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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2022
or
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from ________ to ________
Commission file number 1-10890
HORACE MANN EDUCATORS CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware | 37-0911756
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1 Horace Mann Plaza, Springfield, Illinois 62715-0001
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: 217-789-2500

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.001 par value |  | HMN |  | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☑ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  |  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.). Yes ☐ No ☑
As of October 31, 2022, the registrant had 40,898,295 common shares, $0.001 par value, outstanding.

HORACE MANN EDUCATORS CORPORATION
QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q
FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION | Page
Item 1. | Consolidated Financial Statements |
| Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | 1
| Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2022 (Unaudited) and December, 31 2021 | 2
| Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 (Unaudited) | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 (Unaudited) | 4
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 (Unaudited) | 5
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) |
| Note 1 - Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies | 6
| Note 2 - Acquisitions | 9
| Note 3 - Investments | 10
| Note 4 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments | 15
| Note 5 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets | 21
| Note 6 - Unpaid Claims and Claim Expenses | 23
| Note 7 - Reinsurance | 24
| Note 8 - Commitments | 24
| Note 9 - Segment Information | 25
| Note 10 - Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | 26
| Note 11 - Supplemental Consolidated Cash and Cash Flow Information | 27
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 28
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 49
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 50
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 51
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 51
Item 5. | Other Information | 51
Item 6. | Exhibits | 51
SIGNATURES | 56

PART I: FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. I Consolidated Financial Statements
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
Horace Mann Educators Corporation:
Results of Review of Interim Financial Information
We have reviewed the consolidated balance sheets of Horace Mann Educators Corporation and subsidiaries (the Company) as of September 30, 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss) and changes in shareholders' equity for the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, and cash flows for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated interim financial information). Based on our reviews, we are not aware of any material modifications that should be made to the consolidated interim financial information for it to be in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We have previously audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2021, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year then ended (not presented herein); and in our report dated February 25, 2022, we expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements. In our opinion, the information set forth in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2021, is fairly stated, in all material respects, in relation to the consolidated balance sheet from which it has been derived.
Basis for Review Results
This consolidated interim financial information is the responsibility of the Company’s management. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our reviews in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. A review of consolidated interim financial information consists principally of applying analytical procedures and making inquiries of persons responsible for financial and accounting matters. It is substantially less in scope than an audit conducted in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB, the objective of which is the expression of an opinion regarding the financial statements taken as a whole. Accordingly, we do not express such an opinion.

/s/ KPMG LLP
KPMG LLP
Chicago, Illinois |
November 8, 2022 |

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 1 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

HORACE MANN EDUCATORS CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
($ in millions, except share data)

|  | September 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
|  | (Unaudited) |  |
Assets |  |  |  |
Investments |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities, available for sale, at fair value (amortized cost, net 2022, $5,904.1; 2021, $5,797.7) |  | $ | 5,272.1 |  |  | $ | 6,239.3 |
Equity securities at fair value |  | 113.8 |  |  | 147.2 |
Limited partnership interests |  | 997.5 |  |  | 712.8 |
Short-term and other investments |  | 254.6 |  |  | 350.2 |
Total investments |  | 6,638.0 |  |  | 7,449.5 |
Cash |  | 36.2 |  |  | 133.7 |
Deferred policy acquisition costs |  | 440.1 |  |  | 248.0 |
Reinsurance balances receivable |  | 497.5 |  |  | 153.2 |
Deposit asset on reinsurance |  | 2,525.6 |  |  | 2,481.5 |
Intangible assets |  | 192.2 |  |  | 145.4 |
Goodwill |  | 56.3 |  |  | 43.5 |
Other assets |  | 328.6 |  |  | 288.1 |
Separate Account variable annuity assets |  | 2,599.6 |  |  | 3,441.0 |
Total assets |  | $ | 13,314.1 |  |  | $ | 14,383.9 |
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity |  |  |  |
Policy liabilities |  |  |  |
Investment contract and policy reserves |  | $ | 7,068.1 |  |  | $ | 6,577.8 |
Unpaid claims and claim expenses |  | 481.9 |  |  | 425.9 |
Unearned premiums |  | 266.5 |  |  | 255.1 |
Total policy liabilities |  | 7,816.5 |  |  | 7,258.8 |
Other policyholder funds |  | 1,000.7 |  |  | 945.9 |
Other liabilities |  | 322.8 |  |  | 428.2 |
Short-term debt |  | 249.0 |  |  | 249.0 |
Long-term debt |  | 248.9 |  |  | 253.6 |
Separate Account variable annuity liabilities |  | 2,599.6 |  |  | 3,441.0 |
Total liabilities |  | 12,237.5 |  |  | 12,576.5 |
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value, authorized 1,000,000 shares; none issued |  | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.001 par value, authorized 75,000,000 shares; issued, 2022, 66,612,323; 2021, 66,436,821 |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.1 |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 500.4 |  |  | 495.3 |
Retained earnings |  | 1,500.4 |  |  | 1,524.9 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities |  | (396.7) |  |  | 290.7 |
Net funded status of benefit plans |  | (10.2) |  |  | (10.2) |
Treasury stock, at cost, 2022, 25,714,153 shares; 2021, 25,043,337 shares |  | (517.4) |  |  | (493.4) |
Total shareholders’ equity |  | 1,076.6 |  |  | 1,807.4 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 13,314.1 |  |  | $ | 14,383.9 |

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 2 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

HORACE MANN EDUCATORS CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (UNAUDITED)
($ in millions, except per share data)

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Statements of Operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net premiums and contract charges earned |  | $ | 257.8 |  |  | $ | 225.4 |  |  | $ | 769.5 |  |  | $ | 678.8 |
Net investment income |  | 97.6 |  |  | 103.7 |  |  | 300.7 |  |  | 308.4 |
Net investment losses |  | (12.8) |  |  | (6.5) |  |  | (43.8) |  |  | (10.6) |
Other income |  | 0.4 |  |  | 7.0 |  |  | 9.7 |  |  | 22.1 |
Total revenues |  | 343.0 |  |  | 329.6 |  |  | 1,036.1 |  |  | 998.7 |
Benefits, losses and expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Benefits, claims and settlement expenses |  | 173.6 |  |  | 164.8 |  |  | 558.2 |  |  | 446.2 |
Interest credited |  | 45.9 |  |  | 51.9 |  |  | 129.1 |  |  | 153.7 |
Operating expenses |  | 75.6 |  |  | 64.3 |  |  | 229.7 |  |  | 182.8 |
DAC unlocking and amortization expense |  | 23.3 |  |  | 22.9 |  |  | 76.7 |  |  | 70.5 |
Intangible asset amortization expense |  | 4.2 |  |  | 3.3 |  |  | 12.6 |  |  | 9.8 |
Interest expense |  | 5.3 |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | 13.5 |  |  | 10.4 |
Total benefits, losses and expenses |  | 327.9 |  |  | 310.6 |  |  | 1,019.8 |  |  | 873.4 |
Income before income taxes |  | 15.1 |  |  | 19.0 |  |  | 16.3 |  |  | 125.3 |
Income tax expense |  | 1.2 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 23.0 |
Net income |  | $ | 13.9 |  |  | $ | 16.3 |  |  | $ | 15.9 |  |  | $ | 102.3 |
Net income per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 0.33 |  |  | $ | 0.39 |  |  | $ | 0.38 |  |  | $ | 2.44 |
Diluted |  | $ | 0.33 |  |  | $ | 0.39 |  |  | $ | 0.38 |  |  | $ | 2.43 |
Weighted average number of shares and equivalent shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 41.4 |  |  | 42.0 |  |  | 41.7 |  |  | 42.0 |
Diluted |  | 41.6 |  |  | 42.2 |  |  | 41.9 |  |  | 42.2 |
Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 13.9 |  |  | $ | 16.3 |  |  | $ | 15.9 |  |  | $ | 102.3 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in net unrealized investment losses on fixed maturity securities |  | (176.3) |  |  | (25.3) |  |  | (687.4) |  |  | (59.4) |
Change in net funded status of benefit plans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other comprehensive loss |  | (176.3) |  |  | (25.3) |  |  | (687.4) |  |  | (59.4) |
Comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | (162.4) |  |  | $ | (9.0) |  |  | $ | (671.5) |  |  | $ | 42.9 |

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 3 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

HORACE MANN EDUCATORS CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED)
($ in millions, except per share data)

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Common stock, $0.001 par value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |
Options exercised |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Conversion of common stock units |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Conversion of restricted stock units |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Ending balance |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.1 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | 498.1 |  |  | 490.7 |  |  | 495.3 |  |  | 488.4 |
Options exercised and conversion of common stock units and restricted stock units |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | (1.1) |  |  | (1.0) |
Share-based compensation expense |  | 2.1 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 6.2 |  |  | 5.5 |
Ending balance |  | 500.4 |  |  | 492.9 |  |  | 500.4 |  |  | 492.9 |
Retained earnings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | 1,499.9 |  |  | 1,494.4 |  |  | 1,524.9 |  |  | 1,434.6 |
Net income |  | 13.9 |  |  | 16.3 |  |  | 15.9 |  |  | 102.3 |
Dividends, 2022, $0.32 per share; 2021, $0.31 per share |  | (13.4) |  |  | (13.2) |  |  | (40.4) |  |  | (39.4) |
Ending balance |  | 1,500.4 |  |  | 1,497.5 |  |  | 1,500.4 |  |  | 1,497.5 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | (230.6) |  |  | 321.0 |  |  | 280.5 |  |  | 355.1 |
Change in net unrealized investment losses on fixed maturity securities |  | (176.3) |  |  | (25.3) |  |  | (687.4) |  |  | (59.4) |
Change in net funded status of benefit plans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Ending balance |  | (406.9) |  |  | 295.7 |  |  | (406.9) |  |  | 295.7 |
Treasury stock, at cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | (507.4) |  |  | (489.6) |  |  | (493.4) |  |  | (488.1) |
Acquisition of shares |  | (10.0) |  |  | (0.2) |  |  | (24.0) |  |  | (1.7) |
Ending balance |  | (517.4) |  |  | (489.8) |  |  | (517.4) |  |  | (489.8) |
Shareholders' equity at end of period |  | $ | 1,076.6 |  |  | $ | 1,796.4 |  |  | $ | 1,076.6 |  |  | $ | 1,796.4 |

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 4 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

HORACE MANN EDUCATORS CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)
($ in millions)

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021
Cash flows - operating activities |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 15.9 |  |  | $ | 102.3 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |
Net investment losses |  | 43.8 |  |  | 10.6 |
Depreciation and intangible asset amortization |  | 20.7 |  |  | 16.7 |
Share-based compensation expense |  | 6.7 |  |  | 6.0 |
Income from equity method investments, net of dividends or distributions |  | 2.1 |  |  | (31.1) |
Changes in: |  |  |  |
Insurance liabilities |  | 403.3 |  |  | 75.1 |
Amounts due under reinsurance agreements |  | (344.3) |  |  | (1.6) |
Income tax liabilities |  | (6.0) |  |  | 2.3 |
Other operating assets and liabilities |  | (31.0) |  |  | (9.0) |
Other, net |  | 4.6 |  |  | 6.8 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 115.8 |  |  | 178.1 |
Cash flows - investing activities |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities |  |  |  |
Purchases |  | (901.3) |  |  | (1,228.1) |
Sales |  | 529.9 |  |  | 319.2 |
Maturities, paydowns, calls and redemptions |  | 428.8 |  |  | 631.5 |
Equity securities |  |  |  |
Purchases |  | (4.5) |  |  | (45.0) |
Sales and repayments |  | 7.0 |  |  | 1.0 |
Limited partnership interests |  |  |  |
Purchases |  | (332.3) |  |  | (202.1) |
Sales |  | 45.5 |  |  | 69.4 |
Change in short-term and other investments, net |  | 95.4 |  |  | 103.1 |
Acquisition of business, net of cash acquired |  | (164.4) |  |  | — |
Net cash used in investing activities |  | (295.9) |  |  | (351.0) |
Cash flows - financing activities |  |  |  |
Dividends paid to shareholders |  | (39.5) |  |  | (38.6) |
FHLB borrowings |  | — |  |  | 1.0 |
Principal repayment on FHLB borrowings |  | (5.0) |  |  | (50.0) |
Acquisition of treasury stock |  | (24.0) |  |  | (1.7) |
Proceeds from exercise of stock options |  | — |  |  | 0.3 |
Withholding tax payments on RSUs tendered |  | (2.4) |  |  | (2.0) |
Annuity contracts: variable, fixed and FHLB funding agreements: |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | 516.7 |  |  | 833.2 |
Benefits, withdrawals and net transfers to Separate Account variable annuity assets |  | (340.6) |  |  | (342.1) |
Principal repayment on FHLB funding agreements |  | (94.0) |  |  | (204.0) |
Life policy accounts: |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | 7.7 |  |  | 6.7 |
Withdrawals and surrenders |  | (2.8) |  |  | (3.0) |
Change in deposit asset on reinsurance |  | (32.4) |  |  | (17.2) |
Net increase in reverse repurchase agreements |  | 95.2 |  |  | — |
Change in book overdrafts |  | 3.7 |  |  | 8.2 |
Net cash provided by financing activities |  | 82.6 |  |  | 190.8 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash |  | (97.5) |  |  | 17.9 |
Cash at beginning of period |  | 133.7 |  |  | 22.3 |
Cash at end of period |  | $ | 36.2 |  |  | $ | 40.2 |

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 5 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

HORACE MANN EDUCATORS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
NOTE 1 - Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies
Business
Horace Mann Educators Corporation is a holding company for insurance subsidiaries that market and underwrite personal lines of property and casualty insurance products (primarily personal lines of auto and property insurance), life insurance products, retirement products (primarily tax-qualified fixed and variable annuities), voluntary supplemental insurance products (primarily cancer, heart, hospital, supplemental disability and accident coverages), and employer-sponsored group benefit products (primarily short-term and long-term group disability, and group term life coverages), primarily to K-12 teachers, administrators and other employees of public schools and their families (collectively, HMEC, the Company or Horace Mann).
As described in Note 2, the Company acquired Madison National Life Insurance Company, Inc. (Madison National) effective January 1, 2022. In conjunction with the acquisition, management changed how it manages and conducts its business resulting in three operating segments: (1) Property & Casualty, (2) Life & Retirement, and (3) Supplemental & Group Benefits (which includes the results of Madison National).
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) and with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Certain information and disclosures normally included in annual financial statements prepared in conformity with GAAP, but are not required for interim reporting purposes, have been omitted. These Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto included in Part II - Item 8 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year.
The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto are unaudited and reflect all adjustments (generally consisting only of normal recurring accruals) which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for the fair presentation of the consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods. The Company's significant accounting policies are summarized in Part II - Item 8, Note 1 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.
The Company has reclassified the presentation of certain prior period information to conform to the current year's presentation.
Consolidation
All intercompany transactions and balances between HMEC and its subsidiaries and affiliates have been eliminated.
Accounting Policies
Reverse Repurchase Agreements
Beginning in the second quarter of 2022, the Company entered into reverse repurchase agreements to sell securities for cash. Such reverse repurchase agreements are primarily used as a financing tool for general corporate purposes and may be used as a tool to enhance yield on the investment portfolio.
A reverse repurchase agreement is a transaction in which one party (transferor) agrees to sell securities to another party (transferee) in return for cash (or securities), with a simultaneous agreement to repurchase the same securities (or substantially similar securities) at a specified price on a specified date. These transactions are generally short-term in nature, and therefore, the carrying amounts of these instruments approximate fair value.

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 6 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

NOTE 1 - Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
In connection with reverse repurchase agreements, the Company transfers primarily U.S. government, government agency and corporate securities and receives cash. For reverse repurchase agreements, the Company receives cash in an amount equal to at least 95% of the fair value of the securities transferred (i.e., the collateral), and the agreements with third parties contain contractual provisions to allow for additional collateral to be obtained when necessary. The Company accounts for reverse repurchase agreements as secured borrowings. The securities transferred under reverse repurchase agreements are included in Fixed maturity securities with the obligation to repurchase those securities reported in Other liabilities on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. The fair value of the collateral was $95.8 million as of September 30, 2022 and $0 as of December 31, 2021. The obligation for securities sold under reverse repurchase agreements was a net amount of $95.2 million as of September 30, 2022 and $0 as of December 31, 2021.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the reporting date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from these estimates.
The most significant critical accounting estimates include valuation of hard-to-value fixed maturity securities, evaluation of credit loss impairments for fixed maturity securities, evaluation of goodwill and intangible assets for impairment, valuation of annuity and life deferred policy acquisition costs, valuation of liabilities for property and casualty unpaid claims and claim expenses, valuation of certain investment contracts and policy reserves and valuation of assets acquired and liabilities assumed under purchase accounting and purchase price allocation.
Future Adoption of New Accounting Standards
Accounting for Long-Duration Insurance Contracts
In August 2018, the FASB issued targeted improvements to the accounting and disclosure guidance for long-duration insurance contracts (i.e., ASU 2018-12). The guidance in ASU 2018-12 (ASU) significantly changes how insurers account for long-duration insurance contracts. The guidance in the ASU also significantly expands the disclosure requirements for long-duration insurance contracts.
The Company will adopt the ASU effective January 1, 2023, using the modified retrospective transition method where permitted, and apply the guidance as of January 1, 2021 (and record transition adjustments as of January 1, 2021) in the Company’s 2023 consolidated financial statements. Prior periods presented (years 2021 and 2022) will be adjusted to apply the new method of accounting retrospectively under the ASU.
While the requirements of the ASU represent a significant change from existing GAAP, the adoption of the ASU will not impact cash flows on the Company’s policies, or the underlying economics of the Company’s business. The Company's insurance subsidiaries' risk-based capital amounts and ratios, and regulatory dividends will not be impacted as the National Association of Insurance Commissioners has rejected the adoption of ASU 2018-12.
The Company has created a governance framework and is managing a detailed implementation plan to support timely application of the guidance in the ASU. The Company has made progress and continues to refine key accounting policy decisions, technology solutions and internal controls. These activities include, but are not limited to, modifications of actuarial valuation, accounting and financial reporting processes and systems including internal controls.
The table below summarizes the areas of significant change and each significant area of change for the method of adoption and expected impact to the Company's results of operations and financial condition as a result from adopting the ASU at transition and subsequent to the effective date.

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 7 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

NOTE 1 - Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

Area of significant change | Impacts at transition (January 1, 2021) | Impacts subsequent to the effective date
Cash flow assumptions for measuring the liability for future policy benefits |  |
Under current accounting guidance, assumptions for traditional long-duration insurance contracts (e.g., mortality, lapses, etc.), are locked-in at issuance. The new guidance requires insurers to review, and if necessary, update the cash flow assumptions used to measure liabilities for future policy benefits periodically. The change in the liability estimate as a result of updating cash flow assumptions will be recognized in net income. | The Company expects to adopt this guidance on a modified retrospective basis as of the earliest period presented in the year of adoption. Upon adoption, there will be an adjustment to retained earnings as a result of capping the net premium ratio at 100%. The Company expects the impact of such adjustment will likely result in an after-tax decrease to retained earnings of less than $5 million. | The Company does not expect any material impacts to its results of operations subsequent to the effective date of the ASU.
Discount rate assumption for measuring the liability for future policy benefits |  |
Under current accounting guidance, the-then current discount rate is locked-in at issuance. The new guidance requires insurers to update the discount rate assumption used to measure liabilities for future policy benefits at each reporting period, and the discount rate utilized must be based on an upper-medium grade fixed income instrument yield. The change in the liability estimate as a result of updating the discount rate assumption will be recognized in other comprehensive income. | The Company expects to adopt this guidance on a modified retrospective basis as of the earliest period presented in the year of adoption. Upon adoption, there will be an adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) as a result of remeasuring in force contract liabilities using a standard discount rate to measure the liabilities that will be equivalent to the yield from a high-quality bond and the adjustment will largely reflect the difference between discount rates locked-in at contract inception versus current discount rates at transition. The Company currently estimates that the transition date impact from adoption is likely to result in an after-tax decrease to AOCI in a range between $475 million and $525 million. | The Company expects material impacts to AOCI subsequent to the effective date of the ASU due to subsequent increases and decreases in discount rates.
Market risk benefits |  |
Under current accounting guidance, certain benefit features of annuity contracts (e.g., GMDB, etc.) are accounted for using a benefit ratio methodology. The new guidance created a new category of benefit features called market risk benefits that will be measured at fair value with changes in fair value attributable to a change in the instrument-specific credit risk recognized in other comprehensive income. | The Company will adopt this guidance on a retrospective basis as of the earliest period presented in the year of adoption. Upon adoption, the Company expects an impact to AOCI for the cumulative effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk between contract issue date and transition date and retained earnings for the difference between fair value and carrying value at the transition date, excluding the changes in the instrument-specific credit risk. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of these adjustments but anticipates they will likely reduce AOCI and retained earnings by less than $15 million after-tax. | Subsequent to the effective date of the ASU, the Company expects market risk benefits will add volatility to benefits expense which could be material. The Company is currently evaluating the impacts of these adjustments subsequent to the effective date of the ASU.
Deferred policy acquisition costs (DAC) including shadow DAC |  |
Under current accounting guidance, for all annuity contracts, DAC is amortized over 20 years in proportion to estimated gross profits. For individual life contracts, DAC is amortized in proportion to anticipated premiums over the terms of the insurance policies (10, 15, 20, 30) years. For IUL, DAC is amortized in proportion to estimated gross profits over 30 years. The new guidance requires DAC and other balances to be amortized on a constant level basis over the expected term of the related contracts. | The Company expects to adopt this guidance on a modified retrospective basis as of the earliest period presented in the year of adoption. Upon adoption, the Company expects an adjustment to AOCI for the removal of cumulative adjustments to DAC associated with unrealized investment gains and losses previously recorded in AOCI. The impact of this adjustment will likely result in an after-tax increase to AOCI in a range between $70 million and $75 million upon adoption. | Subsequent to the effective date of the ASU, the Company expects a significant reduction in volatility of DAC unlocking due to the removal of investment performance and market impacts and an insignificant decrease in amortization expense due to the treatment of interest expense and method of amortizing DAC.

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 8 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

NOTE 2 - Acquisitions
Effective January 1, 2022, the Company acquired all the equity interests in Madison National pursuant to a Stock Purchase Agreement (Agreement) dated as of July 14, 2021. The final adjusted purchase price of the transaction was $172.3 million. The seller of Madison National has a potential earn-out of up to $12.5 million payable in cash, if specified financial targets are achieved by the end of 2023. As a result of the acquisition, Madison National became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. Madison National is a leading writer of employer-sponsored benefits provided to educators by K-12 school districts. Founded in 1961 and headquartered in Madison, Wisconsin, Madison National offers short-term and long-term group disability, group term life, and worksite solutions products, including accident and critical illness.
Madison National's results are being reported in the operating segment titled "Supplemental & Group Benefits". The amount of revenues and pretax income for Madison National since the date of acquisition included in the Company's Consolidated Statement of Operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 are $106.7 million and $8.8 million (inclusive of the $3.5 million non-cash impact from amortization of intangible assets under purchase accounting), respectively.
The Company anticipates completing the process of estimating the fair value of Madison National assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including, but not limited to, intangible assets, policy reserves and certain tax-related balances by year end. Accordingly, the Company’s preliminary estimates and the allocation of the final adjusted purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are subject to change as the Company completes the process. In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 805, Business Combinations, changes if any, to the preliminary estimates and allocation of the final adjusted purchase price will be reported in the Company’s consolidated financial statements as an adjustment to the opening balance sheet. Based on the Company’s preliminary allocation of the final adjusted purchase price, the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed were as follows:

($ in millions) |  |
Assets: |  |
Investments |  | $ | 90.4 |
Cash and short-term investments |  | 123.4 |
Reinsurance recoverable |  | 356.0 |
Intangible assets(1) |  | 59.4 |
Other assets |  | 23.2 |
Liabilities: |  |
Investment contract and policy reserves |  | 274.5 |
Unpaid claims and claim expenses |  | 48.2 |
Unearned premiums |  | 1.5 |
Other policyholder funds |  | 152.8 |
Other liabilities |  | 15.9 |
Total identifiable net assets acquired |  | 159.5 |
Goodwill(2) |  | 12.8 |
Purchase price |  | $ | 172.3 |

(1) Intangible assets consist of the value of business acquired, value of customer relationships and state licenses. The intangible assets that are amortizable have estimated lives of one to ten years. See Note 5 for further information.
(2) The amount of goodwill that is expected to be deductible for federal income tax purposes is $18.6 million.

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 9 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

NOTE 3 - Investments
Net Investment Income
The components of net investment income for the following periods were as follows:

($ in millions) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Fixed maturity securities |  | $ | 63.9 |  |  | $ | 59.8 |  |  | $ | 184.5 |  |  | $ | 177.2 |
Equity securities |  | 1.8 |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | 7.1 |  |  | 3.8 |
Limited partnership interests |  | 5.1 |  |  | 16.8 |  |  | 31.3 |  |  | 51.1 |
Short-term and other investments |  | 2.8 |  |  | 2.8 |  |  | 8.2 |  |  | 8.5 |
Investment expenses |  | (2.7) |  |  | (2.7) |  |  | (7.8) |  |  | (7.3) |
Net investment income - investment portfolio |  | 70.9 |  |  | 78.1 |  |  | 223.3 |  |  | 233.3 |
Investment income - deposit asset on reinsurance |  | 26.7 |  |  | 25.6 |  |  | 77.4 |  |  | 75.1 |
Total net investment income |  | $ | 97.6 |  |  | $ | 103.7 |  |  | $ | 300.7 |  |  | $ | 308.4 |

Net Investment Losses
Net investment losses for the following periods were as follows:

($ in millions) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Fixed maturity securities |  | $ | (10.7) |  |  | $ | (4.0) |  |  | $ | (15.9) |  |  | $ | (7.9) |
Equity securities |  | (4.4) |  |  | (1.0) |  |  | (32.5) |  |  | 0.7 |
Short-term investments and other |  | 2.3 |  |  | (1.5) |  |  | 4.6 |  |  | (3.4) |
Net investment losses |  | $ | (12.8) |  |  | $ | (6.5) |  |  | $ | (43.8) |  |  | $ | (10.6) |

The Company, from time to time, sells fixed maturity securities subsequent to the reporting date that were considered temporarily impaired at such reporting date. Such sales are due to issuer-specific events occurring subsequent to the reporting date that result in a change in the Company's intent to sell a fixed maturity security. The types of events that may result in a sale include significant changes in the economic facts and circumstances related to the invested asset, significant unforeseen changes in liquidity needs, or changes in the Company's investment strategy.
Net Investment Losses by Transaction Type
The following table reconciles net investment losses by transaction type:

($ in millions) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Credit loss impairments |  | $ | (0.6) |  |  | $ | (6.6) |  |  | $ | (2.8) |  |  | $ | (7.7) |
Intent-to-sell impairments |  | (6.2) |  |  | — |  |  | (7.6) |  |  | (2.1) |
Total impairments |  | (6.8) |  |  | (6.6) |  |  | (10.4) |  |  | (9.8) |
Sales and other, net |  | (3.9) |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | (3.9) |  |  | 2.2 |
Change in fair value - equity securities |  | (4.4) |  |  | (1.1) |  |  | (34.1) |  |  | 0.4 |
Change in fair value and gains (losses) realized on settlements - derivatives |  | 2.3 |  |  | (1.5) |  |  | 4.6 |  |  | (3.4) |
Net investment losses |  | $ | (12.8) |  |  | $ | (6.5) |  |  | $ | (43.8) |  |  | $ | (10.6) |

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 10 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

NOTE 3 - Investments (continued)
Allowance for Credit Loss Impairments on Fixed Maturity Securities
The following table presents changes in the allowance for credit loss impairments on fixed maturity securities classified as available for sale for the category of other asset-backed securities (no other categories of fixed maturity securities have an allowance for credit loss impairments):

($ in millions) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Beginning balance |  | $ | 9.5 |  |  | $ | 1.1 |  |  | $ | 7.7 |  |  | $ | — |
Credit losses on fixed maturity securities for which credit losses were not previously reported |  | — |  |  | 6.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 7.7 |
Net increase related to credit losses previously reported |  | 0.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 2.8 |  |  | — |
Reduction of credit allowances related to sales |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Write-offs |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.4) |  |  | — |
Ending balance |  | $ | 10.1 |  |  | $ | 7.7 |  |  | $ | 10.1 |  |  | $ | 7.7 |

Fixed Maturity Securities
The Company's investment portfolio is comprised primarily of fixed maturity securities. Amortized cost, net, gross unrealized investment gains (losses) and fair values of all fixed maturity securities in the portfolio were as follows:

($ in millions) |  | Amortized Cost, net |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
September 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government and federally sponsored agency obligations:(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities |  | $ | 643.7 |  |  | $ | 1.5 |  |  | $ | 66.1 |  |  | $ | 579.1 |
Other, including U.S. Treasury securities |  | 408.3 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 66.0 |  |  | 342.7 |
Municipal bonds |  | 1,440.9 |  |  | 14.5 |  |  | 147.5 |  |  | 1,307.9 |
Foreign government bonds |  | 37.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | 35.5 |
Corporate bonds |  | 2,228.8 |  |  | 10.0 |  |  | 311.0 |  |  | 1,927.8 |
Other asset-backed securities |  | 1,145.2 |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | 69.0 |  |  | 1,079.1 |
Totals |  | $ | 5,904.1 |  |  | $ | 29.3 |  |  | $ | 661.3 |  |  | $ | 5,272.1 |
December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government and federally sponsored agency obligations:(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities |  | $ | 612.1 |  |  | $ | 51.9 |  |  | $ | 1.5 |  |  | $ | 662.5 |
Other, including U.S. Treasury securities |  | 342.5 |  |  | 27.7 |  |  | 4.3 |  |  | 365.9 |
Municipal bonds |  | 1,519.7 |  |  | 184.4 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 1,703.4 |
Foreign government bonds |  | 40.2 |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 43.6 |
Corporate bonds |  | 2,217.7 |  |  | 176.2 |  |  | 5.2 |  |  | 2,388.7 |
Other asset-backed securities |  | 1,065.5 |  |  | 16.6 |  |  | 6.9 |  |  | 1,075.2 |
Totals |  | $ | 5,797.7 |  |  | $ | 460.2 |  |  | $ | 18.6 |  |  | $ | 6,239.3 |

(1) Fair value includes securities issued by Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA) of $337.5 million and $376.7 million; Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC) of $271.1 million and $326.5 million; and Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA) of $90.2 million and $112.1 million as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 11 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

NOTE 3 - Investments (continued)
The following table presents the fair value and gross unrealized losses for fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The Company views the decrease in fair value of all of the fixed maturity securities with unrealized losses at September 30, 2022 — which was driven largely by increasing interest rates, spread widening, financial market illiquidity and/or market volatility from the date of acquisition — as temporary. As of September 30, 2022, the Company has not made the decision to sell and it is not more likely than not the Company will be required to sell the fixed maturity securities with unrealized losses before an anticipated recovery in value. There has been a significant increase in interest rates since December 31, 2021, driven mostly by increases in U.S. Treasury rates, though credit spreads also widened. The 10-year U.S. Treasury yield increased 232 basis points for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, rising from 1.51% at December 31, 2021 to 3.83% at September 30, 2022. Additionally, credit spreads widened during the same time period, with investment grade and high yield wider by 69 and 233 basis points, respectively. These upward movements in rates caused market yields in the Company's portfolios to rise sharply, with downward pressure on prices. Investment grade and high yield total returns for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 were down 18.3% and 14.6%, respectively. The Bloomberg Barclays Index Yield-to-Worst for Investment Grade rose 3.4% for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, ending at 5.7%, while the High Yield Index increased by 5.5% to 9.7%. The Company's portfolios generated sizable unrealized losses as a result of sharp increases in interest rates. Therefore, it was determined that the unrealized losses on the fixed maturity securities presented in the table below were not indicative of any impairments as of September 30, 2022.

($ in millions) |  | 12 Months or Less |  | More than 12 Months |  | Total
|  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses
September 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government and federally sponsored agency obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities |  | $ | 472.2 |  |  | $ | 51.5 |  |  | $ | 51.3 |  |  | $ | 14.6 |  |  | $ | 523.5 |  |  | $ | 66.1 |
Other |  | 266.6 |  |  | 36.6 |  |  | 58.0 |  |  | 29.4 |  |  | 324.6 |  |  | 66.0 |
Municipal bonds |  | 1,035.5 |  |  | 143.5 |  |  | 9.7 |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | 1,045.2 |  |  | 147.5 |
Foreign government bonds |  | 35.4 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 35.4 |  |  | 1.7 |
Corporate bonds |  | 1,496.6 |  |  | 280.0 |  |  | 80.3 |  |  | 31.0 |  |  | 1,576.9 |  |  | 311.0 |
Other asset-backed securities |  | 776.2 |  |  | 52.4 |  |  | 213.9 |  |  | 16.6 |  |  | 990.1 |  |  | 69.0 |
Total |  | $ | 4,082.5 |  |  | $ | 565.7 |  |  | $ | 413.2 |  |  | $ | 95.6 |  |  | $ | 4,495.7 |  |  | $ | 661.3 |
Number of positions with a gross unrealized loss |  | 3,002 |  |  |  |  | 303 |  |  |  |  | 3,305 |  |  |
Fair value as a percentage of total fixed maturity securities at fair value |  | 77.4 | % |  |  |  | 7.8 | % |  |  |  | 85.2 | % |  |
December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government and federally sponsored agency obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities |  | $ | 67.4 |  |  | $ | 1.3 |  |  | $ | 3.9 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | 71.3 |  |  | $ | 1.5 |
Other |  | 59.5 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | 35.1 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | 94.6 |  |  | 4.3 |
Municipal bonds |  | 56.8 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 57.4 |  |  | 0.7 |
Foreign government bonds |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Corporate bonds |  | 220.7 |  |  | 3.8 |  |  | 44.1 |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | 264.8 |  |  | 5.2 |
Other asset-backed securities |  | 379.0 |  |  | 3.8 |  |  | 128.2 |  |  | 3.1 |  |  | 507.2 |  |  | 6.9 |
Total |  | $ | 783.4 |  |  | $ | 11.3 |  |  | $ | 211.9 |  |  | $ | 7.3 |  |  | $ | 995.3 |  |  | $ | 18.6 |
Number of positions with a gross unrealized loss |  | 516 |  |  |  |  | 122 |  |  |  |  | 638 |  |  |
Fair value as a percentage of total fixed maturity securities at fair value |  | 12.6 | % |  |  |  | 3.4 | % |  |  |  | 16.0 | % |  |

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 12 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

NOTE 3 - Investments (continued)
Fixed maturity securities with an investment grade rating represented 94.9% of the gross unrealized losses as of September 30, 2022. With respect to fixed maturity securities involving securitized financial assets, the underlying collateral cash flows were stress tested to determine there was no adverse change in the present value of cash flows below the amortized cost basis.
Maturities of Fixed Maturity Securities
The following table presents the distribution of the Company’s fixed maturity securities portfolio by estimated expected maturity. Estimated expected maturities differ from contractual maturities, reflecting assumptions regarding borrowers' utilization of the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. For structured securities, estimated expected maturities consider broker-dealer survey prepayment assumptions and are verified for consistency with the interest rate and economic environments.

($ in millions) |  | Percent of Total Fair Value |  | September 30, 2022
|  | September 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021 |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost, net
Estimated expected maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Due in 1 year or less |  | 3.9 | % |  | 4.0 | % |  | $ | 204.0 |  |  | $ | 204.6 |
Due after 1 year through 5 years |  | 26.0 |  |  | 27.0 |  |  | 1,369.3 |  |  | 1,439.0 |
Due after 5 years through 10 years |  | 28.3 |  |  | 27.7 |  |  | 1,492.6 |  |  | 1,621.7 |
Due after 10 years through 20 years |  | 25.5 |  |  | 23.9 |  |  | 1,348.3 |  |  | 1,551.8 |
Due after 20 years |  | 16.3 |  |  | 17.4 |  |  | 857.9 |  |  | 1,087.0 |
Total |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 5,272.1 |  |  | $ | 5,904.1 |
Average option-adjusted duration, in years |  | 6.5 |  | 6.7 |  |  |  |

Sales of Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities
Proceeds received from sales of fixed maturity and equity securities, each determined using the specific identification method, and gross gains and gross losses realized as a result of those sales for each period were as follows:

($ in millions) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Fixed maturity securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds received |  | $ | 164.6 |  |  | $ | 155.4 |  |  | $ | 529.9 |  |  | $ | 319.2 |
Gross gains realized |  | 1.1 |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | 4.7 |  |  | 6.2 |
Gross losses realized |  | (5.0) |  |  | (0.7) |  |  | (10.2) |  |  | (4.3) |
Equity securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds received |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 6.0 |  |  | $ | 1.0 |
Gross gains realized |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | 0.3 |
Gross losses realized |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | — |

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 13 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

NOTE 3 - Investments (continued)
Net Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses) on Fixed Maturity Securities
The following table reconciles net unrealized investment gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities, net of tax, included in accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI), before the impact of DAC:

($ in millions) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning of period |  | $ | (283.2) |  |  | $ | 399.4 |  |  | $ | 348.9 |  |  | $ | 439.8 |
Change in net unrealized investment gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities |  | (228.0) |  |  | (34.9) |  |  | (886.5) |  |  | (77.0) |
Reclassification of net investment losses on fixed maturity securities to net income |  | 11.9 |  |  | 3.9 |  |  | 38.3 |  |  | 5.6 |
End of period |  | $ | (499.3) |  |  | $ | 368.4 |  |  | $ | (499.3) |  |  | $ | 368.4 |

Limited Partnership Interests
Investments in limited partnership interests are accounted for using the equity method of accounting (EMA) and include interests in commercial mortgage loan funds, private equity funds, infrastructure debt funds, infrastructure equity funds and other funds. Principal factors influencing carrying amount appreciation or decline include operating performance, comparable public company earnings multiples, capitalization rates and the economic environment. The Company recognizes an impairment loss for EMA limited partnership interests when evidence demonstrates that the loss is other than temporary. Evidence of a loss in value that is other than temporary may include the absence of an ability to recover the carrying amount of the investment or the inability of the investee to sustain a level of earnings that would justify the carrying amount of the investment. The carrying amounts of EMA limited partnership interests were as follows:

($ in millions) |  |  |  |
|  | September 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Commercial mortgage loan funds |  | $ | 601.5 |  |  | $ | 346.8 |
Private equity funds |  | 73.4 |  |  | 74.0 |
Infrastructure equity funds |  | 70.2 |  |  | 58.3 |
Infrastructure debt funds |  | 67.4 |  |  | 62.4 |
Other funds(1) |  | 185.0 |  |  | 171.3 |
Total |  | $ | 997.5 |  |  | $ | 712.8 |

(1)Other funds consist primarily of limited partnership interests in corporate mezzanine, venture capital and other fund strategies.
Offsetting of Assets and Liabilities
The Company's derivatives are subject to enforceable master netting arrangements. Collateral support agreements associated with each master netting arrangement provide that the Company will receive or pledge financial collateral in the event minimum thresholds have been reached. The Company’s reverse repurchase agreements are also subject to enforceable master netting arrangements but there was no offsetting in their presentation in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Information regarding the Company's derivatives is contained in Part II - Item 8, Note 5 in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. The following table presents instruments that were subject to a master netting arrangement for the Company.

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 14 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

NOTE 3 - Investments (continued)

($ in millions) |  |  |  | Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Net Amounts of Assets/ Liabilities Presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  |
|  | Gross Amounts |  |  |  | Financial Instruments |  | Cash Collateral Received |  | Net Amount
September 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Free-standing derivatives |  | $ | 2.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1.8 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |
December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Free-standing derivatives |  | $ | 10.7 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10.7 |  |  | $ | 4.5 |  |  | $ | 6.4 |  |  | $ | (0.2) |

Deposits
At September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, fixed maturity securities with a fair value of $30.0 million and $26.2 million, respectively, were on deposit with governmental agencies as required by law in various states for which the insurance subsidiaries of HMEC conduct business. In addition, at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, fixed maturity securities with a fair value of $920.7 million and $870.1 million, respectively, were on deposit with the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago (FHLB) as collateral for amounts subject to funding agreements, advances and borrowings which were equal to $842.5 million at September 30, 2022 and $787.5 million at December 31, 2021. The deposited securities are reported as Fixed maturity securities on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.
NOTE 4 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The Company is required to disclose estimated fair values for certain financial and nonfinancial assets and liabilities. Fair values of the Company’s insurance contracts other than annuity contracts (which are investment contracts) and EMA limited partnership interests are not required to be disclosed. However, the estimated fair values of liabilities under all insurance contracts are taken into consideration in the Company’s overall management of interest rate risk through the matching of investment maturities with amounts due under insurance contracts.
Information regarding the three-level fair value hierarchy presented below and the valuation methodologies utilized by the Company to estimate fair values at each reporting date is included in Part II - Item 8, Note 4 of the Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 15 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

NOTE 4 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments (continued)
Financial Instruments Measured and Carried at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The following table presents the Company's fair value hierarchy for financial assets and financial liabilities measured and carried at fair value on a recurring basis. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, there were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2. At September 30, 2022, Level 3 invested assets comprised 7.4% of the Company’s total investment portfolio at fair value.

($ in millions) |  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
|  |  |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
September 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government and federally sponsored agency obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities |  | $ | 579.1 |  |  | $ | 579.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 576.5 |  |  | $ | 2.6 |
Other, including U.S. Treasury securities |  | 342.8 |  |  | 342.7 |  |  | 24.5 |  |  | 318.2 |  |  | — |
Municipal bonds |  | 1,307.9 |  |  | 1,307.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,254.6 |  |  | 53.3 |
Foreign government bonds |  | 35.4 |  |  | 35.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 35.5 |  |  | — |
Corporate bonds |  | 1,927.8 |  |  | 1,927.8 |  |  | 12.8 |  |  | 1,675.2 |  |  | 239.8 |
Other asset-backed securities |  | 1,079.1 |  |  | 1,079.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 974.5 |  |  | 104.6 |
Total fixed maturity securities |  | 5,272.1 |  |  | 5,272.1 |  |  | 37.3 |  |  | 4,834.5 |  |  | 400.3 |
Equity securities |  | 113.8 |  |  | 113.8 |  |  | 22.4 |  |  | 89.4 |  |  | 2.0 |
Short-term investments |  | 51.4 |  |  | 51.4 |  |  | 49.0 |  |  | 2.4 |  |  | — |
Other investments |  | 34.0 |  |  | 34.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 34.0 |  |  | — |
Totals |  | $ | 5,471.3 |  |  | $ | 5,471.3 |  |  | $ | 108.7 |  |  | $ | 4,960.3 |  |  | $ | 402.3 |
Separate Account variable annuity assets(1) |  | $ | 2,599.6 |  |  | $ | 2,599.6 |  |  | $ | 2,599.6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Financial Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment contract and policy reserves, embedded derivatives |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | $ | — |
Other policyholder funds, embedded derivatives |  | $ | 89.9 |  |  | $ | 89.9 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 89.9 |
December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government and federally sponsored agency obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities |  | $ | 662.5 |  |  | $ | 662.5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 662.5 |  |  | $ | — |
Other, including U.S. Treasury securities |  | 365.9 |  |  | 365.9 |  |  | 17.7 |  |  | 348.2 |  |  | — |
Municipal bonds |  | 1,703.4 |  |  | 1,703.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,642.6 |  |  | 60.8 |
Foreign government bonds |  | 43.6 |  |  | 43.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 43.6 |  |  | — |
Corporate bonds |  | 2,388.7 |  |  | 2,388.7 |  |  | 14.9 |  |  | 2,163.5 |  |  | 210.3 |
Other asset-backed securities |  | 1,075.2 |  |  | 1,075.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 976.3 |  |  | 98.9 |
Total fixed maturity securities |  | 6,239.3 |  |  | 6,239.3 |  |  | 32.6 |  |  | 5,836.7 |  |  | 370.0 |
Equity securities |  | 147.2 |  |  | 147.2 |  |  | 35.2 |  |  | 110.6 |  |  | 1.4 |
Short-term investments |  | 157.8 |  |  | 157.8 |  |  | 157.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other investments |  | 43.6 |  |  | 43.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 43.6 |  |  | — |
Totals |  | $ | 6,587.9 |  |  | $ | 6,587.9 |  |  | $ | 225.6 |  |  | $ | 5,990.9 |  |  | $ | 371.4 |
Separate Account (variable annuity) assets(1) |  | $ | 3,441.0 |  |  | $ | 3,441.0 |  |  | $ | 3,441.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Financial Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment contract and policy reserves, embedded derivatives |  | $ | 2.1 |  |  | $ | 2.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2.1 |  |  | $ | — |
Other policyholder funds, embedded derivatives |  | $ | 106.6 |  |  | $ | 106.6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 106.6 |

(1) Separate Account variable annuity assets represent contractholder funds invested in various actively traded mutual funds that have daily quoted net asset values that are readily determinable for identical assets that the Company can access. Separate Account variable annuity liabilities are equal to the estimated fair value of the Separate Account variable annuity assets.

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 16 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

NOTE 4 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments (continued)
Changes in Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
The reconciliation for all financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) were as follows:

($ in millions) |  | Financial Assets |  | Financial Liabilities(1)
|  | Municipal Bonds |  | Corporate Bonds |  | Mortgage-Backed and Other Asset- Backed Securities(2) |  | Total Fixed Maturity Securities |  | Equity Securities |  | Total |  |
Beginning balance, July 1, 2022 |  | $ | 51.0 |  |  | $ | 270.5 |  |  | $ | 97.1 |  |  | $ | 418.6 |  |  | $ | 1.4 |  |  | $ | 420.0 |  |  | $ | 93.2 |
Transfers into Level 3(3) |  | — |  |  | 20.5 |  |  | 12.2 |  |  | 32.7 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 33.5 |  |  | — |
Transfers out of Level 3(3) |  | — |  |  | (34.8) |  |  | — |  |  | (34.8) |  |  | — |  |  | (34.8) |  |  | — |
Total gains or losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net investment gains (losses) included in net income related to financial assets |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.8) |  |  | (0.8) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | (0.9) |  |  | — |
Net investment (gains) losses included in net income related to financial liabilities |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4.6) |
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) included in OCI |  | (5.3) |  |  | (7.4) |  |  | (3.9) |  |  | (16.6) |  |  | — |  |  | (16.6) |  |  | — |
Purchases |  | 0.2 |  |  | 8.4 |  |  | 7.9 |  |  | 16.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 16.5 |  |  | — |
Issuances |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2.7 |
Sales |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Settlements |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Paydowns, maturities and distributions |  | 7.4 |  |  | (17.4) |  |  | (5.3) |  |  | (15.3) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | (15.4) |  |  | (1.4) |
Ending balance, September 30, 2022 |  | $ | 53.3 |  |  | $ | 239.8 |  |  | $ | 107.2 |  |  | $ | 400.3 |  |  | $ | 2.0 |  |  | $ | 402.3 |  |  | $ | 89.9 |
Beginning balance, January 1, 2022 |  | $ | 60.8 |  |  | $ | 210.3 |  |  | $ | 98.9 |  |  | $ | 370.0 |  |  | $ | 1.4 |  |  | $ | 371.4 |  |  | $ | 106.6 |
Transfers into Level 3(3) |  | — |  |  | 144.0 |  |  | 34.5 |  |  | 178.5 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 179.3 |  |  | — |
Transfers out of Level 3(3) |  | (3.2) |  |  | (34.9) |  |  | (4.8) |  |  | (42.9) |  |  | — |  |  | (42.9) |  |  | — |
Total gains or losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net investment gains (losses) included in net income related to financial assets |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3.1) |  |  | (3.1) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | (3.2) |  |  | — |
Net investment (gains) losses included in net income related to financial liabilities |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (14.4) |
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) included in OCI |  | (11.6) |  |  | (18.7) |  |  | (11.3) |  |  | (41.6) |  |  | — |  |  | (41.6) |  |  | — |
Purchases |  | 0.2 |  |  | 13.3 |  |  | 7.9 |  |  | 21.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 21.4 |  |  | — |
Issuances |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4.8 |
Sales |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2.1) |  |  | (2.1) |  |  | — |  |  | (2.1) |  |  | — |
Settlements |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Paydowns, maturities and distributions |  | 7.1 |  |  | (74.2) |  |  | (12.8) |  |  | (79.9) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | (80.0) |  |  | (7.1) |
Ending balance, September 30, 2022 |  | $ | 53.3 |  |  | $ | 239.8 |  |  | $ | 107.2 |  |  | $ | 400.3 |  |  | $ | 2.0 |  |  | $ | 402.3 |  |  | $ | 89.9 |

(1)Represents embedded derivatives, all related to the Company's fixed indexed annuity products, reported in Other policyholder funds in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(2)Includes U.S. Government and federally sponsored agency obligations for mortgage-backed securities and other asset-backed securities.
(3)Transfers into and out of Level 3 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 were related to changes in the primary pricing source and changes in observability of external information used in determining fair value. The Company's policy is to recognize transfers into and out of the levels as having occurred at the end of the reporting period in which the transfers were determined.

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 17 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

NOTE 4 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments (continued)

($ in millions) |  | Financial Assets |  | Financial Liabilities(1)
|  | Municipal Bonds |  | Corporate Bonds |  | Mortgage-Backed and Other Asset- Backed Securities(2) |  | Total Fixed Maturity Securities |  | Equity Securities |  | Total |  |
Beginning balance, July 1, 2021 |  | $ | 58.6 |  |  | $ | 150.5 |  |  | $ | 115.5 |  |  | $ | 324.6 |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 324.9 |  |  | $ | 108.9 |
Transfers into Level 3(3) |  | — |  |  | 55.7 |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | 59.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 59.7 |  |  | — |
Transfers out of Level 3(3) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total gains or losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net investment gains (losses) included in net income related to financial assets |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6.6) |  |  | (6.6) |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | (6.5) |  |  | — |
Net investment (gains) losses included in net income related to financial liabilities |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.7 |
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) included in OCI |  | (0.3) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | 6.6 |  |  | 6.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 6.2 |  |  | — |
Purchases |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Issuances |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.4 |
Sales |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Settlements |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Paydowns, maturities and distributions |  | (0.1) |  |  | (1.1) |  |  | (21.0) |  |  | (22.2) |  |  | — |  |  | (22.2) |  |  | (4.3) |
Ending balance, September 30, 2021 |  | $ | 58.2 |  |  | $ | 205.0 |  |  | $ | 98.5 |  |  | $ | 361.7 |  |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | $ | 362.1 |  |  | $ | 106.7 |
Beginning balance, January 1, 2021 |  | $ | 59.6 |  |  | $ | 155.8 |  |  | $ | 139.4 |  |  | $ | 354.8 |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 355.1 |  |  | $ | 104.5 |
Transfers into Level 3(3) |  | — |  |  | 108.3 |  |  | 10.2 |  |  | 118.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 118.5 |  |  | — |
Transfers out of Level 3(3) |  | — |  |  | (56.7) |  |  | (19.2) |  |  | (75.9) |  |  | — |  |  | (75.9) |  |  | — |
Total gains or losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net investment gains (losses) included in net income related to financial assets |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7.7) |  |  | (7.7) |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | (7.6) |  |  | — |
Net investment (gains) losses included in net income related to financial liabilities |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8.2 |
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) included in OCI |  | (0.9) |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 8.7 |  |  | 8.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 8.8 |  |  | — |
Purchases |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Issuances |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3.3 |
Sales |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Settlements |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Paydowns, maturities and distributions |  | (0.5) |  |  | (3.4) |  |  | (32.9) |  |  | (36.8) |  |  | — |  |  | (36.8) |  |  | (9.3) |
Ending balance, September 30, 2021 |  | $ | 58.2 |  |  | $ | 205.0 |  |  | $ | 98.5 |  |  | $ | 361.7 |  |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | $ | 362.1 |  |  | $ | 106.7 |

(1) Represents embedded derivatives, all related to the Company's fixed indexed annuity products, reported in Other policyholder funds in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(2) Includes U.S. Government and federally sponsored agency obligations for mortgage-backed securities and other asset-backed securities.
(3) Transfers into and out of Level 3 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 were attributable to changes in the availability of observable market information for individual fixed maturity securities. The Company's policy is to recognize transfers into and out of the levels as having occurred at the end of the reporting period in which the transfers were determined.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company had net investment losses of $0.9 million and $3.2 million that were included in net income and were primarily attributable to credit loss impairments for Level 3 financial assets. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company had net investment gains of $4.6 million and $14.4 million that were included in net income and were attributable to changes in the fair value of Level 3 financial liabilities.

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 18 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

NOTE 4 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments (continued)
Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
The following table provides quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs for recurring fair value measurements categorized within Level 3.

($ in millions)
Financial Assets |  | Fair Value at September 30, 2022 |  | Valuation Technique(s) |  | Unobservable Inputs |  | Range (Weighted Average) and Single Point Best Estimate(1)
Municipal bonds |  | $ | 53.3 |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | option adjusted spread |  | 330 - 446 bps
Corporate bonds |  | 239.8 |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | N spread(2) |  | 363 bps
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | T spread(3) |  | 16 - 403 bps
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | yield |  | 3.8% - 11.2%
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | exit cap rate |  | 6.2%
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | occupancy rate |  | 31.0% - 100.0%
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | option adjusted spread |  | 242 - 393 bps
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | weighted average cost of capital |  | 5.0%
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | discount rate |  | 11.3% - 12.0%
|  |  |  | market comparable |  | EV / Fwd EBITDA (x) |  | 5.1x
Mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities |  | 107.2 |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | discount margin |  | 30.4%
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | discount rate |  | 16.0% - 21.0%
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | median comparable yield |  | 17.2% - 33.1%
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | yield |  | 7.0% - 7.4%
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | LIBOR |  | 1.0%
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | PDI spread |  | 6.8%
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | SBL spread |  | 4.5%
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | weighting |  | 17.0% - 83.0%
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | CPR |  | 20.0%
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | default rate annual |  | 4.0%
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | recovery |  | 65.0%
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | N spread |  | 463 bps
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | T Spread |  | 226 bps
Equity securities |  | 2.0 |  | black-scholes |  | volatility |  | low 32.0% - high 47.0%

($ in millions)
Financial Liabilities |  | Fair Value at September 30, 2022 |  | Valuation Technique(s) |  | Unobservable Inputs |  | Range (Weighted Average) and Single Point Best Estimate(1)
Derivatives embedded in fixed indexed annuity products |  | $ | 89.9 |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | lapse rate |  | 5.3%
|  |  |  |  |  | mortality multiplier(4) |  | 66.8%
|  |  |  |  |  | option budget |  | 0.9% - 3.3%
|  |  |  |  |  | non-performance adjustment(5) |  | 5.0%

(1) When a range of unobservable inputs is not readily available, the Company uses a single point best estimate.
(2) "N spread" is the interpolated weighted average life point on the swap curve.
(3) "T spread" is a specific point on the OTR curve.
(4) Mortality multiplier is applied to the Annuity 2000 table.
(5) Determined as a percentage of the risk-free rate.

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 19 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

NOTE 4 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments (continued)
The valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement for financial assets and financial liabilities classified as Level 3 are subject to the control processes as described in Part II - Item 8, Note 4 in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. Generally, valuation techniques for fixed maturity securities include spread pricing, matrix pricing and discounted cash flow methodologies; include inputs such as quoted prices for identical or similar securities that are less liquid; and are based on lower levels of trading activity than securities classified as Level 2. The valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement for equity securities classified as Level 3 use similar valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs as those used for fixed maturity securities.
The sensitivity of the estimated fair values to changes in the significant unobservable inputs for fixed maturity and equity securities included in Level 3 include: benchmark yield, liquidity premium, estimated cash flows, prepayment and default speeds, spreads, weighted average life and credit rating. Significant spread widening in isolation will adversely impact the overall valuation, while significant tightening will lead to substantial valuation increases. Significant increases (decreases) in illiquidity premiums in isolation will result in substantially lower (higher) valuations. Significant increases (decreases) in expected default rates in isolation will result in substantially lower (higher) valuations.
Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value
The Company has various other financial assets and financial liabilities used in the normal course of business that are not carried at fair value, but for which fair value disclosure is required. These financial assets and financial liabilities are further described in Part II - Item 8, Note 4 in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. The following table presents the carrying amount, fair value and fair value hierarchy of these financial assets and financial liabilities.

($ in millions) |  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
|  |  |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
September 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other investments |  | $ | 169.1 |  |  | $ | 172.5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 172.5 |
Deposit asset on reinsurance |  | 2,525.6 |  |  | 2,164.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,164.9 |
Financial Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment contract and policy reserves, fixed annuity contracts |  | 5,005.8 |  |  | 5,068.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,068.8 |
Investment contract and policy reserves, account values on life contracts |  | 109.5 |  |  | 119.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 119.3 |
Other policyholder funds |  | 910.8 |  |  | 910.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 857.9 |  |  | 52.9 |
Short-term debt |  | 249.0 |  |  | 249.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 249.0 |
Long-term debt |  | 248.9 |  |  | 249.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 249.5 |  |  | — |
December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other investments |  | $ | 148.8 |  |  | $ | 152.4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 152.4 |
Deposit asset on reinsurance |  | 2,481.5 |  |  | 2,935.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,935.1 |
Financial Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment contract and policy reserves, fixed annuity contracts |  | 4,941.3 |  |  | 5,004.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,004.9 |
Investment contract and policy reserves, account values on life contracts |  | 105.4 |  |  | 115.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 115.4 |
Other policyholder funds |  | 839.3 |  |  | 839.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 782.8 |  |  | 56.5 |
Short-term debt |  | 249.0 |  |  | 249.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 249.0 |
Long-term debt |  | 253.6 |  |  | 277.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 277.4 |  |  | — |

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 20 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

NOTE 5 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets
The Company conducts impairment testing for goodwill and intangible assets at least annually, or more often if events, changes or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. See Part II - Item 8, Note 1 in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 for more information regarding impairment testing.
The carrying amount of goodwill by reporting unit as of September 30, 2022 was as follows:

($ in millions) |  | December 31, 2021 |  | Impairment |  | Acquisition |  | September 30, 2022
Property & Casualty |  | $ | 9.5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9.5 |
Life & Retirement |  | 14.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14.4 |
Supplemental & Group Benefits |  | 19.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 12.8 |  |  | 32.4 |
Total |  | $ | 43.5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12.8 |  |  | $ | 56.3 |

As of September 30, 2022, the outstanding amounts of definite-lived intangible assets subject to amortization are attributable to the acquisitions of Benefit Consultants Group, Inc. (BCG) and NTA Life Enterprises, LLC (NTA) during 2019, as well as the acquisition of Madison National during 2022. The acquisitions of BCG, NTA and Madison National resulted in initial recognition of definite-lived intangible assets subject to amortization in the amounts of $14.1 million, $160.4 million and $56.5 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2022 the outstanding amounts of definite-lived intangible assets subject to amortization were as follows:

($ in millions) |  | Weighted Average |  |
|  | Useful Life (in Years) |  |
At inception: |  |  |  |
Value of business acquired |  | 28 |  | $ | 100.1 |
Value of distribution acquired |  | 17 |  | 54.0 |
Value of agency relationships |  | 14 |  | 17.0 |
Value of customer relationships |  | 10 |  | 59.9 |
Total |  | 20 |  | 231.0 |
Accumulated amortization and impairments: |  |  |  |
Value of business acquired |  |  |  | (26.6) |
Value of distribution acquired |  |  |  | (13.8) |
Value of agency relationships |  |  |  | (7.7) |
Value of customer relationships |  |  |  | (4.5) |
Total |  |  |  | (52.6) |
Net intangible assets subject to amortization: |  |  |  | $ | 178.4 |

With regards to the definite-lived intangible assets in the table above, the value of business acquired intangible asset represents the present value of the expected underwriting profit within policies that were in force on the date of acquisition. The value of distribution acquired intangible asset represents the present value of future business to be written by the existing agency force. The value of agency relationships intangible asset represents the present value of the commission overrides retained by NTA. The value of customer relationships intangible asset represents the present value of the expected profits from existing BCG customers in force at the date of acquisition as well as the present value of future business to be produced by Madison National's existing independent producing brokers. All of the aforementioned definite-lived intangible assets were valued using the income approach.

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 21 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

NOTE 5 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets (continued)
Estimated future amortization of the Company's definite-lived intangible assets were as follows:

($ in millions) |  |
Year Ending December 31, |  |
2022 (excluding the nine months ended September 30, 2022) |  | $ | 4.1 |
2023 |  | 15.5 |
2024 |  | 15.1 |
2025 |  | 14.8 |
2026 |  | 14.5 |
Thereafter |  | 114.4 |
Total |  | $ | 178.4 |

The value of business acquired intangible asset is being amortized by product based on the present value of future premiums to be received. The value of distribution acquired intangible asset is being amortized on a straight-line basis. The value of agency relationships intangible asset is being amortized based on the present value of future premiums to be received. The value of customer relationships intangible assets are being amortized based on the present value of future profits to be received for BCG and based on the present value of future premiums for Madison National.
Indefinite-lived intangible assets not subject to amortization as of September 30, 2022 were as follows:

($ in millions) |  |
Trade names |  | $ | 7.9 |
State licenses |  | 5.9 |
Total |  | $ | 13.8 |

The trade names intangible asset represents the present value of future savings accruing to NTA and BCG by virtue of not having to pay royalties for the use of the trade names, valued using the relief from royalty method. The state licenses intangible asset represents the regulatory licenses held by NTA and Madison National that were valued using the cost approach.

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 22 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

NOTE 6 - Unpaid Claims and Claim Expenses
The following table is a summary reconciliation of the beginning and ending Property & Casualty unpaid claims and claim expense reserves for the periods indicated. The table presents reserves on both a gross and net (after reinsurance) basis. The total net Property & Casualty insurance claims and claim expense incurred amounts are reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The end of the period gross reserve (before reinsurance balances and reinsurance recoverable balances) are reflected on a gross basis in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

($ in millions) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Property & Casualty |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning gross reserves(1) |  | $ | 378.4 |  |  | $ | 368.4 |  |  | $ | 362.4 |  |  | $ | 372.2 |
Less: reinsurance recoverables |  | 109.8 |  |  | 108.9 |  |  | 110.3 |  |  | 112.9 |
Net reserves, beginning of period(2) |  | 268.6 |  |  | 259.5 |  |  | 252.1 |  |  | 259.3 |
Incurred claims and claim expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Claims occurring in the current period |  | 120.3 |  |  | 132.5 |  |  | 372.8 |  |  | 345.4 |
Increase (decrease) in estimated reserves for claims occurring in prior periods(3) |  | 2.0 |  |  | (3.0) |  |  | 8.0 |  |  | (7.2) |
Total claims and claim expenses incurred(4) |  | 122.3 |  |  | 129.5 |  |  | 380.8 |  |  | 338.2 |
Claims and claim expense payments for claims occurring during: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current period |  | 102.8 |  |  | 96.8 |  |  | 221.1 |  |  | 210.3 |
Prior periods |  | 29.7 |  |  | 26.4 |  |  | 153.4 |  |  | 121.4 |
Total claims and claim expense payments |  | 132.5 |  |  | 123.2 |  |  | 374.5 |  |  | 331.7 |
Net reserves, end of period(2) |  | 258.4 |  |  | 265.8 |  |  | 258.4 |  |  | 265.8 |
Plus: reinsurance recoverables |  | 109.0 |  |  | 109.6 |  |  | 109.0 |  |  | 109.6 |
Ending gross reserves(1) |  | $ | 367.4 |  |  | $ | 375.4 |  |  | $ | 367.4 |  |  | $ | 375.4 |

(1)Unpaid claims and claim expenses as reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets also include reserves for Life & Retirement and Supplemental & Group Benefits of $114.5 million and $64.7 million as of September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, in addition to Property & Casualty reserves.
(2)Reserves net of anticipated reinsurance recoverables.
(3)Shows the amounts by which the Company increased (decreased) its reserves in each of the periods indicated for claims occurring in previous periods to reflect subsequent information on such claims and changes in their projected final settlement costs.
(4)Benefits, claims and settlement expenses as reported in the Consolidated Statements of Operations also include amounts for Life & Retirement and Supplemental & Group Benefits of $51.3 million and $177.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, in addition to Property & Casualty amounts. Benefits, claims and settlement expenses for Life & Retirement and Supplemental & Group Benefits of $35.3 million and $108.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively.
Development of total reserves for Property & Casualty claims occurring in prior years was $8.0 million net unfavorable and $7.2 million net favorable for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The unfavorable development for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was the result of unfavorable loss trends in auto offset by favorable loss trends in homeowners loss emergence for accident years 2021 and prior.

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 23 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

NOTE 7 - Reinsurance
The Company recognizes the cost of reinsurance premiums over the contract periods for such premiums in proportion to the insurance protection provided. Amounts recoverable from reinsurers for unpaid claims and claim settlement expenses, including estimated amounts for unsettled claims, claims incurred but not yet reported and policy benefits, are estimated in a manner consistent with the insurance liability associated with the policy. The effects of reinsurance on net premiums written and contract deposits; net premiums and contract charges earned; and benefits, claims and settlement expenses were as follows:

($ in millions) |  | Direct Amount |  | Ceded to Other Companies(1) |  | Assumed from Other Companies |  | Net Amount
Three months ended September 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net premiums written and contract deposits(2) |  | $ | 390.3 |  |  | $ | 15.4 |  |  | $ | 13.4 |  |  | $ | 388.3 |
Net premiums and contract charges earned |  | 262.0 |  |  | 17.6 |  |  | 13.4 |  |  | 257.8 |
Benefits, claims and settlement expenses |  | 177.3 |  |  | 8.4 |  |  | 4.7 |  |  | 173.6 |
Three months ended September 30, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net premiums written and contract deposits(2) |  | $ | 366.0 |  |  | $ | 5.5 |  |  | $ | 2.6 |  |  | $ | 363.1 |
Net premiums and contract charges earned |  | 230.9 |  |  | 8.1 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | 225.4 |
Benefits, claims and settlement expenses |  | 164.5 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | 1.8 |  |  | 164.8 |
Nine months ended September 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net premiums written and contract deposits(2) |  | $ | 1,124.4 |  |  | $ | 46.7 |  |  | $ | 39.5 |  |  | $ | 1,117.2 |
Net premiums and contract charges earned |  | 783.4 |  |  | 53.5 |  |  | 39.6 |  |  | 769.5 |
Benefits, claims and settlement expenses |  | 577.4 |  |  | 34.2 |  |  | 15.0 |  |  | 558.2 |
Nine months ended September 30, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net premiums written and contract deposits(2) |  | $ | 1,037.8 |  |  | $ | 17.0 |  |  | $ | 6.6 |  |  | $ | 1,027.4 |
Net premiums and contract charges earned |  | 696.6 |  |  | 24.6 |  |  | 6.8 |  |  | 678.8 |
Benefits, claims and settlement expenses |  | 444.7 |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | 4.5 |  |  | 446.2 |

(1) Excludes the annuity reinsurance transaction accounted for using the deposit method.
(2) This measure is not based on accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (non-GAAP). An explanation of this non-GAAP measure is contained in the Glossary of Selected Terms included as Exhibit 99.1 in the Company's reports filed with the SEC.
NOTE 8 - Commitments
Investment Commitments
The Company has outstanding commitments to fund investments primarily in limited partnership interests. Such unfunded commitments were $715.5 million and $858.1 million as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 24 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

NOTE 9 - Segment Information
The Company conducts and manages its business in four reporting segments. The three operating segments, representing the major lines of business, are: (1) Property & Casualty (primarily personal lines of auto and property insurance products), (2) Life & Retirement (primarily tax-qualified fixed and variable annuities as well as life insurance products), and (3) Supplemental & Group Benefits (primarily cancer, heart, hospital, supplemental disability, accident, short-term and long-term group disability, and group term life coverages). The Company does not allocate the impact of corporate-level transactions to these operating segments, consistent with the basis for management's evaluation of the results of those segments, but classifies those items in the fourth segment, Corporate & Other. In addition to ongoing transactions such as corporate debt service, net investment gains (losses) and certain public company expenses, such items in Corporate & Other have also included corporate debt retirement costs, when applicable.
In 2021 and prior, the Company conducted and managed its business through four operating segments: (1) Property & Casualty, (2) Supplemental, (3) Retirement, and (4) Life. The change in operating segments in 2022 aligns with leadership assignments and how the Company makes operating decisions and assesses performance as well as maintaining discrete financial information to evaluate performance and allocate resources. Accordingly, the presentation of prior period segment information has been reclassified to conform to the current year's presentation.
Summarized financial information for these segments is as follows:

($ in millions) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net premiums and contract charges earned |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property & Casualty |  | $ | 152.4 |  |  | $ | 153.3 |  |  | $ | 452.5 |  |  | $ | 464.1 |
Life & Retirement |  | 37.1 |  |  | 40.4 |  |  | 109.7 |  |  | 118.3 |
Supplemental & Group Benefits |  | 68.3 |  |  | 31.7 |  |  | 207.3 |  |  | 96.4 |
Total |  | $ | 257.8 |  |  | $ | 225.4 |  |  | $ | 769.5 |  |  | $ | 678.8 |
Net investment income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property & Casualty |  | $ | 8.0 |  |  | $ | 11.3 |  |  | $ | 22.9 |  |  | $ | 43.8 |
Life & Retirement |  | 81.4 |  |  | 85.8 |  |  | 254.0 |  |  | 247.4 |
Supplemental & Group Benefits |  | 8.7 |  |  | 7.2 |  |  | 25.4 |  |  | 19.0 |
Corporate & Other |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Intersegment eliminations |  | (0.5) |  |  | (0.6) |  |  | (1.6) |  |  | (1.8) |
Total |  | $ | 97.6 |  |  | $ | 103.7 |  |  | $ | 300.7 |  |  | $ | 308.4 |
Net income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property & Casualty |  | $ | (2.5) |  |  | $ | (4.7) |  |  | $ | (19.4) |  |  | $ | 42.5 |
Life & Retirement |  | 12.7 |  |  | 19.1 |  |  | 41.8 |  |  | 47.0 |
Supplemental & Group Benefits |  | 19.2 |  |  | 11.5 |  |  | 43.6 |  |  | 34.8 |
Corporate & Other |  | (15.5) |  |  | (9.6) |  |  | (50.1) |  |  | (22.0) |
Total |  | $ | 13.9 |  |  | $ | 16.3 |  |  | $ | 15.9 |  |  | $ | 102.3 |

($ in millions) |  | September 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Assets |  |  |  |
Property & Casualty |  | $ | 1,052.1 |  |  | $ | 1,243.4 |
Life & Retirement |  | 10,719.4 |  |  | 12,064.7 |
Supplemental & Group Benefits |  | 1,431.7 |  |  | 858.8 |
Corporate & Other |  | 177.9 |  |  | 281.8 |
Intersegment eliminations |  | (67.0) |  |  | (64.8) |
Total |  | $ | 13,314.1 |  |  | $ | 14,383.9 |

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 25 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

NOTE 10 - Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
AOCI represents the accumulated change in shareholders’ equity from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-shareholder sources. For the Company, AOCI includes the after tax change in net unrealized investment gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities and the after tax change in net funded status of benefit plans for the periods as shown in the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity. The following table reconciles these components.

($ in millions) |  | Net Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses) on Securities(1) |  | Net Funded Status of Benefit Plans(1) |  | Total(1)
Beginning balance, July 1, 2022 |  | $ | (220.4) |  |  | $ | (10.2) |  |  | $ | (230.6) |
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications |  | (188.2) |  |  | — |  |  | (188.2) |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI(2) |  | 11.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 11.9 |
Net current period other comprehensive loss |  | (176.3) |  |  | — |  |  | (176.3) |
Ending balance, September 30, 2022 |  | $ | (396.7) |  |  | $ | (10.2) |  |  | $ | (406.9) |
Beginning balance, July 1, 2021 |  | $ | 332.2 |  |  | $ | (11.2) |  |  | $ | 321.0 |
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications |  | (29.3) |  |  | — |  |  | (29.3) |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI(3) |  | 4.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 4.0 |
Net current period other comprehensive income |  | (25.3) |  |  | — |  |  | (25.3) |
Ending balance, September 30, 2021 |  | $ | 306.9 |  |  | $ | (11.2) |  |  | $ | 295.7 |
Beginning balance, January 1, 2022 |  | $ | 290.7 |  |  | $ | (10.2) |  |  | $ | 280.5 |
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications |  | (725.7) |  |  | — |  |  | (725.7) |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI(2) |  | 38.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 38.3 |
Net current period other comprehensive loss |  | (687.4) |  |  | — |  |  | (687.4) |
Ending balance, September 30, 2022 |  | $ | (396.7) |  |  | $ | (10.2) |  |  | $ | (406.9) |
Beginning balance, January 1, 2021 |  | $ | 366.3 |  |  | $ | (11.2) |  |  | $ | 355.1 |
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications |  | (65.0) |  |  | — |  |  | (65.0) |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI(3) |  | 5.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 5.6 |
Net current period other comprehensive loss |  | (59.4) |  |  | — |  |  | (59.4) |
Ending balance, September 30, 2021 |  | $ | 306.9 |  |  | $ | (11.2) |  |  | $ | 295.7 |

(1)All amounts are net of tax.
(2)The pretax amounts reclassified from AOCI, $(15.0) million and $(48.4) million, are included in Net investment gains losses and the related income tax benefits, $(3.2) million and $(10.2) million, are included in income tax expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively.
(3)The pretax amounts reclassified from AOCI, $(5.0) million and $(7.1) million, are included in Net investment losses and the related income tax benefits, $(1.0) million and $(1.5) million, are included in income tax expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively.
Comparative information for elements that are not required to be reclassified in their entirety to net income in the same reporting period is disclosed in Note 3.

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 26 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

NOTE 11 - Supplemental Consolidated Cash and Cash Flow Information

($ in millions) |  |  |  |
|  | September 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Cash |  | $ | 35.2 |  |  | $ | 133.0 |
Restricted cash |  | 1.0 |  |  | 0.7 |
Total cash and restricted cash reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | $ | 36.2 |  |  | $ | 133.7 |

($ in millions) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021
Cash paid for: |  |  |  |
Interest |  | $ | 9.1 |  |  | $ | 7.3 |
Income taxes |  | 6.4 |  |  | 20.2 |

Non-cash investing activities with respect to modifications or exchanges of fixed maturity securities as well as paid-in-kind activity for policy loans were insignificant for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 27 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

ITEM 2. I Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A)
($ in millions, except per share data)
Measures within this MD&A that are not based on accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (non-GAAP) are marked with an asterisk (*) the first time they are presented within this Part I - Item 2. An explanation of these measures is contained in the Glossary of Selected Terms included as Exhibit 99.1 to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and are reconciled to the most directly comparable measures prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) in the Appendix to the Company's Third Quarter 2022 Investor Supplement.
Increases or decreases in this MD&A that are not meaningful are marked "N.M.".
Forward-looking Information
Statements made in the following discussion that are not historical in nature are forward-looking within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors. Horace Mann Educators Corporation (referred to in Part I - Items 2 - 4 and Part II of this report as "we", "our", "us", the "Company", "Horace Mann" or "HMEC") is an insurance holding company. We are not under any obligation to (and expressly disclaim any such obligation to) update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. It is important to note that our actual results could differ materially from those projected in forward-looking statements due to a number of risks and uncertainties inherent in our business. See Part I - Item 1A in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 for additional information regarding risks and uncertainties.
This MD&A covers the following:

|  | Page
Introduction |  | 28
Consolidated Financial Highlights |  | 29
Consolidated Results of Operations |  | 30
Outlook for 2022 |  | 32
Application of Critical Accounting Estimates |  | 33
Results of Operations by Segment |  | 34
Property & Casualty |  | 34
Life & Retirement |  | 37
Supplemental & Group Benefits |  | 40
Corporate & Other |  | 41
Investment Results |  | 41
Liquidity and Capital Resources |  | 44

Introduction
The purpose of this MD&A is to provide an understanding of our consolidated results of operations and financial condition. This MD&A should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto contained in Part I - Item 1 of this report.
HMEC is an insurance holding company focused on helping America’s educators and others who serve the community achieve lifelong financial success. Through our subsidiaries, we market and underwrite individual and group insurance and financial solutions tailored to the needs of the educational community including:

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 28 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

•personal lines of property and casualty insurance, primarily auto and property coverages
•retirement products, primarily tax-qualified fixed and variable annuities
•life insurance, primarily traditional term and whole life insurance products
•voluntary insurance products, including cancer, heart, hospital, supplemental disability and accident
•employer-sponsored insurance products, primarily long-term disability and short-term disability
We market our products primarily to K-12 teachers, administrators and other employees of public schools and their families.
Effective January 1, 2022, we acquired all the equity interests in Madison National Life Insurance Company, Inc., an insurance company organized under the laws of the State of Wisconsin (Madison National), for $172.3 million. The Seller has a potential earn-out of up to $12.5 million payable in cash, if specified financial targets are achieved by the end of 2023. As a result of the acquisition, Madison National became a wholly owned subsidiary of HMEC.
Beginning in 2022, we are conducting and managing our business in three operating segments: (1) Property & Casualty, (2) Life & Retirement (composed of individual life insurance products and retirement products), and (3) Supplemental & Group Benefits (composed of voluntary and employer-sponsored insurance products). The Supplemental & Group Benefits segment includes the results of Madison National. We do not allocate the impact of corporate-level transactions to the operating segments, consistent with the basis for management's evaluation of the results of those segments, but classify those items in a separate reporting segment, Corporate & Other. See Part I - Item 1, Note 9 of the Consolidated Financial Statements in this report for more information.
Consolidated Financial Highlights
(All comparisons vs. same periods in 2021, unless noted otherwise)

($ in millions) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | 2022-2021 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | 2022-2021
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change % |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change %
Total revenues |  | $ | 343.0 |  |  | $ | 329.6 |  |  | 4.1 | % |  | $ | 1,036.1 |  |  | $ | 998.7 |  |  | 3.7 | %
Net income |  | 13.9 |  |  | 16.3 |  |  | -14.7 | % |  | 15.9 |  |  | 102.3 |  |  | -84.5 | %
Per diluted share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | 0.33 |  |  | 0.39 |  |  | -15.4 | % |  | 0.38 |  |  | 2.43 |  |  | -84.4 | %
Net investment losses, after tax |  | (0.24) |  |  | (0.11) |  |  | N.M. |  | (0.82) |  |  | (0.19) |  |  | N.M.
Book value per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 26.32 |  |  | $ | 43.30 |  |  | -39.2 | %
Net income return on equity - last twelve months |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.8 | % |  | 8.5 | % |  |
Net income return on equity - annualized |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.5 | % |  | 7.6 | % |  |

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, net income decreased $2.4 million and $86.4 million, respectively, primarily due to the impact of higher inflation and other factors driving auto loss severity, equity market declines as well as higher net investment losses mainly from changes in fair values of equity securities and investment impairments.

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 29 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

Consolidated Results of Operations
(All comparisons vs. same periods in 2021, unless noted otherwise)

($ in millions) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | 2022-2021 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | 2022-2021
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change % |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change %
Net premiums and contract charges earned |  | $ | 257.8 |  |  | $ | 225.4 |  |  | 14.4 | % |  | $ | 769.5 |  |  | $ | 678.8 |  |  | 13.4 | %
Net investment income |  | 97.6 |  |  | 103.7 |  |  | -5.9 | % |  | 300.7 |  |  | 308.4 |  |  | -2.5 | %
Net investment losses |  | (12.8) |  |  | (6.5) |  |  | N.M. |  | (43.8) |  |  | (10.6) |  |  | N.M.
Other income |  | 0.4 |  |  | 7.0 |  |  | -94.3 | % |  | 9.7 |  |  | 22.1 |  |  | -56.1 | %
Total revenues |  | 343.0 |  |  | 329.6 |  |  | 4.1 | % |  | 1,036.1 |  |  | 998.7 |  |  | 3.7 | %
Benefits, claims and settlement expenses |  | 173.6 |  |  | 164.8 |  |  | 5.3 | % |  | 558.2 |  |  | 446.2 |  |  | 25.1 | %
Interest credited |  | 45.9 |  |  | 51.9 |  |  | -11.6 | % |  | 129.1 |  |  | 153.7 |  |  | -16.0 | %
Operating expenses |  | 75.6 |  |  | 64.3 |  |  | 17.6 | % |  | 229.7 |  |  | 182.8 |  |  | 25.7 | %
DAC unlocking and amortization expense |  | 23.3 |  |  | 22.9 |  |  | 1.7 | % |  | 76.7 |  |  | 70.5 |  |  | 8.8 | %
Intangible asset amortization expense |  | 4.2 |  |  | 3.3 |  |  | 27.3 | % |  | 12.6 |  |  | 9.8 |  |  | 28.6 | %
Interest expense |  | 5.3 |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | 55.9 | % |  | 13.5 |  |  | 10.4 |  |  | 29.8 | %
Total benefits, losses and expenses |  | 327.9 |  |  | 310.6 |  |  | 5.6 | % |  | 1,019.8 |  |  | 873.4 |  |  | 16.8 | %
Income before income taxes |  | 15.1 |  |  | 19.0 |  |  | -20.5 | % |  | 16.3 |  |  | 125.3 |  |  | -87.0 | %
Income tax expense |  | 1.2 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | -55.6 | % |  | 0.4 |  |  | 23.0 |  |  | -98.3 | %
Net income |  | $ | 13.9 |  |  | $ | 16.3 |  |  | -14.7 | % |  | $ | 15.9 |  |  | $ | 102.3 |  |  | -84.5 | %

Net Premiums and Contract Charges Earned
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, net premiums and contract charges earned increased $32.4 million and $90.7 million, respectively, primarily due to the inclusion of Madison National partially offset by lower net premiums earned by Property & Casualty and lower contract charges earned by Life & Retirement.
Net Investment Income
Total net investment income decreased $6.1 million and $7.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively. The decreases were primarily attributable to returns below our historical average in our portfolio of limited partnership interests. Investment yields have risen for recent investments due to the rising interest rate environment. The annualized investment yield on the portfolio excluding limited partnership interests* was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Investment yield, excluding limited partnership interests, pretax - annualized* |  | 4.3% |  | 4.3% |  | 4.3% |  | 4.3%
Investment yield, excluding limited partnership interests, after tax - annualized* |  | 3.4% |  | 3.5% |  | 3.4% |  | 3.4%

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, we continued to identify and purchase investments with attractive risk-adjusted yields relative to market conditions without venturing into asset classes or individual securities that would be inconsistent with our overall investment guidelines for the core portfolio. We continue to fund commercial mortgage loan funds and limited partnership interests in line with our intent to increase our allocation to these portfolios to increase yields while balancing principal protection and risk.

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 30 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

Net Investment Losses
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, net investment losses increased $6.3 million and $33.2 million, respectively, mainly from changes in fair values of equity securities and impairments. The breakdown of net investment gains (losses) by transaction type were as follows:

($ in millions) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Credit loss and intent-to-sell impairments |  | $ | (6.8) |  |  | $ | (6.6) |  |  | $ | (10.4) |  |  | $ | (9.8) |
Sales and other, net |  | (3.9) |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | (3.9) |  |  | 2.2 |
Change in fair value - equity securities |  | (4.4) |  |  | (1.1) |  |  | (34.1) |  |  | 0.4 |
Change in fair value and losses realized on settlements - derivatives |  | 2.3 |  |  | (1.5) |  |  | 4.6 |  |  | (3.4) |
Net investment losses |  | $ | (12.8) |  |  | $ | (6.5) |  |  | $ | (43.8) |  |  | $ | (10.6) |

From time to time, we may sell fixed maturity securities subsequent to the reporting date that were considered temporarily impaired at such reporting date. Such sales are due to issuer-specific events occurring subsequent to the reporting date that result in a change in our intent to sell a fixed maturity security.
Other Income
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, other income decreased $6.6 million and $12.4 million, respectively, primarily due to the inclusion of Madison National.
Benefits, Claims and Settlement Expenses
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, benefits, claims and settlement expenses increased $8.8 million and $112.0 million, respectively, primarily due to an increase in auto losses and the inclusion of Madison National, partially reduced by an offsetting change in interest credited of $10.3 million and $31.0 million, respectively.
Interest Credited
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, interest credited decreased $6.0 million and $24.6 million, respectively, driven primarily by an offsetting change in benefits, claims and settlement expenses of $10.3 million and $31.0 million, respectively. Under the deposit method of accounting, the interest credited on the reinsured annuity block continues to be reported. The average deferred annuity credited rate, excluding the reinsured annuity block, was 2.4% as of September 30, 2022 and September 30, 2021, respectively.
Operating Expenses
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, operating expenses increased $11.3 million and $46.9 million, respectively, primarily due to the inclusion of Madison National.
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs (DAC) Unlocking and Amortization Expense
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, DAC unlocking and amortization expense increased $0.4 million and $6.2 million, respectively, due to equity market declines leading to unfavorable DAC unlocking in the Life & Retirement segment, partially offset by reduced amortization expense in the Property & Casualty segment.
Intangible Asset Amortization Expense
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, intangible asset amortization expense increased $0.9 million and $2.8 million, respectively, due to the acquisition of Madison National.
Interest Expense
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, interest expense increased $1.9 million and $3.1 million, respectively, due to an increase in interest rates on the Bank Credit Facility.

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 31 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

Income Tax Expense
The effective income tax rate, including net investment losses, was 2.5% and 18.4% for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Income from investments in tax-advantaged securities reduced the effective income tax rates by 22.8 and 3.3 percentage points for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
We record liabilities for uncertain tax filing positions where it is more likely than not that the position will not be sustainable upon audit by taxing authorities. These liabilities are reevaluated routinely and are adjusted appropriately based on changes in facts or law. We have no unrecorded liabilities from uncertain tax filing positions.
At September 30, 2022, our federal income tax returns for years prior to 2017 are no longer subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service. We do not anticipate any assessments for tax years that remain subject to examination to have a material effect on our financial position or results of operations.
Outlook for 2022
The following discussion provides outlook information for our results of operations and capital position. Horace Mann’s outlook for 2022 reflects accretion from newly acquired Madison National as well as estimates of the initial contributions of strategic growth initiatives.
At the time of issuance of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we now estimate our 2022 core earnings will be in the range of $1.70 to $2.00 per diluted share. The decrease from the range discussed in our Outlook for 2022 in the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2022, reflects our nine-month results as well as expectations for continued impacts of inflation and effects of equity market declines.
Total net investment income from the managed portfolio for 2022 is now expected to be between $295 million and $305 million. Commercial mortgage loan fund balances are expected to be lower than originally anticipated due to slower capital call activity and limited partnership fund returns are expected to be below historical averages.
Results for each segment reflects the following:
Property & Casualty Segment
Property & Casualty segment 2022 core earnings are now expected to be a loss of $13 million to $19 million, reflecting nine-month results, normal seasonality in auto loss patterns and the continued impacts of inflation on auto loss severity. Catastrophe losses are expected to be in line with the company’s 10-year average of approximately $5 million for this period.
We expect property rate changes and inflation adjustments will rise to the mid-teens in 2023. Rate increases will reflect changes in the level of weather activity. Based on the company’s current expectations for frequency and severity, we expect auto rate increases will also rise to the mid-teens in 2023, supported by non-rate underwriting actions.
Life & Retirement Segment
Life & Retirement segment 2022 core earnings are still expected to be $56 million to $59 million. The full-year net investment spread is expected to be below the 2021 level of 290 basis points due to the revised outlook for net investment income.
Supplemental & Group Benefits Segment
Supplemental & Group Benefits segment 2022 core earnings are now expected to be $55 million to $58 million, reflecting nine-month results. We continue to expect full-year 2022 benefit ratios will be in line with our longer-term targets of approximately 35% for voluntary products and approximately 50% for employer-sponsored products. Amortization of intangible assets is expected to be approximately $13 million, or 30 cents per share (after tax).
As described in Critical Accounting Estimates, certain of our significant accounting measurements require the use of estimates and assumptions. As additional information becomes available, adjustments may be required.

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 32 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

Those adjustments are charged or credited to net income for the period in which the adjustments are made and may impact actual results compared to our estimates above. Additionally, see Forward-Looking information in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as well as Part I - Items 1 and 1A in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 concerning other important factors that could impact actual results. We believe that a projection of net income is not appropriate on a forward-looking basis because it is not possible to provide a valid forecast of net investment gains (losses), which can vary substantially from one period to another and may have a significant impact on net income.
Application of Critical Accounting Estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions based on information available at the time the consolidated financial statements are prepared. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of our consolidated assets, liabilities, shareholders' equity and net income. Certain accounting estimates are particularly sensitive because of their significance to our consolidated financial statements and because of the possibility that subsequent events and available information may differ markedly from management's judgments at the time the consolidated financial statements were prepared. We have discussed with the Audit Committee the quality, not just the acceptability, of our accounting principles as applied in our financial reporting. The discussions generally included such matters as the consistency of our accounting policies and their application, and the clarity and completeness of our consolidated financial statements, which include related disclosures.
Information regarding our accounting policies pertaining to these topics is located in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Part II - Item 8 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. In addition, discussion of accounting policies, including certain sensitivity information, was presented in Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations -- Application of Critical Accounting Estimates in that Form 10-K within which we have identified the following accounting estimates as critical in that they involve a higher degree of judgment and are subject to a significant degree of variability:
•Valuation of hard-to-value fixed maturity securities
•Evaluation of credit loss impairments for maturity securities
•Evaluation of goodwill and intangible assets for impairment
•Valuation of annuity and life deferred policy acquisition costs
•Valuation of liabilities for property and casualty unpaid claims and claim expenses
•Valuation of certain investment contract and policy reserves
Except as noted below, as of September 30, 2022, there were no material changes to accounting policies for areas most subject to significant management judgments identified above.
Valuation of Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed under Purchase Accounting and Purchase Price Allocation
In accounting for the acquisition of Madison National Life Insurance Company, Inc. (Madison National), assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recognized based on estimated fair values as of the date of acquisition. The excess of the purchase price when compared to the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired is recognized as goodwill. A significant amount of judgment is involved in estimating the individual fair values of tangible assets, intangible assets, and other assets and liabilities. We used all available information to make these fair value determinations and engaged third-party consultants for valuation assistance. The fair value of assets and liabilities as of the acquisition date were estimated using a combination of approaches, including the income approach, which requires us to project future cash flows and apply an appropriate discount rate; the cost approach, which required estimates of replacement costs and depreciation and obsolescence estimates; and the market approach. The estimates used in determining fair values were based on assumptions believed to be reasonable but which are inherently uncertain. Accordingly, actual results may differ materially from the projected results used to determine fair value.
The value of business acquired intangible asset (VOBA) represents the present value of the expected underwriting profit within policies that were in force on the date of acquisition. The value of customer

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 33 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

relationships acquired intangible asset was valued based on the actuarial appraisal method net of VOBA. This represents expected future premiums arising from ongoing relationships and includes assumed growth in premium in the first projection year as well as all premiums in projection years two through ten. The state licenses intangible asset represents the regulatory licenses held by Madison National that were valued using the cost approach. The valuation of Madison National's policy reserves represents the present value of expected future benefits and expenses associated with the policies, valued using the actuarial appraisal approach.
The valuation of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed of Madison National noted above required management to make multiple judgments and assumptions to project future cash flows. Assumptions included future policy and contract charges, premiums, morbidity and mortality, and persistency by product, as well as expenses, investment returns, growth rates and other factors. One of the most significant inputs in these calculations is the discount rate used to arrive at the present value of the net cash flows. Actual experience on the purchased business may vary from these projections and the recovery of the net assets recorded is dependent upon the future profitability of the related business.
Results of Operations by Segment
Consolidated financial results primarily reflect the results of three operating segments (Property & Casualty, Life & Retirement, and Supplemental & Group Benefits) as noted in the Introduction and Outlook for 2022 sections of this MD&A, as well as the Corporate & Other reporting segment. These segments are defined based on financial information management uses to evaluate performance and to determine the allocation of resources.
The determination of segment data is described in more detail in Part I - Item 1, Note 9 of the Consolidated Financial Statements in this report. The following sections provide analysis and discussion of the results of operations for each of the reporting segments as well as investment results.
Property & Casualty
(All comparisons vs. same periods in 2021, unless noted otherwise)
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, net loss reflected the following factors:
•Increase in the auto loss ratio due to impact of inflation and other loss cost factors, increased accident severity and increased utilization of medical treatments
•Decrease in net investment income due to lower than historical returns on limited partnership interests in the current year periods versus outsized returns on limited partnership interests in the prior year periods
•Unfavorable prior years' reserve development in the current year periods versus favorable prior years' reserve development in the prior year periods

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 34 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

The following table provides certain financial information for Property & Casualty for the periods indicated.

($ in millions, unless otherwise indicated) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | 2022-2021 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | 2022-2021
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change
Financial Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net premiums written*: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Auto |  | $ | 102.5 |  |  | $ | 103.1 |  |  | -0.6 | % |  | $ | 296.0 |  |  | $ | 300.1 |  |  | -1.4 | %
Property and other |  | 63.9 |  |  | 60.7 |  |  | 5.3 | % |  | 168.0 |  |  | 161.1 |  |  | 4.3 | %
Total net premiums written |  | 166.4 |  |  | 163.8 |  |  | 1.6 | % |  | 464.0 |  |  | 461.2 |  |  | 0.6 | %
Change in unearned net premiums |  | (14.0) |  |  | (10.5) |  |  | 33.3 | % |  | (11.5) |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | N.M
Total net premiums earned |  | 152.4 |  |  | 153.3 |  |  | -0.6 | % |  | 452.5 |  |  | 464.1 |  |  | -2.5 | %
Incurred claims and claims expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Claims occurring in the current year |  | 120.3 |  |  | 132.5 |  |  | -9.2 | % |  | 372.8 |  |  | 345.4 |  |  | 7.9 | %
Prior years' reserve development(1) |  | 2.0 |  |  | (3.0) |  |  | N.M. |  | 8.0 |  |  | (7.2) |  |  | N.M.
Total claims and claim expenses incurred |  | 122.3 |  |  | 129.5 |  |  | -5.6 | % |  | 380.8 |  |  | 338.2 |  |  | 12.6 | %
Operating expenses, including DAC amortization |  | 41.6 |  |  | 42.1 |  |  | -1.2 | % |  | 121.1 |  |  | 121.5 |  |  | -0.3 | %
Underwriting gain (loss) |  | (11.5) |  |  | (18.3) |  |  | 37.2 | % |  | (49.4) |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | N.M.
Net investment income |  | 8.0 |  |  | 11.3 |  |  | -29.2 | % |  | 22.9 |  |  | 43.8 |  |  | -47.7 | %
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | (2.8) |  |  | (6.3) |  |  | 55.6 | % |  | (23.8) |  |  | 52.1 |  |  | -145.7 | %
Net income (loss) |  | (2.5) |  |  | (4.7) |  |  | 46.8 | % |  | (19.4) |  |  | 42.5 |  |  | -145.6 | %
Core earnings (loss)* |  | (2.5) |  |  | (4.7) |  |  | 46.8 | % |  | (19.4) |  |  | 42.5 |  |  | -145.6 | %
Operating Statistics: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Auto |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and loss adjustment expense ratio |  | 83.1 | % |  | 71.5 | % |  | 11.6 | pts |  | 84.1 | % |  | 66.0 | % |  | 18.1 | pts
Expense ratio |  | 27.7 | % |  | 27.7 | % |  | — | pts |  | 26.5 | % |  | 26.1 | % |  | 0.4 | pts
Combined ratio: |  | 110.8 | % |  | 99.2 | % |  | 11.6 | pts |  | 110.6 | % |  | 92.1 | % |  | 18.5 | pts
Prior years' reserve development(1) |  | 2.0 | % |  | -2.0 | % |  | 4.0 | pts |  | 4.8 | % |  | -1.6 | % |  | 6.4 | pts
Catastrophe losses |  | 2.7 | % |  | 2.9 | % |  | -0.2 | pts |  | 2.3 | % |  | 1.9 | % |  | 0.4 | pts
Underlying combined ratio* |  | 106.1 | % |  | 98.3 | % |  | 7.8 | pts |  | 103.5 | % |  | 91.8 | % |  | 11.7 | pts
Property |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and loss adjustment expense ratio |  | 75.1 | % |  | 108.9 | % |  | -33.8 | pts |  | 84.2 | % |  | 86.0 | % |  | -1.8 | pts
Expense ratio |  | 26.8 | % |  | 27.2 | % |  | -0.4 | pts |  | 27.4 | % |  | 26.4 | % |  | 1.0 | pts
Combined ratio: |  | 101.9 | % |  | 136.1 | % |  | -34.2 | pts |  | 111.6 | % |  | 112.4 | % |  | -0.8 | pts
Prior years' reserve development(1) |  | — | % |  | -1.9 | % |  | 1.9 | pts |  | -3.7 | % |  | -1.4 | % |  | -2.3 | pts
Catastrophe losses |  | 21.8 | % |  | 67.3 | % |  | -45.5 | pts |  | 37.8 | % |  | 38.4 | % |  | -0.6 | pts
Underlying combined ratio* |  | 80.1 | % |  | 70.7 | % |  | 9.4 | pts |  | 77.5 | % |  | 75.4 | % |  | 2.1 | pts
Risks in force (in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Auto(2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 368 |  |  | 381 |  |  | -3.4 | %
Property |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 172 |  |  | 178 |  |  | -3.4 | %
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 540 |  |  | 559 |  |  | -3.4 | %

(1) (Favorable) unfavorable.
(2) Includes assumed risks in force of 4.
On a reported basis, the 18.5 point increase in the auto combined ratio for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was mainly attributable to a 11.3 point increase in the auto underlying loss ratio* and a 6.4 point increase in prior years' reserve development. Although frequency continues to trend back up toward pre-

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 35 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

pandemic levels as miles driven continues to increase, higher severity is the primary driver of the increase in auto loss costs. This reflects the challenges being faced by the entire industry, including the unprecedented level of inflation that is driving higher replacement costs; the trend toward more severe accidents; and increased utilization and costs of medical treatments. We continue to implement rate and other underwriting changes that address these trends. Unfavorable prior years' auto reserve development of $14.0 million was reported for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 primarily due to pandemic-related systemic delays that are affecting the settlement of claims from recent accident years that remain open. These open claims are impacted by the higher severities currently being experienced.
The reported property combined ratio and loss ratio decreased 0.8 points and 1.8 points, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Favorable prior years' reserve development of $6.0 million benefited the reported property combined ratio by 2.3 points for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, total net premiums written* increased $2.6 million and $2.8 million, respectively, as rate actions and inflation adjustments to coverage values for property more that offset declines in risks in force. The benefit of stronger retention is being offset by new business volumes that still remain below historical levels due to the lingering effect of the pandemic on sales*.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, auto net premiums written* decreased $0.6 million and $4.1 million, respectively, primarily due to the continuing decline in auto risks in force partially offset by stabilization of pandemic-related mileage changes. Though average net premium written and average net premium earned were flat for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, average net premium written in the third quarter of 2022 increased sequentially by 4.4% from 1.6% in the second quarter of 2022. The number of educator risks has been over 80% relative to overall auto risks in force over the past two years.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, property and other net premiums written* increased $3.2 million and $6.9 million, respectively, due to increases in average net premium written and average net premium earned which increased 7.9% and 4.9% for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, as inflation adjustments to coverage values continue to take effect. With inflationary pressure continuing, adjustments to coverage values and rates are expected to continue to play a role in the coming quarters. The number of educator risks has been at or above 80% relative to overall property risks in force over the past two years.
We continue to evaluate and implement actions to further mitigate our exposure in catastrophe-prone areas of the country. Such actions could include, but are not limited to, non-renewal of property policies, restricted agent geographic placement, limitations on agent new business sales, further tightening of underwriting standards and increased utilization of third-party vendor products.

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 36 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

Life & Retirement
(All comparisons vs. same periods in 2021, unless noted otherwise)
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, net income reflected the following factors:
•A decline of 104 bps in the net interest spread on fixed annuities for the three months ended September 30, 2022 due to lower net investment income
•Substantial volatility in financial markets leading to unfavorable DAC unlocking and lower charges and fees earned on variable annuities and asset-based accounts
•While higher for the current quarter, Life results benefited from lower mortality costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2022

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 37 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

The following table provides certain information for Life & Retirement for the periods indicated.

($ in millions) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | 2022-2021 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | 2022-2021
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change
Life & Retirement |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net premiums written and contract deposits* |  | $ | 138.0 |  |  | $ | 150.8 |  |  | -8.5 | % |  | $ | 408.0 |  |  | $ | 427.4 |  |  | -4.5 | %
Net premiums and contract charges earned |  | 37.1 |  |  | 40.4 |  |  | -8.2 | % |  | 109.7 |  |  | 118.3 |  |  | -7.3 | %
Net investment income |  | 81.4 |  |  | 85.8 |  |  | -5.1 | % |  | 254.0 |  |  | 247.4 |  |  | 2.7 | %
Other income |  | 4.1 |  |  | 5.1 |  |  | -19.6 | % |  | 13.4 |  |  | 14.9 |  |  | -10.1 | %
Life mortality costs |  | 11.1 |  |  | 10.3 |  |  | 7.8 | % |  | 31.5 |  |  | 33.4 |  |  | -5.7 | %
Interest credited |  | 45.5 |  |  | 51.8 |  |  | -12.2 | % |  | 128.4 |  |  | 153.4 |  |  | -16.3 | %
Change in reserves |  | 21.6 |  |  | 14.5 |  |  | 49.0 | % |  | 65.8 |  |  | 44.0 |  |  | 49.5 | %
Operating expenses |  | 24.2 |  |  | 25.7 |  |  | -5.8 | % |  | 74.8 |  |  | 74.0 |  |  | 1.1 | %
DAC amortization expense, excluding unlocking |  | 6.7 |  |  | 6.6 |  |  | 1.5 | % |  | 21.3 |  |  | 20.1 |  |  | 6.0 | %
DAC unlocking |  | 0.2 |  |  | (0.8) |  |  | N.M. |  | 6.4 |  |  | (1.8) |  |  | N.M.
Intangible asset amortization expense |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | -50.0 | % |  | 0.8 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | -20.0 | %
Income before income taxes |  | 13.1 |  |  | 22.8 |  |  | -42.5 | % |  | 48.1 |  |  | 56.5 |  |  | -14.9 | %
Income tax expense |  | 0.4 |  |  | 3.7 |  |  | -89.2 | % |  | 6.3 |  |  | 9.5 |  |  | -33.7 | %
Net income |  | 12.7 |  |  | 19.1 |  |  | -33.5 | % |  | 41.8 |  |  | 47.0 |  |  | -11.1 | %
Core earnings* |  | 12.7 |  |  | 19.1 |  |  | -33.5 | % |  | 41.8 |  |  | 47.0 |  |  | -11.1 | %
Life policies in force (in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 162 |  |  | 163 |  |  | -0.6 | %
Life insurance in force |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 19,815 |  |  | $ | 19,384 |  |  | 2.2 | %
Life persistency - LTM |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 96.0 | % |  | 96.2 | % |  | -0.2 | pts
Annuity contracts in force (in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 227 |  |  | 229 |  |  | -0.9 | %
Retirement Advantage® contracts in force (in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 16 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 14.3 | %
Cash value persistency - LTM |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 94.0 | % |  | 94.7 | % |  | -0.7 | pts

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, life annualized sales* were in line with prior year periods and life persistency remained strong at 96.0%.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, net annuity contract deposits* for variable and fixed annuities decreased $20.3 million from strong prior year levels. Educators continue to begin their relationship with Horace Mann through 403(b) retirement savings products, including attractive annuity products, which provide encouraging cross-sell opportunities. Cash value persistency remained strong at 94.0%.
As of September 30, 2022, annuity assets under management were down $515.3 million, or 9.8%, compared to a year ago primarily due to market depreciation. Assets under administration, which includes Retirement Advantage® and other advisory and recordkeeping assets were down $1.4 billion, or 15.4%, compared to a year ago largely due to the effect of equity market performance on assets under management. The year-to-date annualized net interest spread on fixed annuities, excluding reinsurance, decreased 9 basis points compared to a year ago, primarily reflecting lower net investment income.
We actively manage our interest rate risk exposure, considering a variety of factors, including earned interest rates, credited interest rates and the relationship between the expected durations of assets and liabilities. We estimate that over the next 12 months approximately $710.4 million of the Life & Retirement investment portfolio and related investable cash flows will be reinvested at current market rates.

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 38 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

As a general guideline, for a 100 basis point decline in the average reinvestment rate and based on our existing policies and investment portfolio, the impact from investing in that lower interest rate environment could further reduce Life & Retirement net investment income by approximately $2.7 million in year one and $8.1 million in year two, further reducing the annualized net interest spread on fixed annuities by approximately 9 basis points and 27 basis points in the respective periods, compared to the current period annualized net interest spread on fixed annuities. We could also consider potential changes in rates credited to policyholders, tempered by any restrictions on the ability to adjust policyholder rates due to guaranteed minimum crediting rates.
The expectation for future annualized net interest spreads on fixed annuities is also an important component in the amortization of DAC. In terms of the sensitivity of this amortization to the annualized net interest spread on fixed annuities, based on DAC as of September 30, 2022 and assuming all other assumptions are met, a 10 basis point deviation in the current year targeted annualized net interest rate spread on the fixed annuities assumption would impact amortization between $0.3 million and $0.4 million. This result may change depending on the magnitude and direction of any actual deviations but represents a range of reasonably likely experience for the noted assumption.
We reinsure a $2.4 billion block of in force fixed annuities with a minimum crediting rate of 4.5% which helps mitigate the risk of not being able to generate appropriate spreads on the annuity business. Information regarding the interest crediting rates and balances equal to the guaranteed minimum crediting rates for deferred annuity account values excluding the reinsured block is shown below.

($ in millions) |  | September 30, 2022
|  | Total Deferred Annuities |  | Deferred Annuities at Minimum Guaranteed Rate
|  | Percent of Total |  | Accumulated Value (AV) |  | Percent of Total Deferred Annuities AV |  | Percent of Total |  | Accumulated Value
Guaranteed minimum crediting rates: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 2% |  | 56.3 | % |  | $ | 1,436.9 |  |  | 65.7 | % |  | 47.1 | % |  | $ | 943.6 |
Equal to 2% but less than 3% |  | 11.1 |  |  | 282.2 |  |  | 81.0 |  |  | 11.4 |  |  | 228.6 |
Equal to 3% but less than 4% |  | 24.2 |  |  | 618.4 |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | 30.9 |  |  | 618.1 |
Equal to 4% but less than 5% |  | 6.5 |  |  | 165.0 |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | 8.2 |  |  | 165.0 |
5% or higher |  | 1.9 |  |  | 47.6 |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | 2.4 |  |  | 47.6 |
Total |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 2,550.1 |  |  | 78.5 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 2,002.9 |

We will continue to be disciplined in executing strategies to mitigate the negative impact on profitability of a sustained low interest rate environment. However, the success of these strategies may be affected by the factors discussed in Part I - Item 1A in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 and other factors in this report.

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 39 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

Supplemental & Group Benefits
(All comparisons vs. same periods in 2021, unless noted otherwise)
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, net income reflected the following factors:
•Inclusion of Madison National's results
•Year-to date sales* of voluntary products were up $1.6 million, or 38.1%, and year-to-date sales* of employer-sponsored products added another $5.8 million
•The benefit ratio on employer-sponsored products decreased sequentially due to a lower level of benefits expense reflecting seasonality
The following table provides certain information for Supplemental & Group Benefits for the periods indicated.

($ in millions) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | 2022-2021 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | 2022-2021
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change
Supplemental & Group Benefits |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net premiums and contract charges earned |  | $ | 68.3 |  |  | $ | 31.7 |  |  | 115.5 | % |  | $ | 207.3 |  |  | $ | 96.4 |  |  | 115.0 | %
Net investment income |  | 8.7 |  |  | 7.2 |  |  | 20.8 | % |  | 25.4 |  |  | 19.0 |  |  | 33.7 | %
Other income |  | (5.2) |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | N.M. |  | (8.4) |  |  | 1.9 |  |  | N.M.
Benefits, settlement expenses and change in reserves |  | 18.6 |  |  | 10.5 |  |  | N.M. |  | 80.1 |  |  | 30.7 |  |  | N.M.
Interest credited |  | 0.4 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | N.M. |  | 0.7 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | N.M.
Operating expenses (includes DAC unlocking and amortization expense) |  | 24.5 |  |  | 11.4 |  |  | 114.9 | % |  | 76.5 |  |  | 33.1 |  |  | 131.1 | %
Intangible asset amortization expense |  | 4.0 |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | 37.9 | % |  | 11.8 |  |  | 8.8 |  |  | 34.1 | %
Income before income taxes |  | 24.3 |  |  | 14.6 |  |  | 66.4 | % |  | 55.2 |  |  | 44.5 |  |  | 24.0 | %
Net income |  | 19.2 |  |  | 11.5 |  |  | 67.0 | % |  | 43.6 |  |  | 34.8 |  |  | 25.3 | %
Core earnings* |  | 19.2 |  |  | 11.5 |  |  | 67.0 | % |  | 43.6 |  |  | 34.8 |  |  | 25.3 | %
Benefits ratio(1) |  | 27.8 | % |  | 33.4 | % |  | -5.6 | pts |  | 39.0 | % |  | 32.1 | % |  | 6.9 | pts
Operating expense ratio(2) |  | 34.1 | % |  | 28.9 | % |  | 5.2 | pts |  | 34.1 | % |  | 28.2 | % |  | 5.9 | pts
Pretax profit margin(3) |  | 33.8 | % |  | 37.0 | % |  | -3.2 | pts |  | 24.6 | % |  | 37.9 | % |  | -13.3 | pts
Voluntary products benefits ratio |  | 31.4 | % |  | 33.9 | % |  | -2.5 | pts |  | 31.7 | % |  | 31.8 | % |  | -0.1 | pts
Voluntary premium persistency (rolling 12 months) |  | 91.3 | % |  | 92.2 | % |  | -0.9 | pts |  | 91.3 | % |  | 92.2 | % |  | -0.9 | pts
Employer-sponsored products benefits ratio |  | 25.0 | % |  | — | % |  | N.M. |  | 44.8 | % |  | — | % |  | N.M.

(1) Ratio of benefits to net premiums earned.
(2) Ratio of operating expenses to total revenues.
(3) Ratio of income before income taxes to total revenues.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, total sales* were $4.4 million and $11.6 million, respectively. Sales of voluntary products* were $2.2 million and $5.8 million for three and nine months ended

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 40 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

September 30, 2022, respectively, representing increases of 10.0% and 38.1% compared to the prior year periods. Though persistency was slightly lower, it still remains very strong at 91.3%. Sales of employer-sponsored products* added another $5.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.
The current periods include the results of Madison National which is driving increases in (1) benefits, settlement expenses and change in reserves, (2) operating expenses (includes DAC unlocking and amortization), and (3) intangible asset amortization expense. The non-cash impact of amortization of intangible assets under purchase accounting reduced net income by $4.0 million and $11.8 million pretax for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022. Pretax profit margin reflects a combination of voluntary and employer-sponsored products.
Corporate & Other
(All comparisons vs. same periods in 2021, unless noted otherwise)
The following table provides certain financial information for Corporate & Other for the periods indicated.

($ in millions) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | 2022-2021 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | 2022-2021
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change % |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change %
Interest expense |  | $ | (5.3) |  |  | $ | (3.4) |  |  | -55.9 | % |  | $ | (13.5) |  |  | $ | (10.3) |  |  | -31.1 | %
Net investment losses, pretax |  | (12.8) |  |  | (6.5) |  |  | N.M. |  | (43.8) |  |  | (10.6) |  |  | N.M.
Other operating expenses, net investment income and other income |  | (1.4) |  |  | (2.2) |  |  | 36.4 | % |  | (5.9) |  |  | (6.9) |  |  | 14.5 | %
Net investment losses, after tax |  | (10.1) |  |  | (5.1) |  |  | N.M. |  | (34.5) |  |  | (8.3) |  |  | N.M.
Net loss |  | (15.5) |  |  | (9.6) |  |  | -61.5 | % |  | (50.1) |  |  | (22.0) |  |  | -127.7 | %
Core loss* |  | (5.4) |  |  | (4.5) |  |  | -20.0 | % |  | (15.6) |  |  | (13.7) |  |  | -13.9 | %

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the net loss increased due to net investment losses which are mainly from changes in fair values of equity securities and investment impairments as well as increases in interest expense on the Bank Credit Facility.
Investment Results
(All comparisons vs. same periods in 2021, unless noted otherwise)
Our investment strategy is primarily focused on generating income to support product liabilities, and balances principal protection and risk. Total net investment income includes net investment income from our investment portfolio as well as accreted investment income from the deposit asset on reinsurance related to our reinsured block of approximately $2.4 billion of fixed annuity liabilities related to legacy individual policies written in 2002 or earlier.

($ in millions) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | 2022-2021 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | 2022-2021
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change % |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change %
Net investment income - investment portfolio |  | $ | 70.9 |  |  | $ | 78.1 |  |  | -9.2 | % |  | $ | 223.3 |  |  | $ | 233.3 |  |  | -4.3 | %
Investment income - deposit asset on reinsurance |  | 26.7 |  |  | 25.6 |  |  | 4.3 | % |  | 77.4 |  |  | 75.1 |  |  | 3.1 | %
Total net investment income |  | 97.6 |  |  | 103.7 |  |  | -5.9 | % |  | 300.7 |  |  | 308.4 |  |  | -2.5 | %
Pretax net investment losses |  | (12.8) |  |  | (6.5) |  |  | N.M. |  | (43.8) |  |  | (10.6) |  |  | N.M.
Pretax net unrealized investment gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (632.0) |  |  | 466.4 |  |  | N.M.

Net investment income from our investment portfolio decreased $7.2 million and $10.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 respectively. The decreases were primarily attributable to returns below our historical average in our portfolio of limited partnership interests.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, pretax net investment losses increased $6.3 million and $33.2 million, respectively, which are mainly from changes in fair values of equity securities and

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 41 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

impairments. Pretax net unrealized investment losses on fixed maturity securities as of September 30, 2022 were $632.0 million compared to pretax net unrealized investment gains of $441.6 million as of December 31, 2021 reflecting a 232 basis point increase in the 10-year U.S. Treasury yield and wider credit spreads across most asset classes.
Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities Portfolios
The table below presents our fixed maturity and equity securities portfolios by major asset class, including the 10 largest sectors of our corporate bond holdings (based on fair value).

($ in millions) |  | September 30, 2022
|  | Number of Issuers |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost, net |  | Pretax Net Unrealized Loss
Fixed maturity securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate bonds |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Banking & Finance |  | 177 |  |  | $ | 470.5 |  |  | $ | 534.2 |  |  | $ | (63.7) |
Miscellaneous |  | 36 |  |  | 152.3 |  |  | 154.4 |  |  | (2.1) |
Insurance |  | 58 |  |  | 150.7 |  |  | 170.5 |  |  | (19.8) |
Energy |  | 81 |  |  | 134.4 |  |  | 157.7 |  |  | (23.3) |
HealthCare, Pharmacy |  | 80 |  |  | 119.7 |  |  | 147.9 |  |  | (28.2) |
Utilities |  | 78 |  |  | 111.1 |  |  | 134.5 |  |  | (23.4) |
Real Estate |  | 46 |  |  | 105.1 |  |  | 118.2 |  |  | (13.1) |
Transportation |  | 50 |  |  | 89.3 |  |  | 102.9 |  |  | (13.6) |
Food and Beverage |  | 32 |  |  | 72.1 |  |  | 83.1 |  |  | (11.0) |
Consumer Products |  | 53 |  |  | 62.5 |  |  | 80.6 |  |  | (18.1) |
All other corporates(1) |  | 305 |  |  | 460.1 |  |  | 544.7 |  |  | (84.6) |
Total corporate bonds |  | 996 |  |  | 1,927.8 |  |  | 2,228.7 |  |  | (300.9) |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government and federally sponsored agencies |  | 249 |  |  | 381.6 |  |  | 425.5 |  |  | (43.9) |
Commercial(2) |  | 159 |  |  | 290.9 |  |  | 322.3 |  |  | (31.4) |
Other |  | 31 |  |  | 13.0 |  |  | 14.1 |  |  | (1.1) |
Municipal bonds(3) |  | 616 |  |  | 1,307.9 |  |  | 1,440.9 |  |  | (133.0) |
Government bonds |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. |  | 44 |  |  | 345.4 |  |  | 412.0 |  |  | (66.6) |
Foreign |  | 7 |  |  | 35.4 |  |  | 37.2 |  |  | (1.8) |
Collateralized loan obligations(4) |  | 218 |  |  | 679.7 |  |  | 707.3 |  |  | (27.6) |
Asset-backed securities |  | 125 |  |  | 290.4 |  |  | 316.1 |  |  | (25.7) |
Total fixed maturity securities |  | 2,445 |  |  | $ | 5,272.1 |  |  | $ | 5,904.1 |  |  | $ | (632.0) |
Equity securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-redeemable preferred stocks |  | 29 |  |  | $ | 97.1 |  |  |  |  |
Common stocks |  | 5 |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |  |  |
Closed-end fund |  | 1 |  |  | 15.6 |  |  |  |  |
Total equity securities |  | 35 |  |  | $ | 113.8 |  |  |  |  |
Total |  | 2,480 |  |  | $ | 5,385.9 |  |  |  |  |

(1)The All other corporates category contains 18 additional industry sectors. Technology, telecommunications, natural gas, broadcasting and media and industry manufacturing represented $236.4 million of fair value at September 30, 2022, with the remaining 13 sectors each representing less than $223.7 million.
(2)At September 30, 2022, 100% were investment grade, with an overall credit rating of AA+, and the positions were well diversified by property type, geography and sponsor.
(3)Holdings are geographically diversified, 45.6% are tax-exempt and 77.4% are revenue bonds tied to essential services, such as mass transit, water and sewer. The overall credit quality of the municipal bond portfolio was AA- at September 30, 2022.
(4)Based on fair value, 93.3% of the collateralized loan obligation securities were rated investment grade based on ratings assigned by a nationally recognized statistical ratings organization (NRSRO - S&P, Moody's, Fitch, Dominion, A.M. Best, Morningstar, Egan Jones and Kroll).

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 42 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

As of September 30, 2022, our diversified fixed maturity securities portfolio consisted of 3,796 investment positions, issued by 2,445 entities, and totaled approximately $5.3 billion in fair value. This portfolio was 90.9% investment grade, based on fair value, with an average quality rating of A+. Our investment guidelines target single corporate issuer concentrations to 0.5% of invested assets for AAA or AA rated securities, 0.35% of invested assets for A or BBB rated securities, and $5.0 million for non-investment grade securities.
Rating of Fixed Maturity Securities and Equity Securities(1)
The following table presents the composition and fair value of our fixed maturity and equity securities portfolios by rating category. As of September 30, 2022, 90.5% of these combined portfolios were investment grade, based on fair value, with an overall average quality rating of A+. We have classified the entire fixed maturity securities portfolio as available for sale, which is carried at fair value.

($ in millions) |  | Percent of Portfolio Fair Value |  | September 30, 2022
|  | December 31, 2021 |  | September 30, 2022 |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost, net
Fixed maturity securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
AAA |  | 10.1 | % |  | 10.8 | % |  | $ | 567.8 |  |  | $ | 610.1 |
AA(2) |  | 37.1 |  |  | 38.6 |  |  | 2,034.2 |  |  | 2,299.9 |
A |  | 19.2 |  |  | 17.9 |  |  | 944.9 |  |  | 1,040.2 |
BBB |  | 23.6 |  |  | 23.6 |  |  | 1,247.3 |  |  | 1,436.6 |
BB |  | 3.1 |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | 131.7 |  |  | 148.2 |
B |  | 1.3 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 52.4 |  |  | 58.8 |
CCC or lower |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | 3.2 |
Not rated(3) |  | 5.6 |  |  | 5.5 |  |  | 290.9 |  |  | 307.1 |
Total fixed maturity securities |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 5,272.1 |  |  | $ | 5,904.1 |
Equity securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
AAA |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | $ | — |  |  |
AA |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
A |  | 0.5 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  |
BBB |  | 67.3 |  |  | 70.0 |  |  | 79.7 |  |  |
BB |  | 12.7 |  |  | 13.1 |  |  | 14.9 |  |  |
B |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
CCC or lower |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Not rated |  | 19.5 |  |  | 16.4 |  |  | 18.6 |  |  |
Total equity securities |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 113.8 |  |  |
Total |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,385.9 |  |  |

(1)Ratings are assigned by an NRSRO when available, If no rating is available from an NRSRO, then an internally developed rating is used. Ratings for publicly traded securities are determined when the securities are acquired and are updated monthly to reflect any changes in ratings.
(2)At September 30, 2022, the AA rated fair value amount included $342.8 million of U.S. Government and federally sponsored agency securities and $570.9 million of mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities issued by U.S. Government and federally sponsored agencies.
(3)This category primarily represents private placement and municipal securities not rated by a NRSRO.
As of September 30, 2022, the fixed maturity securities portfolio had $661.3 million of pretax gross unrealized investment losses on $4,495.7 million of fair value related to 3,305 positions. Of the investment positions with gross unrealized losses, there were 659 trading below 80.0% of the carrying value as of September 30, 2022.
We view the pretax gross unrealized investment losses of all our fixed maturity securities as of September 30, 2022 as temporary. Future changes in circumstances related to these and other securities could require subsequent recognition of impairment.

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 43 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our liquidity and access to capital were not materially impacted by inflation or changes in interest rates during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. For further discussion regarding the potential future impacts of inflation and changes in interest rates, see Part I – Item 1A - Risk Factors and Part II – Item 7 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Effects of Inflation and Changes in Interest Rates in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Investments
Information regarding our investment portfolio, which is comprised primarily of investment grade fixed maturity securities, is presented in Part I - Item 1, Note 3 of the Consolidated Financial Statements as well as Part I - Item 2 - Investment Results in this report.
Cash Flow
Our short-term liquidity requirements, within a 12 month operating cycle, are for the timely payment of claims and benefits to policyholders, operating expenses, interest payments and federal income taxes. Cash flow generated from operations has been, and is expected to be, adequate to meet our operating cash needs in the next 12 months. Cash flow in excess of operational needs has been used to fund business growth, pay dividends to shareholders and repurchase shares of our common stock. Long-term liquidity requirements, beyond one year, are principally for the payment of future insurance and annuity policy claims and benefits, as well as retirement of debt. The following table summarizes our consolidated cash flows activity for the periods indicated.

($ in millions) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | 2022-2021
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change %
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | $ | 115.8 |  |  | $ | 178.1 |  |  | -35.0 | %
Net cash used in investing activities |  | (295.9) |  |  | (351.0) |  |  | 15.7 | %
Net cash provided by financing activities |  | 82.6 |  |  | 190.8 |  |  | -56.7 | %
Net increase (decrease) in cash |  | (97.5) |  |  | 17.9 |  |  | N.M.
Cash at beginning of period |  | 133.7 |  |  | 22.3 |  |  | N.M.
Cash at end of period |  | $ | 36.2 |  |  | $ | 40.2 |  |  | -10.0 | %

Operating Activities
As a holding company, we conduct our principal operations in the personal lines segment of the property and casualty, life, retirement, supplemental and group insurance industries through our subsidiaries. Our insurance subsidiaries generate cash flow from premium and investment income, generally well in excess of their immediate needs for policy obligations, operating expenses and other cash requirements. Cash provided by operating activities primarily reflects net cash flows generated by the insurance subsidiaries.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, net cash provided by operating activities decreased $62.3 million, primarily due to higher claims paid on insurance policies.
Investing Activities
Our insurance subsidiaries maintain significant investments in fixed maturity securities to meet future contractual obligations to policyholders. In conjunction with our management of liquidity and other asset/liability management objectives, we, from time to time, will sell fixed maturity securities prior to maturity, and reinvest the proceeds into other investments with different interest rates, maturities or credit characteristics. Accordingly, we have classified the entire fixed maturity securities portfolio as available for sale.
Investing activities includes our acquisition of Madison National for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.
Financing Activities
Financing activities include primarily payment of dividends, receipt and withdrawal of funds by annuity contractholders, changes in the deposit asset on reinsurance, repurchases of our common stock, fluctuations in book overdraft balances, and borrowings, repayments and repurchases related to debt facilities.

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 44 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, net cash provided by financing activities decreased $108.2 million compared to the prior year period, primarily due to a $182.0 million net decrease in cash inflows from advances received under Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago (FHLB) funding agreements and a $22.3 increase in cash outflows related to acquisitions of treasury stock partially offset by a $95.2 million net increase in cash inflows from reverse repurchase agreements.
The following table shows activity from FHLB funding agreements for the periods indicated.

($ in millions) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | 2022-2021 |  | 2022-2021
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change $ |  | Change %
Balance at beginning of the period |  | $ | 782.5 |  |  | $ | 590.5 |  |  | $ | 192.0 |  |  | 32.5 | %
Advances received from FHLB funding agreements |  | 154.0 |  |  | 446.0 |  |  | (292.0) |  |  | -65.5 | %
Principal repayments on FHLB funding agreements |  | (94.0) |  |  | (204.0) |  |  | 110.0 |  |  | N.M.
Balance at end of the period |  | $ | 842.5 |  |  | $ | 832.5 |  |  | $ | 10.0 |  |  | 1.2 | %

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 45 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

Liquidity Sources and Uses
Our potential sources and uses of funds principally include the following activities:

|  | Property & Casualty |  | Life & Retirement |  | Supplemental & Group Benefits |  | Corporate & Other
Activities for potential sources of funds |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Receipt of insurance premiums, contractholder charges and fees |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  |
Recurring service fees, commissions and overrides |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  | ☑
Contractholder fund deposits |  |  |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  |
Reinsurance and indemnification program recoveries |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  |
Receipts of principal, interest and dividends on investments |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  | ☑
Proceeds from sales of investments |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  | ☑
Proceeds from FHLB borrowing and funding agreements |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  |
Proceeds from reverse repurchase agreements |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  |
Intercompany loans |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  | ☑
Capital contributions from parent |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  |
Dividends or return of capital from subsidiaries |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ☑
Tax refunds/settlements |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  | ☑
Proceeds from periodic issuance of additional securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ☑
Proceeds from debt issuances |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ☑
Proceeds from senior revolving credit facility |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ☑
Receipt of intercompany settlements related to employee benefit plans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ☑
Activities for potential uses of funds |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment of claims and related expenses |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  |
Payment of contract benefits, surrenders and withdrawals |  |  |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  |
Reinsurance cessions and indemnification program payments |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  |
Payment of operating costs and expenses |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  | ☑
Payments to purchase investments |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  | ☑
Repayment of FHLB borrowing and funding agreements |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  |
Repayment of reverse repurchase agreements |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  |
Payment or repayment of intercompany loans |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  | ☑
Capital contributions to subsidiaries |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ☑
Dividends or return of capital to shareholders/parent company |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  | ☑
Tax payments/settlements |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  | ☑ |  | ☑
Common share repurchases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ☑
Debt service expenses and repayments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ☑
Repayment on senior revolving credit facility |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ☑
Payments related to employee benefit plans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ☑
Payments for business acquisitions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ☑

We actively manage our financial position and liquidity levels in light of changing market, economic and business conditions. Liquidity is managed at both the entity and enterprise level across HMEC and is assessed on both base and stressed level liquidity needs. We believe we have sufficient liquidity to meet these needs. Additionally, we have existing intercompany agreements in place that facilitate liquidity management across HMEC to enhance flexibility.

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 46 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

As of September 30, 2022, we held $937.5 million of cash, U.S. government and agency fixed maturity securities and public equity securities (excluding non-redeemable preferred stocks and foreign equity securities) which, under normal market conditions, could be rapidly liquidated.
Certain remote events and circumstances could constrain our liquidity. Those events and circumstances include, for example, a catastrophe resulting in extraordinary losses, a downgrade of our Senior Notes rating to non-investment grade status or a downgrade in our insurance subsidiaries' financial strength ratings. The rating agencies also consider the interdependence of our individually rated entities; therefore, a rating change in one entity could potentially affect the ratings of other related entities.
Capital Resources
We have determined the amount of capital that is needed to adequately fund and support business growth, primarily based on risk-based capital formulas, including those developed by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners. Historically, our insurance subsidiaries have generated capital in excess of such needed levels. These excess amounts have been paid to us through dividends. We have then utilized these dividends and our access to the capital markets to fund growth initiatives, service and retire debt, pay dividends to our shareholders, repurchase shares of our common stock and for other corporate purposes. If necessary, we also have other potential sources of liquidity that could provide for additional funding to meet corporate obligations or pay shareholder dividends, including a revolving line of credit, as well as issuances of various securities.
The insurance subsidiaries are subject to various regulatory restrictions that limit the amount of annual dividends or other distributions, including loans or cash advances, available to us without prior approval of the insurance regulatory authorities. The aggregate amount of dividends that may be paid in 2022 from all of our insurance subsidiaries without prior regulatory approval is $131.9 million, excluding the impact and timing of prior dividends, of which $129.7 million was paid during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. We anticipate that our sources of capital will continue to generate sufficient capital to meet the needs for business growth, debt interest payments, shareholder dividends and our share repurchase programs. Additional information is contained in Part II - Item 8, Note 14 of the Consolidated Financial Statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Total capital was $1,574.5 million as of September 30, 2022, including $497.9 million of short-term and long-term debt. Total debt represented 31.6% of total capital including net unrealized investment losses on fixed maturity securities (25.3% excluding net unrealized investment losses on fixed maturity securities*) at September 30, 2022, which was slightly above our long-term target of 25% for our debt to capital ratio excluding net unrealized investment gains (losses).
Shareholders' equity was $1,076.6 million as of September 30, 2022, including net unrealized investment losses on fixed maturity securities of $396.7 million after taxes and the related impact of DAC associated with annuity contracts and life insurance products with account values. The market value of our common stock and the market value per share were $1,443.3 million and $35.29, respectively, as of September 30, 2022. Book value per share and adjusted book value per share* was $26.32 and $36.02, respectively, as of September 30, 2022.
Additional information regarding net unrealized investment gains on fixed maturity securities as of September 30, 2022 is included in Part I - Item 1, Note 3 of the Consolidated Financial Statements as well as in Part I - Item 2 - Investment Results in this report.
Total dividends paid to shareholders was $39.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. In March, May and August of 2022, the Board of Directors (Board) approved regular quarterly dividends of $0.32 per share.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we repurchased 670,816 shares of our common stock at an average price per share of $35.82 under our 2015 and 2022 share repurchase programs. See Part II - Item 8, Note 13 of the Consolidated Financial Statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 for more information. During the second quarter of 2022, our Board authorized $50.0 million of share repurchases under our 2022 share repurchase program. See Part II - Item 2 in this report for further information. As of September 30, 2022, $41.3 million remained authorized for future share repurchases under the 2022 share repurchase program.

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The following table summarizes our debt obligations.

($ in millions) |  | Interest Rates |  | Final Maturity |  | September 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Short-term debt |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bank Credit Facility |  | Variable |  | 2026 |  | $ | 249.0 |  |  | $ | 249.0 |
Long-term debt(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
4.50% Senior Notes, Aggregate principal amount of $250.0 less unaccrued discount of $0.3 and $0.3 and unamortized debt issuance costs of $0.9 and $1.1 |  | 4.50% |  | 2025 |  | 248.8 |  |  | 248.6 |
FHLB borrowings |  | 0.00% |  | 2022 |  | — |  |  | 5.0 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 497.8 |  |  | $ | 502.6 |

(1) We designate debt obligations as "long-term" based on maturity date at issuance.
As of September 30, 2022, we had outstanding $250.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.50% Senior Notes (Senior Notes), which will mature on December 1, 2025, issued at a discount resulting in an effective yield of 4.53%. Interest on the Senior Notes is payable semi-annually at a rate of 4.50%. Detailed information regarding the redemption terms of the Senior Notes is contained in the Part II - Item 8, Note 9 of the Consolidated Financial Statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. The Senior Notes are traded in the open market (HMN 4.50).
As of September 30, 2022, we had no borrowings outstanding with FHLB. The Board has authorized a maximum amount equal to 15% of net aggregate admitted assets less separate account assets of the insurance subsidiaries for FHLB borrowing and funding agreements which is below our maximum FHLB borrowing capacity. The $5.0 million FHLB borrowings that was outstanding as of December 31, 2021 is reported as Long-term debt in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.
Effective July 12, 2021, we, as borrower, amended our Credit Agreement (Bank Credit Facility). The amended Bank Credit Facility increased the amount available on the senior revolving credit facility from $225.0 million to $325.0 million. PNC Bank, National Association and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. serve as joint lead arrangers under the amended Bank Credit Facility, with The Northern Trust Company, KeyBank National Association, U.S. Bank National Association, Illinois National Bank, and Comerica Bank as lenders participating in the syndicate. Terms and conditions of the amended Bank Credit Facility are substantially consistent with the prior agreement, with an interest rate based on LIBOR plus 115 basis points. The amended Bank Credit Facility expires on July 12, 2026.
On December 31, 2021, we utilized $114.0 million of the senior revolving credit facility to fund a portion of the acquisition of Madison National that occurred effective January 1, 2022, resulting in an amount outstanding of $249.0 million under the senior revolving credit facility. We expect that the unused portion of the senior revolving credit facility will be available for ongoing working capital, capital expenditures and general corporate expenditures. The unused portion of the Bank Credit Facility is subject to a variable commitment fee, which was 0.15% on an annual basis at September 30, 2022.
To provide additional capital management flexibility, we filed a "universal shelf" registration statement on Form S-3 with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on March 10, 2021. The registration statement, which registered the offer and sale from time to time of an indeterminate amount of various securities, which may include debt securities, common stock, preferred stock, depositary shares, warrants, delayed delivery contracts and/or units that include any of these securities, was automatically effective on March 10, 2021. Unless withdrawn by us earlier, this registration statement will remain effective through March 10, 2024. No securities associated with the registration statement have been issued at the time of issuance of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
On March 13, 2018, we filed a "shelf" registration statement on Form S-4 with the SEC which became effective on May 2, 2018. Under this registration statement, we may from time to time offer and issue up to 5,000,000 shares of our common stock in connection with future acquisitions of other businesses, assets or securities. Unless withdrawn by us, this registration statement will remain effective indefinitely. No securities associated with the registration statement have been issued at the time of issuance of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 48 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

Financial Ratings
Our principal insurance subsidiaries are rated by A.M. Best Company, Inc. (A.M. Best), Fitch, Moody's and S&P. These rating agencies have also assigned ratings to our Senior Notes. The ratings that are assigned by these agencies, which are subject to change, can impact, among other things, our access to sources of capital, cost of capital, and competitive position. These ratings are not a recommendation to buy or hold any of our securities.
All four agencies currently have assigned the same insurance financial strength ratings to our Property & Casualty and Life insurance subsidiaries. Only A.M. Best currently rates our Supplemental & Group Benefits subsidiaries. A.M. Best currently rates our NTA Life subsidiary at the same level as our Property & Casualty and Life & Retirement subsidiaries and our Madison National subsidiary is rated A- (Excellent). Assigned ratings and respective affirmation/review dates as of October 31, 2022 were as follows:

|  | Insurance Financial |  |  |  | Affirmed/
|  | Strength Ratings (Outlook) |  | Debt Ratings (Outlook) |  | Reviewed
A.M. Best |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
HMEC (parent company) |  | N.A. |  |  |  | bbb |  | (stable) |  | 7/28/2022
HMEC's Life & Retirement subsidiaries |  | A |  | (stable) |  | N.A. |  |  |  | 7/28/2022
HMEC's Property & Casualty subsidiaries |  | A |  | (stable) |  | N.A. |  |  |  | 7/28/2022
HMEC's Supplemental & Group Benefits subsidiaries |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Madison National Life Insurance Company |  | A- |  | (stable) |  | N.A. |  |  |  | 7/28/2022
National Teachers Associates Life Insurance Company |  | A |  | (stable) |  | N.A. |  |  |  | 7/28/2022
Fitch |  | A |  | (stable) |  | BBB |  | (stable) |  | 8/30/2022
Moody's |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
HMEC (parent company) |  |  |  |  |  | Baa2 |  | (stable) |  | 8/3/2022
HMEC's Life Group |  | A2 |  | (stable) |  |  |  |  |  | 7/27/2022
HMEC's P&C Group |  | A2 |  | (stable) |  |  |  |  |  | 8/3/2022
S&P |  | A |  | (stable) |  | BBB |  | (stable) |  | 2/14/2022

Reinsurance Programs
Information regarding the reinsurance programs for our Property & Casualty, Supplemental, Retirement and Life segments is located in Part I - Item 1, Reporting Segments in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.
ITEM 3. I Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Market value risk, our primary market risk exposure, is the risk that our invested assets will decrease in value. This decrease in value may be due to (1) a change in the yields realized on our assets and prevailing market yields for similar assets, (2) an unfavorable change in the liquidity of an investment, (3) an unfavorable change in the financial prospects of the issuer of an investment, or (4) a downgrade in the credit rating of the issuer of an investment. Also see Consolidated Results of Operations in Part I - Item 2 of this report regarding net investment losses.

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Significant changes in interest rates expose us to the risk of experiencing losses or earning a reduced level of income based on the difference between the interest rates earned on our investments and the credited interest rates on our insurance and investment contract liabilities. Also see Consolidated Results of Operations in Part I - Item 2 of this report regarding interest credited to policyholders.
We seek to manage our market value risk by coordinating the projected cash inflows of assets with the projected cash outflows of liabilities. For all of our assets and liabilities, we seek to maintain reasonable durations, consistent with the maximization of income without sacrificing investment quality, while providing for liquidity and diversification. The investment risk associated with variable annuity deposits and the underlying mutual funds is assumed by those contractholders, and not by us. Certain fees that we earn from variable annuity deposits are based on the market value of the funds deposited.
More detailed descriptions of our exposure to market value risks and the management of those risks is contained in Part II - Item 7A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.
ITEM 4. I Controls and Procedures
Management's Conclusion Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as amended (Exchange Act), as of September 30, 2022. Based on this evaluation, the chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective in timely alerting them to material information relating to us (including our consolidated subsidiaries) that is required to be included in our periodic SEC filings. No material weaknesses in our disclosure controls and procedures were identified in the evaluation and therefore, no corrective actions were taken. There were no significant changes in our internal controls or in other factors that could significantly affect these controls subsequent to the date of their evaluation.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Except as noted below, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
During the third quarter of 2022, we continued to execute internal controls associated with new processes supporting the implementation of Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2018-12 for long-duration insurance contracts (LDTI). These controls provide assurance over the estimated impact to accumulated other comprehensive income and retained earnings that is expected upon adoption of LDTI on January 1, 2023, as disclosed in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. We will continue to refine and maturate the internal controls associated with LDTI until adoption on January 1, 2023.
Effective January 1, 2022, we completed our acquisition of Madison National Life Insurance Company, Inc. (Madison National). We are in the process of integrating Madison National and our controls over financial reporting. As a result of these integration activities, certain controls will be evaluated and may be changed. Therefore, we have elected to exclude Madison National from our assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2022.
Concurrent with the acquisition of Madison National, changes were made to the relevant business processes and the related control activities over purchase accounting in order to monitor and maintain appropriate controls over financial reporting.

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 50 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

PART II: OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1A. I Risk Factors
At the time of issuance of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we believe there are no material changes from the risk factors as previously disclosed in Part I - Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.
ITEM 2. I Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
On May 25, 2022, our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program allowing repurchases of up to $50 million (i.e., the 2022 Program) to begin following the completion of the $50 million repurchase plan which was authorized on September 30, 2015 (i.e., the 2015 Program). Both Programs authorize the repurchase of our common shares in open market or privately negotiated transactions, from time to time, depending on market conditions. The Programs do not have expiration dates and may be limited or terminated at any time without notice. During the three months ended September 30, 2022, the 2015 Program was completed and we began repurchasing shares under the 2022 Program as follows:

Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased under the Programs |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that may yet be Purchased under the Program
July 1 - 31 |  | 295,445 |  |  | $ | 33.87 |  |  | 295,445 |  |  | $ | 41.3 | million
August 1 - 31 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 41.3 | million
September 1 - 30 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 41.3 | million
Total |  | 295,445 |  |  | $ | 33.87 |  |  | 295,445 |  |  | $ | 41.3 | million

ITEM 5. I Other Information
Not applicable.
ITEM 6. I Exhibits
The following items are filed as Exhibits. Management contracts and compensatory plans are indicated by an asterisk (*).

Exhibit |  |
No. |  | Description
(3) Articles of incorporation and bylaws:
3.1 |  | Restated Certificate of Incorporation of HMEC, filed with the Delaware Secretary of State on June 24, 2003, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to HMEC’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2003, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") on August 14, 2003.

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3.2 |  | Bylaws of HMEC, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to HMEC’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2003, filed with the SEC on August 14, 2003.
(4) Instruments defining the rights of security holders, including indentures:
4.1 |  | Indenture, dated as of November 23, 2015, by and between HMEC and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to HMEC’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated November 18, 2015, filed with the SEC on November 23, 2015.
4.1(a) |  | Form of HMEC 4.500% Senior Notes due 2025, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to HMEC’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated November 18, 2015, filed with the SEC on November 23, 2015.
4.2 |  | Certificate of Designations for HMEC Series A Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to HMEC’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2005, filed with the SEC on March 16, 2006.
4.3 |  | Description of Securities, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to HMEC's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the SEC on March 2, 2020.
(10) Material contracts:
10.1 |  | Credit Agreement dated as of June 21, 2019 among HMEC, certain financial institutions named therein and PNC Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to HMEC’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 24, 2019, filed with the SEC on June 24, 2019.
10.1(a) |  | First Amendment to Credit Agreement dated as of June 21, 2019 among HMEC, certain financial institutions named therein and PNC Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1(a) to HMEC's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the SEC on March 2, 2020.
10.1(b) |  | Second Amendment to Credit Agreement dated as of July 12, 2021, among HMEC, as borrower, PNC Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, and certain lenders party thereto, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1(b) to HMEC's Current Report on Form 8-K dated July 14, 2021, filed with the SEC on July 14, 2021.
10.2* |  | Horace Mann Educators Corporation Amended and Restated 2002 Incentive Compensation Plan ("2002 Incentive Compensation Plan"), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to HMEC’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2005, filed with the SEC on August 9, 2005.
10.2(a)* |  | Revised Specimen Employee Stock Option Agreement under the 2002 Incentive Compensation Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6(b) to HMEC’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008, filed with the SEC on March 2, 2009.
10.2(b)* |  | Specimen Employee Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the 2002 Incentive Compensation Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6(d) to HMEC’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2005, filed with the SEC on March 16, 2006.
10.2(c)* |  | Revised Specimen Employee Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the 2002 Incentive Compensation Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6(f) to HMEC’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008, filed with the SEC on March 2, 2009.

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10.2(d)* |  | Specimen Non-employee Director Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the 2002 Incentive Compensation Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6(e) to HMEC’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2005, filed with the SEC on March 16, 2006.
10.2(e)* |  | Revised Specimen Non-employee Director Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the 2002 Incentive Compensation Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6(h) to HMEC’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008, filed with the SEC on March 2, 2009.
10.3* |  | HMEC 2010 Comprehensive Executive Compensation Plan (As Amended and Restated Effective March 3, 2021), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1 (beginning on page 59) to HMEC’s Proxy Statement, filed with the SEC on April 8, 2021.
10.3(a)* |  | HMEC 2010 Comprehensive Executive Compensation Plan (As Amended and Restated Effective May 20, 2015) (Section 16 Officer) Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement - Employee Grantee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3(a) to HMEC's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2017, filed with the SEC on May 9, 2017.
10.3(b)* |  | HMEC 2010 Comprehensive Executive Compensation Plan (As Amended and Restated Effective May 20, 2015) (Non-Section 16) Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement - Employee Grantee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3(b) to HMEC's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2017, filed with the SEC on May 9, 2017.
10.3(c)* |  | HMEC 2010 Comprehensive Executive Compensation Plan (As Amended and Restated Effective May 20, 2015) Service-Vested Restricted Stock Units Agreement - Employee Grantee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3(c) to HMEC's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2017, filed with the SEC on May 9, 2017.
10.3(d)* |  | HMEC 2010 Comprehensive Executive Compensation Plan (As Amended and Restated Effective May 20, 2015) Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units Agreement - Employee Grantee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3(d) to HMEC's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on May 9, 2022.
10.3(e)* |  | HMEC 2010 Comprehensive Executive Compensation Plan (As Amended and Restated Effective May 20, 2015) Service-Vested Restricted Stock Units Agreement - Employee Grantee (One-Time Grant Service), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3(e) to HMEC's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2017, filed with the SEC on May 9, 2017.
10.3(f)* |  | Specimen Employee Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units Agreement - Key Strategic Grantee under the HMEC 2010 Comprehensive Executive Compensation Plan incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3(e) to HMEC’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2016, filed with the SEC on May 6, 2016.
10.3(g)* |  | Specimen Non-employee Director Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the HMEC 2010 Comprehensive Executive Compensation Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17(a) to HMEC’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 27, 2010, filed with the SEC on June 2, 2010.
10.4* |  | Horace Mann Supplemental Employee Retirement Plan, 2002 Restatement, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to HMEC’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2002, filed with the SEC on May 15, 2002.
10.5* |  | Horace Mann Executive Supplemental Employee Retirement Plan, 2002 Restatement, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to HMEC’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2002, filed with the SEC on May 15, 2002.

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10.6* |  | Amended and Restated Horace Mann Nonqualified Supplemental Money Purchase Pension Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to HMEC’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008, filed with the SEC on March 2, 2009.
10.7* |  | Summary of HMEC Non-employee Director Compensation, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to HMEC's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June, 30, 2022, filed with the SEC on August 8, 2022.
10.8* |  | Summary of HMEC Named Executive Officer Annualized Salaries, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to HMEC's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on May 9, 2022.
10.9* |  | Form of Severance Agreement between HMEC, Horace Mann Service Corporation ("HMSC") and certain officers of HMEC and/or HMSC, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to HMEC’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012, filed with the SEC on February 28, 2013.
10.10* |  | HMSC Executive Change in Control Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to HMEC’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated February 15, 2012, filed with the SEC on February 22, 2012.
10.10(a)* |  | HMSC Executive Change in Control Plan Schedule A Plan Participants, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10(a) to HMEC's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on May 9, 2022.
10.11* |  | HMSC Executive Severance Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to HMEC’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated March 7, 2012, filed with the SEC on March 13, 2012.
10.11(a)* |  | First Amendment to the HMSC Executive Severance Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16(a) to HMEC’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2012, filed with the SEC on August 9, 2012.
10.11(b)* |  | HMSC Executive Severance Plan Schedule A Participants, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11(b) to HMEC's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on May 9, 2022.
10.12 |  | Stock Purchase Agreement Among Horace Mann Educators Corporation, and Robert Paglione, Paglione Family Irrevocable Trust F/B/O Adam Paglione, Paglione Family Irrevocable Trust F/B/O Lisa and Jorge Arroyo, Beau Adams and Benefit Consultants Group, Inc. dated as of October 30, 2018, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to HMEC's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, filed with the SEC on March 1, 2019.
10.13 |  | Purchase Agreement By and Among Ellard Family Holdings, Inc., Brian M. Ellard, The JCE Exempt Trust and Horace Mann Educators Corporation dated as of December 10, 2018, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to HMEC's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, filed with the SEC on March 1, 2019.
10.14 |  | Stock Purchase Agreement for Madison National Life, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to HMEC's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2021, filed with the SEC on November 5, 2021.
(15) KPMG LLP letter regarding unaudited interim financial information.
(31) Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002:
31.1 |  | Certification by Marita Zuraitis, Chief Executive Officer of HMEC.

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31.2 |  | Certification by Bret A. Conklin, Chief Financial Officer of HMEC.
(32) Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002:
32.1 |  | Certification by Marita Zuraitis, Chief Executive Officer of HMEC.
32.2 |  | Certification by Bret A. Conklin, Chief Financial Officer of HMEC.
(99) Additional exhibits:
99.1 |  | Glossary of Selected Terms.
(101) Interactive Data File:
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 55 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  | HORACE MANN EDUCATORS CORPORATION
|  |  | (Registrant)
Date | November 8, 2022 |  | /s/ Marita Zuraitis
|  |  | Marita Zuraitis
|  |  | President and Chief Executive Officer
Date | November 8, 2022 |  | /s/ Bret A. Conklin
|  |  | Bret A. Conklin
|  |  | Executive Vice President and
|  |  | Chief Financial Officer
Date | November 8, 2022 |  | /s/ Kimberly A. Johnson
|  |  | Kimberly A. Johnson
|  |  | Senior Vice President, Controller and
|  |  | Principal Accounting Officer

Horace Mann Educators Corporation | 56 | Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q