, health benefits and outplacement services (but excluding stock-based compensation), and facilities costs, which include fees to terminate lease agreements and costs for unused space, net of sublease assumptions, and other costs, which include asset impairment charges.

As part of these restructuring actions, for the fiscal year ended November 30, 2018, we did not incur any expenses. For the fiscal years ended November 30, 2017 and 2016, we incurred expenses of $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively. These expenses are recorded as restructuring expenses on the consolidated statements of operations. We do not expect to incur additional material costs with respect to these restructuring actions.

A summary of these restructuring actions is as follows (in thousands):



	Excess Facilities and Other Costs			Employee Severance and Related Benefits			Total
Balance, December 1, 2015	$	412		$	2,949		$	3,361
Costs incurred	319			(109		)	210
Cash disbursements	(633		)	(2,839		)	(3,472		)
Translation adjustments and other	9			27			36
Balance, November 30, 2016	$	107		$	28		$	135
Costs incurred	85			—			85
Cash disbursements	(162		)	(28		)	(190		)
Balance, November 30, 2017	$	30		$	—		$	30
Cash disbursements	(30		)	—			(30		)
Balance, November 30, 2018	$	—		$	—		$	—