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v3.23.1

Long-Duration Insurance Contracts (Tables) | 3 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2023
Insurance [Abstract] |
Liability for Future Policy Benefit, Activity | The following table summarizes the balance of and changes in LFPB on January 1, 2021 due to adoption of ASU 2018-12. The impact of shifts between deferred profit liabilities (DPL) and LFPB for limited-payment products are presented as offsetting line items in the effect of net premiums exceeding gross premiums and the effect of decrease/increase of DPL.
($ in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Whole Life |  | Term Life |  | Experience Life |  | Limited Pay Whole Life |  | Supplemental Health(1) |  | SPIA (life contingent)
Balance, end of year December 31, 2020 |  | $ | 218.7 |  |  | $ | 93.2 |  |  | $ | 758.3 |  |  | $ | 51.3 |  |  | $ | 392.5 |  |  | $ | 115.9 |
Change in discount rate assumptions |  | 111.5 |  |  | 27.3 |  |  | 433.0 |  |  | 18.2 |  |  | 23.0 |  |  | 20.6 |
Change in cash flow assumptions, effect of net premiums exceeding gross premiums |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Adjusted balance, beginning of year January 1, 2021 |  | 330.6 |  |  | 120.5 |  |  | 1,191.3 |  |  | 69.5 |  |  | 415.5 |  |  | 136.5 |
Less: Reinsurance recoverables, end of year December 31, 2020 |  | (0.1) |  |  | (5.4) |  |  | (1.3) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Less: Change in discount rate assumptions |  | (0.2) |  |  | (0.9) |  |  | (0.7) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Adjusted balance, beginning of year January 1, 2021, net of reinsurance |  | $ | 330.3 |  |  | $ | 114.2 |  |  | $ | 1,189.3 |  |  | $ | 69.3 |  |  | $ | 415.5 |  |  | $ | 136.5 |
(1) As of January 1, 2021, the net LFPB for Supplemental Health was $163.5 million for cancer, $31.2 million for accident, $32.0 million for disability and $188.8 million for other supplemental health policies. The balances of and changes in LFPB as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2023 were as follows:
($ in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Whole Life |  | Term Life |  | Experience Life(1) |  | Limited-Pay Whole Life |  | Supplemental Health(2) |  | SPIA (life contingent)
Present value of expected net premiums: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at January 1, 2023 |  | $ | 215.1 |  |  | $ | 234.7 |  |  | $ | 68.3 |  |  | $ | 29.7 |  |  | $ | 167.4 |  |  | $ | — |
January 1, 2023 balance at original discount rate |  | 245.9 |  |  | 265.4 |  |  | 65.5 |  |  | 32.4 |  |  | 205.1 |  |  | — |
Effect of: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in cash flow assumptions |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Actual variances from expected experience |  | 0.8 |  |  | (1.5) |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | (1.4) |  |  | — |
Adjusted balance at January 1, 2023 |  | 246.7 |  |  | 263.9 |  |  | 65.7 |  |  | 32.9 |  |  | 203.7 |  |  | — |
Issuances(3) |  | 2.8 |  |  | 6.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 5.3 |  |  | 2.0 |
Interest accruals(4) |  | 1.8 |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | — |
Net premiums collected(5) |  | (4.7) |  |  | (6.9) |  |  | (1.7) |  |  | (1.1) |  |  | (5.4) |  |  | (2.0) |
March 31, 2023 balance at original discount rate |  | 246.6 |  |  | 266.0 |  |  | 65.0 |  |  | 33.1 |  |  | 205.1 |  |  | — |
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions |  | (24.4) |  |  | (22.2) |  |  | 4.8 |  |  | (1.9) |  |  | (32.6) |  |  | — |
Balance at March 31, 2023 |  | 222.2 |  |  | 243.8 |  |  | 69.8 |  |  | 31.2 |  |  | 172.5 |  |  | — |
Present value of expected future policy benefits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at January 1, 2023 |  | 493.6 |  |  | 347.0 |  |  | 867.5 |  |  | 79.4 |  |  | 431.7 |  |  | 103.3 |
January 1, 2023 balance at original discount rate |  | 581.9 |  |  | 401.0 |  |  | 805.2 |  |  | 98.6 |  |  | 537.1 |  |  | 113.4 |
Effect of: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Changes in cash flow assumptions |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Actual variances from expected experience |  | 0.8 |  |  | (1.5) |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | (1.7) |  |  | (0.5) |
Adjusted balance at January 1, 2023 |  | 582.7 |  |  | 399.5 |  |  | 805.6 |  |  | 99.2 |  |  | 535.4 |  |  | 112.9 |
Issuances |  | 2.9 |  |  | 6.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 5.3 |  |  | 2.4 |
Interest accruals |  | 4.7 |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | 11.9 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | 3.6 |  |  | 1.1 |
Benefit payments(6) |  | (4.9) |  |  | (4.9) |  |  | (16.0) |  |  | (0.8) |  |  | (13.7) |  |  | (3.1) |
March 31, 2023 balance at original discount rate |  | 585.4 |  |  | 405.2 |  |  | 801.5 |  |  | 100.3 |  |  | 530.6 |  |  | 113.3 |
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions |  | (70.3) |  |  | (40.2) |  |  | 91.0 |  |  | (15.9) |  |  | (92.9) |  |  | (7.4) |
Balance at March 31, 2023 |  | 515.1 |  |  | 365.0 |  |  | 892.5 |  |  | 84.4 |  |  | 437.7 |  |  | 105.9 |
Net liability for future policy benefits |  | 292.8 |  |  | 121.2 |  |  | 822.8 |  |  | 53.3 |  |  | 265.3 |  |  | 105.9 |
Less: Reinsurance recoverable |  | (65.0) |  |  | (16.6) |  |  | (0.8) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | (3.7) |  |  | (3.5) |
Net liability for future policy benefits, after reinsurance recoverable |  | 227.8 |  |  | 104.6 |  |  | 822.0 |  |  | 53.2 |  |  | 261.6 |  |  | 102.4 |
Impact of flooring on net liability for future policy benefits |  | 0.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net liability for future policy benefits at March 31, 2023 |  | $ | 228.1 |  |  | $ | 104.6 |  |  | $ | 822.0 |  |  | $ | 53.2 |  |  | $ | 261.6 |  |  | $ | 102.4 |
(1) Experience Life contains both whole life and term elements. (2) As of March 31, 2023, the net LFPB for Supplemental Health was $101.7 million for cancer, $22.2 million for accident, $23.7 million for disability and $114.0 million for other supplemental health policies. (3) Issuances are calculated at present value, using the original discount rate, of the expected net premiums or the expected future policy benefits related to new policies issued during the current period. (4) Interest accruals represent the interest earned on the beginning present value of either the expected net premiums or the expected future policy benefits using the original interest rate. (5) Net premiums collected represent the product of the current period net premium ratio and the gross premiums collected during the period of in force business. (6) Benefit payments represent the release of the present value, using the original discount rate, of the expected future policy benefits due to death, lapse/withdrawal and maturity payments based on revised expected assumptions. The balances of and changes in LFPB as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022 were as follows:
($ in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Whole Life |  | Term Life |  | Experience Life(1) |  | Limited-Pay Whole Life |  | Supplemental Health(2) |  | SPIA (life contingent)
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at January 1, 2022(7) |  | $ | 260.7 |  |  | $ | 264.4 |  |  | $ | 74.6 |  |  | $ | 29.7 |  |  | $ | 226.7 |  |  | $ | — |
January 1, 2022 balance at original discount rate(7) |  | 239.3 |  |  | 235.4 |  |  | 55.9 |  |  | 27.2 |  |  | 223.1 |  |  | — |
Effect of: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in cash flow assumptions |  | 5.2 |  |  | 18.7 |  |  | 9.1 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 12.2 |  |  | — |
Actual variances from expected experience |  | 7.2 |  |  | (4.2) |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | 1.6 |  |  | (25.3) |  |  | — |
Adjusted balance at January 1, 2022 |  | 251.7 |  |  | 249.9 |  |  | 68.0 |  |  | 30.8 |  |  | 210.0 |  |  | — |
Issuances(3) |  | 12.5 |  |  | 28.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 6.3 |  |  | 12.0 |  |  | 5.3 |
Interest accruals(3) |  | 6.7 |  |  | 9.0 |  |  | 3.3 |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | 5.9 |  |  | — |
Net premiums collected(5) |  | (25.0) |  |  | (21.5) |  |  | (5.8) |  |  | (5.8) |  |  | (22.8) |  |  | (5.3) |
December 31, 2022 balance at original discount rate |  | 245.9 |  |  | 265.4 |  |  | 65.5 |  |  | 32.4 |  |  | 205.1 |  |  | — |
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions |  | (30.8) |  |  | (30.7) |  |  | 2.8 |  |  | (2.7) |  |  | (37.7) |  |  | — |
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | 215.1 |  |  | 234.7 |  |  | 68.3 |  |  | 29.7 |  |  | 167.4 |  |  | — |
Present Value of Expected Future Policy Benefits |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at January 1, 2022(7) |  | 660.4 |  |  | 411.5 |  |  | 1,172.7 |  |  | 102.9 |  |  | 590.6 |  |  | 129.1 |
January 1, 2022 balance at original discount rate(7) |  | 566.1 |  |  | 360.0 |  |  | 802.6 |  |  | 86.6 |  |  | 584.2 |  |  | 115.7 |
Effect of: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Changes in cash flow assumptions |  | 5.2 |  |  | 21.5 |  |  | 11.0 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 13.8 |  |  | — |
Actual variances from expected experience |  | 7.7 |  |  | (4.7) |  |  | 3.6 |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | (30.0) |  |  | 0.4 |
Adjusted balance at January 1, 2022 |  | 579.0 |  |  | 376.8 |  |  | 817.2 |  |  | 90.0 |  |  | 568.0 |  |  | 116.1 |
Issuances |  | 12.4 |  |  | 28.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 6.4 |  |  | 12.0 |  |  | 5.3 |
Interest accruals |  | 18.0 |  |  | 14.4 |  |  | 47.4 |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | 15.0 |  |  | 4.3 |
Benefit payments(6) |  | (27.5) |  |  | (18.5) |  |  | (59.4) |  |  | (1.2) |  |  | (57.9) |  |  | (12.3) |
December 31, 2022 balance at original discount rate |  | 581.9 |  |  | 401.0 |  |  | 805.2 |  |  | 98.6 |  |  | 537.1 |  |  | 113.4 |
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions |  | (88.3) |  |  | (54.0) |  |  | 62.3 |  |  | (19.2) |  |  | (105.4) |  |  | (10.1) |
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | 493.6 |  |  | 347.0 |  |  | 867.5 |  |  | 79.4 |  |  | 431.7 |  |  | 103.3 |
Net liability for future policy benefits |  | 278.4 |  |  | 112.2 |  |  | 799.3 |  |  | 49.6 |  |  | 264.4 |  |  | 103.3 |
Less: Reinsurance recoverable |  | (63.1) |  |  | (15.3) |  |  | (0.8) |  |  | — |  |  | (3.4) |  |  | (3.2) |
Net liability for future policy benefits, after reinsurance recoverable |  | 215.3 |  |  | 96.9 |  |  | 798.5 |  |  | 49.6 |  |  | 261.0 |  |  | 100.1 |
Impact of flooring on net liability for future policy benefits |  | 1.1 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net liability for future policy benefits at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 216.4 |  |  | $ | 97.1 |  |  | $ | 798.5 |  |  | $ | 49.6 |  |  | $ | 261.0 |  |  | $ | 100.1 |
(1) Experience Life contains both whole life and term elements. (2) As of December 31, 2022, the net LFPB for Supplemental Health was $101.8 million for cancer, $21.8 million for accident, $23.1 million for disability and $114.3 million for other supplemental health policies. (3) Issuances are calculated at present value, using the original discount rate, of the expected net premiums or the expected future policy benefits related to new policies issued during the current period. (4) Interest accruals represent the interest earned on the beginning present value of either the expected net premiums or the expected future policy benefits using the original interest rate. (5) Net premiums collected represent the product of the current period net premium ratio and the gross premiums collected during the period of in force business. (6) Benefit payments represent the release of the present value, using the original discount rate, of the expected future policy benefits due to death, lapse/withdrawal and maturity payments based on revised expected assumptions. (7) Whole Life, Term Life, and Supplemental Health beginning balance at January 1, 2022 includes reserves acquired from Madison National Life Insurance Company, Inc. on January 1, 2022. The balances of and changes in LFPB (including a summary of the balance and changes in the LFPB on January 1, 2021 due to adoption of ASU 2018-12) as of and for the year ended December 31, 2021 were as follows:
($ in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Whole Life |  | Term Life |  | Experience Life(1) |  | Limited-Pay Whole Life |  | Supplemental Health(2) |  | SPIA (life contingent)
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at January 1, 2021 |  | $ | 176.5 |  |  | $ | 244.1 |  |  | $ | 78.0 |  |  | $ | 25.4 |  |  | $ | 233.0 |  |  | $ | — |
January 1, 2021 balance at original discount rate |  | 143.5 |  |  | 200.8 |  |  | 55.2 |  |  | 22.0 |  |  | 218.2 |  |  | — |
Effect of: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in cash flow assumptions |  | 2.4 |  |  | (4.5) |  |  | (3.3) |  |  | — |  |  | (1.8) |  |  | — |
Actual variances from expected experience |  | 8.8 |  |  | 6.9 |  |  | 6.3 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 6.3 |  |  | — |
Adjusted balance at January 1, 2021 |  | 154.7 |  |  | 203.2 |  |  | 58.2 |  |  | 23.0 |  |  | 222.7 |  |  | — |
Issuances(3) |  | 13.3 |  |  | 29.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 10.2 |  |  | 13.0 |  |  | 3.7 |
Interest accruals(4) |  | 6.2 |  |  | 7.9 |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 5.9 |  |  | — |
Net premiums collected(5) |  | (16.6) |  |  | (19.8) |  |  | (5.6) |  |  | (6.8) |  |  | (24.1) |  |  | (3.7) |
December 31, 2021 balance at original discount rate |  | 157.6 |  |  | 221.1 |  |  | 55.8 |  |  | 27.2 |  |  | 217.5 |  |  | — |
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions |  | 25.4 |  |  | 32.0 |  |  | 18.8 |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | — |
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  | 183.0 |  |  | 253.1 |  |  | 74.6 |  |  | 29.7 |  |  | 221.5 |  |  | — |
Present Value of Expected Future Policy benefits |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at January 1, 2021 |  | 507.1 |  |  | 364.7 |  |  | 1,269.3 |  |  | 95.0 |  |  | 626.9 |  |  | 136.5 |
January 1, 2021 balance at original discount rate |  | 362.5 |  |  | 294.0 |  |  | 813.5 |  |  | 73.4 |  |  | 589.1 |  |  | 115.9 |
Effect of: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Changes in cash flow assumptions |  | 2.8 |  |  | (4.8) |  |  | (3.6) |  |  | — |  |  | (3.0) |  |  | — |
Actual variances from expected experience |  | 8.7 |  |  | 7.2 |  |  | 6.6 |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | 6.2 |  |  | (0.4) |
Adjusted balance at January 1, 2021 |  | 374.0 |  |  | 296.4 |  |  | 816.5 |  |  | 74.5 |  |  | 592.3 |  |  | 115.5 |
Issuances |  | 13.3 |  |  | 29.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 10.2 |  |  | 13.0 |  |  | 3.7 |
Interest accruals |  | 17.1 |  |  | 12.0 |  |  | 47.9 |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | 15.7 |  |  | 4.5 |
Benefit payments(5) |  | (18.1) |  |  | (18.7) |  |  | (61.9) |  |  | (1.0) |  |  | (48.4) |  |  | (12.1) |
December 31, 2021 balance at original discount rate |  | 386.3 |  |  | 319.5 |  |  | 802.5 |  |  | 86.6 |  |  | 572.6 |  |  | 111.6 |
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions |  | 114.4 |  |  | 51.1 |  |  | 370.2 |  |  | 16.3 |  |  | 8.0 |  |  | 13.1 |
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  | 500.7 |  |  | 370.6 |  |  | 1,172.7 |  |  | 102.9 |  |  | 580.6 |  |  | 124.7 |
Net liability for future policy benefits |  | 317.7 |  |  | 117.6 |  |  | 1,098.1 |  |  | 73.2 |  |  | 359.1 |  |  | 124.7 |
Less: Reinsurance recoverable |  | (0.5) |  |  | (5.5) |  |  | (1.1) |  |  | (0.2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net liability for future policy benefits, after reinsurance recoverable |  | $ | 317.2 |  |  | $ | 112.1 |  |  | $ | 1,097.0 |  |  | $ | 73.0 |  |  | $ | 359.1 |  |  | $ | 124.7 |
(1) Experience Life contains both whole life and term elements. (2) As of December 31, 2021, the net LFPB for Supplemental Health was $140.8 million for cancer, $28.7 million for accident, $29.3 million for disability and $160.3 million for other supplemental health policies. (3) Issuances are calculated at present value, using the original discount rate, of the expected net premiums or the expected future policy benefits related to new policies issued during the current period. (4) Interest accruals represent the interest earned on the beginning present value of either the expected net premiums or the expected future policy benefits using the original interest rate. (5) Net premiums collected represent the product of the current period net premium ratio and the gross premiums collected during the period of in force business. (6) Benefit payments represent the release of the present value, using the original discount rate, of the expected future policy benefits due to death, lapse/withdrawal and maturity payments based on revised expected assumptions. The following table summarizes the amount of revenue and interest related to traditional and limited-payment contracts recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss):
($ in millions) |  | Gross premiums or assessments |  | Interest expense
|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Whole life |  | $ | 6.6 |  |  | $ | 6.1 |  |  | $ | 2.9 |  |  | $ | 2.7 |
Term life |  | 10.8 |  |  | 9.9 |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | 1.1 |
Experience life |  | 8.2 |  |  | 8.5 |  |  | 11.0 |  |  | 11.1 |
Limited-pay whole life |  | 1.6 |  |  | 1.8 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 0.6 |
Supplemental health |  | 29.7 |  |  | 30.7 |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | 2.4 |
SPIA (life contingent) |  | 2.2 |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | 1.1 |
Total |  | $ | 59.1 |  |  | $ | 59.5 |  |  | $ | 19.0 |  |  | $ | 19.0 |
The following table provides the amount of undiscounted and discounted expected gross premiums and expected future benefits and expenses for traditional and limited-payment contracts:
($ in millions) |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
|  | Undiscounted |  | Discounted |  | Undiscounted |  | Discounted
Whole life |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Expected future gross premiums |  | $ | 471.6 |  |  | $ | 322.5 |  |  | $ | 448.0 |  |  | $ | 308.9 |
Expected future benefits and expenses |  | 1,128.1 |  |  | 585.4 |  |  | 1,080.6 |  |  | 568.1 |
Term life |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Expected future gross premiums |  | 744.6 |  |  | 465.3 |  |  | 720.9 |  |  | 447.0 |
Expected future benefits and expenses |  | 687.8 |  |  | 405.2 |  |  | 597.0 |  |  | 355.8 |
Experience Life |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Expected future gross premiums |  | 559.0 |  |  | 310.2 |  |  | 598.4 |  |  | 329.4 |
Expected future benefits and expenses |  | 1,740.3 |  |  | 801.5 |  |  | 1,774.5 |  |  | 799.5 |
Limited-pay whole life |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Expected future gross premiums |  | 61.9 |  |  | 47.3 |  |  | 51.3 |  |  | 39.7 |
Expected future benefits and expenses |  | 230.7 |  |  | 100.3 |  |  | 196.9 |  |  | 88.8 |
Supplemental health |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Expected future gross premiums |  | 1,644.2 |  |  | 1,215.1 |  |  | 1,633.3 |  |  | 127.3 |
Expected future benefits and expenses |  | 724.6 |  |  | 530.6 |  |  | 776.3 |  |  | 577.4 |
SPIA (life contingent) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Expected future gross premiums |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Expected future benefits and expenses |  | 158.2 |  |  | 113.3 |  |  | 161.6 |  |  | 116.2 |
The following table provides the weighted-average durations of LFPB, in years:
|  | As of March 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
Whole life |  | 18 |  | 18
Term life |  | 17 |  | 16
Experience life |  | 11 |  | 11
Limited-pay whole life |  | 23 |  | 21
Supplemental health |  | 10.2 |  | 9.8
SPIA (life contingent) |  | 8 |  | 8
The following table provides ranges of the weighted-average interest rates for LFPB:
|  | As of March 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
Whole life |  |  |  |
Interest accretion rate |  | 1.7% - 4.9% |  | 1.7% - 5.0%
Current discount rate |  | 4.7% - 5.0% |  | 3.2% - 3.7%
Term life |  |  |  |
Interest accretion rate |  | 4.1% - 4.3% |  | 4.1% - 4.4%
Current discount rate |  | 4.9% - 5.0% |  | 3.6% - 3.6%
Experience life |  |  |  |
Interest accretion rate |  | 6.1 | % |  | 6.1 | %
Current discount rate |  | 5.0 | % |  | 3.7 | %
Limited-pay whole life |  |  |  |
Interest accretion rate |  | 3.9 | % |  | 3.9 | %
Current discount rate |  | 5.0 | % |  | 3.7 | %
Supplemental health |  |  |  |
Interest accretion rate |  | 1.7% - 2.7% |  | 1.7% - 2.7%
Current discount rate |  | 5.0% - 5.2% |  | 3.5% - 4.0%
SPIA (life contingent) |  |  |  |
Interest accretion rate |  | 1.7% - 4.1% |  | 1.7% - 4.0%
Current discount rate |  | 4.9% - 5.0% |  | 3.5% - 3.5%
Schedule of Liability for Future Policy Benefits, by Product Segment | The following table reconciles the net LFPB to LFPB in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. DPL for single premium and immediate annuity products is presented together with LFPB in the Consolidated Balance Sheets:
($ in millions) |  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Whole life |  | $ | 293.1 |  |  | $ | 279.5 |
Term life |  | 121.2 |  |  | 112.4 |
Experience life |  | 822.8 |  |  | 799.3
Limited-pay whole life |  | 53.3 |  |  | 49.6 |
Supplemental health |  | 265.3 |  |  | 264.4 |
SPIA (life contingent) |  | 105.9 |  |  | 103.3 |
Limited-pay whole life DPL |  | 3.3 |  |  | 3.2 |
SPIA (life contingent) DPL |  | 1.0 |  |  | 0.8 |
Reconciling items(1) |  | 106.5 |  |  | 105.5 |
Total |  | $ | 1,772.4 |  |  | $ | 1,718.0 |
(1) Reconciling items primarily relate to products not in scope of ASU 2018-12 and return of premium reserves.
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques | The following table provides quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs for recurring fair value measurements categorized within Level 3.
($ in millions)
Financial Assets |  | Fair Value as of March 31, 2023 |  | Valuation Technique(s) |  | Unobservable Inputs |  | Range (Weighted Average) and Single Point Best Estimate(1)
Municipal bonds |  | $ | 55.4 |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | option adjusted spread |  | 308 bps
Corporate bonds |  | 284.0 |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | yield |  | 6.1%
|  |  |  | vendor priced |  | vendor priced |  | 79.64
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | yield |  | 11.0%
|  |  |  | market comparable |  | EV / Fwd EBITDA (x) |  | 5.92x
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | discount rate |  | 6.2% - 10.7%
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | exit cap |  | 6.2%
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | option adjusted spread |  | 241 bps
Mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities |  | 104.6 |  |  | vendor price |  | haircut |  | 0.01% -0.3%
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | discount margin |  | 39.5%
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | discount rate |  | 16.0% - 21.0%
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | median comparable yield |  | 20.7% - 43.2%
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | yield |  | 6.4% - 6.5%
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | LIBOR |  | 2.3%
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | PDI spread |  | 5.5%
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | SBL spread |  | 4.5%
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | weighting |  | 17.0% - 83.0%
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | CPR |  | 20.0%
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | default rate annual |  | 4.0%
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | recovery |  | 65.0%
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | I spread |  | 175 bps
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | N spread |  | 463 bps
|  |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | T Spread |  | 226 bps
|  |  |  | market comparable |  | median price |  | 81.34
Equity securities |  | 2.0 |  | black-scholes |  | volatility |  | low 28.0% - high 44.0%
|  |  |  | black-scholes |  | time to exit |  | 2.67 bps
|  |  |  | market comparable |  | price/book ExAOCI |  | 1.06x
($ in millions)
Financial Liabilities |  | Fair Value as of March 31, 2023 |  | Valuation Technique(s) |  | Unobservable Inputs |  | Range (Weighted Average) and Single Point Best Estimate(1)
Derivatives embedded in fixed indexed annuity products |  | $ | 89.9 |  |  | discounted cash flow |  | lapse rate |  | 5.4%
|  |  |  |  |  | mortality multiplier(4) |  | 67.8%
|  |  |  |  |  | option budget |  | 0.9% - 3.5%
|  |  |  |  |  | non-performance adjustment(5) |  | 5.0%
(1) When a range of unobservable inputs is not readily available, the Company uses a single point best estimate. (2) "N spread" is the interpolated weighted average life point on the swap curve. (3) "T spread" is a specific point on the OTR curve. (4) Mortality multiplier is applied to the Annuity 2000 table. (5) Determined as a percentage of the risk-free rate. The following table summarizes the ranges of actual experience and expected experience for mortality and lapses of LFPB:
|  | March 31, 2023
|  | Whole Life |  | Term Life |  | Experience Life |  | Limited-Pay Whole Life |  | SPIA (life contingent)
Mortality |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Actual experience |  | 0.7 | % |  | 0.1% - 0.3% |  | 1.9 | % |  | — | % |  | N.M.
Expected experience |  | 0.7 | % |  | 0.1% - 0.6% |  | 1.6 | % |  | 0.2 | % |  | N.M.
Lapses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Actual experience |  | 3.6 | % |  | 5.6% - 8.3% |  | 3.4 | % |  | 3.6 | % |  | N.M.
Expected experience |  | 4.6 | % |  | 2.8% - 5.6% |  | 3.0 | % |  | 5.1 | % |  | N.M.
|  | March 31, 2022
|  | Whole Life |  | Term Life |  | Experience Life |  | Limited-Pay Whole Life |  | SPIA (life contingent)
Mortality |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Actual experience |  | 0.8 | % |  | 0.1% - 0.1% |  | 1.8 | % |  | 0.4 | % |  | N.M.
Expected experience |  | 0.7 | % |  | 0.1% - 0.3% |  | 1.4 | % |  | 0.2 | % |  | N.M.
Lapses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Actual experience |  | 3.0 | % |  | 5.2% - 76.1% |  | 3.1 | % |  | 2.9 | % |  | N.M.
Expected experience |  | 5.7 | % |  | 2.8% - 6.6% |  | 3.1 | % |  | 7.2 | % |  | N.M.
Policyholder Account Balance | The following tables summarize balances of and changes in policyholders' account balances:
($ in millions) |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
|  | Indexed Universal Life |  | Experience Life |  | Fixed Account Annuities |  | Fixed Indexed Account Annuities |  | SPIA (non-life contingent)
Balance at January 1, 2023 |  | $ | 47.6 |  |  | $ | 64.3 |  |  | $ | 4,591.1 |  |  | $ | 510.3 |  |  | $ | 34.4 |
Premiums received(1) |  | $ | 3.6 |  |  | $ | (0.2) |  |  | $ | 54.9 |  |  | $ | 5.1 |  |  | $ | 1.1 |
Surrenders and withdrawals(2) |  | (0.4) |  |  | (0.9) |  |  | (98.1) |  |  | (13.9) |  |  | (0.1) |
Benefit payments(3) |  | — |  |  | (0.5) |  |  | (19.1) |  |  | (0.6) |  |  | (1.7) |
Net transfers from (to) separate account |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6.6 |  |  | (0.9) |  |  | — |
Interest credited(4) |  | — |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 40.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.3 |
Other |  | (0.9) |  |  | — |  |  | 1.9 |  |  | (1.6) |  |  | (0.2) |
Balance at March 31, 2023 |  | $ | 49.9 |  |  | $ | 63.5 |  |  | $ | 4,577.4 |  |  | $ | 498.4 |  |  | $ | 33.8 |
Weighted-average crediting rate |  | 0.1 | % |  | 5.0 | % |  | 3.6 | % |  | — | % |  | 3.0 | %
Net amount at risk(5) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 39.5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Cash surrender value |  | $ | 32.9 |  |  | $ | 62.8 |  |  | $ | 4,540.9 |  |  | $ | 486.7 |  |  | $ | 33.7 |
($ in millions) |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
|  | Indexed Universal Life |  | Experience Life |  | Fixed Account Annuities |  | Fixed Indexed Account Annuities |  | SPIA (non-life contingent)
Balance at January 1, 2022 |  | $ | 39.1 |  |  | $ | 66.2 |  |  | $ | 4,532.7 |  |  | $ | 522.6 |  |  | $ | 37.7 |
Premiums received(1) |  | $ | 2.2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 47.2 |  |  | $ | 9.3 |  |  | $ | 0.8 |
Surrenders and withdrawals(2) |  | (0.2) |  |  | (0.7) |  |  | (60.3) |  |  | (10.9) |  |  | (0.3) |
Benefit payments(3) |  | — |  |  | (0.4) |  |  | (18.5) |  |  | (1.1) |  |  | (1.5) |
Net transfers from (to) separate account |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11.0 |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | — |
Interest credited(4) |  | 0.5 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 38.9 |  |  | 1.8 |  |  | 0.3 |
Other |  | (0.6) |  |  | — |  |  | (2.8) |  |  | (3.4) |  |  | — |
Balance at March 31, 2022 |  | $ | 41.0 |  |  | $ | 65.9 |  |  | $ | 4,548.2 |  |  | $ | 518.2 |  |  | $ | 37.0 |
Weighted-average crediting rate |  | 5.4 | % |  | 5.0 | % |  | 3.5 | % |  | 1.4 | % |  | 3.0 | %
Net amount at risk(5) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 66.4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Cash surrender value |  | $ | 26.0 |  |  | $ | 65.2 |  |  | $ | 4,489.4 |  |  | $ | 504.2 |  |  | $ | 36.6 |
(1) Premiums received represents premiums collected from policyholder during the period of in force business. (2) Surrenders and withdrawals represent reductions to the policyholders' account balance due to policyholders surrendering the policy or withdrawing funds from the account balance. (3) Benefit payments represent benefits due under contract that were paid to a policyholder during the periods. (4) Interest credited represents interest earned and credited to policyholders' account balance during the periods. (5) Net amount at risk represents guaranteed benefit amounts less current policyholders' account balance at the reporting date. The following table reconciles policyholders' account balances to the policyholders' account balance liability in the Consolidated Balances Sheets:
($ in millions) |  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Indexed universal life |  | $ | 49.9 |  |  | $ | 47.6 |
Experience Life |  | 63.5 |  |  | 64.3 |
Fixed account annuities |  | 4,577.4 |  |  | 4,591.1 |
Fixed indexed account annuities |  | 498.4 |  |  | 510.3 |
SPIA (non-life contingent) |  | 33.8 |  |  | 34.4 |
Reconciling items(1) |  | 11.6 |  |  | 12.9 |
Total |  | $ | 5,234.6 |  |  | $ | 5,260.6 |
(1) Reconciling items primarily relate to FIA reserves net of account balances, miscellaneous fixed annuity reserves, personal promise accounts and MRBs.
Policyholder Account Balance, Guaranteed Minimum Crediting Rate | The following tables present the gross account values by range of guaranteed minimum crediting rates and the related range of difference, in basis points, between rates being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed minimums:
($ in millions) |  | March 31, 2023
|  | At Guaranteed Minimum |  | 1-50 Basis Points Above |  | 51-150 Basis Points Above |  | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above |  | Total(1)
Guaranteed minimum crediting rates: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 2% |  | $ | 95.5 |  |  | $ | 393.9 |  |  | $ | 329.9 |  |  | $ | 128.1 |  |  | $ | 947.4 |
Equal to 2% but less than 3% |  | 232.8 |  |  | 36.4 |  |  | 6.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 276.0 |
Equal to 3% but less than 4% |  | 653.5 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 654.4 |
Equal to 4% but less than 5% |  | 2,705.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,705.6 |
5% or higher |  | 90.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 90.9 |
Total |  | $ | 3,778.3 |  |  | $ | 430.7 |  |  | $ | 337.2 |  |  | $ | 128.1 |  |  | $ | 4,674.3 |
($ in millions) |  | December 31, 2022
|  | At Guaranteed Minimum |  | 1-50 Basis Points Above |  | 51-150 Basis Points Above |  | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above |  | Total(1)
Guaranteed minimum crediting rates: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 2% |  | $ | 262.5 |  |  | $ | 370.6 |  |  | $ | 214.4 |  |  | $ | 96.1 |  |  | $ | 943.6 |
Equal to 2% but less than 3% |  | 256.1 |  |  | 19.8 |  |  | 4.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 280.6 |
Equal to 3% but less than 4% |  | 667.4 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 668.2 |
Equal to 4% but less than 5% |  | 2,706.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,706.1 |
5% or higher |  | 91.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 91.7 |
Total |  | $ | 3,983.8 |  |  | $ | 390.8 |  |  | $ | 219.5 |  |  | $ | 96.1 |  |  | $ | 4,690.2 |
(1) Excludes products not containing a fixed guaranteed minimum crediting rate.
Separate Account, Liability | The following table presents the balances of and changes in the Separate Account variable annuity liabilities presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets(1):
($ in millions) |  | Retirement Services
|  | Variable Account Annuities
|  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Balance, beginning of year |  | $ | 2,792.3 |  |  | $ | 3,441.0 |
Deposits |  | 57.3 |  |  | 240.3 |
Withdrawals |  | (46.6) |  |  | (186.8) |
Net transfers |  | (5.6) |  |  | (38.1) |
Fees and charges |  | (9.1) |  |  | (36.8) |
Market appreciation (depreciation) |  | 168.2 |  |  | (619.7) |
Other |  | (1.8) |  |  | (7.6) |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 2,954.7 |  |  | $ | 2,792.3 |
(1) The Separate Account variable annuity liabilities are backed by, and are equal to, the Separate Account variable annuity assets that represent contractholder funds invested in various actively traded mutual funds that have daily quoted net asset values that are readily determinable for identical assets that the Company can access.
Market Risk Benefit, Activity | The following table summarizes the balance of and changes in the net liability position of MRBs on January 1, 2021 due to adoption of ASU 2018-12:
($ in millions) |  |
Balance, end of year December 31, 2020 |  | $ | 0.1 |
Adjustment for the difference between carrying amount and fair value, except for the difference due to instrument-specific credit risk |  | 6.8 |
Adjustment for cumulative effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk at issuance |  | 1.7 |
Total adjustment for the difference between carrying amount and fair value |  | 8.5 |
Balance, beginning of year January 1, 2021 |  | 8.6 |
Less: Reinsurance recoverable |  | — |
Balance, beginning of year January 1, 2021, net of reinsurance |  | $ | 8.6 |
The following table presents the balances of and changes in MRBs associated with deferred variable annuities as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively:
($ in millions) |  | March 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2022
Balance, beginning of year |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | 4.8 |
Balance, beginning of year, before effects of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk |  | — |  |  | 2.0 |
Changes in market risk benefits(1) |  | 0.9 |  |  | (0.4) |
Balance, end of period(2) |  | $ | 0.9 |  |  | $ | 1.6 |
Effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk |  | 0.4 |  |  | 2.4 |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 1.3 |  |  | $ | 4.0 |
Net amount at risk(3) |  | $ | 38.3 |  |  | $ | 20.2 |
Weighted-average attained age of contract holders |  | 63 |  | 62
(1) Reflects interest accruals and effect of changes in interest rates, equity markets, equity index volatility and future assumptions. (2) Balance, end of period, before the effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk. (3) Net amount at risk represents the current guaranteed benefit less current account balance at the reporting date. The following table presents MRBs by amounts in an asset position and amounts in a liability position. The net liabilities are included in Policyholders' account balances presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
($ in millions) |  | As of March 31, 2023 |  | As of December 31, 2022
|  | Asset |  | Liability |  | Net Liability |  | Asset |  | Liability |  | Net Liability
Deferred variable annuities |  | $ | 4.2 |  |  | $ | 5.5 |  |  | $ | 1.3 |  |  | $ | 4.4 |  |  | $ | 4.7 |  |  | $ | 0.3 |
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs | The following table summarizes the balance of and changes in DAC on January 1, 2021 due to adoption of ASU 2018-12:
($ in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Whole Life |  | Term Life |  | Experience Life |  | Limited-Pay Whole Life |  | Indexed Universal Life |  | Supplemental Health |  | Total Annuities
Balance, end of year December 31, 2020 |  | $ | 17.8 |  |  | $ | 25.6 |  |  | $ | 2.6 |  |  | $ | 4.4 |  |  | $ | 11.3 |  |  | $ | 4.3 |  |  | $ | 137.7 |
Adjustment for removal of related balances in AOCI |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 85.4 |
Adjusted balance, beginning of year January 1, 2021 |  | $ | 17.8 |  |  | $ | 25.6 |  |  | $ | 6.2 |  |  | $ | 4.4 |  |  | $ | 12.9 |  |  | $ | 4.3 |  |  | $ | 223.1 |
DAC and Deferred Sales Inducements The following tables roll-forward DAC for the periods indicated:
($ in millions) |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
|  | Whole Life |  | Term Life |  | Experience Life |  | Limited-Pay Whole Life |  | Indexed Universal Life |  | Supplemental Health |  | Total Annuities
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 20.9 |  |  | $ | 30.0 |  |  | $ | 5.8 |  |  | $ | 6.7 |  |  | $ | 15.4 |  |  | $ | 6.2 |  |  | $ | 221.1 |
Capitalizations |  | 0.6 |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 4.0 |
Amortization expense |  | (0.3) |  |  | (0.6) |  |  | — |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | (0.2) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | (3.7) |
Experience adjustment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1.7) |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 21.2 |  |  | $ | 30.7 |  |  | $ | 5.8 |  |  | $ | 6.8 |  |  | $ | 15.7 |  |  | $ | 6.7 |  |  | $ | 219.7 |
($ in millions) |  | Year Ended December 31, 2022
|  | Whole Life |  | Term Life |  | Experience Life |  | Limited-Pay Whole Life |  | Indexed Universal Life |  | Supplemental Health |  | Total Annuities
Balance, beginning of year |  | $ | 19.1 |  |  | $ | 27.5 |  |  | $ | 6.0 |  |  | $ | 5.6 |  |  | $ | 13.7 |  |  | $ | 4.9 |  |  | $ | 223.3 |
Capitalizations |  | 3.0 |  |  | 5.0 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | 1.8 |  |  | 15.5 |
Amortization expense |  | (1.2) |  |  | (2.5) |  |  | (0.4) |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | (0.8) |  |  | (0.5) |  |  | (15.8) |
Experience adjustment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1.9) |
Balance, end of year |  | $ | 20.9 |  |  | $ | 30.0 |  |  | $ | 5.8 |  |  | $ | 6.7 |  |  | $ | 15.4 |  |  | $ | 6.2 |  |  | $ | 221.1 |
($ in millions) |  | Year Ended December 31, 2021
|  | Whole Life |  | Term Life |  | Experience Life |  | Limited-Pay Whole Life |  | Indexed Universal Life |  | Supplemental Health |  | Total Annuities
Balance, end of year December 31, 2020 |  | $ | 17.8 |  |  | $ | 25.6 |  |  | $ | 2.6 |  |  | $ | 4.4 |  |  | $ | 11.3 |  |  | $ | 4.3 |  |  | $ | 137.7 |
Adjustment for removal of related balances in AOCI |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 85.4 |
Adjusted balance, beginning of year January 1, 2021 |  | $ | 17.8 |  |  | $ | 25.6 |  |  | $ | 6.2 |  |  | $ | 4.4 |  |  | $ | 12.9 |  |  | $ | 4.3 |  |  | $ | 223.1 |
Capitalizations |  | 2.4 |  |  | 4.2 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | 17.3 |
Amortization expense |  | (1.1) |  |  | (2.3) |  |  | (0.4) |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | (0.8) |  |  | (0.5) |  |  | (16.0) |
Experience adjustment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | — |  |  | (1.1) |
Balance, end of year December 31, 2021 |  | $ | 19.1 |  |  | $ | 27.5 |  |  | $ | 6.0 |  |  | $ | 5.6 |  |  | $ | 13.7 |  |  | $ | 4.9 |  |  | $ | 223.3 |
The following table presents a reconciliation of DAC to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:
($ in millions) |  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Whole life |  | $ | 21.2 |  |  | $ | 20.9 |
Term life |  | 30.7 |  |  | 30.0 |
Experience life |  | 5.8 |  |  | 5.8 |
Limited pay whole life |  | 6.8 |  |  | 6.7 |
Indexed universal life |  | 15.7 |  |  | 15.4 |
Supplemental health |  | 6.7 |  |  | 6.2 |
Total annuities |  | 219.7 |  |  | 221.1 |
Reconciling item(1) |  | 25.0 |  |  | 24.5 |
Total |  | $ | 331.6 |  |  | $ | 330.6 |
(1) Reconciling item relates to DAC associated with the Property & Casualty reporting segment.
Deferred Sale Inducement Cost | The following table rolls-forward the DSI balance as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:
($ in millions) |  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Balance, beginning of year |  | $ | 15.9 |  |  | $ | 17.3 |
Capitalizations |  | — |  |  | — |
Amortization expense |  | (0.3) |  |  | (0.3) |
Experience adjustment |  | (0.2) |  |  | (0.1) |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 15.4 |  |  | $ | 16.9 |

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