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Stock-Based Compensation Expense (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2020
Effect of Recording Stock-Based Compensation Expense

The effect of recording stock-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 is as follows (in thousands):

 

 

 

Years Ended December 31,

 

 

 

2020

 

 

2019

 

 

2018

 

Cost of licensing, services and software revenue, excluding depreciation and amortization of intangible assets

 

$

781

 

 

$

 

 

$

 

Research, development and other related costs

 

 

13,592

 

 

 

14,643

 

 

 

13,168

 

Selling, general and administrative

 

 

24,762

 

 

 

16,911

 

 

 

17,843

 

Total stock-based compensation expense

 

 

39,135

 

 

 

31,554

 

 

 

31,011

 

Tax effect on stock-based compensation expense

 

 

(2,116

)

 

 

(5,051

)

 

 

(4,869

)

Net effect on net income (loss)

 

$

37,019

 

 

$

26,503

 

 

$

26,142

 

Stock-Based Compensation Expense Categorized by Equity Components

Stock-based compensation expense categorized by various equity components for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 is summarized in the table below (in thousands):

 

 

 

Years Ended December 31,

 

 

 

2020

 

 

2019

 

 

2018

 

Restricted stock awards and units

 

$

36,451

 

 

$

29,031

 

 

$

27,974

 

Employee stock purchase plan

 

 

2,613

 

 

 

2,304

 

 

 

2,599

 

Employee stock options

 

 

71

 

 

 

219

 

 

 

438

 

Total stock-based compensation expense

 

$

39,135

 

 

$

31,554

 

 

$

31,011

 

Employee Stock Purchase Plan  
Schedule of Assumptions Used to Value Options Granted

The following assumptions were used to value the ESPP shares:

 

 

 

Years Ended December 31,

 

 

 

2020

 

 

2019

 

 

2018

 

Expected life (years)

 

 

2.0

 

 

 

2.0

 

 

 

2.0

 

Risk-free interest rate

 

0.1 - 1.4%

 

 

1.7 - 2.5%

 

 

2.2 - 2.7%

 

Dividend yield

 

1.4 - 4.0%

 

 

3.5 - 5.4%

 

 

3.6 - 3.9%

 

Expected volatility

 

45.8 - 57.5%

 

 

51.7 - 53.4%

 

 

39.4 - 41.7%

 

Performance Stock Units  
Schedule of Assumptions Used to Value Options Granted The following assumptions were used to value the performance stock units subject to market conditions granted in the year ended December 31, 2020:

 

 

 

Year Ended December 31, 2020

 

Expected life (years)

 

 

3.0

 

Risk-free interest rate

 

 

0.2

%

Dividend yield

 

 

1.4

%

Expected volatility

 

 

51.3

%