Business Segments and International Operations

Operating segments are components of an enterprise that engage in business activities for which discrete financial information is available and regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance. Our chief operating decision maker is our Chief Executive Officer.

The changes made to our organization during fiscal years 2016 and 2017, as discussed in Note 13, did not change our determination of the three reportable segments as our organizational structure maintains the focus of the three business segments.

We do not manage our assets or capital expenditures by segment or assign other income (expense) and income taxes to segments. We manage and report such items on a consolidated company basis.

The following table provides revenue and contribution margin from our reportable segments and reconciles to the consolidated income from continuing operations before income taxes:



	Fiscal Year Ended
(In thousands)	November 30, 2018			November 30, 2017			November 30, 2016
Segment revenue:
OpenEdge	$	278,258		$	276,172		$	276,267
Data Connectivity and Integration	39,030			40,955			48,009
Application Development and Deployment	79,877			80,445			81,065
Total revenue	397,165			397,572			405,341
Segment costs of revenue and operating expenses:
OpenEdge	67,820			72,497			72,938
Data Connectivity and Integration	7,634			9,329			12,760
Application Development and Deployment	27,087			26,645			40,180
Total costs of revenue and operating expenses	102,541			108,471			125,878
Segment contribution margin:
OpenEdge	210,438			203,675			203,329
Data Connectivity and Integration	31,396			31,626			35,249
Application Development and Deployment	52,790			53,800			40,885
Total contribution margin	294,624			289,101			279,463
Other unallocated expenses (1)	208,626			218,487			309,172
Income (loss) from operations	85,998			70,614			(29,709		)
Other expense, net	(7,018		)	(5,027		)	(5,571		)
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	78,980		$	65,587		$	(35,280	)

(1) The following expenses are not allocated to our segments as we manage and report our business in these functional areas on a consolidated basis only: certain product development and corporate sales and marketing expenses, customer support, administration, amortization and impairment of acquired intangibles, loss on assets held for sale, impairment of goodwill, stock-based compensation, fees related to shareholder activist, restructuring, and acquisition-related expenses.

Our revenues are derived from licensing our products, and from related services, which consist of maintenance, hosting services, and consulting and education. Information relating to revenue from external customers by revenue type is as follows (in thousands):



	Fiscal Year Ended
	November 30, 2018		November 30, 2017		November 30, 2016
Software licenses	$	122,137	$	124,406	$	134,863
Maintenance	244,822		241,398		238,377
Services	30,206		31,768		32,101
Total	$	397,165	$	397,572	$	405,341

In the following table, revenue attributed to the United States includes sales to customers in the U.S. and sales to certain multinational organizations. Revenue from Canada, EMEA, Latin America and the Asia Pacific region includes sales to customers in each region plus sales from the U.S. to distributors in these regions. Information relating to revenue from external customers from different geographical areas is as follows (in thousands):



	Fiscal Year Ended
	November 30, 2018		November 30, 2017		November 30, 2016
United States	$	204,151	$	206,450	$	212,312
Canada	15,771		17,492		16,891
EMEA	137,972		130,359		130,818
Latin America	17,637		21,158		21,156
Asia Pacific	21,634		22,113		24,164
Total	$	397,165	$	397,572	$	405,341

No country outside of the U.S. accounted for more than 10% of our consolidated revenue in any year presented. Long-lived assets totaled $25.8 million, $39.5 million and $45.4 million in the U.S. and $4.9 million, $2.8 million and $4.7 million outside of the U.S. at the end of fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. No individual country outside of the U.S. accounted for more than 10% of our consolidated long-lived assets.