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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, DC 20549
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
FORM 10-Q
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(Mark One)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2020

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission File No. 001-36550
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Delaware | 84-1060803
(State or other jurisdiction of | (I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization) | Identification No.)

825 Town & Country Lane, Suite 1500 |
Houston, | Texas | 77024
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

(281) 899-4800
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common stock, $0.01 par value |  | PARR |  | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  |  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Securities Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
53,977,789 shares of Common Stock, $0.01 par value, were outstanding as of November 2, 2020.

PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I FINANCIAL INFORMATION | Page No.
Item 1. | Financial Statements |
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets | 1
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations | 2
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity | 4
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 6
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 32
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 57
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 58
PART II OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 58
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 58
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 59
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 59
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 59
Item 5. | Other Information | 59
Item 6. | Exhibits | 60

The terms “Par,” “Company,” “we,” “our,” and “us” refer to Par Pacific Holdings, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries unless the context suggests otherwise.

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Unaudited)
(in thousands, except share data)

| September 30, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |
Current assets |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 127,333 |  |  | $ | 126,015 |
Restricted cash | 2,000 |  |  | 2,413 |
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | 129,333 |  |  | 128,428 |
Trade accounts receivable, net of allowances of $1.1 million and $1.2 million at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively | 116,546 |  |  | 228,718 |
Inventories | 493,569 |  |  | 615,872 |
Prepaid and other current assets | 9,678 |  |  | 59,156 |
Total current assets | 749,126 |  |  | 1,032,174 |
Property, plant, and equipment |  |  |  |
Property, plant, and equipment | 1,184,999 |  |  | 1,146,983 |
Less accumulated depreciation, depletion, and amortization | (235,050 | ) |  | (185,040 | )
Property, plant, and equipment, net | 949,949 |  |  | 961,943 |
Long-term assets |  |  |  |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 366,029 |  |  | 420,073 |
Investment in Laramie Energy, LLC | — |  |  | 46,905 |
Intangible assets, net | 19,556 |  |  | 21,549 |
Goodwill | 127,997 |  |  | 195,919 |
Other long-term assets | 59,757 |  |  | 21,997 |
Total assets | $ | 2,272,414 |  |  | $ | 2,700,560 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |  |
Current maturities of long-term debt | $ | 59,261 |  |  | $ | 12,297 |
Obligations under inventory financing agreements | 470,905 |  |  | 656,162 |
Accounts payable | 128,251 |  |  | 162,402 |
Deferred revenue | 5,994 |  |  | 7,905 |
Accrued taxes | 23,131 |  |  | 30,813 |
Operating lease liabilities | 55,293 |  |  | 79,999 |
Other accrued liabilities | 132,868 |  |  | 84,744 |
Total current liabilities | 875,703 |  |  | 1,034,322 |
Long-term liabilities |  |  |  |
Long-term debt, net of current maturities | 651,252 |  |  | 599,634 |
Common stock warrants | — |  |  | 8,206 |
Finance lease liabilities | 6,863 |  |  | 6,227 |
Operating lease liabilities | 315,591 |  |  | 340,909 |
Other liabilities | 43,065 |  |  | 63,020 |
Total liabilities | 1,892,474 |  |  | 2,052,318 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 14) |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value: 3,000,000 shares authorized, none issued | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 500,000,000 shares authorized at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, 53,947,364 shares and 53,254,151 shares issued at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively | 539 |  |  | 533 |
Additional paid-in capital | 723,929 |  |  | 715,069 |
Accumulated deficit | (345,110 | ) |  | (67,942 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive income | 582 |  |  | 582 |
Total stockholders’ equity | 379,940 |  |  | 648,242 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 2,272,414 |  |  | $ | 2,700,560 |

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.
1

PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Unaudited)
(in thousands, except per share amounts)

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30, |  | September 30,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Revenues | $ | 689,981 |  |  | $ | 1,401,638 |  |  | $ | 2,409,365 |  |  | $ | 4,002,382 |
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) | 585,289 |  |  | 1,265,755 |  |  | 2,236,778 |  |  | 3,578,329 |
Operating expense (excluding depreciation) | 69,458 |  |  | 83,237 |  |  | 209,876 |  |  | 231,741 |
Depreciation, depletion, and amortization | 22,821 |  |  | 22,227 |  |  | 66,232 |  |  | 65,103 |
Impairment expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 67,922 |  |  | — |
General and administrative expense (excluding depreciation) | 9,818 |  |  | 11,391 |  |  | 31,823 |  |  | 34,435 |
Acquisition and integration costs | (155 | ) |  | 623 |  |  | 600 |  |  | 4,325 |
Total operating expenses | 687,231 |  |  | 1,383,233 |  |  | 2,613,231 |  |  | 3,913,933 |
Operating income (loss) | 2,750 |  |  | 18,405 |  |  | (203,866 | ) |  | 88,449 |
Other income (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense and financing costs, net | (17,523 | ) |  | (18,348 | ) |  | (52,611 | ) |  | (57,336 | )
Debt extinguishment and commitment costs | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9,186 | )
Other income, net | 610 |  |  | 83 |  |  | 1,089 |  |  | 2,347 |
Change in value of common stock warrants | — |  |  | (826 | ) |  | 4,270 |  |  | (3,065 | )
Equity losses from Laramie Energy, LLC | — |  |  | (85,633 | ) |  | (46,905 | ) |  | (84,841 | )
Total other income (expense), net | (16,913 | ) |  | (104,724 | ) |  | (94,157 | ) |  | (152,081 | )
Loss before income taxes | (14,163 | ) |  | (86,319 | ) |  | (298,023 | ) |  | (63,632 | )
Income tax benefit (expense) | (108 | ) |  | 2,428 |  |  | 20,855 |  |  | 69,002 |
Net income (loss) | $ | (14,271 | ) |  | $ | (83,891 | ) |  | $ | (277,168 | ) |  | $ | 5,370 |
Income (loss) per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | (0.27 | ) |  | $ | (1.65 | ) |  | $ | (5.20 | ) |  | $ | 0.11 |
Diluted | $ | (0.27 | ) |  | $ | (1.65 | ) |  | $ | (5.20 | ) |  | $ | 0.11 |
Weighted-average number of shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 53,374 |  |  | 50,942 |  |  | 53,265 |  |  | 49,973 |
Diluted | 53,374 |  |  | 50,942 |  |  | 53,265 |  |  | 50,071 |

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.
2

PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)
(in thousands)

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2020 |  | 2019
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net Income (Loss) | $ | (277,168 | ) |  | $ | 5,370 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation, depletion, and amortization | 66,232 |  |  | 65,103 |
Impairment expense | 67,922 |  |  | — |
Debt extinguishment and commitment costs | — |  |  | 9,186 |
Non-cash interest expense | 5,066 |  |  | 7,064 |
Non-cash lower of cost or net realizable value adjustment | 22,281 |  |  | 2,496 |
Change in value of common stock warrants | (4,270 | ) |  | 3,065 |
Deferred taxes | (21,087 | ) |  | (69,563 | )
Stock-based compensation | 5,314 |  |  | 4,646 |
Unrealized (gain) loss on derivative contracts | (2,733 | ) |  | 6,328 |
Equity losses from Laramie Energy, LLC | 46,905 |  |  | 84,841 |
Net changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Trade accounts receivable | 112,177 |  |  | (39,455 | )
Prepaid and other assets | 50,830 |  |  | 13,838 |
Inventories | 98,830 |  |  | (249,814 | )
Deferred turnaround expenditures | (40,575 | ) |  | (8,986 | )
Obligations under inventory financing agreements | (124,418 | ) |  | 212,862 |
Accounts payable, other accrued liabilities, and operating lease ROU assets and liabilities | 20,647 |  |  | 51,651 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 25,953 |  |  | 98,632 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Acquisitions of businesses, net of cash acquired | — |  |  | (274,291 | )
Proceeds from purchase price settlement related to asset acquisition | — |  |  | 3,226 |
Capital expenditures | (42,451 | ) |  | (64,086 | )
Other investing activities | 23 |  |  | 864 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (42,428 | ) |  | (334,287 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from borrowings | 205,950 |  |  | 470,505 |
Repayments of borrowings | (120,489 | ) |  | (207,121 | )
Net borrowings (repayments) on deferred payment arrangements and receivable advances | (60,839 | ) |  | 27,783 |
Payment of deferred loan costs | (6,266 | ) |  | (13,450 | )
Payments for debt extinguishment and commitment costs | — |  |  | (7,142 | )
Other financing activities, net | (976 | ) |  | 2,396 |
Net cash provided by financing activities | 17,380 |  |  | 272,971 |
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | 905 |  |  | 37,316 |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period | 128,428 |  |  | 75,819 |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period | $ | 129,333 |  |  | $ | 113,135 |
Supplemental cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |
Net cash received (paid) for: |  |  |
Interest | $ | (35,697 | ) |  | $ | (35,913 | )
Taxes | 124 |  |  | (3,974 | )
Non-cash investing and financing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Accrued capital expenditures | $ | 10,981 |  |  | $ | 7,207 |
Value of warrants reclassified to equity | 3,936 |  |  | — |
ROU assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities | 1,992 |  |  | 198 |
ROU assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities | 11,974 |  |  | 15,532 |
ROU assets terminated in exchange for release from operating lease liabilities | 7,738 |  |  | 193 |
Common stock issued for business combination | — |  |  | 36,980 |
Common stock issued to repurchase convertible notes | — |  |  | 30,055 |

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.
3

PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(Unaudited)
(in thousands)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |
|  |  |  |  | Additional |  |  |  | Other |  |
| Common Stock |  | Paid-In |  | Accumulated |  | Comprehensive |  | Total
| Shares |  | Amount |  | Capital |  | Deficit |  | Income |  | Equity
Balance, December 31, 2018 | 46,984 |  |  | $ | 470 |  |  | $ | 617,937 |  |  | $ | (108,751 | ) |  | $ | 2,673 |  |  | $ | 512,329 |
Issuance of common stock for business combination | 2,364 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 36,957 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 36,980 |
Stock-based compensation | 246 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1,532 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,535 |
Purchase of common stock for retirement | (44 | ) |  | — |  |  | (734 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (734 | )
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 61,092 |  |  | — |  |  | 61,092 |
Balance, March 31, 2019 | 49,550 |  |  | 496 |  |  | 655,692 |  |  | (47,659 | ) |  | 2,673 |  |  | 611,202 |
Issuance of common stock for convertible notes repurchase, net (1) | 1,449 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 17,775 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,789 |
Issuance of common stock for employee stock purchase plan | 37 |  |  | — |  |  | 754 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 754 |
Stock-based compensation | (31 | ) |  | — |  |  | 1,550 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,550 |
Purchase of common stock for retirement | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (20 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20 | )
Exercise of stock options | 21 |  |  | — |  |  | 119 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 119 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28,169 |  |  | — |  |  | 28,169 |
Balance, June 30, 2019 | 51,024 |  |  | 510 |  |  | 675,870 |  |  | (19,490 | ) |  | 2,673 |  |  | 659,563 |
Stock-based compensation | (20 | ) |  | — |  |  | 1,448 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,448 |
Purchase of common stock for retirement | (6 | ) |  | — |  |  | (414 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (414 | )
Exercise of stock options | 170 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2,802 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,804 |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (83,891 | ) |  | — |  |  | (83,891 | )
Balance, September 30, 2019 | 51,168 |  |  | $ | 512 |  |  | $ | 679,706 |  |  | $ | (103,381 | ) |  | $ | 2,673 |  |  | $ | 579,510 |

4

PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (continued)
(Unaudited)
(in thousands)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |
|  |  |  |  | Additional |  |  |  | Other |  |
| Common Stock |  | Paid-In |  | Accumulated |  | Comprehensive |  | Total
| Shares |  | Amount |  | Capital |  | Deficit |  | Income |  | Equity
Balance, December 31, 2019 | 53,254 |  |  | $ | 533 |  |  | $ | 715,069 |  |  | $ | (67,942 | ) |  | $ | 582 |  |  | $ | 648,242 |
Exercise of common stock warrants | 351 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3,933 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,936 |
Stock-based compensation | 296 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1,612 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,615 |
Purchase of common stock for retirement | (64 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (1,067 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,068 | )
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (222,337 | ) |  | — |  |  | (222,337 | )
Balance, March 31, 2020 | 53,837 |  |  | 538 |  |  | 719,547 |  |  | (290,279 | ) |  | 582 |  |  | 430,388 |
Issuance of common stock for employee stock purchase plan | 95 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 854 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 855 |
Stock-based compensation | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,794 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,794 |
Purchase of common stock for retirement | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1 | )
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (40,560 | ) |  | — |  |  | (40,560 | )
Balance, June 30, 2020 | 53,942 |  |  | 539 |  |  | 722,194 |  |  | (330,839 | ) |  | 582 |  |  | 392,476 |
Stock-based compensation | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,777 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,777 |
Purchase of common stock for retirement | (5 | ) |  | — |  |  | (42 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (42 | )
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (14,271 | ) |  | — |  |  | (14,271 | )
Balance, September 30, 2020 | 53,947 |  |  | $ | 539 |  |  | $ | 723,929 |  |  | $ | (345,110 | ) |  | $ | 582 |  |  | $ | 379,940 |

(1) | The issuance of common stock for the repurchase of a portion of our 5.00% Convertible Senior Notes in the three months ended June 30, 2019 is presented net of a $12.3 million write-off associated with the equity component of the repurchased notes.

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.
5

PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
For the Interim Periods Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019
Note 1—Overview
Par Pacific Holdings, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries (“Par” or the “Company”) own and operate market-leading energy and infrastructure businesses. Our strategy is to acquire and develop businesses in logistically-complex markets. Currently, we operate in three primary business segments:
1) Refining - We own and operate four refineries with total throughput capacity of over 200 thousand barrels per day in Hawaii, Wyoming, and Washington.
2) Retail - Our retail outlets in Hawaii, Washington, and Idaho sell gasoline, diesel, and retail merchandise through Hele, “76”, “Cenex®,” and “Zip Trip®” branded sites, “nomnom” branded company-operated convenience stores, 7-Eleven operated convenience stores, other sites operated by third parties, and unattended cardlock stations.
3) Logistics - We operate an extensive multi-modal logistics network spanning the Pacific, the Northwest, and the Rockies that primarily transports and stores our crude oil and refined products for our refineries and transports refined products to our retail sites or third-party purchasers.
As of September 30, 2020, we owned a 46.0% equity investment in Laramie Energy, LLC (“Laramie Energy”). Laramie Energy is focused on producing natural gas in Garfield, Mesa, and Rio Blanco Counties, Colorado.
Our Corporate and Other reportable segment primarily includes general and administrative costs.
Note 2—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation
The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Par and its subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain amounts previously reported in our condensed consolidated financial statements for prior periods have been reclassified to conform with the current presentation.
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) for interim financial information, the instructions to Form 10-Q, and Article 10 of Regulation S-X of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete consolidated financial statements. The condensed consolidated financial statements contained in this report include all material adjustments of a normal recurring nature that, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the interim periods presented. The results of operations for the interim periods presented are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the complete fiscal year or for any other period. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019 was derived from our audited consolidated financial statements as of that date. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read together with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses and the related disclosures. Actual amounts could differ from these estimates.
The worldwide spread and severity of a new coronavirus, referred to as COVID-19, and certain developments in the global crude oil markets have impacted our businesses, people, and operations. We are actively responding to these ongoing matters and many uncertainties remain. Due to the rapid development and fluidity of the situation, the full magnitude of the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on our estimates and assumptions, financial condition, future results of operations, and future cash flows and liquidity is uncertain and has been and may continue to be material.
Allowance for Credit Losses
We are exposed to credit losses primarily through our sales of refined products. Credit limits and/or prepayment requirements are set based on such factors as the customer’s financial results, credit rating, payment history, and industry and are reviewed annually for customers with material credit limits. Credit allowances are reviewed at least quarterly based on changes in the customer’s creditworthiness due to economic conditions, liquidity, and business strategy as publicly reported and through discussions between the customer and the Company. We establish provisions for losses on trade receivables based on the estimated
6

PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
For the Interim Periods Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019
credit loss we expect to incur over the life of the receivable. We did not have a material change in our allowances on trade receivables during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 or 2019.
Cost Classifications
Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) includes the hydrocarbon-related costs of inventory sold, transportation costs of delivering product to customers, crude oil consumed in the refining process, costs to satisfy our Renewable Identification Numbers (“RINs”) obligations, and certain hydrocarbon fees and taxes. Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) also includes the unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives and inventory valuation adjustments. Certain direct operating expenses related to our logistics segment are also included in Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation).
Operating expense (excluding depreciation) includes direct costs of labor, maintenance and services, energy and utility costs, property taxes, and environmental compliance costs, as well as chemicals and catalysts and other direct operating expenses.
The following table summarizes depreciation and finance lease amortization expense excluded from each line item in our condensed consolidated statements of operations (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Cost of revenues |  | $ | 5,479 |  |  | $ | 4,763 |  |  | $ | 15,974 |  |  | $ | 12,579 |
Operating expense |  | 15,084 |  |  | 13,630 |  |  | 43,650 |  |  | 40,212 |
General and administrative expense |  | 948 |  |  | 797 |  |  | 2,584 |  |  | 2,341 |

Recent Accounting Pronouncements
There have been no developments to recent accounting pronouncements, including the expected dates of adoption and estimated effects on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows, from those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, except for the following:
In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting (“ASU 2020-04”). This ASU provides for optional expedients and allowable exceptions to GAAP to ease the potential burden in recognizing the effects of reference rate reform, especially in regards to the cessation of the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”). ASU 2020-04 is applicable to contract modifications that meet certain requirements and are entered into between March 12, 2020 and December 31, 2022. We have several contracts that reference LIBOR, some of which terminate after LIBOR is anticipated to cease being reported in 2021. We are currently reviewing the effect that the election of ASU 2020-04 would have on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.
Accounting Principles Adopted
On January 1, 2020, we adopted ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, as amended by other ASUs issued since June 2016 (“ASU 2016-13”), using the modified retrospective transition method. Under this optional transition method, information presented prior to January 1, 2020 has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for the period. There was no adjustment to our opening retained earnings as a result of the adoption of this ASU. ASU 2016-13 requires expected credit losses on financial instruments to be recorded over the estimated life of the financial instrument. Prior to this ASU, the guidance required recording of credit losses when those losses were incurred. ASU 2016-13 is applicable to credit losses and allowances on loans, debt securities, trade receivables, net investments in leases, off-balance-sheet credit exposures, reinsurance receivables, and certain other financial assets, but excludes derivative assets under FASB ASC Topic 815 “Derivatives and Hedging.” Our adoption of ASU 2016-13 did not have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, or related disclosures.
On January 1, 2020, we adopted ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (“ASU 2017-04”), which eliminated Step 2 from the current goodwill impairment test. Under ASU 2017-04, an entity is no longer required to determine a goodwill impairment by calculating the implied fair value of goodwill by assigning the fair value of a reporting unit to all of its assets and liabilities as if that reporting unit had been acquired in a business combination. Under ASU 2017-04, an entity should recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. This ASU changed the policy under which we perform our goodwill impairment assessments by eliminating Step 2 of the test.
7

PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
For the Interim Periods Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019
On January 1, 2020, we adopted ASU No. 2018-13, Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement (“ASU 2018-13”). This ASU amended, added, and removed certain disclosure requirements under FASB ASC Topic 820 “Fair Value Measurement.” The adoption of ASU 2018-13 did not have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, or related disclosures.
On January 1, 2020, we adopted ASU No. 2018-15, Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That is a Service Contract (“ASU 2018-15”), using the prospective method and information that was presented prior to January 1, 2020 has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for that period. This ASU required entities to account for implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing agreement that is a service contract under the guidance in FASB ASC Topic 350, “Goodwill and Intangible Assets,” which results in a capitalized and amortizable intangible asset. The adoption of ASU 2018-15 did not have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.
Note 3—Investment in Laramie Energy, LLC
As of September 30, 2020, we had a 46.0% ownership interest in Laramie Energy. Laramie Energy is focused on producing natural gas in Garfield, Mesa, and Rio Blanco Counties, Colorado.
Laramie Energy has a $400 million revolving credit facility with a borrowing base currently set at $200.9 million that is secured by a lien on its natural gas and crude oil properties and related assets. As of September 30, 2020, the balance outstanding on the revolving credit facility was approximately $200.0 million. We are guarantors of Laramie Energy’s credit facility, with recourse limited to the pledge of our equity interest in our wholly owned subsidiary, Par Piceance Energy Equity, LLC. Under the terms of its credit facility, Laramie Energy is generally prohibited from making future cash distributions to its owners, including us. On April 23, 2020, Laramie Energy extended the credit facility from its original maturity date of December 15, 2020 to December 15, 2021.
At March 31, 2020, we conducted an impairment evaluation of our investment in Laramie Energy because of (i) the global economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, (ii) an increase in the weighted-average cost of capital for energy companies, and (iii) continuing declines in natural gas prices through the first quarter of 2020. Based on our evaluation, we determined that the estimated fair value of our investment in Laramie Energy was $1.9 million, compared to a carrying value of $47.2 million at March 31, 2020. The fair value estimate was determined using a discounted cash flow analysis based on natural gas forward strip prices as of March 31, 2020 for the years 2020 and 2021 of the forecast, and a blend of forward strip pricing and third-party analyst pricing for the years 2022 through 2028. Other significant inputs used in the discounted cash flow analysis included proved and unproved reserves information, forecasts of operating expenditures, and the applicable discount rate. As a result, we recorded an other-than temporary impairment charge of $45.3 million in Equity earnings (losses) from Laramie Energy, LLC on our condensed consolidated statement of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2020.
The change in our equity investment in Laramie Energy is as follows (in thousands):

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020
Beginning balance | $ | 46,905 |
Equity earnings from Laramie Energy (1) | (1,611 | )
Impairment of our investment in Laramie Energy | (45,294 | )
Ending balance | $ | — |

______________________________________________________

(1) | As of June 30, 2020, we have discontinued the application of the equity method of accounting for our investment in Laramie Energy because the book value of such investment has been reduced to zero.

8

PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
For the Interim Periods Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019
Summarized financial information for Laramie Energy is as follows (in thousands):

| September 30, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Current assets | $ | 23,808 |  |  | $ | 23,367 |
Non-current assets | 366,610 |  |  | 393,575 |
Current liabilities | 23,714 |  |  | 229,687 |
Non-current liabilities | 291,138 |  |  | 85,287 |

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Natural gas and oil revenues | $ | 28,257 |  |  | $ | 38,967 |  |  | $ | 86,515 |  |  | $ | 150,161 |
Loss from operations | (3,443 | ) |  | (10,028 | ) |  | (10,773 | ) |  | (4,490 | )
Net loss | (12,643 | ) |  | (12,586 | ) |  | (26,418 | ) |  | (18,139 | )

Laramie Energy’s net loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 includes $9.0 million and $28.3 million of depreciation, depletion, and amortization (“DD&A”) and $5.9 million and $7.6 million of unrealized losses on derivative instruments, respectively. Laramie Energy’s net loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 includes $20.7 million and $63.1 million of DD&A and $4.3 million of unrealized losses and $6.8 million of unrealized gains on derivative instruments, respectively.
Note 4—Acquisitions
Washington Acquisition
On November 26, 2018, we entered into a Purchase and Sale Agreement to acquire U.S. Oil & Refining Co. and certain affiliated entities (collectively, “U.S. Oil”), a privately-held downstream business (the “Washington Acquisition”). The Washington Acquisition included a 42 Mbpd refinery, a marine terminal, a unit train-capable rail loading terminal, and 2.9 MMbbls of refined product and crude oil storage. The refinery and associated logistics system are strategically located in Tacoma, Washington, and currently serve the Pacific Northwest market. On January 11, 2019, we completed the Washington Acquisition for a total purchase price of $326.5 million, including acquired working capital, consisting of cash consideration of $289.5 million and approximately 2.4 million shares of Par’s common stock with a fair value of $37.0 million issued to the seller of U.S. Oil. The cash consideration was funded in part through cash on hand, proceeds from borrowings under a new term loan facility entered into with Goldman Sachs Bank USA, as administrative agent, of $250.0 million (the “Term Loan B”), and proceeds from borrowings under a term loan from the Bank of Hawaii of $45.0 million (the “Par Pacific Term Loan”). Please read Note 10—Debt for further information on the Term Loan B and Par Pacific Term Loan. In January 2019, we incurred $5.4 million of commitment fees associated with the funding of the Washington Acquisition. Such commitment fees are presented as Debt extinguishment and commitment costs on our condensed consolidated statements of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2019.
In connection with the consummation of the Washington Acquisition, we assumed the Washington Refinery Intermediation Agreement with Merrill Lynch Commodities, Inc. (“MLC”) that provides a structured financing arrangement based on U.S. Oil’s crude oil and refined products inventories and associated accounts receivable. Please read Note 9—Inventory Financing Agreements for further information on the Washington Refinery Intermediation Agreement.
We accounted for the Washington Acquisition as a business combination whereby the purchase price is allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values on the date of the acquisition. Goodwill recognized in the transaction was attributable to opportunities expected to arise from combining our operations with those of the Washington refinery and the utilization of our net operating loss carryforwards, as well as other intangible assets that do not qualify for separate recognition. Goodwill recognized as a result of the Washington Acquisition is not expected to be deductible for income tax reporting purposes.
9

PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
For the Interim Periods Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019
A summary of the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed is as follows (in thousands):

Cash | $ | 16,146 |
Accounts receivable | 34,954 |
Inventories | 98,367 |
Prepaid and other assets | 5,320 |
Property, plant, and equipment | 412,766 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 62,337 |
Goodwill (1) | 42,522 |
Total assets (2) | 672,412 |
Obligations under inventory financing agreements | (116,873 | )
Accounts payable | (55,357 | )
Current operating lease obligations | (21,571 | )
Other current liabilities | (18,411 | )
Long-term operating lease obligations | (40,766 | )
Deferred tax liability | (92,103 | )
Other non-current liabilities | (804 | )
Total liabilities | (345,885 | )
Total | $ | 326,527 |

______________________________________________

(1) | We allocated $24.7 million and $17.8 million of goodwill to our refining and logistics segments, respectively.

(2) | We allocated $403.9 million and $268.5 million of total assets to our refining and logistics segments, respectively.

As of December 31, 2019, we finalized the Washington Acquisition purchase price allocation. We incurred $2.2 million of acquisition costs related to the Washington Acquisition for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. These costs are included in Acquisition and integration costs on our condensed consolidated statement of operations.
The results of operations of U.S. Oil were included in our results beginning on January 11, 2019. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, our results of operations included revenues of $300.0 million and $855.6 million and income before income taxes of $29.4 million and $49.5 million related to U.S. Oil, respectively. The following unaudited pro forma financial information presents our consolidated revenues and net income (loss) as if the Washington Acquisition had been completed on January 1, 2018 (in thousands except per share information):

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Revenues | $ | 4,030,290 |
Net loss | (72,544 | )
Loss per share |
Basic | $ | (1.45 | )
Diluted | $ | (1.45 | )

These pro forma results were based on estimates and assumptions that we believe are reasonable. They are not necessarily indicative of our consolidated results of operations in future periods or the results that actually would have been realized had we been a combined company during the periods presented. The pro forma results for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 include adjustments to remeasure U.S. Oil’s LIFO inventory reserve as if the Washington Acquisition had been completed on January 1, 2018, record interest and other debt extinguishment costs related to issuance of the Term Loan B and Par Pacific Term Loan, and to adjust U.S. Oil’s historical depreciation expense as a result of the fair value adjustment to Property, plant, and
10

PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
For the Interim Periods Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019
equipment, net. Additionally, the pro forma results include the elimination of the $67.0 million tax benefit that was recognized by the Company in connection with the Washington Acquisition.
Note 5—Revenue Recognition
As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, receivables from contracts with customers were $110.2 million and $214.5 million, respectively. Our refining segment recognizes deferred revenues when cash payments are received in advance of delivery of products to the customer. Deferred revenue was $6.0 million and $7.9 million as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.
The following table provides information about disaggregated revenue by major product line and includes a reconciliation of the disaggregated revenues to total segment revenues (in thousands):

Three Months Ended September 30, 2020 |  | Refining |  | Logistics |  | Retail
Product or service: |  |  |  |  |  |
Gasoline |  | $ | 219,849 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 59,344 |
Distillates (1) |  | 213,448 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,847 |
Other refined products (2) |  | 188,586 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Merchandise |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 24,010 |
Transportation and terminalling services |  | — |  |  | 41,722 |  |  | — |
Other revenue |  | 4,543 |  |  | — |  |  | 535 |
Total segment revenues (3) |  | $ | 626,426 |  |  | $ | 41,722 |  |  | $ | 91,736 |

Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 |  | Refining |  | Logistics |  | Retail
Product or service: |  |  |  |  |  |
Gasoline |  | $ | 399,543 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 86,941 |
Distillates (1) |  | 625,080 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,857 |
Other refined products (2) |  | 311,724 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Merchandise |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 24,098 |
Transportation and terminalling services |  | — |  |  | 49,623 |  |  | — |
Other revenue |  | 604 |  |  | — |  |  | 338 |
Total segment revenues (3) |  | $ | 1,336,951 |  |  | $ | 49,623 |  |  | $ | 122,234 |

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 |  | Refining |  | Logistics |  | Retail
Product or service: |  |  |  |  |  |
Gasoline |  | $ | 641,817 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 179,348 |
Distillates (1) |  | 986,916 |  |  | — |  |  | 24,939 |
Other refined products (2) |  | 581,839 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Merchandise |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 68,421 |
Transportation and terminalling services |  | — |  |  | 143,004 |  |  | — |
Other revenue |  | 19,281 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,462 |
Total segment revenues (3) |  | $ | 2,229,853 |  |  | $ | 143,004 |  |  | $ | 274,170 |

11

PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
For the Interim Periods Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 |  | Refining |  | Logistics |  | Retail
Product or service: |  |  |  |  |  |
Gasoline |  | $ | 1,060,095 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 242,952 |
Distillates (1) |  | 1,827,879 |  |  | — |  |  | 30,413 |
Other refined products (2) |  | 941,109 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Merchandise |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 68,176 |
Transportation and terminalling services |  | — |  |  | 144,978 |  |  | — |
Other revenue |  | 1,489 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,273 |
Total segment revenues (3) |  | $ | 3,830,572 |  |  | $ | 144,978 |  |  | $ | 342,814 |

_______________________________________________________

(1) | Distillates primarily include diesel and jet fuel.

(2) | Other refined products include fuel oil, gas oil, asphalt, and naphtha.

(3) | Refer to Note 18—Segment Information for the reconciliation of segment revenues to total consolidated revenues.

Note 6—Inventories
Inventories at September 30, 2020 consisted of the following (in thousands):

| Titled Inventory |  | Supply and Offtake Agreements (1) |  | Total
Crude oil and feedstocks | $ | 132,659 |  |  | $ | 131,957 |  |  | $ | 264,616 |
Refined products and blendstock | 85,624 |  |  | 76,286 |  |  | 161,910 |
Warehouse stock and other (2) | 67,043 |  |  | — |  |  | 67,043 |
Total | $ | 285,326 |  |  | $ | 208,243 |  |  | $ | 493,569 |

Inventories at December 31, 2019 consisted of the following (in thousands):

| Titled Inventory |  | Supply and Offtake Agreements (1) |  | Total
Crude oil and feedstocks | $ | 117,717 |  |  | $ | 148,303 |  |  | $ | 266,020 |
Refined products and blendstock | 127,966 |  |  | 158,737 |  |  | 286,703 |
Warehouse stock and other (2) | 63,149 |  |  | — |  |  | 63,149 |
Total | $ | 308,832 |  |  | $ | 307,040 |  |  | $ | 615,872 |

________________________________________________________

(1) | Please read Note 9—Inventory Financing Agreements for further information.

(2) | Includes $20.8 million and $19.1 million of RINs and environmental credits, reported at cost, as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. RINs and environmental obligations of $87.1 million and $22.8 million, reported at market value, are included in Other accrued liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

As of September 30, 2020, there was a $22.3 million reserve for the lower of cost or net realizable value of inventory. As of December 31, 2019, there was no reserve for the lower of cost or net realizable value of inventory. Our last-in, first-out (“LIFO”) inventories, net of the lower of cost or net realizable reserve, were equal to current cost as of September 30, 2020. As of December 31, 2019, the excess of current replacement cost over the LIFO inventory carrying value at the Washington refinery was approximately $6.4 million.
12

PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
For the Interim Periods Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019
Note 7—Prepaid and Other Current Assets
Prepaid and other current assets at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 consisted of the following (in thousands):

| September 30, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Advances to suppliers | $ | — |  |  | $ | 27,635 |
Collateral posted with broker for derivative instruments (1) | 2,986 |  |  | 10,306 |
Prepaid insurance | — |  |  | 13,536 |
Derivative assets | 2,963 |  |  | 2,075 |
Other | 3,729 |  |  | 5,604 |
Total | $ | 9,678 |  |  | $ | 59,156 |

_________________________________________________________

(1) | Our cash margin that is required as collateral deposits on our commodity derivatives cannot be offset against the fair value of open contracts except in the event of default. Please read Note 11—Derivatives for further information.

Note 8—Goodwill
During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the change in the carrying amount of goodwill was as follows (in thousands):

Balance at December 31, 2019 | $ | 195,919 |
Impairment expense | (67,922 | )
Balance at September 30, 2020 | $ | 127,997 |

At March 31, 2020, we performed a quantitative goodwill impairment test of all of our reporting units due to (i) the global economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and (ii) a steep decline in current and forecasted prices and demand for crude oil and refined products. As part of our quantitative impairment test, we compared the carrying value of the net assets of the reporting unit to the estimated fair value of the reporting unit. In assessing the fair value of the reporting units, we primarily utilized a market approach based on observable multiples for comparable companies within our industry. Our refining reporting units in Hawaii and Washington were fully impaired and the goodwill associated with our retail reporting unit in Washington and Idaho was partially impaired, resulting in a charge of $67.9 million in our condensed consolidated statement of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2020. The goodwill impairment expense was allocated to the Refining segment ($38.1 million) and to the Retail segment ($29.8 million).
Note 9—Inventory Financing Agreements
Supply and Offtake Agreements
On June 1, 2015, we entered into several agreements with J. Aron & Company LLC (“J. Aron”) to support the operations of our Par East Hawaii refinery (the “Supply and Offtake Agreements”). The Supply and Offtake Agreements mature on May 31, 2021 and have a one-year extension option upon mutual agreement of the parties. We are evaluating options to extend or replace the Supply and Offtake Agreements. Under the Supply and Offtake Agreements, J. Aron may enter into agreements with third parties whereby J. Aron will remit payments to these third parties for refinery procurement contracts for which we will become immediately obligated to reimburse J. Aron. As of September 30, 2020, we had no obligations due to J. Aron under this contractual undertakings agreement. On December 5, 2018, we amended the Supply and Offtake Agreements to account for additional processing capacity to be provided by the Par West Hawaii refinery. The amendment to the Supply and Offtake Agreements also (i) required us to increase our margin requirements by an aggregate $2.5 million by making certain additional margin payments on December 19, 2018, March 1, 2019, and June 3, 2019, and (ii) only allows dividends, payments, or other distributions with respect to any equity interests in Par Hawaii Refining, LLC (“PHR”), our wholly owned subsidiary, in limited and restricted circumstances.
During the term of the Supply and Offtake Agreements, J. Aron and we will identify mutually acceptable contracts for the purchase of crude oil from third parties. Per the Supply and Offtake Agreements, J. Aron will provide up to 150 Mbpd of crude oil to our Hawaii refineries. Additionally, we agreed to sell and J. Aron agreed to buy, at market prices, refined products produced at our Hawaii refineries. We will then repurchase the refined products from J. Aron prior to selling the refined products to our retail operations or to third parties. The agreements also provide for the lease of crude oil and certain refined product storage
13

PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
For the Interim Periods Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019
facilities to J. Aron. Following the expiration or termination of the Supply and Offtake Agreements, we are obligated to purchase the crude oil and refined product inventories then-owned by J. Aron and located at the leased storage facilities at then-current market prices.
Though title to the crude oil and certain refined product inventories resides with J. Aron, the Supply and Offtake Agreements are accounted for similar to a product financing arrangement; therefore, the crude oil and refined products inventories will continue to be included in our condensed consolidated balance sheets until processed and sold to a third party. Each reporting period, we record a liability in an amount equal to the amount we expect to pay to repurchase the inventory held by J. Aron based on current market prices.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, we incurred approximately $2.2 million and $8.9 million of inventory intermediation fees related to the Supply and Offtake Agreements, respectively, which are included in Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) on our condensed consolidated statements of operations. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, we incurred approximately $9.1 million and $24.7 million of inventory intermediation fees related to the Supply and Offtake Agreements, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, Interest expense and financing costs, net, on our condensed consolidated statements of operations includes approximately $0.4 million and $2.5 million of expenses related to the Supply and Offtake Agreements, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, Interest expense and financing costs, net on our condensed consolidated statements of operations includes approximately $1.3 million and $4.3 million of expenses related to the Supply and Offtake Agreements, respectively.
The Supply and Offtake Agreements also include a deferred payment arrangement (“Deferred Payment Arrangement”) whereby we can defer payments owed under the agreements up to the lesser of $165 million or 85% of the eligible accounts receivable and inventory. Upon execution of the Supply and Offtake Agreements, we paid J. Aron a deferral arrangement fee of $1.3 million. The deferred amounts under the Deferred Payment Arrangement bear interest at a rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus 3.50% per annum. We also agreed to pay a deferred payment availability fee equal to 0.75% of the unused capacity under the Deferred Payment Arrangement. Amounts outstanding under the Deferred Payment Arrangement are included in Obligations under inventory financing agreements on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the amount outstanding under the Deferred Payment Arrangement are included within Cash flows from financing activities on the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the capacity of the Deferred Payment Arrangement was $66.5 million and $155.5 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we had $51.9 million and $97.5 million outstanding, respectively, under the Deferred Payment Arrangements.
Under the Supply and Offtake Agreements, we pay or receive certain fees from J. Aron based on changes in market prices over time. In 2017, we fixed the market fee for the period from June 1, 2018 through May 2021 for $2.2 million. In 2020, we fixed the market fee for the period from February 1, 2020 through April 1, 2021 for an additional $0.8 million to be settled in fifteen payments. The receivable from J. Aron was recorded as a reduction to our Obligations under inventory financing agreements as allowed under the Supply and Offtake Agreements. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the receivable was $0.8 million and $0.5 million, respectively.
Washington Refinery Intermediation Agreement
In connection with the consummation of the Washington Acquisition, we became a party to the Washington Refinery Intermediation Agreement with MLC that provides a structured financing arrangement based on U.S. Oil’s crude oil and refined products inventories and associated accounts receivable. Under this arrangement, U.S. Oil purchases crude oil supplied from third-party suppliers and MLC provides credit support for such crude oil purchases. MLC’s credit support can consist of either providing a payment guaranty, causing the issuance of a letter of credit from a third-party issuing bank, or purchasing crude oil directly from third parties on our behalf. U.S. Oil holds title to all crude oil and refined products inventories at all times and pledges such inventories, together with all receivables arising from the sales of the same, exclusively to MLC. On November 1, 2019, we and MLC amended the Washington Refinery Intermediation Agreement and extended the term through June 30, 2021, with an option for us to early terminate as early as March 31, 2021. We are evaluating options to extend or replace the Washington Refinery Intermediation Agreement.
During the remaining term of the Washington Refinery Intermediation Agreement, MLC will make receivable advances to U.S. Oil based on an advance rate of 95% of eligible receivables, up to a total receivables advance maximum of $90.0 million (the “MLC receivable advances”), and additional advances based on crude oil and products inventories. Changes in the amount outstanding under the MLC receivable advances are included within Cash flows from financing activities on the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows. The MLC receivable advances bear interest at a rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus 3.25% per annum. We also agreed to pay an availability fee equal to 1.50% of the unused capacity under the MLC receivable advances. As part of the November 1, 2019 amendment, the availability fee was amended to equal 0.75% of the unused capacity
14

PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
For the Interim Periods Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019
under the MLC receivable advances. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, our outstanding balance under the MLC receivable advances was equal to our borrowing base of $48.5 million and $63.8 million, respectively. Additionally, as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we had approximately $71.3 million and $127.2 million in letters of credit outstanding through MLC’s credit support, respectively.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, we incurred approximately $1.0 million and $3.1 million of inventory intermediation fees, respectively, related to the Washington Refinery Intermediation Agreement, which are included in Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) on our condensed consolidated statements of operations. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, we incurred approximately $0.9 million and $2.7 million of inventory intermediation fees related to the Washington Refinery Intermediation Agreement, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, Interest expense and financing costs, net on our condensed consolidated statements of operations includes approximately $0.5 million and $2.2 million of expenses related to the Washington Refinery Intermediation Agreement, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, Interest expense and financing costs, net on our condensed consolidated statements of operations includes approximately $2.0 million and $4.8 million of expenses related to the Washington Refinery Intermediation Agreement, respectively.
The Supply and Offtake Agreements and the Washington Refinery Intermediation Agreement also provide us with the ability to economically hedge price risk on our inventories and crude oil purchases. Please read Note 11—Derivatives for further information.
Note 10—Debt
The following table summarizes our outstanding debt (in thousands):

| September 30, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
5.00% Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 | $ | 48,665 |  |  | $ | 48,665 |
7.75% Senior Secured Notes due 2025 | 300,000 |  |  | 300,000 |
ABL Credit Facility | — |  |  | — |
Mid Pac Term Loan | 1,408 |  |  | 1,433 |
Term Loan B | 231,250 |  |  | 240,625 |
Retail Property Term Loan | 42,880 |  |  | 44,014 |
PHL Term Loan | 5,882 |  |  | — |
12.875% Senior Secured Notes due 2026 | 105,000 |  |  | — |
Principal amount of long-term debt | 735,085 |  |  | 634,737 |
Less: unamortized discount and deferred financing costs | (24,572 | ) |  | (22,806 | )
Total debt, net of unamortized discount and deferred financing costs | 710,513 |  |  | 611,931 |
Less: current maturities | (59,261 | ) |  | (12,297 | )
Long-term debt, net of current maturities | $ | 651,252 |  |  | $ | 599,634 |

As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we had $0.1 million and $0.2 million in letters of credit outstanding under the ABL Credit Facility, respectively, and $3.6 million in cash-collateralized letters of credit and surety bonds outstanding.
Under the ABL Credit Facility, the indentures governing the 7.75% Senior Secured Notes and 12.875% Senior Secured Notes, and the Term Loan B Facility, our subsidiaries are restricted from paying dividends or making other equity distributions, subject to certain exceptions.
7.75% Senior Secured Notes Due 2025
On December 21, 2017, Par Petroleum, LLC and Par Petroleum Finance Corp. (collectively, the “Issuers”), both our wholly owned subsidiaries, completed the issuance and sale of $300 million in aggregate principal amount of 7.75% Senior Secured Notes in a private placement under Rule 144A and Regulation S of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. The net proceeds of $289.2 million (net of financing costs and original issue discount of 1%) from the sale were used to repay our previous credit facilities and the forward sale agreement with J. Aron and for general corporate purposes.
The 7.75% Senior Secured Notes bear interest at a rate of 7.750% per year (payable semi-annually in arrears on June 15 and December 15 of each year, beginning on June 15, 2018) and will mature on December 15, 2025.
15

PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
For the Interim Periods Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019
ABL Credit Facility
On December 21, 2017, in connection with the issuance of the 7.75% Senior Secured Notes, Par Petroleum, LLC, Par Hawaii, LLC (“PHL,” formerly known as Par Hawaii, Inc. and includes the assets previously owned by the dissolved entities Mid Pac Petroleum, LLC and HIE Retail, LLC), Hermes Consolidated, LLC, and Wyoming Pipeline Company (collectively, the “ABL Borrowers”), entered into a Loan and Security Agreement dated as of December 21, 2017 (the “ABL Credit Facility”) with certain lenders and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent and collateral agent. The ABL Credit Facility provides for a revolving credit facility that provides for revolving loans and for the issuance of letters of credit (the “ABL Revolver”). On July 24, 2018, we amended the ABL Credit Facility to increase the maximum principal amount at any time outstanding of the ABL Revolver by $10 million to $85 million, subject to a borrowing base. As of September 30, 2020, the ABL Revolver had no outstanding balance and a borrowing base of approximately $48.8 million.
5.00% Convertible Senior Notes Due 2021
As of September 30, 2020, the outstanding principal amount of the 5.00% Convertible Senior Notes was $48.7 million, the unamortized discount and deferred financing cost was $2.0 million, and the carrying amount of the liability component was $46.6 million. During May, June, and December 2019, we entered into privately negotiated exchange agreements with a limited number of holders (the “Noteholders”) to repurchase $66.3 million in aggregate principal amount of the 5.00% Convertible Senior Notes held by the Noteholders for an aggregate of $18.6 million in cash and approximately 3.2 million shares of our common stock with a fair value of $74.3 million. We recognized a loss of approximately $3.7 million related to the May and June extinguishments of the repurchased 5.00% Convertible Senior Notes in the nine months ended September 30, 2019.
Term Loan B Facility
On January 11, 2019, Par Petroleum, LLC and Par Petroleum Finance Corp. entered into a new term loan facility with Goldman Sachs Bank USA, as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto from time to time (the “Term Loan B Facility”), pursuant to which the lenders made the Term Loan B to the borrowers in the principal amount of $250.0 million on the closing date. The net proceeds from Term Loan B totaled $232.0 million after deducting the original issue discount, deferred financing costs, and commitment and other fees and were used to finance the Washington Acquisition.
Loans under the Term Loan B bear interest at a rate per annum equal to Adjusted LIBOR (as defined in the Term Loan B Facility) plus an applicable margin of 6.75% or at a rate per annum equal to Alternate Base Rate (as defined in the Term Loan B Facility) plus an applicable margin of 5.75%. In addition to the quarterly interest payments, Term Loan B requires quarterly principal payments of $3.1 million. Term Loan B matures on January 11, 2026.
Par Pacific Term Loan Agreement
On January 9, 2019, we entered into a loan agreement (the “Par Pacific Term Loan Agreement”) with Bank of Hawaii (“BOH”), pursuant to which BOH made a loan to the company in the principal amount of $45.0 million, the net proceeds of which were used to finance the Washington Acquisition.
During the term of the Par Pacific Term Loan, the interest payments were due monthly and were based on the outstanding principal balance multiplied by a floating rate equal to 3.50% above the applicable LIBOR rate (as defined in the Par Pacific Term Loan Agreement) subject to an increased default interest rate in the event of a default. The Par Pacific Term Loan Agreement was originally scheduled to mature on July 9, 2019. We terminated and repaid all amounts outstanding under the Par Pacific Term Loan Agreement on March 29, 2019 using the proceeds of the Retail Property Term Loan (as defined below). We recognized approximately $0.1 million of debt extinguishment costs related to the unamortized deferred financing costs associated with the Par Pacific Term Loan Agreement in the nine months ended September 30, 2019.
Retail Property Term Loan
On March 29, 2019, Par Pacific Hawaii Property Company, LLC (“Par Property LLC”), our wholly owned subsidiary, entered into a term loan agreement (the “Retail Property Term Loan”) with BOH, which provided a term loan in the principal amount of $45.0 million. The proceeds from the Retail Property Term Loan were used to repay and terminate the Par Pacific Term Loan Agreement.
The Retail Property Term Loan bears interest based on a floating rate equal to the applicable LIBOR for a one-month interest period plus 1.5%. Principal and interest payments are payable monthly based on a 20-year amortization schedule, principal prepayments are allowed subject to applicable prepayment penalties, and the remaining unpaid principal, plus any unpaid interest or other charges, is due on April 1, 2024, the maturity date of the Retail Property Term Loan.
16

PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
For the Interim Periods Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019
PHL Term Loan
On April 13, 2020, PHL, our wholly owned subsidiary, entered into a Term Loan Agreement (“PHL Term Loan”) with American Savings Bank F.S.B., which provided a term loan in the principal amount of approximately $6.0 million. The proceeds from the PHL Term Loan were used to finance PHL’s equity in certain real property. The PHL Term Loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 2.750% per annum. Principal and interest payments are payable monthly based on a 25-year amortization schedule, principal prepayments are allowed with no prepayment charge, and the remaining principal, plus any unpaid interest or other charges, is due on April 15, 2030, the maturity date of the PHL Term Loan. The PHL Term Loan is guaranteed by Par Petroleum, LLC.
12.875% Senior Secured Notes Due 2026
On June 5, 2020, the Issuers completed the issuance and sale of $105 million in aggregate principal amount of 12.875% Senior Secured Notes in a private placement under Rule 144A and Regulation S of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. The net proceeds of $98.8 million from the sale were used for general corporate purposes.
The 12.875% Senior Secured Notes bear interest at an annual rate of 12.875% per year (payable semi-annually in arrears on January 15 and July 15 of each year, beginning on January 15, 2021) and will mature on January 15, 2026. The indenture for the 12.875% Senior Secured Notes also allows for optional early redemptions, some of which require the Issuers to pay a premium and some of which have certain other restrictions related to timing and the maximum redeemable principal amount.
The obligations of the borrowers under the 12.875% Senior Secured Notes are guaranteed by the Issuers’ existing and future direct or indirect domestic subsidiaries (other than Par Petroleum Finance Corp.) and by Par Pacific Holdings, Inc., with respect to principal and interest only. The 12.875% Senior Secured Notes are secured on a pari passu basis by first priority liens (subject to the relative priority of permitted liens) on substantially all of the property and assets of the Issuers and the subsidiary guarantors, but excluding certain assets which are collateral under the ABL Credit Facility, the Supply and Offtake Agreements, and the Washington Refinery Intermediation Agreement.
Cross Default Provisions
Included within each of our debt agreements are affirmative and negative covenants, and customary cross default provisions, that require the repayment of amounts outstanding on demand unless the triggering payment default or acceleration is remedied, rescinded, or waived. As of September 30, 2020, we were in compliance with all of our debt instruments.
Guarantors
In connection with our shelf registration statement on Form S-3, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 6, 2019 and declared effective on February 15, 2019 (“Registration Statement”), we may sell non-convertible debt securities and other securities in one or more offerings with an aggregate initial offering price of up to $750.0 million. Any non-convertible debt securities issued under the Registration Statement may be fully and unconditionally guaranteed (except for customary release provisions), on a joint and several basis, by some or all of our subsidiaries, other than subsidiaries that are “minor” within the meaning of Rule 3-10 of Regulation S-X (the “Guarantor Subsidiaries”). We have no “independent assets or operations” within the meaning of Rule 3-10 of Regulation S-X and certain of the Guarantor Subsidiaries may be subject to restrictions on their ability to distribute funds to us, whether by cash dividends, loans, or advances.
Note 11—Derivatives
Commodity Derivatives
We utilize commodity derivative contracts to manage our price exposure in our inventory positions, future purchases of crude oil, future purchases and sales of refined products, and crude oil consumption in our refining process. The derivative contracts that we execute to manage our price risk include exchange traded futures, options, and over-the-counter (“OTC”) swaps. Our futures, options, and OTC swaps are marked-to-market and changes in the fair value of these contracts are recognized within Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) on our condensed consolidated statements of operations.
We are obligated to repurchase the crude oil and refined products from J. Aron at the termination of the Supply and Offtake Agreements. Our Washington Refinery Intermediation Agreement contains forward purchase obligations for certain volumes of crude oil and refined products that are required to be settled at market prices on a monthly basis. We have determined that these obligations under the Supply and Offtake Agreements and Washington Refinery Intermediation Agreement contain embedded derivatives. As such, we have accounted for these embedded derivatives at fair value with changes in the fair value recorded in Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) on our condensed consolidated statements of operations.
17

PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
For the Interim Periods Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019
We have entered into forward purchase contracts for crude oil and forward purchases and sales contracts of refined products. We elect the normal purchases normal sales (“NPNS”) exception for all forward contracts that meet the definition of a derivative and are not expected to net settle. Any gains and losses with respect to these forward contracts designated as NPNS are not reflected in earnings until the delivery occurs.
Our condensed consolidated balance sheets present derivative assets and liabilities on a net basis. Please read Note 12—Fair Value Measurements for the gross fair value and net carrying value of our derivative instruments. Our cash margin that is required as collateral deposits cannot be offset against the fair value of open contracts except in the event of default.
Our open futures and OTC swaps expire at various dates through December 2020. At September 30, 2020, our open commodity derivative contracts represented (in thousands of barrels):

Contract type |  | Purchases |  | Sales |  | Net
Futures |  | 450 |  |  | — |  |  | 450 |
Swaps |  | 3,000 |  |  | (5,300 | ) |  | (2,300 | )
Total |  | 3,450 |  |  | (5,300 | ) |  | (1,850 | )

At September 30, 2020, we also had option collars of 75 thousand barrels of crude oil per month that expire in December 2020 and 25 thousand barrels of crude oil per month that commence in January 2021 and expire in December 2021 to economically hedge our internally consumed fuel at our Hawaii refineries. These option collars have a weighted-average strike price ranging from a floor of $48.77 per barrel to a ceiling of $65.00 per barrel and from a floor of $36.50 per barrel to a ceiling of $60.00 per barrel, respectively.
Interest Rate Derivatives
We are exposed to interest rate volatility in our ABL Revolver, Term Loan B Facility, Retail Property Term Loan, Supply and Offtake Agreements, and Washington Refinery Intermediation Agreement. We may utilize interest rate swaps to manage our interest rate risk. As of September 30, 2020, we had entered into an interest rate swap at an average fixed rate of 3.91% in exchange for the floating interest rate and on the notional amounts due under the Retail Property Term Loan. This swap expires on April 1, 2024, the maturity date of the Retail Property Term Loan.
Our 5.00% Convertible Senior Notes include a redemption option and a related make-whole premium which represent an embedded derivative that is not clearly and closely related to the 5.00% Convertible Senior Notes. As such, we have accounted for this embedded derivative at fair value with changes in the fair value recorded in Interest expense and financing costs, net, on our condensed consolidated statements of operations. As of September 30, 2020, this embedded derivative was deemed to have a de minimis fair value.
The following table provides information on the fair value amounts (in thousands) of these derivatives as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 and their placement within our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

| Balance Sheet Location |  | September 30, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
|  |  | Asset (Liability)
Commodity derivatives (1) | Prepaid and other current assets |  | $ | 2,963 |  |  | $ | 2,075 |
Commodity derivatives | Other accrued liabilities |  | (1,915 | ) |  | (5,534 | )
J. Aron repurchase obligation derivative | Obligations under inventory financing agreements |  | (12,286 | ) |  | 173 |
MLC terminal obligation derivative | Obligations under inventory financing agreements |  | 6,991 |  |  | (14,717 | )
Interest rate derivatives | Other accrued liabilities |  | (942 | ) |  | (314 | )
Interest rate derivatives | Other liabilities |  | (2,340 | ) |  | (1,113 | )

_________________________________________________________

(1) | Does not include cash collateral of $3.0 million and $10.3 million recorded in Prepaid and other current assets and $9.5 million and $9.5 million in Other long-term assets as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

18

PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
For the Interim Periods Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019
The following table summarizes the pre-tax gains (losses) recognized in Net income (loss) on our condensed consolidated statements of operations resulting from changes in fair value of derivative instruments not designated as hedges charged directly to earnings (in thousands):

|  |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| Statement of Operations Location |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Commodity derivatives | Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) |  | $ | 1,860 |  |  | $ | (4,836 | ) |  | $ | (54,160 | ) |  | $ | (8,095 | )
J. Aron repurchase obligation derivative | Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) |  | 44,556 |  |  | (2,638 | ) |  | (12,459 | ) |  | (6,558 | )
MLC terminal obligation derivative | Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) |  | 6,000 |  |  | 4,656 |  |  | 62,076 |  |  | 1,317 |
Interest rate derivatives | Interest expense and financing costs, net |  | 2 |  |  | (415 | ) |  | (2,310 | ) |  | (1,885 | )

Note 12—Fair Value Measurements
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Common Stock Warrants
As of December 31, 2019, we had 354,350 common stock warrants outstanding. We estimated the fair value of our outstanding common stock warrants using the difference between the strike price of the warrant and the market price of our common stock, which is a Level 3 fair value measurement. As of December 31, 2019, the warrants had a weighted-average exercise price of $0.09 and a remaining term of 2.67 years. The estimated fair value of the common stock warrants was $23.16 per share as of December 31, 2019.
During January and March 2020, one of our stockholders and its affiliates exercised 354,350 common stock warrants with a fair value of $3.9 million. As a result of this cashless transaction, 350,542 shares of common stock were issued. As of September 30, 2020, we had no common stock warrants outstanding.
Derivative Instruments
We utilize commodity derivative contracts to manage our price exposure to our inventory positions, future purchases of crude oil, future purchases and sales of refined products, and cost of crude oil consumed in the refining process. We may utilize interest rate swaps to manage our interest rate risk.
We classify financial assets and liabilities according to the fair value hierarchy. Financial assets and liabilities classified as Level 1 instruments are valued using quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities. These include our exchange traded futures. Level 2 instruments are valued using quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability. Our Level 2 instruments include OTC swaps and options. These derivatives are valued using market quotations published by commodity exchanges. Level 3 instruments are valued using significant unobservable inputs that are not readily observable in the market. The valuation of the embedded derivatives related to our J. Aron repurchase and MLC terminal obligations is based on estimates of the prices and differentials assuming settlement at the end of the reporting period. Estimates of the J. Aron and MLC settlement prices are based on observable inputs, such as Brent/WTI indices, and contractual price differentials as defined in the Supply and Offtake Agreements and Washington Refinery Intermediation Agreement. Such contractual differentials vary by location and by the type of product and range from a discount of $6.05 per barrel to a premium of $15.43 per barrel as of September 30, 2020. Contractual price differentials are considered unobservable inputs; therefore, these embedded derivatives are classified as Level 3 instruments. We do not have other commodity derivatives classified as Level 3 at September 30, 2020 or December 31, 2019. Please read Note 11—Derivatives for further information on derivatives.
19

PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
For the Interim Periods Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019
Financial Statement Impact
Fair value amounts by hierarchy level as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 are presented gross in the tables below (in thousands):

| September 30, 2020
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Gross Fair Value |  | Effect of Counter-Party Netting |  | Net Carrying Value on Balance Sheet (1)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commodity derivatives | $ | 219 |  |  | $ | 16,233 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,452 |  |  | $ | (13,489 | ) |  | $ | 2,963 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commodity derivatives | $ | (302 | ) |  | $ | (15,102 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (15,404 | ) |  | $ | 13,489 |  |  | $ | (1,915 | )
J. Aron repurchase obligation derivative | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12,286 | ) |  | (12,286 | ) |  | — |  |  | (12,286 | )
MLC terminal obligation derivative | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,991 |  |  | 6,991 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,991 |
Interest rate derivatives | — |  |  | (3,282 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3,282 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3,282 | )
Total | $ | (302 | ) |  | $ | (18,384 | ) |  | $ | (5,295 | ) |  | $ | (23,981 | ) |  | $ | 13,489 |  |  | $ | (10,492 | )

| December 31, 2019
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Gross Fair Value |  | Effect of Counter-Party Netting |  | Net Carrying Value on Balance Sheet (1)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commodity derivatives | $ | 4,595 |  |  | $ | 2,075 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,670 |  |  | $ | (4,595 | ) |  | $ | 2,075 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock warrants | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (8,206 | ) |  | $ | (8,206 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (8,206 | )
Commodity derivatives | (10,129 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,129 | ) |  | 4,595 |  |  | (5,534 | )
J. Aron repurchase obligation derivative | — |  |  | — |  |  | 173 |  |  | 173 |  |  | — |  |  | 173 |
MLC terminal obligation derivative | — |  |  | — |  |  | (14,717 | ) |  | (14,717 | ) |  | — |  |  | (14,717 | )
Interest rate derivatives | — |  |  | (1,427 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,427 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,427 | )
Total | $ | (10,129 | ) |  | $ | (1,427 | ) |  | $ | (22,750 | ) |  | $ | (34,306 | ) |  | $ | 4,595 |  |  | $ | (29,711 | )

_________________________________________________________

(1) | Does not include cash collateral of $12.5 million and $19.8 million as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, included within Prepaid and other current assets and Other long-term assets on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

20

PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
For the Interim Periods Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019
A roll forward of Level 3 derivative instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis is as follows (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Balance, at beginning of period | $ | (66,098 | ) |  | $ | (12,720 | ) |  | $ | (22,750 | ) |  | $ | (922 | )
Settlements | 10,247 |  |  | 3,777 |  |  | (36,432 | ) |  | (4,121 | )
Acquired | — |  |  | 6,201 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,900 |
Total gains (losses) included in earnings | 50,556 |  |  | (3,463 | ) |  | 53,887 |  |  | (5,062 | )
Balance, at end of period | $ | (5,295 | ) |  | $ | (6,205 | ) |  | $ | (5,295 | ) |  | $ | (6,205 | )

The carrying value and fair value of long-term debt and other financial instruments as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 are as follows (in thousands):

| September 30, 2020
| Carrying Value |  | Fair Value
5.00% Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 (1) (3) | $ | 46,646 |  |  | $ | 44,706 |
7.75% Senior Secured Notes due 2025 (1) | 292,968 |  |  | 267,750 |
Mid Pac Term Loan (2) | 1,408 |  |  | 1,408 |
Term Loan B Facility (1) | 222,407 |  |  | 203,500 |
Retail Property Term Loan (2) | 42,231 |  |  | 42,231 |
PHL Term Loan (2) | 5,833 |  |  | 5,833 |
12.875% Senior Secured Notes due 2026 (1) | 99,020 |  |  | 109,284 |

| December 31, 2019
| Carrying Value |  | Fair Value
5.00% Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 (1) (3) | $ | 44,783 |  |  | $ | 66,477 |
7.75% Senior Secured Notes due 2025 (1) | 292,015 |  |  | 309,375 |
Mid Pac Term Loan (2) | 1,433 |  |  | 1,433 |
Term Loan B Facility (1) | 230,474 |  |  | 240,625 |
Retail Property Term Loan (2) | 43,226 |  |  | 43,226 |
Common stock warrants (2) | 8,206 |  |  | 8,206 |

_________________________________________________________

(1) | The fair value measurements of the 5.00% Convertible Senior Notes, 7.75% Senior Secured Notes, Term Loan B Facility, and 12.875% Senior Secured Notes are considered Level 2 measurements in the fair value hierarchy as discussed below.

(2) | The fair value measurements of the common stock warrants, Mid Pac Term Loan, Retail Property Term Loan, and PHL Term Loan are considered Level 3 measurements in the fair value hierarchy.

(3) | The carrying value of the 5.00% Convertible Senior Notes excludes the fair value of the equity component, which was classified as equity upon issuance.

The fair value of the 5.00% Convertible Senior Notes was determined by aggregating the fair value of the liability and equity components of the notes. The fair value of the liability component of the 5.00% Convertible Senior Notes was determined using a discounted cash flow analysis in which the projected interest and principal payments were discounted at an estimated market yield for a similar debt instrument without the conversion feature. The equity component was estimated based on the Black-Scholes model for a call option with strike price equal to the conversion price, a term matching the remaining life of the 5.00% Convertible Senior Notes, and an implied volatility based on market values of options outstanding as of September 30, 2020. The fair value of the 5.00% Convertible Senior Notes is considered a Level 2 measurement in the fair value hierarchy.
The fair value of the 7.75% Senior Secured Notes, Term Loan B Facility, and 12.875% Senior Secured Notes were determined using a market approach based on quoted prices. The inputs used to measure the fair value are classified as Level 2
21

PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
For the Interim Periods Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019
inputs within the fair value hierarchy because the 7.75% Senior Secured Notes, Term Loan B Facility, and 12.875% Senior Secured Notes may not be actively traded.
The Retail Property Term Loan is subject to a market-based floating interest rate. The Mid Pac Term Loan and PHL Term Loan are subject to fixed interest rates of 4.375% and 2.750%, respectively. The carrying values of our Retail Property, Mid Pac, and PHL Term Loans were determined to approximate fair value as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019. The fair value of all non-derivative financial instruments recorded in current assets, including cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, and trade accounts receivable, and current liabilities, including accounts payable, approximate their carrying value due to their short-term nature.
Note 13—Leases
We have cancelable and non-cancelable finance and operating lease obligations for the lease of land, vehicles, office space, retail facilities, and other facilities used in the storage and transportation of crude oil and refined products. Most of our leases include one or more options to renew, with renewal terms that can extend the lease term from one to 30 years or more. There are no material lease arrangements where we are the lessor and no material residual value guarantees associated with any of our leases.
The following table provides information on the amounts (in thousands, except lease term and discount rates) of our right-of-use assets (“ROU assets”) and liabilities as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 and their placement within our condensed consolidated balance sheets:

Lease type |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | September 30, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Finance |  | Property, plant, and equipment |  | $ | 13,543 |  |  | $ | 11,552 |
Finance |  | Accumulated amortization |  | (5,978 | ) |  | (4,447 | )
Finance |  | Property, plant, and equipment, net |  | $ | 7,565 |  |  | $ | 7,105 |
Operating |  | Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | 366,029 |  |  | 420,073 |
Total right-of-use assets |  | $ | 373,594 |  |  | $ | 427,178 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Current |  |  |  |  |  |
Finance |  | Other accrued liabilities |  | $ | 1,555 |  |  | $ | 1,784 |
Operating |  | Operating lease liabilities |  | 55,293 |  |  | 79,999 |
Long-term |  |  |  |  |  |
Finance |  | Finance lease liabilities |  | 6,863 |  |  | 6,227 |
Operating |  | Operating lease liabilities |  | 315,591 |  |  | 340,909 |
Total lease liabilities |  |  |  | $ | 379,302 |  |  | $ | 428,919 |
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years) |  |  |  |
Finance |  |  |  | 5.67 |  |  | 5.69 |
Operating |  |  |  | 10.64 |  |  | 10.26 |
Weighted-average discount rate |  |  |  |
Finance |  |  |  | 7.45 | % |  | 6.68 | %
Operating |  |  |  | 7.63 | % |  | 7.88 | %

22

PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
For the Interim Periods Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019
The following table summarizes the lease costs recognized in our condensed consolidated statements of operations (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
Lease cost type |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Finance lease cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of finance lease ROU assets |  | $ | 518 |  |  | $ | 479 |  |  | $ | 1,532 |  |  | $ | 1,380 |
Interest on lease liabilities |  | 156 |  |  | 128 |  |  | 487 |  |  | 392 |
Operating lease cost |  | 26,514 |  |  | 24,259 |  |  | 80,644 |  |  | 72,237 |
Variable lease cost |  | 2,185 |  |  | 2,799 |  |  | 7,842 |  |  | 8,689 |
Short-term lease cost |  | 820 |  |  | 1,067 |  |  | 1,662 |  |  | 1,483 |
Net lease cost |  | $ | 30,193 |  |  | $ | 28,732 |  |  | $ | 92,167 |  |  | $ | 84,181 |

The following table summarizes the supplemental cash flow information related to leases as follows (in thousands):

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
Lease type |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of liabilities |  |  |  |
Financing cash flows from finance leases |  | $ | 1,508 |  |  | $ | 1,571 |
Operating cash flows from finance leases |  | 493 |  |  | 559 |
Operating cash flows from operating leases |  | 76,536 |  |  | 71,181 |
Non-cash supplemental amounts |  |  |  |
ROU assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities |  | 1,992 |  |  | 198 |
ROU assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities |  | 11,974 |  |  | 15,532 |
ROU assets terminated in exchange for release from operating lease liabilities |  | 7,738 |  |  | 193 |

The table below includes the estimated future undiscounted cash flows for finance and operating leases as of September 30, 2020 (in thousands):

For the year ending December 31, |  | Finance leases |  | Operating leases |  | Total
2020 (1) |  | $ | 585 |  |  | $ | 27,018 |  |  | $ | 27,603 |
2021 |  | 1,973 |  |  | 72,824 |  |  | 74,797 |
2022 |  | 1,765 |  |  | 68,123 |  |  | 69,888 |
2023 |  | 1,752 |  |  | 54,228 |  |  | 55,980 |
2024 |  | 1,441 |  |  | 44,478 |  |  | 45,919 |
2025 |  | 1,202 |  |  | 42,907 |  |  | 44,109 |
Thereafter |  | 1,660 |  |  | 201,059 |  |  | 202,719 |
Total lease payments |  | 10,378 |  |  | 510,637 |  |  | 521,015 |
Less amount representing interest |  | (1,960 | ) |  | (139,753 | ) |  | (141,713 | )
Present value of lease liabilities |  | $ | 8,418 |  |  | $ | 370,884 |  |  | $ | 379,302 |

_________________________________________________________

(1) | Represents period from October 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020.

Additionally, the Company has $8.9 million and $1.1 million in future undiscounted cash flows for operating leases and finance leases that have not yet commenced, respectively. These leases are expected to commence when the lessor has made the equipment or location available to the Company to operate or begin construction, respectively.
23

PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
For the Interim Periods Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019
Note 14—Commitments and Contingencies
In the ordinary course of business, we are a party to various lawsuits and other contingent matters. We establish accruals for specific legal matters when we determine that the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome is probable and the loss is reasonably estimable. It is possible that an unfavorable outcome of one or more of these lawsuits or other contingencies could have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.
Environmental Matters
Like other petroleum refiners, our operations are subject to extensive and periodically-changing federal, state, and local environmental laws and regulations governing air emissions, wastewater discharges, and solid and hazardous waste management activities. Many of these regulations are becoming increasingly stringent and the cost of compliance can be expected to increase over time. Periodically, we receive communications from various federal, state, and local governmental authorities asserting violations of environmental laws and/or regulations. These governmental entities may also propose or assess fines or require corrective actions for these asserted violations. For example, on September 30, 2020, we entered into a consent agreement with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) stemming from the EPA’s claim that we failed to comply with certain statutorily required operating procedures and management system and process safety requirements at our Par West refinery. As a result of that consent agreement, we agreed to pay the EPA a penalty of $123,461. We intend to respond in a timely manner to all such communications and to take appropriate corrective action. Except as disclosed below, we do not anticipate that any such matters currently asserted will have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.
Wyoming Refinery
Our Wyoming refinery is subject to a number of consent decrees, orders, and settlement agreements involving the EPA and/or the Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality, some of which date back to the late 1970s and several of which remain in effect, requiring further actions at the Wyoming refinery. The largest cost component arising from these various decrees relates to the investigation, monitoring, and remediation of soil, groundwater, surface water, and sediment contamination associated with the facility’s historic operations. Investigative work by Hermes Consolidated LLC, and its wholly owned subsidiary, Wyoming Pipeline Company (collectively, “WRC” or “Wyoming Refining”) and negotiations with the relevant agencies as to remedial approaches remain ongoing on a number of aspects of the contamination, meaning that investigation, monitoring, and remediation costs are not reasonably estimable for some elements of these efforts. As of September 30, 2020, we have accrued $15.8 million for the well-understood components of these efforts based on current information, approximately one-third of which we expect to incur in the next five years and the remainder to be incurred over approximately 30 years.
Additionally, we believe the Wyoming refinery will need to modify or close a series of wastewater impoundments in the next several years and replace those impoundments with a new wastewater treatment system. Based on current information, reasonable estimates we have received suggest costs of approximately $11.6 million to design and construct a new wastewater treatment system.
Finally, among the various historic consent decrees, orders, and settlement agreements into which Wyoming Refining has entered, there are several penalty orders associated with exceedances of permitted limits by the Wyoming refinery’s wastewater discharges. Although the frequency of these exceedances has declined over time, Wyoming Refining may become subject to new penalty enforcement action in the next several years, which could involve penalties in excess of $100,000.
Regulation of Greenhouse Gases
The EPA regulates greenhouse gases (“GHG”) under the federal Clean Air Act (“CAA”). New construction or material expansions that meet certain GHG emissions thresholds will likely require that, among other things, a GHG permit be issued in accordance with the federal CAA regulations and we will be required, in connection with such permitting, to undertake a technology review to determine appropriate controls to be implemented with the project in order to reduce GHG emissions.
Furthermore, the EPA is currently developing refinery-specific GHG regulations and performance standards that are expected to impose GHG emission limits and/or technology requirements. These control requirements may affect a wide range of refinery operations. Any such controls could result in material increased compliance costs, additional operating restrictions for our business, and an increase in the cost of the products we produce, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.
Additionally, the EPA’s final rule updating standards that control toxic air emissions from petroleum refineries imposed additional controls and monitoring requirements on flaring operations, storage tanks, sulfur recovery units, delayed coking units,
24

PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
For the Interim Periods Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019
and required fenceline monitoring. Compliance with this rule has not had a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows to date.
In 2007, the State of Hawaii passed Act 234, which required that GHG emissions be rolled back on a statewide basis to 1990 levels by the year 2020. In June of 2014, the Hawaii Department of Health (“DOH”) adopted regulations that require each major facility to reduce CO 2 emissions by 16% by 2020 relative to a calendar year 2010 baseline (the first year in which GHG emissions were reported to the EPA under 40 CFR Part 98). The Hawaii refineries’ capacity to materially reduce fuel use and GHG emissions is limited because most energy conservation measures have already been implemented over the past 20 years. The regulation allows for “partnering” with other facilities (principally power plants) that have already dramatically reduced greenhouse emissions or are on schedule to reduce CO 2 emissions in order to comply independently with the state’s Renewable Portfolio Standards. Accordingly, our Hawaii refineries submitted a GHG reduction plan that incorporates the partnering provisions and demonstrates that additional reductions are not cost-effective or necessary because of the Hawaii refineries’ shared baseline allocation and because the State of Hawaii has already reached the 1990 levels according to a report prepared by the DOH in January 2019.
In 2007, the U.S. Congress passed the Energy Independence and Security Act (the “EISA”) which, among other things, set a target fuel economy standard of 35 miles per gallon for the combined fleet of cars and light trucks in the U.S. by model year 2020 and contained an expanded Renewable Fuel Standard (the “RFS”). In August 2012, the EPA and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (“NHTSA”) jointly adopted regulations that establish an average industry fuel economy of 54.5 miles per gallon by model year 2025. On August 8, 2018, the EPA and NHTSA jointly proposed to revise existing fuel economy standards for model years 2021-2025 and to set standards for 2026 for the first time. On March 31, 2020, the agencies released updated fuel economy and vehicle emissions standards, which provide for an increase in stringency by 1.5% each year through model year 2026, as compared with the standards issued in 2012 that required 5% annual increases. Higher fuel economy standards have the potential to reduce demand for our refined transportation fuel products.
Under EISA, the RFS requires an increasing amount of renewable fuel to be blended into the nation’s transportation fuel supply, up to 36 billion gallons by 2022. In the near term, the RFS will be satisfied primarily with fuel ethanol blended into gasoline. We, and other refiners subject to the RFS, may meet the RFS requirements by blending the necessary volumes of renewable fuels produced by us or purchased from third parties. To the extent that refiners will not or cannot blend renewable fuels into the products they produce in the quantities required to satisfy their obligations under the RFS program, those refiners must purchase renewable credits, referred to as RINs, to maintain compliance. To the extent that we exceed the minimum volumetric requirements for blending of renewable fuels, we have the option of retaining these RINs for current or future RFS compliance or selling those RINs on the open market. The RFS may present production and logistics challenges for both the renewable fuels and petroleum refining and marketing industries in that we may have to enter into arrangements with other parties or purchase D3 waivers from the EPA to meet our obligations to use advanced biofuels, including biomass-based diesel and cellulosic biofuel, with potentially uncertain supplies of these new fuels.
In October 2010, the EPA issued a partial waiver decision under the federal CAA to allow for an increase in the amount of ethanol permitted to be blended into gasoline from 10% (“E10”) to 15% (“E15”) for 2007 and newer light duty motor vehicles. In 2019, the EPA approved year-round sales of E15. There are numerous issues, including state and federal regulatory issues, that need to be addressed before E15 can be marketed on a large scale for use in traditional gasoline engines; however, increased renewable fuel in the nation’s transportation fuel supply could reduce demand for our refined products.
In March 2014, the EPA published a final Tier 3 gasoline standard that requires, among other things, that gasoline contain no more than 10 parts per million (“ppm”) sulfur on an annual average basis and no more than 80 ppm sulfur on a per-gallon basis. The standard also lowers the allowable benzene, aromatics, and olefins content of gasoline. The effective date for the new standard was January 1, 2017, however, approved small volume refineries had until January 1, 2020 to meet the standard. The Par East Hawaii refinery was required to comply with Tier 3 gasoline standards within 30 months of June 21, 2016, the date it was disqualified from small volume refinery status. On March 19, 2015, the EPA confirmed the small refinery status of our Wyoming refinery. The Par East Hawaii refinery, our Wyoming refinery, and our Washington refinery, acquired in January 2019, were all granted small refinery status by the EPA for 2018. As of January 1, 2020, all four of our refineries were compliant with the final Tier 3 gasoline standard.
Beginning on June 30, 2014, new sulfur standards for fuel oil used by marine vessels operating within 200 miles of the U.S. coastline (which includes the entire Hawaiian Island chain) were lowered from 10,000 ppm (1%) to 1,000 ppm (0.1%). The sulfur standards began at the Hawaii refineries and were phased in so that by January 1, 2015, they were to be fully aligned with the International Marine Organization (“IMO”) standards and deadline. The more stringent standards apply universally to both U.S. and foreign-flagged ships. Although the marine fuel regulations provided vessel operators with a few compliance options such as installation of on-board pollution controls and demonstration unavailability, many vessel operators will be forced to switch
25

PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
For the Interim Periods Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019
to a distillate fuel while operating within the Emission Control Area (“ECA”). Beyond the 200 mile ECA, large ocean vessels are still allowed to burn marine fuel with up to 3.5% sulfur. Our Hawaii refineries are capable of producing the 1% sulfur residual fuel oil that was previously required within the ECA. Although our Hawaii refineries remain in a position to supply vessels traveling to and through Hawaii, the market for 0.1% sulfur distillate fuel and 3.5% sulfur residual fuel is much more competitive.
In addition to U.S. fuels requirements, the IMO has also adopted newer standards that further reduce the global limit on sulfur content in maritime fuels to 0.5% beginning in 2020 (“IMO 2020”). Like the rest of the refining industry, we are focused on meeting these standards and may incur costs in producing lower-sulfur fuels.
There will be compliance costs and uncertainties regarding how we will comply with the various requirements contained in the EISA, RFS, IMO 2020, and other fuel-related regulations. We may experience a decrease in demand for refined petroleum products due to an increase in combined fleet mileage or due to refined petroleum products being replaced by renewable fuels.
Environmental Agreement
On September 25, 2013, Par Petroleum, LLC (formerly Hawaii Pacific Energy, a wholly owned subsidiary of Par created for purposes of the PHR acquisition), Tesoro Corporation (“Tesoro,” which changed its name to Andeavor Corporation before being purchased by Marathon Petroleum Company in October 2018), and PHR entered into an Environmental Agreement (“Environmental Agreement”) that allocated responsibility for known and contingent environmental liabilities related to the acquisition of PHR, including the Consent Decree as described below.
Consent Decree
On July 18, 2016, PHR and subsidiaries of Tesoro entered into a consent decree with the EPA, the U.S. Department of Justice (“DOJ”), and other state governmental authorities concerning alleged violations of the federal CAA related to the ownership and operation of multiple facilities owned or formerly owned by Tesoro and its affiliates (“Consent Decree”), including the Par East Hawaii refinery. As a result of the Consent Decree, PHR expanded its previously-announced 2016 Par East Hawaii refinery turnaround to undertake additional capital improvements to reduce emissions of air pollutants and to provide for certain nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide emission controls and monitoring required by the Consent Decree.
Tesoro is responsible under the Environmental Agreement for directly paying, or reimbursing PHR, for all reasonable third-party capital expenditures incurred pursuant to the Consent Decree to the extent related to acts or omissions prior to the date of the closing of the PHR acquisition. Tesoro is obligated to pay all applicable fines and penalties related to the Consent Decree.
Indemnification
In addition to its obligation to reimburse us for capital expenditures incurred pursuant to the Consent Decree, Tesoro agreed to indemnify us for claims and losses arising out of related breaches of Tesoro’s representations, warranties, and covenants in the Environmental Agreement, certain defined “corrective actions” relating to pre-existing environmental conditions, third-party claims arising under environmental laws for personal injury or property damage arising out of or relating to releases of hazardous materials that occurred prior to the date of the closing of the PHR acquisition, any fine, penalty, or other cost assessed by a governmental authority in connection with violations of environmental laws by PHR prior to the date of the closing of the PHR acquisition, certain groundwater remediation work, fines, or penalties imposed on PHR by the Consent Decree related to acts or omissions of Tesoro prior to the date of the closing of the PHR acquisition, and claims and losses related to the Pearl City Superfund Site.
Tesoro’s indemnification obligations are subject to certain limitations as set forth in the Environmental Agreement. These limitations include a deductible of $1 million and a cap of $15 million for certain of Tesoro’s indemnification obligations related to certain pre-existing conditions, as well as certain restrictions regarding the time limits for submitting notice and supporting documentation for remediation actions.
Recovery Trusts
We emerged from the reorganization of Delta Petroleum Corporation (“Delta”) on August 31, 2012 (“Emergence Date”), when the plan of reorganization (“Plan”) was consummated. On the Emergence Date, we formed the Delta Petroleum General Recovery Trust (“General Trust”). The General Trust was formed to pursue certain litigation against third parties, including preference actions, fraudulent transfer and conveyance actions, rights of setoff and other claims, or causes of action under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code and other claims and potential claims that Delta and its subsidiaries (collectively, “Debtors”) hold against third parties. On February 27, 2018, the Bankruptcy Court entered its final decree closing the Chapter 11 bankruptcy cases of Delta and the other Debtors, discharging the trustee for the General Trust, and finding that all assets of the General Trust were resolved, abandoned, or liquidated and have been distributed in accordance with the requirements of the Plan. In addition, the final decree
26

PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
For the Interim Periods Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019
required the Company or the General Trust, as applicable, to maintain the current accruals owed on account of the remaining claims of the U.S. Government and Noble Energy, Inc.
As of September 30, 2020, two related claims totaling approximately $22.4 million remained to be resolved and we have accrued approximately $0.5 million representing the estimated value of claims remaining to be settled which are deemed probable and estimable at period end.
One of the two remaining claims was filed by the U.S. Government for approximately $22.4 million relating to ongoing litigation concerning a plugging and abandonment obligation in Pacific Outer Continental Shelf Lease OCS-P 0320, comprising part of the Sword Unit in the Santa Barbara Channel, California. The second unliquidated claim, which is related to the same plugging and abandonment obligation, was filed by Noble Energy Inc., the operator and majority interest owner of the Sword Unit. We believe the probability of issuing stock to satisfy the full claim amount is remote, as the obligations upon which such proof of claim is asserted are joint and several among all working interest owners and Delta, our predecessor, only owned an approximate 3.4% aggregate working interest in the unit.
The settlement of claims is subject to ongoing litigation and we are unable to predict with certainty how many shares will be required to satisfy all claims. Pursuant to the Plan, allowed claims are settled at a ratio of 54.4 shares per $1,000 of claim.
Note 15—Stockholders’ Equity
Incentive Plans
The following table summarizes our compensation costs recognized in General and administrative expense (excluding depreciation) and Operating expense (excluding depreciation) under the Amended and Restated Par Pacific Holdings, Inc. 2012 Long-term Incentive Plan and Stock Purchase Plan (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Restricted Stock Awards | $ | 1,011 |  |  | $ | 789 |  |  | $ | 2,962 |  |  | $ | 2,589 |
Restricted Stock Units | 327 |  |  | 279 |  |  | 971 |  |  | 841 |
Stock Option Awards | 439 |  |  | 380 |  |  | 1,253 |  |  | 1,103 |

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, we granted 22 thousand and 310 thousand shares of restricted stock and restricted stock units with a fair value of approximately $0.2 million and $5.5 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2020, there were approximately $8.3 million of total unrecognized compensation costs related to restricted stock awards and restricted stock units, which are expected to be recognized on a straight-line basis over a weighted-average period of 1.8 years.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we granted 279 thousand stock option awards with a weighted-average exercise price of $19.73 per share and no grants were made for the three months ended September 30, 2020. As of September 30, 2020, there were approximately $3.2 million of total unrecognized compensation costs related to stock option awards, which are expected to be recognized on a straight-line basis over a weighted-average period of 1.7 years.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we granted 47 thousand performance restricted stock units to executive officers and no grants were made for the three months ended September 30, 2020. These performance restricted stock units had a fair value of approximately $0.9 million and are subject to certain annual performance targets based on three-year-performance periods as defined by our Board of Directors. As of September 30, 2020, there were approximately $1.2 million of total unrecognized compensation costs related to the performance restricted stock units, which are expected to be recognized on a straight-line basis over a weighted-average period of 1.9 years.
27

PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
For the Interim Periods Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019
Note 16—Income (Loss) per Share
Basic income (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the sum of the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding and the weighted-average number of shares issuable under the common stock warrants, representing 82 thousand shares during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 354 thousand shares during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively. The common stock warrants are included in the calculation of basic income (loss) per share because they were issuable for minimal consideration. As of March 31, 2020, the previously outstanding common stock warrants had been exercised for common stock and no warrants were outstanding. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted income (loss) per share (in thousands, except per share amounts):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Net income (loss) | $ | (14,271 | ) |  | $ | (83,891 | ) |  | $ | (277,168 | ) |  | $ | 5,370 |
Less: Undistributed income allocated to participating securities (1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 59 |
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders | (14,271 | ) |  | (83,891 | ) |  | (277,168 | ) |  | 5,311 |
Plus: Net income effect of convertible securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Numerator for diluted income (loss) per common share | $ | (14,271 | ) |  | $ | (83,891 | ) |  | $ | (277,168 | ) |  | $ | 5,311 |
Basic weighted-average common stock shares outstanding | 53,374 |  |  | 50,942 |  |  | 53,265 |  |  | 49,973 |
Plus: dilutive effects of common stock equivalents (2) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 98 |
Diluted weighted-average common stock shares outstanding | 53,374 |  |  | 50,942 |  |  | 53,265 |  |  | 50,071 |
Basic income (loss) per common share | $ | (0.27 | ) |  | $ | (1.65 | ) |  | $ | (5.20 | ) |  | $ | 0.11 |
Diluted income (loss) per common share | $ | (0.27 | ) |  | $ | (1.65 | ) |  | $ | (5.20 | ) |  | $ | 0.11 |

________________________________________________________

(1) | Participating securities include restricted stock that had been issued but had not yet vested during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019. These participating securities were fully vested as of December 31, 2019.

(2) | Entities with a net loss from continuing operations are prohibited from including potential common shares in the computation of diluted per share amounts. We have utilized the basic shares outstanding to calculate both basic and diluted loss per common share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and the three months September 30, 2019.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, our calculation of diluted shares outstanding excluded 160 thousand shares of unvested restricted stock and 1.8 million stock options.
As discussed in Note 10—Debt, we have the option of settling the 5.00% Convertible Senior Notes in cash or shares of common stock, or any combination thereof, upon conversion. For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, diluted income per share was determined using the if-converted method. Our calculation of diluted shares outstanding for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 excluded 5.5 million common stock equivalents, respectively, as the effect would be anti-dilutive.
Note 17—Income Taxes
In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management continues to conclude that we did not meet the “more likely than not” requirement in order to recognize deferred tax assets on the remaining amounts and a valuation allowance has been recorded for substantially all of our net deferred tax assets at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.
We believe that any adjustment to our uncertain tax positions would no t have a material impact on our financial statements given the Company’s deferred tax and corresponding valuation allowance position as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.
28

PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
For the Interim Periods Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019
As of December 31, 2019, we had approximately $1.4 billion in net operating loss carryforwards (“NOL carryforwards”); however, we currently have a valuation allowance against this and substantially all of our other deferred taxed assets.
Our net taxable income must be apportioned to various states based upon the income tax laws of the states in which we derive our revenue. Our NOL carryforwards will not always be available to offset taxable income apportioned to the various states. The states from which our refining, retail, and logistics revenues are derived are not the same states in which our NOLs were incurred; therefore, we expect to incur state tax liabilities in connection with our refining, retail, and logistics operations.
Note 18—Segment Information
We report the results for the following four reportable segments: (i) Refining, (ii) Retail, (iii) Logistics, and (iv) Corporate and Other.
Summarized financial information concerning reportable segments consists of the following (in thousands):

Three Months Ended September 30, 2020 |  | Refining |  | Logistics |  | Retail |  | Corporate, Eliminations and Other (1) |  | Total
Revenues |  | $ | 626,426 |  |  | $ | 41,722 |  |  | $ | 91,736 |  |  | $ | (69,903 | ) |  | $ | 689,981 |
Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) |  | 568,051 |  |  | 26,411 |  |  | 60,725 |  |  | (69,898 | ) |  | 585,289 |
Operating expense (excluding depreciation) |  | 49,972 |  |  | 3,364 |  |  | 16,122 |  |  | — |  |  | 69,458 |
Depreciation, depletion, and amortization |  | 13,509 |  |  | 5,513 |  |  | 2,829 |  |  | 970 |  |  | 22,821 |
General and administrative expense (excluding depreciation) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,818 |  |  | 9,818 |
Acquisition and integration costs |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (155 | ) |  | (155 | )
Operating income (loss) |  | $ | (5,106 | ) |  | $ | 6,434 |  |  | $ | 12,060 |  |  | $ | (10,638 | ) |  | $ | 2,750 |
Interest expense and financing costs, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (17,523 | )
Other income, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 610 |
Equity losses from Laramie Energy, LLC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Loss before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (14,163 | )
Income tax expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (108 | )
Net loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (14,271 | )
Capital expenditures |  | $ | 9,281 |  |  | $ | 2,216 |  |  | $ | 392 |  |  | $ | 397 |  |  | $ | 12,286 |

29

PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
For the Interim Periods Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019

Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 |  | Refining |  | Logistics |  | Retail |  | Corporate, Eliminations and Other (1) |  | Total
Revenues |  | $ | 1,336,951 |  |  | $ | 49,623 |  |  | $ | 122,234 |  |  | $ | (107,170 | ) |  | $ | 1,401,638 |
Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) |  | 1,256,569 |  |  | 28,712 |  |  | 87,631 |  |  | (107,157 | ) |  | 1,265,755 |
Operating expense (excluding depreciation) |  | 63,041 |  |  | 2,553 |  |  | 17,643 |  |  | — |  |  | 83,237 |
Depreciation, depletion, and amortization |  | 14,088 |  |  | 4,798 |  |  | 2,523 |  |  | 818 |  |  | 22,227 |
General and administrative expense (excluding depreciation) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,391 |  |  | 11,391 |
Acquisition and integration costs |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 623 |  |  | 623 |
Operating income (loss) |  | $ | 3,253 |  |  | $ | 13,560 |  |  | $ | 14,437 |  |  | $ | (12,845 | ) |  | $ | 18,405 |
Interest expense and financing costs, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (18,348 | )
Other income, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 83 |
Change in value of common stock warrants |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (826 | )
Equity losses from Laramie Energy, LLC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (85,633 | )
Loss before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (86,319 | )
Income tax benefit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,428 |
Net loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (83,891 | )
Capital expenditures |  | $ | 6,672 |  |  | $ | 14,759 |  |  | $ | 765 |  |  | $ | 486 |  |  | $ | 22,682 |

________________________________________________________

(1) | Includes eliminations of intersegment revenues and cost of revenues of $69.9 million and $107.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 |  | Refining |  | Logistics |  | Retail |  | Corporate, Eliminations and Other (1) |  | Total
Revenues |  | $ | 2,229,853 |  |  | $ | 143,004 |  |  | $ | 274,170 |  |  | $ | (237,662 | ) |  | $ | 2,409,365 |
Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) |  | 2,211,371 |  |  | 85,527 |  |  | 177,537 |  |  | (237,657 | ) |  | 2,236,778 |
Operating expense (excluding depreciation) |  | 151,601 |  |  | 9,882 |  |  | 48,393 |  |  | — |  |  | 209,876 |
Depreciation, depletion, and amortization |  | 39,209 |  |  | 16,082 |  |  | 8,292 |  |  | 2,649 |  |  | 66,232 |
Impairment expense |  | 38,105 |  |  | — |  |  | 29,817 |  |  | — |  |  | 67,922 |
General and administrative expense (excluding depreciation) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 31,823 |  |  | 31,823 |
Acquisition and integration costs |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 600 |  |  | 600 |
Operating income (loss) |  | $ | (210,433 | ) |  | $ | 31,513 |  |  | $ | 10,131 |  |  | $ | (35,077 | ) |  | $ | (203,866 | )
Interest expense and financing costs, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (52,611 | )
Other income, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,089 |
Change in value of common stock warrants |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,270 |
Equity losses from Laramie Energy, LLC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (46,905 | )
Loss before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (298,023 | )
Income tax benefit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 20,855 |
Net loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (277,168 | )
Capital expenditures |  | $ | 26,529 |  |  | $ | 12,406 |  |  | $ | 2,253 |  |  | $ | 1,263 |  |  | $ | 42,451 |

30

PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
For the Interim Periods Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 |  | Refining |  | Logistics |  | Retail |  | Corporate, Eliminations and Other (1) |  | Total
Revenues |  | $ | 3,830,572 |  |  | $ | 144,978 |  |  | $ | 342,814 |  |  | $ | (315,982 | ) |  | $ | 4,002,382 |
Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) |  | 3,563,503 |  |  | 82,000 |  |  | 248,751 |  |  | (315,925 | ) |  | 3,578,329 |
Operating expense (excluding depreciation) |  | 173,689 |  |  | 7,945 |  |  | 50,107 |  |  | — |  |  | 231,741 |
Depreciation, depletion, and amortization |  | 42,579 |  |  | 12,683 |  |  | 7,429 |  |  | 2,412 |  |  | 65,103 |
General and administrative expense (excluding depreciation) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34,435 |  |  | 34,435 |
Acquisition and integration costs |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,325 |  |  | 4,325 |
Operating income (loss) |  | $ | 50,801 |  |  | $ | 42,350 |  |  | $ | 36,527 |  |  | $ | (41,229 | ) |  | $ | 88,449 |
Interest expense and financing costs, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (57,336 | )
Debt extinguishment and commitment costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (9,186 | )
Other income, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,347 |
Change in value of common stock warrants |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,065 | )
Equity losses from Laramie Energy, LLC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (84,841 | )
Loss before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (63,632 | )
Income tax benefit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 69,002 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,370 |
Capital expenditures |  | $ | 25,555 |  |  | $ | 32,217 |  |  | $ | 5,042 |  |  | $ | 1,272 |  |  | $ | 64,086 |

________________________________________________________

(1) | Includes eliminations of intersegment revenues and cost of revenues of $237.7 million and $316.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Note 19—Related Party Transactions
Equity Group Investments (“EGI”) - Service Agreement
On September 17, 2013, we entered into a letter agreement (“Services Agreement”) with Equity Group Investments (“EGI”), an affiliate of Zell Credit Opportunities Fund, LP (“ZCOF”), which owns 10% or more of our common stock directly or through affiliates. Pursuant to the Services Agreement, EGI agreed to provide us with ongoing strategic, advisory, and consulting services that may include (i) advice on financing structures and our relationship with lenders and bankers, (ii) advice regarding public and private offerings of debt and equity securities, (iii) advice regarding asset dispositions, acquisitions, or other asset management strategies, (iv) advice regarding potential business acquisitions, dispositions, or combinations involving us or our affiliates, or (v) such other advice directly related or ancillary to the above strategic, advisory, and consulting services as may be reasonably requested by us.
EGI does not receive a fee for the provision of the strategic, advisory, or consulting services set forth in the Services Agreement, but may be periodically reimbursed by us, upon request, for (i) travel and out-of-pocket expenses, provided that, in the event that such expenses exceed $50 thousand in the aggregate with respect to any single proposed matter, EGI will obtain our consent prior to incurring additional costs, and (ii) provided that we provide prior consent to their engagement with respect to any particular proposed matter, all reasonable fees and disbursements of counsel, accountants, and other professionals incurred in connection with EGI’s services under the Services Agreement. In consideration of the services provided by EGI under the Services Agreement, we agreed to indemnify EGI for certain losses relating to or arising out of the Services Agreement or the services provided thereunder.
The Services Agreement has a term of one year and will be automatically extended for successive one-year periods unless terminated by either party at least 60 days prior to any extension date. There were no costs incurred related to this agreement during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 or 2019.
31

Item 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Overview
We are a growth-oriented company based in Houston, Texas, that owns and operates market-leading energy and infrastructure businesses.
Our business is organized into three primary segments:
1) Refining - We own and operate four refineries with total throughput capacity of over 200 Mbpd in Hawaii, Wyoming, and Washington.
2) Retail - Our retail outlets in Hawaii, Washington, and Idaho sell gasoline, diesel, and retail merchandise through Hele, “76”, “Cenex®,” and “Zip Trip®” branded sites, “nomnom” branded company-operated convenience stores, 7-Eleven operated convenience stores, other sites operated by third parties, and unattended cardlock stations.
3) Logistics - We operate an extensive multi-modal logistics network spanning the Pacific, the Northwest, and the Rockies that primarily transports and stores our crude oil and refined products for our refineries and transports refined products to our retail sites or third-party purchasers.
As of September 30, 2020, we owned a 46.0% equity investment in Laramie Energy. Laramie Energy is focused on producing natural gas in Garfield, Mesa, and Rio Blanco Counties, Colorado.
We have four reportable segments: (i) Refining, (ii) Retail, (iii) Logistics, and (iv) Corporate and Other. Our Corporate and Other reportable segment primarily includes general and administrative costs. Please read Note 18—Segment Information to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for detailed information on our operating results by segment.
Recent Events Affecting Comparability of Periods
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (“WHO”) declared that the worldwide spread and severity of a new coronavirus, referred to as COVID-19, was severe enough to be characterized as a pandemic. The spread of COVID-19, in conjunction with related government and other preventative measures taken to mitigate the spread of the virus, has caused severe disruptions in the worldwide economy, including the global demand for crude oil and refined products, the movement of people and goods in the United States, and the global supply chain for industrial and commercial production, all of which have in turn disrupted our businesses and operations.
We continue to actively respond to the impacts that these matters are having on our business. We decreased throughput rates at our Hawaii and Wyoming refineries in response to reduced refined product demand, idled certain refining units at our Hawaii refineries, reduced the scope of our Washington turnaround scheduled in the first quarter of 2021, and delayed the timing of our planned turnaround in Hawaii until the third quarter of 2020. In addition, we have adjusted production of certain refined products to meet the changing local demand profile. We continue to maintain an ample supply of refined product to meet the refined product needs in the regions in which we operate. On May 5, 2020, we announced that 29 employees were furloughed in response to the previously announced decline in throughput rates at our refineries in Kapolei, Hawaii, and our President and Chief Executive Officer and the independent members of the Company’s Board of Directors reduced their cash salaries by 75%. In response to sustained decreased demand for refined products in Hawaii, we significantly reduced discretionary spending company-wide and, in early October 2020, we reduced headcount in our refining segment in Hawaii.
In addition, we are taking measures to address our liquidity, including deferring or delaying certain capital expenditures originally planned for 2020 and early 2021 related to turnaround activities at three of our refineries and, in early June 2020, accessing the capital markets to issue $105 million aggregate principal amount of senior secured notes due 2026. Interest rates associated with our inventory financing arrangements and borrowings under those inventory financing arrangements have also declined.
We believe the steps we have taken have strengthened our ability to conduct our operations through current conditions. We are also utilizing some of the tax payment deferral opportunities and federal refund acceleration opportunities provided by the IRS, Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”), and various state-specific provisions. We continue to maintain existing processes and procedures, including but not limited to processes and procedures around protection of our technology systems and proprietary data, even though a significant number of our employees are working from home. During this
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time of uncertainty, the health and wellbeing of our employees and customers are our top priorities as we continue navigating the challenges presented by the COVID-19 pandemic.
The financial results contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q reflect the reduced activity experienced in the second and third quarters of 2020 in the regions in which we operate. The COVID-19 pandemic is ongoing and the impacts of the virus on people and businesses continue to evolve as of the date of this report. In Washington, for example, mandatory self-quarantine orders have been lifted and replaced by recommended self-quarantines for travelers arriving from areas of high COVID-19 activity. Beginning October 15, 2020, U.S. travelers to the state of Hawaii have an option to take a rapid COVID-19 test as an alternative to a 14-day quarantine. If travelers test negative, they will not be required to quarantine. Prohibitions on international travel to the U.S. have been extended into the fourth quarter of 2020. We continue to actively monitor the impact of the global situation on our people, operations, financial condition, liquidity, suppliers, customers, and industry. Due to the rapid development and fluidity of the situation, the full magnitude of the impact of COVID-19 on our financial condition, future results of operations, and future cash flows and liquidity is uncertain and has been and may continue to be material.
Results of Operations
Three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2019
Net Loss. Our financial results for the third quarter of 2020 improved from a net loss of $83.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 to a net loss of $14.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020. The increase was primarily driven by our 2019 other-than-temporary impairment of $81.5 million related to our equity investment in Laramie Energy, partially offset by unfavorable refining crack spreads, lower retail sales volumes related to COVID-19 demand destruction, and an approximately $6.2 million increase in expense from an expected liquidation of a LIFO inventory layer. Other factors impacting our results period over period include cost reductions across our businesses in response to COVID-19, partially offset by an increase in RINs expenses and a $5.5 million unfavorable change in lower of cost or net realizable value adjustments.
Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income (Loss). For the three months ended September 30, 2020, Adjusted EBITDA was a loss of $16.1 million compared to earnings of $47.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease was primarily related to unfavorable crack spreads and lower sales volumes across our operating segments related to COVID-19 demand destruction, partially offset by favorable crude oil differentials in Hawaii and cost reductions across our businesses in response to COVID-19.
For the three months ended September 30, 2020, Adjusted Net Income (Loss) was a loss of $56.5 million compared to income of $4.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease was primarily related to the factors described above for the decrease in Adjusted EBITDA, partially offset by a $2.2 million decrease in our Equity earnings from Laramie Energy, excluding our share of unrealized gains or losses on derivatives and excluding impairment changes associated with our investment in Laramie Energy.
Nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019
Net Income (Loss). Our net income decreased from $5.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 to a net loss of $277.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020. The decrease was primarily driven by unfavorable crack spreads, goodwill impairments of $67.9 million, increased RINs expenses and derivative costs, and an unfavorable change in lower of cost or net realizable value adjustments, partially offset by cost reductions across our businesses in response to COVID-19 and higher retail fuel margins. In addition, we incurred an other-than-temporary impairment of $45.3 million related to our equity investment in Laramie Energy in 2020, as compared to an other-than-temporary impairment of $81.5 million in 2019. Other factors impacting our results period over period include a $48.1 million reduction in our income tax benefit, lower debt extinguishment and commitment costs, and an approximately $6.2 million increase in expense from an expected liquidation of a LIFO inventory layer.
Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income (Loss). For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, Adjusted EBITDA was a loss of $52.7 million compared to earnings of $166.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The change was primarily related to unfavorable crack spreads and lower refining sales volumes at our Hawaii and Wyoming refineries related to COVID-19 demand destruction, partially offset by lower operating expense and higher retail fuel margins.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, Adjusted Net Income (Loss) was a loss of $174.5 million compared to income of $35.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease was primarily related to the same factors described above for the decrease in Adjusted EBITDA, partially offset by a $4.7 million decrease in interest expense and financing costs and a $3.7 million decrease in our Equity earnings from Laramie Energy, excluding our share of unrealized gains or losses on derivatives and excluding impairment changes associated with our investment in Laramie Energy.
The following tables summarize our consolidated results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 (in thousands). The following should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report.

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | $ Change |  | % Change (1)
Revenues | $ | 689,981 |  |  | $ | 1,401,638 |  |  | $ | (711,657 | ) |  | (51 | )%
Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) | 585,289 |  |  | 1,265,755 |  |  | (680,466 | ) |  | (54 | )%
Operating expense (excluding depreciation) | 69,458 |  |  | 83,237 |  |  | (13,779 | ) |  | (17 | )%
Depreciation, depletion, and amortization | 22,821 |  |  | 22,227 |  |  | 594 |  |  | 3 | %
General and administrative expense (excluding depreciation) | 9,818 |  |  | 11,391 |  |  | (1,573 | ) |  | (14 | )%
Acquisition and integration costs | (155 | ) |  | 623 |  |  | (778 | ) |  | (125 | )%
Total operating expenses | 687,231 |  |  | 1,383,233 |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating income | 2,750 |  |  | 18,405 |  |  |  |  |  |
Other income (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense and financing costs, net | (17,523 | ) |  | (18,348 | ) |  | 825 |  |  | 4 | %
Other income, net | 610 |  |  | 83 |  |  | 527 |  |  | 635 | %
Change in value of common stock warrants | — |  |  | (826 | ) |  | 826 |  |  | 100 | %
Equity losses from Laramie Energy, LLC | — |  |  | (85,633 | ) |  | 85,633 |  |  | 100 | %
Total other income (expense), net | (16,913 | ) |  | (104,724 | ) |  |  |  |  |
Loss before income taxes | (14,163 | ) |  | (86,319 | ) |  |  |  |  |
Income tax benefit (expense) | (108 | ) |  | 2,428 |  |  | (2,536 | ) |  | (104 | )%
Net loss | $ | (14,271 | ) |  | $ | (83,891 | ) |  |  |  |  |

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| Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | $ Change |  | % Change (1)
Revenues | $ | 2,409,365 |  |  | $ | 4,002,382 |  |  | $ | (1,593,017 | ) |  | (40 | )%
Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) | 2,236,778 |  |  | 3,578,329 |  |  | (1,341,551 | ) |  | (37 | )%
Operating expense (excluding depreciation) | 209,876 |  |  | 231,741 |  |  | (21,865 | ) |  | (9 | )%
Depreciation, depletion, and amortization | 66,232 |  |  | 65,103 |  |  | 1,129 |  |  | 2 | %
Impairment expense | 67,922 |  |  | — |  |  | 67,922 |  |  | NM |
General and administrative expense (excluding depreciation) | 31,823 |  |  | 34,435 |  |  | (2,612 | ) |  | (8 | )%
Acquisition and integration costs | 600 |  |  | 4,325 |  |  | (3,725 | ) |  | (86 | )%
Total operating expenses | 2,613,231 |  |  | 3,913,933 |  |  |  |  |
Operating income (loss) | (203,866 | ) |  | 88,449 |  |  |  |  |
Other income (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense and financing costs, net | (52,611 | ) |  | (57,336 | ) |  | 4,725 |  |  | 8 | %
Debt extinguishment and commitment costs | — |  |  | (9,186 | ) |  | 9,186 |  |  | 100 | %
Other income, net | 1,089 |  |  | 2,347 |  |  | (1,258 | ) |  | (54 | )%
Change in value of common stock warrants | 4,270 |  |  | (3,065 | ) |  | 7,335 |  |  | 239 | %
Equity losses from Laramie Energy, LLC | (46,905 | ) |  | (84,841 | ) |  | 37,936 |  |  | 45 | %
Total other income (expense), net | (94,157 | ) |  | (152,081 | ) |  |  |  |
Loss before income taxes | (298,023 | ) |  | (63,632 | ) |  |  |  |
Income tax benefit | 20,855 |  |  | 69,002 |  |  | (48,147 | ) |  | (70 | )%
Net income (loss) | $ | (277,168 | ) |  | $ | 5,370 |  |  |  |  |

________________________________________________________
(1) NM - Not meaningful
The following tables summarize our operating income (loss) by segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands). The following should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report.

Three months ended September 30, 2020 |  | Refining |  | Logistics |  | Retail |  | Corporate, Eliminations and Other (1) |  | Total
Revenues |  | $ | 626,426 |  |  | $ | 41,722 |  |  | $ | 91,736 |  |  | $ | (69,903 | ) |  | $ | 689,981 |
Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) |  | 568,051 |  |  | 26,411 |  |  | 60,725 |  |  | (69,898 | ) |  | 585,289 |
Operating expense (excluding depreciation) |  | 49,972 |  |  | 3,364 |  |  | 16,122 |  |  | — |  |  | 69,458 |
Depreciation, depletion, and amortization |  | 13,509 |  |  | 5,513 |  |  | 2,829 |  |  | 970 |  |  | 22,821 |
General and administrative expense (excluding depreciation) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,818 |  |  | 9,818 |
Acquisition and integration costs |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (155 | ) |  | (155 | )
Operating income (loss) |  | $ | (5,106 | ) |  | $ | 6,434 |  |  | $ | 12,060 |  |  | $ | (10,638 | ) |  | $ | 2,750 |

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Three months ended September 30, 2019 |  | Refining |  | Logistics |  | Retail |  | Corporate, Eliminations and Other (1) |  | Total
Revenues |  | $ | 1,336,951 |  |  | $ | 49,623 |  |  | $ | 122,234 |  |  | $ | (107,170 | ) |  | $ | 1,401,638 |
Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) |  | 1,256,569 |  |  | 28,712 |  |  | 87,631 |  |  | (107,157 | ) |  | 1,265,755 |
Operating expense (excluding depreciation) |  | 63,041 |  |  | 2,553 |  |  | 17,643 |  |  | — |  |  | 83,237 |
Depreciation, depletion, and amortization |  | 14,088 |  |  | 4,798 |  |  | 2,523 |  |  | 818 |  |  | 22,227 |
General and administrative expense (excluding depreciation) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,391 |  |  | 11,391 |
Acquisition and integration costs |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 623 |  |  | 623 |
Operating income (loss) |  | $ | 3,253 |  |  | $ | 13,560 |  |  | $ | 14,437 |  |  | $ | (12,845 | ) |  | $ | 18,405 |

________________________________________________________

(1) | Includes eliminations of intersegment Revenues and Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) of $69.9 million and $107.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Nine months ended September 30, 2020 |  | Refining |  | Logistics |  | Retail |  | Corporate, Eliminations and Other (1) |  | Total
Revenues |  | $ | 2,229,853 |  |  | $ | 143,004 |  |  | $ | 274,170 |  |  | $ | (237,662 | ) |  | $ | 2,409,365 |
Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) |  | 2,211,371 |  |  | 85,527 |  |  | 177,537 |  |  | (237,657 | ) |  | 2,236,778 |
Operating expense (excluding depreciation) |  | 151,601 |  |  | 9,882 |  |  | 48,393 |  |  | — |  |  | 209,876 |
Depreciation, depletion, and amortization |  | 39,209 |  |  | 16,082 |  |  | 8,292 |  |  | 2,649 |  |  | 66,232 |
Impairment expense |  | 38,105 |  |  | — |  |  | 29,817 |  |  | — |  |  | 67,922 |
General and administrative expense (excluding depreciation) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 31,823 |  |  | 31,823 |
Acquisition and integration costs |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 600 |  |  | 600 |
Operating income (loss) |  | $ | (210,433 | ) |  | $ | 31,513 |  |  | $ | 10,131 |  |  | $ | (35,077 | ) |  | $ | (203,866 | )

Nine months ended September 30, 2019 |  | Refining |  | Logistics |  | Retail |  | Corporate, Eliminations and Other (1) |  | Total
Revenues |  | $ | 3,830,572 |  |  | $ | 144,978 |  |  | $ | 342,814 |  |  | $ | (315,982 | ) |  | $ | 4,002,382 |
Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) |  | 3,563,503 |  |  | 82,000 |  |  | 248,751 |  |  | (315,925 | ) |  | 3,578,329 |
Operating expense (excluding depreciation) |  | 173,689 |  |  | 7,945 |  |  | 50,107 |  |  | — |  |  | 231,741 |
Depreciation, depletion, and amortization |  | 42,579 |  |  | 12,683 |  |  | 7,429 |  |  | 2,412 |  |  | 65,103 |
General and administrative expense (excluding depreciation) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34,435 |  |  | 34,435 |
Acquisition and integration costs |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,325 |  |  | 4,325 |
Operating income (loss) |  | $ | 50,801 |  |  | $ | 42,350 |  |  | $ | 36,527 |  |  | $ | (41,229 | ) |  | $ | 88,449 |

________________________________________________________

(1) | Includes eliminations of intersegment Revenues and Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) of $237.7 million and $316.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

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Below is a summary of key operating statistics for the refining segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Total Refining Segment |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Feedstocks Throughput (Mbpd) (1) | 105.0 |  |  | 150.7 |  |  | 124.0 |  |  | 161.9 |
Refined product sales volume (Mbpd) (1) | 125.0 |  |  | 184.5 |  |  | 141.2 |  |  | 175.1 |
Hawaii Refineries |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Combined Feedstocks Throughput (Mbpd) | 51.2 |  |  | 95.4 |  |  | 70.9 |  |  | 108.1 |
Par East Throughput (Mbpd) | 51.2 |  |  | 67.9 |  |  | 62.5 |  |  | 72.0 |
Par West Throughput (Mbpd) | — |  |  | 27.5 |  |  | 8.4 |  |  | 36.1 |
Yield (% of total throughput) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gasoline and gasoline blendstocks | 23.1 | % |  | 23.5 | % |  | 23.6 | % |  | 23.1 | %
Distillates | 31.0 | % |  | 44.2 | % |  | 41.1 | % |  | 43.9 | %
Fuel oils | 41.0 | % |  | 26.6 | % |  | 29.6 | % |  | 26.6 | %
Other products | (0.7 | )% |  | 1.4 | % |  | 1.3 | % |  | 2.9 | %
Total yield | 94.4 | % |  | 95.7 | % |  | 95.6 | % |  | 96.5 | %
Refined product sales volume (Mbpd) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
On-island sales volume | 67.6 |  |  | 112.4 |  |  | 85.3 |  |  | 111.0 |
Exports sales volume | 2.5 |  |  | 12.5 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 6.9 |
Total refined product sales volume | 70.1 |  |  | 124.9 |  |  | 86.1 |  |  | 117.9 |
Adjusted Gross Margin per bbl ($/throughput bbl) (2) | $ | (0.47 | ) |  | $ | 0.98 |  |  | $ | (2.17 | ) |  | $ | 2.82 |
Production costs per bbl ($/throughput bbl) (3) | 5.80 |  |  | 4.17 |  |  | 4.30 |  |  | 3.22 |
DD&A per bbl ($/throughput bbl) | 0.64 |  |  | 0.50 |  |  | 0.45 |  |  | 0.45 |
Washington Refinery |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Feedstocks Throughput (Mbpd) (1) | 40.5 |  |  | 38.2 |  |  | 39.1 |  |  | 38.2 |
Yield (% of total throughput) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gasoline and gasoline blendstocks | 22.6 | % |  | 22.9 | % |  | 23.3 | % |  | 23.7 | %
Distillates | 34.6 | % |  | 35.1 | % |  | 35.3 | % |  | 35.6 | %
Asphalt | 19.4 | % |  | 20.9 | % |  | 19.0 | % |  | 18.8 | %
Other products | 20.7 | % |  | 18.5 | % |  | 19.6 | % |  | 19.4 | %
Total yield | 97.3 | % |  | 97.4 | % |  | 97.2 | % |  | 97.5 | %
Refined product sales volume (Mbpd) (1) | 42.0 |  |  | 41.4 |  |  | 40.9 |  |  | 41.1 |
Adjusted Gross Margin per bbl ($/throughput bbl) (2) | $ | 2.16 |  |  | $ | 10.56 |  |  | $ | 5.36 |  |  | $ | 10.07 |
Production costs per bbl ($/throughput bbl) (3) | 3.40 |  |  | 4.40 |  |  | 3.51 |  |  | 4.55 |
DD&A per bbl ($/throughput bbl) | 1.29 |  |  | 1.42 |  |  | 1.40 |  |  | 1.59 |

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| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Wyoming Refinery |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Feedstocks Throughput (Mbpd) | 13.3 |  |  | 17.1 |  |  | 14.0 |  |  | 17.0 |
Yield (% of total throughput) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gasoline and gasoline blendstocks | 48.2 | % |  | 46.7 | % |  | 48.5 | % |  | 49.0 | %
Distillates | 46.2 | % |  | 47.1 | % |  | 46.1 | % |  | 44.8 | %
Fuel oils | 1.9 | % |  | 1.8 | % |  | 1.9 | % |  | 1.8 | %
Other products | 1.6 | % |  | 1.9 | % |  | 1.4 | % |  | 1.9 | %
Total yield | 97.9 | % |  | 97.5 | % |  | 97.9 | % |  | 97.5 | %
Refined product sales volume (Mbpd) | 12.9 |  |  | 18.2 |  |  | 14.2 |  |  | 17.6 |
Adjusted Gross Margin per bbl ($/throughput bbl) (2) | $ | 8.53 |  |  | $ | 25.65 |  |  | $ | 4.35 |  |  | $ | 19.06 |
Production costs per bbl ($/throughput bbl) (3) | 7.51 |  |  | 6.33 |  |  | 7.22 |  |  | 6.49 |
DD&A per bbl ($/throughput bbl) | 4.65 |  |  | 2.97 |  |  | 4.03 |  |  | 2.86 |
Market Indices ($ per barrel) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
3-1-2 Singapore Crack Spread (4) | $ | 1.92 |  |  | $ | 12.41 |  |  | $ | 3.29 |  |  | $ | 10.33 |
Pacific Northwest 5-2-2-1 Index (5) | 9.39 |  |  | 14.76 |  |  | 11.51 |  |  | 14.47 |
Wyoming 3-2-1 Index (6) | 19.63 |  |  | 27.32 |  |  | 17.63 |  |  | 23.81 |
Crude Prices ($ per barrel) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Brent | $ | 43.34 |  |  | $ | 62.03 |  |  | $ | 42.52 |  |  | $ | 64.77 |
WTI | 40.92 |  |  | 56.44 |  |  | 38.31 |  |  | 57.09 |
ANS | 43.11 |  |  | 63.63 |  |  | 41.19 |  |  | 65.71 |
Bakken Clearbrook | 39.44 |  |  | 55.32 |  |  | 35.59 |  |  | 56.22 |
WCS Hardisty | 30.93 |  |  | 43.61 |  |  | 25.78 |  |  | 45.07 |
Brent M1-M3 | (0.79 | ) |  | 1.10 |  |  | (1.17 | ) |  | 0.87 |

________________________________________________________

(1) | Feedstocks throughput and sales volumes per day for the Washington refinery for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 are calculated based on the 92 and 263-day periods for which we owned the Washington refinery in 2019, respectively. As such, the amounts for the total refining segment represent the sum of the Hawaii and Wyoming refineries’ throughput or sales volumes averaged over the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 plus the Washington refinery’s throughput or sales volumes averaged over the periods from July 1, 2019 to September 30, 2019 and January 11, 2019 to September 30, 2019, respectively. The 2020 amounts for the total refining segment represent the sum of the Hawaii, Washington, and Wyoming refineries’ throughput or sales volumes averaged over the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020.

(2) | We calculate Adjusted Gross Margin per barrel by dividing Adjusted Gross Margin by total refining throughput. Adjusted Gross Margin for our Washington refinery is determined under the last-in, first-out (“LIFO”) inventory costing method. Adjusted Gross Margin for our other refineries is determined under the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) inventory costing method. Please see discussion of Adjusted Gross Margin below.

(3) | Management uses production costs per barrel to evaluate performance and compare efficiency to other companies in the industry. There are a variety of ways to calculate production costs per barrel; different companies within the industry calculate it in different ways. We calculate production costs per barrel by dividing all direct production costs, which include the costs to run the refineries including personnel costs, repair and maintenance costs, insurance, utilities, and other miscellaneous costs, by total refining throughput. Our production costs are included in Operating expense (excluding depreciation) on our condensed consolidated statement of operations, which also includes costs related to our bulk marketing operations.

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(4) | After completing the acquisition of the Par West Hawaii refinery in December 2018, we began shifting our Hawaii production profile to supply the local utilities with low sulfur fuel oil and significantly reduced our high sulfur fuel oil yield. In 2020, following the implementation of IMO 2020, we established the 3-1-2 Singapore Crack Spread (or three barrels of Brent crude oil converted into one barrel of gasoline and two barrels of distillates (diesel and jet fuel)) as a new benchmark for our Hawaii operations. By removing the high sulfur fuel oil reference in the index, we believe the 3-1-2 Singapore Crack Spread is the most representative market indicator of our current operations in Hawaii.

(5) | We believe the Pacific Northwest 5-2-2-1 Index is the most representative market indicator for our operations in Tacoma, Washington. The Pacific Northwest 5-2-2-1 Index is computed by taking two parts gasoline (sub-octane), two parts middle distillates (ULSD and jet fuel), and one part fuel oil as created from five barrels of Alaskan North Slope (“ANS”) crude oil. The 2019 price for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 represents the price averaged over the periods from July 1, 2019 to September 30, 2019 and January 11, 2019 to September 30, 2019, respectively.

(6) | The profitability of our Wyoming refinery is heavily influenced by crack spreads in nearby markets. We believe the Wyoming 3-2-1 Index is the most representative market indicator for our operations in Wyoming. The Wyoming 3-2-1 Index is computed by taking two parts gasoline and one part distillates (ULSD) as created from three barrels of West Texas Intermediate Crude Oil (“WTI”). Pricing is based 50% on applicable product pricing in Rapid City, South Dakota, and 50% on applicable product pricing in Denver, Colorado.

Below is a summary of key operating statistics for the retail segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Retail Segment |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retail sales volumes (thousands of gallons) | 25,936 |  |  | 32,786 |  |  | 76,964 |  |  | 94,330 |

Non-GAAP Performance Measures
Management uses certain financial measures to evaluate our operating performance that are considered non-GAAP financial measures. These measures should not be considered a substitute for, or superior to, measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP and our calculations thereof may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies.
Adjusted Gross Margin
Adjusted Gross Margin is defined as (i) operating income (loss) plus operating expense (excluding depreciation); impairment expense; inventory valuation adjustment (which adjusts for timing differences to reflect the economics of our inventory financing agreements, including lower of cost or net realizable value adjustments, the impact of the embedded derivative repurchase and terminal obligations, and purchase price allocation adjustments); depreciation, depletion, and amortization (“DD&A”); Renewable Identification Numbers (“RINs”) loss (gain) in excess of net obligation (which represents the income statement effect of reflecting our RINs liability on a net basis); and unrealized loss (gain) on derivatives or (ii) revenues less cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) plus inventory valuation adjustment, unrealized loss (gain) on derivatives, and RINs loss (gain) in excess of net obligation. We define cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) as the hydrocarbon-related costs of inventory sold, transportation costs of delivering product to customers, crude oil consumed in the refining process, costs to satisfy our RINs and environmental credit obligations, and certain hydrocarbon fees and taxes. Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) also includes the unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives and the inventory valuation adjustment that we exclude from Adjusted Gross Margin. Beginning in the second quarter of 2020, Adjusted Gross Margin also includes the contango gains and backwardation losses associated with our Washington inventory and intermediation obligation. Prior to the second quarter of 2020, contango gains and backwardation losses captured by our Washington intermediation agreement were excluded from Adjusted Gross Margin (as part of the inventory valuation adjustment). This change to our non-GAAP information was made to reflect the favorable or unfavorable impact of the market structure on the profitability of our Washington refinery consistent with the presentation of such impacts on our other refineries. Beginning in the third quarter of 2020, Adjusted Gross Margin excludes the LIFO layer liquidation impacts associated with our Washington inventory. We have recast the non-GAAP information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 to conform to the current period presentation.
Management believes Adjusted Gross Margin is an important measure of operating performance and uses Adjusted Gross Margin per barrel to evaluate operating performance and compare profitability to other companies in the industry and to industry benchmarks. Management believes Adjusted Gross Margin provides useful information to investors because it eliminates the gross
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impact of volatile commodity prices and adjusts for certain non-cash items and timing differences created by our inventory financing agreements and lower of cost or net realizable value adjustments to demonstrate the earnings potential of the business before other fixed and variable costs, which are reported separately in Operating expense (excluding depreciation) and Depreciation, depletion, and amortization.
Adjusted Gross Margin should not be considered an alternative to operating income (loss), cash flows from operating activities, or any other measure of financial performance or liquidity presented in accordance with GAAP. Adjusted Gross Margin presented by other companies may not be comparable to our presentation since each company may define this term differently as they may include other manufacturing costs and depreciation expense in cost of revenues.
The following tables present a reconciliation of Adjusted Gross Margin to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, operating income (loss), on a historical basis, for selected segments, for the periods indicated (in thousands):

Three months ended September 30, 2020 | Refining |  | Logistics |  | Retail
Operating income (loss) | $ | (5,106 | ) |  | $ | 6,434 |  |  | $ | 12,060 |
Operating expense (excluding depreciation) | 49,972 |  |  | 3,364 |  |  | 16,122 |
Depreciation, depletion, and amortization | 13,509 |  |  | 5,513 |  |  | 2,829 |
Inventory valuation adjustment | (43,980 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
LIFO liquidation adjustment | 6,211 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
RINs loss in excess of net obligation | 645 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Unrealized gain on derivatives | (4,952 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Adjusted Gross Margin (1) | $ | 16,299 |  |  | $ | 15,311 |  |  | $ | 31,011 |

Three months ended September 30, 2019 | Refining |  | Logistics |  | Retail
Operating income | $ | 3,253 |  |  | $ | 13,560 |  |  | $ | 14,437 |
Operating expense (excluding depreciation) | 63,041 |  |  | 2,553 |  |  | 17,643 |
Depreciation, depletion, and amortization | 14,088 |  |  | 4,798 |  |  | 2,523 |
Inventory valuation adjustment | 22,091 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
LIFO liquidation adjustment | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
RINs gain in excess of net obligation | (1,240 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Unrealized gain on derivatives | (15,154 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Adjusted Gross Margin (1) | $ | 86,079 |  |  | $ | 20,911 |  |  | $ | 34,603 |

Nine months ended September 30, 2020 | Refining |  | Logistics |  | Retail
Operating income (loss) | $ | (210,433 | ) |  | $ | 31,513 |  |  | $ | 10,131 |
Operating expense (excluding depreciation) | 151,601 |  |  | 9,882 |  |  | 48,393 |
Depreciation, depletion, and amortization | 39,209 |  |  | 16,082 |  |  | 8,292 |
Impairment expense | 38,105 |  |  | — |  |  | 29,817 |
Inventory valuation adjustment | (4,635 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
LIFO liquidation adjustment | 6,211 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
RINs loss in excess of net obligation | 17,985 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Unrealized gain on derivatives | (4,507 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Adjusted Gross Margin | $ | 33,536 |  |  | $ | 57,477 |  |  | $ | 96,633 |

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Nine months ended September 30, 2019 | Refining |  | Logistics |  | Retail
Operating income | $ | 50,801 |  |  | $ | 42,350 |  |  | $ | 36,527 |
Operating expense (excluding depreciation) | 173,689 |  |  | 7,945 |  |  | 50,107 |
Depreciation, depletion, and amortization | 42,579 |  |  | 12,683 |  |  | 7,429 |
Inventory valuation adjustment | 3,287 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
LIFO liquidation adjustment | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
RINs gain in excess of net obligation | (3,039 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Unrealized loss on derivatives | 5,523 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Adjusted Gross Margin (1) | $ | 272,840 |  |  | $ | 62,978 |  |  | $ | 94,063 |

________________________________________

(1) | For the three months ended September 30, 2020 and the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, there was no impairment expense recorded in Operating income (loss).

Adjusted Net Income (Loss) and Adjusted EBITDA
Adjusted Net Income (Loss) is defined as Net income (loss) excluding changes in the value of contingent consideration and common stock warrants, acquisition and integration costs, unrealized (gain) loss on derivatives, debt extinguishment and commitment costs, increase in (release of) tax valuation allowance and other deferred tax items, inventory valuation adjustment, severance costs, impairment expense, (gain) loss on sale of assets, Par’s share of Laramie Energy’s unrealized loss (gain) on derivatives, RINs loss (gain) in excess of net obligation, and impairment expense associated with our investment in Laramie Energy and our share of Laramie Energy’s asset impairment losses in excess of our basis difference. Beginning in the second quarter of 2020, Adjusted Net Income (Loss) also includes the contango gains and backwardation losses associated with our Washington inventory and intermediation obligation. Prior to the second quarter of 2020, contango gains and backwardation losses captured by our Washington intermediation agreement were excluded from Adjusted Net Income (as part of the inventory valuation adjustment). This change to our non-GAAP information was made to reflect the favorable or unfavorable impact of the market structure on the profitability of our Washington refinery consistent with the presentation of such impacts on our other refineries. Beginning in the third quarter of 2020, Adjusted Net Income (Loss) excludes the LIFO layer liquidation impacts associated with our Washington inventory. We have recast the non-GAAP information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 to conform to the current period presentation.
Adjusted EBITDA is Adjusted Net Income (Loss) excluding interest expense and financing costs, income taxes, DD&A, and equity losses (earnings) from Laramie Energy, excluding Par’s share of unrealized loss (gain) on derivatives, the impairment of Par’s investment, and our share of Laramie Energy’s asset impairment losses in excess of our basis difference.
We believe Adjusted Net Income (Loss) and Adjusted EBITDA are useful supplemental financial measures that allow investors to assess:

• | The financial performance of our assets without regard to financing methods, capital structure, or historical cost basis;

• | The ability of our assets to generate cash to pay interest on our indebtedness; and

• | Our operating performance and return on invested capital as compared to other companies without regard to financing methods and capital structure.

Adjusted Net Income (Loss) and Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for operating income (loss), net income (loss), cash flows provided by operating, investing, and financing activities, or other income or cash flow statement data prepared in accordance with GAAP. Adjusted Net Income (Loss) and Adjusted EBITDA presented by other companies may not be comparable to our presentation as other companies may define these terms differently.
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The following table presents a reconciliation of Adjusted Net Income (Loss) and Adjusted EBITDA to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, Net income (loss), on a historical basis for the periods indicated (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Net income (loss) | $ | (14,271 | ) |  | $ | (83,891 | ) |  | $ | (277,168 | ) |  | $ | 5,370 |
Inventory valuation adjustment | (43,980 | ) |  | 22,091 |  |  | (4,635 | ) |  | 3,287 |
LIFO liquidation adjustment | 6,211 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,211 |  |  | — |
RINs loss (gain) in excess of net obligation | 645 |  |  | (1,240 | ) |  | 17,985 |  |  | (3,039 | )
Unrealized loss (gain) on derivatives | (4,952 | ) |  | (15,154 | ) |  | (4,507 | ) |  | 5,523 |
Acquisition and integration costs | (155 | ) |  | 623 |  |  | 600 |  |  | 4,325 |
Debt extinguishment and commitment costs | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,186 |
Changes in valuation allowance and other deferred tax items (1) | — |  |  | (2,751 | ) |  | (21,087 | ) |  | (70,420 | )
Change in value of common stock warrants | — |  |  | 826 |  |  | (4,270 | ) |  | 3,065 |
Severance costs | — |  |  | — |  |  | 245 |  |  | — |
Impairment expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 67,922 |  |  | — |
Impairment of Investment in Laramie Energy, LLC (2) | — |  |  | 81,515 |  |  | 45,294 |  |  | 81,515 |
Par’s share of Laramie Energy’s unrealized loss (gain) on derivatives (2) | — |  |  | 1,961 |  |  | (1,110 | ) |  | (3,129 | )
Adjusted Net Income (Loss) (3) | (56,502 | ) |  | 3,980 |  |  | (174,520 | ) |  | 35,683 |
Depreciation, depletion, and amortization | 22,821 |  |  | 22,227 |  |  | 66,232 |  |  | 65,103 |
Interest expense and financing costs, net | 17,523 |  |  | 18,348 |  |  | 52,611 |  |  | 57,336 |
Equity losses (earnings) from Laramie Energy, LLC, excluding Par’s share of unrealized loss (gain) on derivatives and impairment losses | — |  |  | 2,157 |  |  | 2,721 |  |  | 6,455 |
Income tax expense | 108 |  |  | 323 |  |  | 232 |  |  | 1,418 |
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | (16,050 | ) |  | $ | 47,035 |  |  | $ | (52,724 | ) |  | $ | 165,995 |

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(1) | Includes increases in (releases of) our valuation allowance associated with business combinations and changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities that are not offset by a change in the valuation allowance. These tax expenses (benefits) are included in Income tax benefit (expense) on our condensed consolidated statements of operations.

(2) | Included in Equity losses from Laramie Energy, LLC on our condensed consolidated statements of operations.

(3) | For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, there was no (gain) loss on sale of assets or change in value of contingent consideration.

Factors Impacting Segment Results
Three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2019
Refining. Operating loss for our refining segment was $5.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020, a decrease of $8.4 million compared to operating income of $3.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease in profitability was primarily driven by unfavorable crack spreads at our Hawaii, Wyoming, and Washington refineries, partially offset by favorable crude oil differentials in Hawaii and operating expense reductions across our refineries in response to COVID-19. Other factors impacting our results period over period include an increase in RINs expenses, a $5.5 million unfavorable change in lower of cost or net realizable value adjustments, and a $6.2 million unfavorable impact from the liquidation of a LIFO inventory layer in Washington.
Logistics. Operating income for our logistics segment was $6.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020, a decrease of $7.2 million compared to operating income of $13.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease is due to a net 42% and 23% lower throughput across our Hawaii and Wyoming logistics assets, respectively, primarily due to decreased demand as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and higher operating expense and DD&A.
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Retail. Operating income for our retail segment was $12.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020, a decrease of $2.3 million compared to operating income of $14.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease was primarily due to a 21% decline in sales volumes, partially offset by an 8% increase in fuel margins.
Nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019
Refining. Operating loss for our refining segment was $210.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, a decrease of $261.2 million compared to operating income of $50.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease in profitability was primarily driven by lower refining sales volumes at our Hawaii and Wyoming refineries related to COVID-19 demand destruction, unfavorable crude oil differentials in Hawaii and Wyoming, and increased derivative costs and RINs expenses, goodwill impairment charges of $38.1 million, and unfavorable lower of cost or net realizable value adjustments of $22.3 million, partially offset by improved crude oil differentials in Washington and operating expense reductions across our refineries in response to COVID-19.
Logistics. Operating income for our logistics segment was $31.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, a decrease of $10.9 million compared to operating income of $42.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease is primarily due to a net 28% and 15% lower throughput across our Hawaii and Wyoming logistics assets, respectively, related to COVID-19 demand destruction and higher DD&A, partially offset by increased throughput in Washington.
Retail. Operating income for our retail segment was $10.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, a decrease of $26.4 million compared to operating income of $36.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease in profitability is primarily due to goodwill impairment charges of $29.8 million and a decline in sales volumes of 18%, partially offset by an increase in fuel margins of 27%.
Adjusted Gross Margin
Three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2019
Refining. For the three months ended September 30, 2020, our refining Adjusted Gross Margin was $16.3 million, a decrease of $69.8 million compared to $86.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease was primarily driven by a 32% decline in refining sales volumes and unfavorable crack spreads. Adjusted gross margin for the Hawaii refineries decreased from $0.98 per barrel during the three months ended September 30, 2019 to $(0.47) per barrel during the three months ended September 30, 2020 primarily due to unfavorable crack spreads and an increase in RINs expenses. Adjusted gross margin for the Wyoming refinery decreased $17.12 per barrel primarily due to a decrease in sales volume and unfavorable crack spreads and crude oil differentials. Adjusted gross margin for the Washington refinery decreased $8.40 per barrel primarily due to declining crack spreads and an increase in RINs expenses.
Logistics. For the three months ended September 30, 2020, our logistics Adjusted Gross Margin was $15.3 million, a decrease of $5.6 million compared to $20.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease is due to a net 42% and 23% lower throughput across our Hawaii and Wyoming logistics assets, respectively, primarily due to decreased demand as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Retail. For the three months ended September 30, 2020, our retail Adjusted Gross Margin was $31.0 million, a decrease of $3.6 million when compared to $34.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease was primarily due to a 21% decline in sales volumes, partially offset by an 8% increase in fuel margins.
Nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019
Refining. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, our refining Adjusted Gross Margin was $33.5 million, a decrease of $239.3 million compared to $272.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease was primarily due to a 19% decline in sales volumes and declines in crack spreads. Adjusted gross margin for the Hawaii refineries decreased from $2.82 per barrel in 2019 to $(2.17) per barrel in 2020 primarily due to 27% lower sales volumes, unfavorable crude oil differentials, and an increase in RINs expenses. Adjusted gross margin for the Wyoming refinery decreased $14.71 per barrel primarily due to a 19% decline in sales volumes, a decrease in crack spreads, and unfavorable crude oil differentials. Adjusted gross margin for the Washington refinery decreased $4.71 per barrel primarily due to unfavorable crack spreads and higher derivative costs and RINs expenses, partially offset by improved crude oil differentials.
Logistics. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, our logistics Adjusted Gross Margin was $57.5 million, a decrease of $5.5 million compared to $63.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease was primarily driven by 28% and 15% decreases in throughput in Hawaii and Wyoming, respectively, related to COVID-19 demand destruction.
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Retail. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, our retail Adjusted Gross Margin of $96.6 million was relatively consistent with $94.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019.
Discussion of Consolidated Results
Three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2019
Revenues. For the three months ended September 30, 2020, revenues were $0.7 billion, a $0.7 billion decrease compared to $1.4 billion for the three months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease of $0.7 billion in third-party refining segment revenue as a result of decreases in Brent and WTI crude oil prices and a 32.2% decrease in refining sales volumes related to COVID-19 demand destruction. Brent crude oil prices averaged $43.34 per barrel during the third quarter of 2020 compared to $62.03 per barrel during the third quarter of 2019, with similar decreases experienced for WTI crude oil prices. Revenues at our retail segment decreased $30.5 million primarily due to a 21% decline in sales volumes and a 22% decline in fuel prices.
Cost of Revenues (Excluding Depreciation). For the three months ended September 30, 2020, cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) was $0.6 billion, a $0.7 billion decrease compared to $1.3 billion for the three months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease was primarily driven by decreases in Brent and WTI crude oil prices and lower refining volumes related to COVID-19 demand destruction as discussed above. Cost of revenues at our retail segment decreased $26.9 million primarily due to lower fuel costs and a 21% decline in sales volumes.
Operating Expense (Excluding Depreciation). For the three months ended September 30, 2020, operating expense (excluding depreciation) was $69.5 million, a $13.7 million decrease when compared to $83.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease was primarily due to cost reductions across our businesses and the idling of certain refining units at our Hawaii refineries in response to COVID-19 demand destruction.
Depreciation, Depletion, and Amortization. For the three months ended September 30, 2020, DD&A was $22.8 million, which was relatively consistent with $22.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019.
General and Administrative Expense (Excluding Depreciation). For the three months ended September 30, 2020, general and administrative expense (excluding depreciation) was approximately $9.8 million, a $1.6 million decrease when compared to $11.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease was primarily driven by a reduction in the use of outside services and COVID-19-related reductions in travel and employee costs.
Acquisition and Integration Costs. Acquisition and integration costs for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 were immaterial.
Interest Expense and Financing Costs, Net. For the three months ended September 30, 2020, our interest expense and financing costs were $17.5 million, a $0.8 million decrease when compared to $18.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease was primarily driven by a $0.7 million decrease in interest expense and financing costs due to the exchange of a portion of our outstanding 5.00% Convertible Senior Notes during 2019, a decrease of $1.6 million due to reduced borrowings under our inventory financing agreements, and a decrease of $2.3 million due to the reduced principal and lower variable interest rates on our Term Loan B Facility and Retail Property Term Loan, net of the impact from our interest rate swap. These decreases were partially offset by interest expense of $3.6 million related to the 12.875% Senior Secured Notes issued in June 2020. Please read Note 9—Inventory Financing Agreements and Note 10—Debt to our condensed consolidated financial statements for further discussion on our inventory financing and indebtedness, respectively.
Change in Value of Common Stock Warrants. For the three months ended September 30, 2019, the change in value of common stock warrants resulted in a loss of approximately $0.8 million. During the three months ended September 30, 2020, there was no change in value of common stock warrants. During January and March 2020, one of our stockholders and its affiliates exercised the remaining 354,350 common stock warrants in exchange for 350,542 shares of common stock. We estimated the fair value of our outstanding common stock warrants using the difference between the strike price of the warrant and the market price of our common stock. During the three months ended September 30, 2019, our stock price increased from $20.52 per share as of June 30, 2019 to $22.86 per share as of September 30, 2019.
Equity Losses from Laramie Energy, LLC. For the three months ended September 30, 2020, there were no equity earnings (losses) from Laramie Energy, compared to equity losses of $85.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019. During the three months ended September 30, 2019, we recorded an impairment charge of $81.5 million due to the significant decline in natural gas prices over the second quarter of 2019 and continued deterioration in the third quarter of 2019. As of June 30, 2020, we have discontinued the application of the equity method of accounting for our investment in Laramie Energy because the book value of such investment has been reduced to zero. Please read Note 3—Investment in Laramie Energy, LLC for further information.
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Income Taxes. For the three months ended September 30, 2020, we recorded an income tax expense of $0.1 million primarily related to current state income taxes. For the three months ended September 30, 2019, we recorded an income tax benefit of $2.4 million primarily driven by a $2.8 million benefit associated with a partial release of our valuation allowance in connection with indefinite-lived deferred tax assets from interest expense carryforwards with no expiration.
Nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019
Revenues. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, revenues were $2.4 billion, a $1.6 billion decrease compared to $4.0 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease of $1.5 billion in third-party revenues at our refining segment primarily as a result of decreases in Brent and WTI crude oil prices and lower sales volumes related to COVID-19 demand destruction. Refined product sales volumes decreased 19% from 175.1 Mbpd in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 to 141.2 Mbpd in the nine months ended September 30, 2020. Average Brent crude oil prices decreased from $64.77 per barrel in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 to $42.52 per barrel in the nine months ended September 30, 2020, with similar decreases experienced for WTI crude oil prices. Revenues at our retail segment decreased $68.6 million primarily due to an 18% decline in sales volumes and a 16% decrease in fuel prices.
Cost of Revenues (Excluding Depreciation). For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) was $2.2 billion, a $1.4 billion decrease compared to $3.6 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease was primarily due to decreases in Brent and WTI crude oil prices as discussed above and lower refining sales volumes related to COVID-19 demand destruction, partially offset by unfavorable crude oil differentials, higher RINs expenses, increased derivative costs, and an unfavorable lower of cost or net realizable value adjustment of $22.3 million. Cost of revenues at our retail segment decreased $71.3 million primarily due to lower fuel costs and an 18% decline in sales volumes.
Operating Expense (Excluding Depreciation). For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, operating expense (excluding depreciation) was $209.9 million, a decrease of $21.8 million compared to $231.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease was primarily due to lower utilities and repairs and maintenance expenses and COVID-19-related reductions in travel, employee costs, and the use of outside services.
Depreciation, Depletion, and Amortization. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, DD&A was $66.2 million, which was relatively consistent with $65.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019.
Impairment Expense. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we recorded goodwill impairment charges of $67.9 million related to our Refining and Retail segments. Please read Note 8—Goodwill to our condensed consolidated financial statements for further discussion on the goodwill impairment. There was no impairment expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2019.
General and Administrative Expense (Excluding Depreciation). For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, general and administrative expense (excluding depreciation) was $31.8 million, a decrease of $2.6 million compared to $34.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease was primarily due to COVID-19-related reductions in travel and employee costs and a reduction in the use of outside services.
Acquisition and Integration Costs. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we incurred $0.6 million of integration costs primarily related to the Washington Acquisition. For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we incurred $4.3 million of acquisition and integration costs related to the Washington Acquisition and the Par West Hawaii refinery acquisition.
Interest Expense and Financing Costs, Net. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, our interest expense and financing costs were $52.6 million, a decrease of $4.7 million when compared to $57.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease was primarily due to a $3.5 million decrease in interest expense and financing costs due to the exchange of a portion of our outstanding 5.00% Convertible Senior Notes during 2019, a decrease of $3.2 million due to reduced borrowings under our inventory financing agreements, and a decrease of $3.1 million due to the reduced principal and lower variable interest rates on our Term Loan B Facility and Retail Property Term Loan, net of the impact from our interest rate swap. These decreases were partially offset by interest expense of $4.6 million related to the 12.875% Senior Secured Notes issued in June 2020. Please read Note 9—Inventory Financing Agreements and Note 10—Debt to our condensed consolidated financial statements for further discussion on our inventory financing and indebtedness, respectively.
Change in Value of Common Stock Warrants. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the change in value of common stock warrants resulted in a gain of $4.3 million, a change of $7.4 million when compared to a loss of $3.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. During January and March 2020, one of our stockholders and its affiliates exercised the remaining 354,350 common stock warrants in exchange for 350,542 shares of common stock. We estimated the fair value of our outstanding common stock warrants and the income recognized upon exercise using the difference between the strike price of the warrant and the market price of our common stock. For the three months ended March 31, 2020, our stock price decreased
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from $23.24 per share as of December 31, 2019 to $7.10 per share as of March 31, 2020. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, our stock price increased from $14.18 per share on December 31, 2018 to $22.86 per share on September 30, 2019.
Debt Extinguishment and Commitment Costs. For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, our debt extinguishment and commitment costs were $9.2 million and primarily represented the commitment and other fees associated with the financing of the Washington Acquisition and the extinguishment costs associated with the repurchase and cancellation of a portion of our outstanding 5.00% Convertible Senior Notes. Please read Note 10—Debt to our condensed consolidated financial statements for further discussion. No such costs were incurred for the nine months ended September 30, 2020.
Equity Losses from Laramie Energy, LLC. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, equity losses from Laramie Energy were $46.9 million, a difference of $37.9 million compared to equity losses of $84.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. During the three months ended March 31, 2020 and the three months ended September 30, 2019, we recorded other-than-temporary impairment charges of $45.3 million and $81.5 million related to our investment in Laramie Energy, respectively. As of June 30, 2020, we have discontinued the application of the equity method of accounting for our investment in Laramie Energy because the book value of such investment has been reduced to zero. Please read Note 3—Investment in Laramie Energy, LLC for further information.
Income Taxes. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we recorded an income tax benefit of $20.9 million primarily driven by an increase in our net operating loss carryforwards and the change in our indefinitely-lived goodwill due to the impairments. For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we recorded an income tax benefit of $69.0 million primarily driven by a $67.0 million benefit associated with a partial release of our valuation allowance in connection with the Washington Acquisition.
Consolidating Condensed Financial Information
On December 21, 2017, Par Petroleum, LLC (the “Issuer”) issued its 7.75% Senior Secured Notes due 2025 in a private offering under Rule 144A and Regulation S of the Securities Act. On January 11, 2019, the Issuers (defined below) entered into a term loan and guaranty agreement with Goldman Sachs Bank USA, as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto with respect to a $250.0 million term loan (the “Term Loan B”). On June 5, 2020, the Issuers issued their 12.875% Senior Secured Notes due 2026 in a private offering under Rule 144A and Regulation S of the Securities Act. The 7.75% Senior Secured Notes, the Term Loan B, and the 12.875% Senior Secured Notes were co-issued by Par Petroleum Finance Corp. (together with the Issuer, the “Issuers”), which has no independent assets or operations. The 7.75% Senior Secured Notes, Term Loan B, and 12.875% Senior Secured Notes are guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis only as to payment of principal and interest by Par Pacific Holdings, Inc. (the “Parent”) and are guaranteed on a senior secured basis by all of the subsidiaries of Par Petroleum, LLC (other than Par Petroleum Finance Corp.).
The following supplemental condensed consolidating financial information reflects (i) the Parent’s separate accounts, (ii) Par Petroleum, LLC and its consolidated subsidiaries’ accounts (which are all guarantors of the 7.75% Senior Secured Notes, Term Loan B, and 12.875% Senior Secured Notes), (iii) the accounts of subsidiaries of the Parent that are not guarantors of the 7.75% Senior Secured Notes, Term Loan B, or 12.875% Senior Secured Notes and consolidating adjustments and eliminations, and (iv) the Parent’s consolidated accounts for the dates and periods indicated. For purposes of the following condensed consolidating information, the Parent’s investment in its subsidiaries is accounted for under the equity method of accounting (dollar amounts in thousands).
45

| As of September 30, 2020
| Parent Guarantor |  | Issuer and Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries and Eliminations |  | Par Pacific Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,177 |  |  | $ | 125,497 |  |  | $ | 659 |  |  | $ | 127,333 |
Restricted cash | 330 |  |  | 1,670 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,000 |
Trade accounts receivable | 306 |  |  | 116,240 |  |  | — |  |  | 116,546 |
Inventories | — |  |  | 493,569 |  |  | — |  |  | 493,569 |
Prepaid and other current assets | 1,419 |  |  | 7,940 |  |  | 319 |  |  | 9,678 |
Due from related parties | 106,463 |  |  | — |  |  | (106,463 | ) |  | — |
Total current assets | 109,695 |  |  | 744,916 |  |  | (105,485 | ) |  | 749,126 |
Property, plant, and equipment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property, plant, and equipment | 21,331 |  |  | 1,125,854 |  |  | 37,814 |  |  | 1,184,999 |
Less accumulated depreciation, depletion, and amortization | (13,700 | ) |  | (218,659 | ) |  | (2,691 | ) |  | (235,050 | )
Property, plant, and equipment, net | 7,631 |  |  | 907,195 |  |  | 35,123 |  |  | 949,949 |
Long-term assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 3,858 |  |  | 377,601 |  |  | (15,430 | ) |  | 366,029 |
Investment in subsidiaries | 344,192 |  |  | — |  |  | (344,192 | ) |  | — |
Intangible assets, net | — |  |  | 19,556 |  |  | — |  |  | 19,556 |
Goodwill | — |  |  | 125,399 |  |  | 2,598 |  |  | 127,997 |
Other long-term assets | 722 |  |  | 59,035 |  |  | — |  |  | 59,757 |
Total assets | $ | 466,098 |  |  | $ | 2,233,702 |  |  | $ | (427,386 | ) |  | $ | 2,272,414 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current maturities of long-term debt | $ | 46,646 |  |  | $ | 11,047 |  |  | $ | 1,568 |  |  | $ | 59,261 |
Obligations under inventory financing agreements | — |  |  | 470,905 |  |  | — |  |  | 470,905 |
Accounts payable | 2,225 |  |  | 124,548 |  |  | 1,478 |  |  | 128,251 |
Deferred revenue | — |  |  | 5,994 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,994 |
Accrued taxes | — |  |  | 23,076 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 23,131 |
Operating lease liabilities | 774 |  |  | 58,711 |  |  | (4,192 | ) |  | 55,293 |
Other accrued liabilities | 1,741 |  |  | 132,442 |  |  | (1,315 | ) |  | 132,868 |
Due to related parties | 29,599 |  |  | 85,421 |  |  | (115,020 | ) |  | — |
Total current liabilities | 80,985 |  |  | 912,144 |  |  | (117,426 | ) |  | 875,703 |
Long-term liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-term debt, net of current maturities | — |  |  | 610,589 |  |  | 40,663 |  |  | 651,252 |
Finance lease liabilities | 111 |  |  | 6,752 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,863 |
Operating lease liabilities | 4,989 |  |  | 321,840 |  |  | (11,238 | ) |  | 315,591 |
Other liabilities | 73 |  |  | 78,712 |  |  | (35,720 | ) |  | 43,065 |
Total liabilities | 86,158 |  |  | 1,930,037 |  |  | (123,721 | ) |  | 1,892,474 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Common stock | 539 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 539 |
Additional paid-in capital | 723,929 |  |  | 307,967 |  |  | (307,967 | ) |  | 723,929 |
Accumulated earnings (deficit) | (345,110 | ) |  | (5,714 | ) |  | 5,714 |  |  | (345,110 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive income | 582 |  |  | 1,412 |  |  | (1,412 | ) |  | 582 |
Total stockholders’ equity | 379,940 |  |  | 303,665 |  |  | (303,665 | ) |  | 379,940 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 466,098 |  |  | $ | 2,233,702 |  |  | $ | (427,386 | ) |  | $ | 2,272,414 |

46

| As of December 31, 2019
| Parent Guarantor |  | Issuer and Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries and Eliminations |  | Par Pacific Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 6,309 |  |  | $ | 118,812 |  |  | $ | 894 |  |  | $ | 126,015 |
Restricted cash | 743 |  |  | 1,670 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,413 |
Trade accounts receivable | — |  |  | 228,707 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 228,718 |
Inventories | — |  |  | 615,872 |  |  | — |  |  | 615,872 |
Prepaid and other current assets | 12,325 |  |  | 46,470 |  |  | 361 |  |  | 59,156 |
Due from related parties | 180,686 |  |  | — |  |  | (180,686 | ) |  | — |
Total current assets | 200,063 |  |  | 1,011,531 |  |  | (179,420 | ) |  | 1,032,174 |
Property, plant, and equipment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property, plant, and equipment | 20,961 |  |  | 1,088,230 |  |  | 37,792 |  |  | 1,146,983 |
Less accumulated depreciation, depletion, and amortization | (12,117 | ) |  | (170,607 | ) |  | (2,316 | ) |  | (185,040 | )
Property, plant, and equipment, net | 8,844 |  |  | 917,623 |  |  | 35,476 |  |  | 961,943 |
Long-term assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 4,276 |  |  | 434,909 |  |  | (19,112 | ) |  | 420,073 |
Investment in Laramie Energy, LLC | — |  |  | — |  |  | 46,905 |  |  | 46,905 |
Investment in subsidiaries | 636,742 |  |  | — |  |  | (636,742 | ) |  | — |
Intangible assets, net | — |  |  | 21,549 |  |  | — |  |  | 21,549 |
Goodwill | — |  |  | 193,321 |  |  | 2,598 |  |  | 195,919 |
Other long-term assets | 1,128 |  |  | 20,869 |  |  | — |  |  | 21,997 |
Total assets | $ | 851,053 |  |  | $ | 2,599,802 |  |  | $ | (750,295 | ) |  | $ | 2,700,560 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current maturities of long-term debt | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,777 |  |  | $ | 1,520 |  |  | $ | 12,297 |
Obligations under inventory financing agreements | — |  |  | 656,162 |  |  | — |  |  | 656,162 |
Accounts payable | 2,597 |  |  | 158,323 |  |  | 1,482 |  |  | 162,402 |
Deferred revenue | — |  |  | 7,905 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,905 |
Accrued taxes | — |  |  | 30,745 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 30,813 |
Operating lease liabilities | 698 |  |  | 84,366 |  |  | (5,065 | ) |  | 79,999 |
Other accrued liabilities | 14,591 |  |  | 72,670 |  |  | (2,517 | ) |  | 84,744 |
Due to related parties | 125,778 |  |  | 101,936 |  |  | (227,714 | ) |  | — |
Total current liabilities | 143,664 |  |  | 1,122,884 |  |  | (232,226 | ) |  | 1,034,322 |
Long-term liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-term debt, net of current maturities | 44,783 |  |  | 513,145 |  |  | 41,706 |  |  | 599,634 |
Common stock warrants | 8,206 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,206 |
Finance lease liabilities | 223 |  |  | 6,004 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,227 |
Operating lease liabilities | 5,629 |  |  | 349,327 |  |  | (14,047 | ) |  | 340,909 |
Other liabilities | 306 |  |  | 120,001 |  |  | (57,287 | ) |  | 63,020 |
Total liabilities | 202,811 |  |  | 2,111,361 |  |  | (261,854 | ) |  | 2,052,318 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Common stock | 533 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 533 |
Additional paid-in capital | 715,069 |  |  | 293,006 |  |  | (293,006 | ) |  | 715,069 |
Accumulated earnings (deficit) | (67,942 | ) |  | 194,023 |  |  | (194,023 | ) |  | (67,942 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive income | 582 |  |  | 1,412 |  |  | (1,412 | ) |  | 582 |
Total stockholders’ equity | 648,242 |  |  | 488,441 |  |  | (488,441 | ) |  | 648,242 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 851,053 |  |  | $ | 2,599,802 |  |  | $ | (750,295 | ) |  | $ | 2,700,560 |

47

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2020
| Parent Guarantor |  | Issuer and Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries and Eliminations |  | Par Pacific Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Revenues | $ | — |  |  | $ | 689,981 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 689,981 |
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) | — |  |  | 585,289 |  |  | — |  |  | 585,289 |
Operating expense (excluding depreciation) | — |  |  | 70,641 |  |  | (1,183 | ) |  | 69,458 |
Depreciation, depletion, and amortization | 753 |  |  | 21,941 |  |  | 127 |  |  | 22,821 |
General and administrative expense (excluding depreciation) | 2,561 |  |  | 7,257 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,818 |
Acquisition and integration costs | — |  |  | (155 | ) |  | — |  |  | (155 | )
Total operating expenses | 3,314 |  |  | 684,973 |  |  | (1,056 | ) |  | 687,231 |
Operating income (loss) | (3,314 | ) |  | 5,008 |  |  | 1,056 |  |  | 2,750 |
Other income (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense and financing costs, net | (1,236 | ) |  | (16,059 | ) |  | (228 | ) |  | (17,523 | )
Other income, net | (8 | ) |  | 618 |  |  | — |  |  | 610 |
Equity earnings (losses) from subsidiaries | (9,713 | ) |  | — |  |  | 9,713 |  |  | — |
Total other income (expense), net | (10,957 | ) |  | (15,441 | ) |  | 9,485 |  |  | (16,913 | )
Income (loss) before income taxes | (14,271 | ) |  | (10,433 | ) |  | 10,541 |  |  | (14,163 | )
Income tax benefit (expense) (1) | — |  |  | 2,148 |  |  | (2,256 | ) |  | (108 | )
Net income (loss) | $ | (14,271 | ) |  | $ | (8,285 | ) |  | $ | 8,285 |  |  | $ | (14,271 | )
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | (2,569 | ) |  | $ | (14,664 | ) |  | $ | 1,183 |  |  | $ | (16,050 | )

48

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2019
| Parent Guarantor |  | Issuer and Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries and Eliminations |  | Par Pacific Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Revenues | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,401,637 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 1,401,638 |
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) | — |  |  | 1,265,755 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,265,755 |
Operating expense (excluding depreciation) | — |  |  | 84,420 |  |  | (1,183 | ) |  | 83,237 |
Depreciation, depletion, and amortization | 748 |  |  | 21,350 |  |  | 129 |  |  | 22,227 |
General and administrative expense (excluding depreciation) | 5,046 |  |  | 6,276 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 11,391 |
Acquisition and integration costs | 3 |  |  | 620 |  |  | — |  |  | 623 |
Total operating expenses | 5,797 |  |  | 1,378,421 |  |  | (985 | ) |  | 1,383,233 |
Operating income (loss) | (5,797 | ) |  | 23,216 |  |  | 986 |  |  | 18,405 |
Other income (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense and financing costs, net | (1,957 | ) |  | (15,503 | ) |  | (888 | ) |  | (18,348 | )
Other income, net | 39 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 83 |
Change in value of common stock warrants | (826 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (826 | )
Equity earnings (losses) from subsidiaries | (75,350 | ) |  | — |  |  | 75,350 |  |  | — |
Equity losses from Laramie Energy, LLC | — |  |  | — |  |  | (85,633 | ) |  | (85,633 | )
Total other income (expense), net | (78,094 | ) |  | (15,460 | ) |  | (11,170 | ) |  | (104,724 | )
Income (loss) before income taxes | (83,891 | ) |  | 7,756 |  |  | (10,184 | ) |  | (86,319 | )
Income tax benefit (expense) (1) | — |  |  | (566 | ) |  | 2,994 |  |  | 2,428 |
Net income (loss) | $ | (83,891 | ) |  | $ | 7,190 |  |  | $ | (7,190 | ) |  | $ | (83,891 | )
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | (5,007 | ) |  | $ | 50,926 |  |  | $ | 1,116 |  |  | $ | 47,035 |

49

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020
| Parent Guarantor |  | Issuer and Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries and Eliminations |  | Par Pacific Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Revenues | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,409,363 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 2,409,365 |
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) | — |  |  | 2,236,778 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,236,778 |
Operating expense (excluding depreciation) | — |  |  | 213,425 |  |  | (3,549 | ) |  | 209,876 |
Depreciation, depletion, and amortization | 2,258 |  |  | 63,587 |  |  | 387 |  |  | 66,232 |
Impairment expense | — |  |  | 67,922 |  |  | — |  |  | 67,922 |
General and administrative expense (excluding depreciation) | 8,190 |  |  | 23,633 |  |  | — |  |  | 31,823 |
Acquisition and integration costs | — |  |  | 600 |  |  | — |  |  | 600 |
Total operating expenses | 10,448 |  |  | 2,605,945 |  |  | (3,162 | ) |  | 2,613,231 |
Operating income (loss) | (10,448 | ) |  | (196,582 | ) |  | 3,164 |  |  | (203,866 | )
Other income (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense and financing costs, net | (3,709 | ) |  | (45,699 | ) |  | (3,203 | ) |  | (52,611 | )
Other income, net | 4 |  |  | 1,085 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,089 |
Change in value of common stock warrants | 4,270 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,270 |
Equity earnings (losses) from subsidiaries | (267,285 | ) |  | — |  |  | 267,285 |  |  | — |
Equity losses from Laramie Energy, LLC | — |  |  | — |  |  | (46,905 | ) |  | (46,905 | )
Total other income (expense), net | (266,720 | ) |  | (44,614 | ) |  | 217,177 |  |  | (94,157 | )
Income (loss) before income taxes | (277,168 | ) |  | (241,196 | ) |  | 220,341 |  |  | (298,023 | )
Income tax benefit (expense) (1) | — |  |  | 41,457 |  |  | (20,602 | ) |  | 20,855 |
Net income (loss) | $ | (277,168 | ) |  | $ | (199,739 | ) |  | $ | 199,739 |  |  | $ | (277,168 | )
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | (8,029 | ) |  | $ | (48,246 | ) |  | $ | 3,551 |  |  | $ | (52,724 | )

50

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
| Parent Guarantor |  | Issuer and Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries and Eliminations |  | Par Pacific Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Revenues | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,002,370 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 4,002,382 |
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) | — |  |  | 3,578,329 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,578,329 |
Operating expense (excluding depreciation) | — |  |  | 233,318 |  |  | (1,577 | ) |  | 231,741 |
Depreciation, depletion, and amortization | 2,224 |  |  | 62,700 |  |  | 179 |  |  | 65,103 |
Loss (gain) on sale of assets, net | — |  |  | (37,382 | ) |  | 37,382 |  |  | — |
General and administrative expense (excluding depreciation) | 14,940 |  |  | 19,367 |  |  | 128 |  |  | 34,435 |
Acquisition and integration costs | 6 |  |  | 4,319 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,325 |
Total operating expenses | 17,170 |  |  | 3,860,651 |  |  | 36,112 |  |  | 3,913,933 |
Operating income (loss) | (17,170 | ) |  | 141,719 |  |  | (36,100 | ) |  | 88,449 |
Other income (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense and financing costs, net | (7,956 | ) |  | (46,493 | ) |  | (2,887 | ) |  | (57,336 | )
Debt extinguishment and commitment costs | (3,832 | ) |  | (5,354 | ) |  | — |  |  | (9,186 | )
Other income, net | 2,274 |  |  | 73 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,347 |
Change in value of common stock warrants | (3,065 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,065 | )
Equity earnings (losses) from subsidiaries | 35,269 |  |  | — |  |  | (35,269 | ) |  | — |
Equity losses from Laramie Energy, LLC | — |  |  | — |  |  | (84,841 | ) |  | (84,841 | )
Total other income (expense), net | 22,690 |  |  | (51,774 | ) |  | (122,997 | ) |  | (152,081 | )
Income (loss) before income taxes | 5,520 |  |  | 89,945 |  |  | (159,097 | ) |  | (63,632 | )
Income tax benefit (expense) (1) | (150 | ) |  | (18,917 | ) |  | 88,069 |  |  | 69,002 |
Net income (loss) | $ | 5,370 |  |  | $ | 71,028 |  |  | $ | (71,028 | ) |  | $ | 5,370 |
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | (12,666 | ) |  | $ | 177,200 |  |  | $ | 1,461 |  |  | $ | 165,995 |

________________________________________

(1) | The income tax benefit (expense) of the Parent Guarantor and Issuer and Subsidiaries is determined using the separate return method. The Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries and Eliminations column includes tax benefits recognized at the Par consolidated level that are primarily associated with changes to the consolidated valuation allowance and other deferred tax balances.

51

Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Adjusted EBITDA for the supplemental consolidating condensed financial information, which is segregated at the “Parent Guarantor,” “Issuer and Subsidiaries,” and “Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries and Eliminations” levels, is calculated in the same manner as for the Par Pacific Holdings, Inc. Adjusted EBITDA calculations. See “Results of Operations — Non-GAAP Performance Measures — Adjusted Net Income (Loss) and Adjusted EBITDA” above.
The following tables present a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, Net income (loss), on a historical basis for the periods indicated (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2020
| Parent Guarantor |  | Issuer and Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries and Eliminations |  | Par Pacific Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Net income (loss) | $ | (14,271 | ) |  | $ | (8,285 | ) |  | $ | 8,285 |  |  | $ | (14,271 | )
Inventory valuation adjustment | — |  |  | (43,980 | ) |  | — |  |  | (43,980 | )
LIFO liquidation adjustment | — |  |  | 6,211 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,211 |
RINs loss (gain) in excess of net obligation | — |  |  | 645 |  |  | — |  |  | 645 |
Unrealized loss (gain) on derivatives | — |  |  | (4,952 | ) |  | — |  |  | (4,952 | )
Acquisition and integration costs | — |  |  | (155 | ) |  | — |  |  | (155 | )
Depreciation, depletion, and amortization | 753 |  |  | 21,941 |  |  | 127 |  |  | 22,821 |
Interest expense and financing costs, net | 1,236 |  |  | 16,059 |  |  | 228 |  |  | 17,523 |
Equity losses (income) from subsidiaries | 9,713 |  |  | — |  |  | (9,713 | ) |  | — |
Income tax expense (benefit) | — |  |  | (2,148 | ) |  | 2,256 |  |  | 108 |
Adjusted EBITDA (3) | $ | (2,569 | ) |  | $ | (14,664 | ) |  | $ | 1,183 |  |  | $ | (16,050 | )

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2019
| Parent Guarantor |  | Issuer and Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries and Eliminations |  | Par Pacific Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Net income (loss) | $ | (83,891 | ) |  | $ | 7,190 |  |  | $ | (7,190 | ) |  | $ | (83,891 | )
Inventory valuation adjustment | — |  |  | 22,091 |  |  | — |  |  | 22,091 |
RINs loss (gain) in excess of net obligation | — |  |  | (1,240 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,240 | )
Unrealized loss (gain) on derivatives | — |  |  | (15,154 | ) |  | — |  |  | (15,154 | )
Acquisition and integration costs | 3 |  |  | 620 |  |  | — |  |  | 623 |
Changes in valuation allowance and other deferred tax items (1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,751 | ) |  | (2,751 | )
Change in value of common stock warrants | 826 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 826 |
Impairment of Investment in Laramie Energy, LLC (2) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 81,515 |  |  | 81,515 |
Par’s share of Laramie Energy’s unrealized loss on derivatives (2) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,961 |  |  | 1,961 |
Depreciation, depletion, and amortization | 748 |  |  | 21,350 |  |  | 129 |  |  | 22,227 |
Interest expense and financing costs, net | 1,957 |  |  | 15,503 |  |  | 888 |  |  | 18,348 |
Equity losses from Laramie Energy, LLC, excluding Par’s share of unrealized loss on derivatives and impairment losses | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,157 |  |  | 2,157 |
Equity losses (income) from subsidiaries | 75,350 |  |  | — |  |  | (75,350 | ) |  | — |
Income tax expense (benefit) | — |  |  | 566 |  |  | (243 | ) |  | 323 |
Adjusted EBITDA (3) | $ | (5,007 | ) |  | $ | 50,926 |  |  | $ | 1,116 |  |  | $ | 47,035 |

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| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020
| Parent Guarantor |  | Issuer and Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries and Eliminations |  | Par Pacific Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Net income (loss) | $ | (277,168 | ) |  | $ | (199,739 | ) |  | $ | 199,739 |  |  | $ | (277,168 | )
Inventory valuation adjustment | — |  |  | (4,635 | ) |  | — |  |  | (4,635 | )
LIFO liquidation adjustment | — |  |  | 6,211 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,211 |
RINs loss (gain) in excess of net obligation | — |  |  | 17,985 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,985 |
Unrealized loss (gain) on derivatives | — |  |  | (4,507 | ) |  | — |  |  | (4,507 | )
Acquisition and integration costs | — |  |  | 600 |  |  | — |  |  | 600 |
Changes in valuation allowance and other deferred tax items (1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (21,087 | ) |  | (21,087 | )
Change in value of common stock warrants | (4,270 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,270 | )
Severance costs | 157 |  |  | 88 |  |  | — |  |  | 245 |
Impairment expense | — |  |  | 67,922 |  |  | — |  |  | 67,922 |
Impairment of Investment in Laramie Energy, LLC (2) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 45,294 |  |  | 45,294 |
Par’s share of Laramie Energy’s unrealized gain on derivatives (2) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,110 | ) |  | (1,110 | )
Depreciation, depletion, and amortization | 2,258 |  |  | 63,587 |  |  | 387 |  |  | 66,232 |
Interest expense and financing costs, net | 3,709 |  |  | 45,699 |  |  | 3,203 |  |  | 52,611 |
Equity losses from Laramie Energy, LLC, excluding Par’s share of unrealized gain on derivatives and impairment losses | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,721 |  |  | 2,721 |
Equity losses (income) from subsidiaries | 267,285 |  |  | — |  |  | (267,285 | ) |  | — |
Income tax expense (benefit) | — |  |  | (41,457 | ) |  | 41,689 |  |  | 232 |
Adjusted EBITDA (3) | $ | (8,029 | ) |  | $ | (48,246 | ) |  | $ | 3,551 |  |  | $ | (52,724 | )

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
| Parent Guarantor |  | Issuer and Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries and Eliminations |  | Par Pacific Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Net income (loss) | $ | 5,370 |  |  | $ | 71,028 |  |  | $ | (71,028 | ) |  | $ | 5,370 |
Inventory valuation adjustment | — |  |  | 3,287 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,287 |
RINs loss (gain) in excess of net obligation | — |  |  | (3,039 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3,039 | )
Unrealized loss on derivatives | — |  |  | 5,523 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,523 |
Acquisition and integration costs | 6 |  |  | 4,319 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,325 |
Debt extinguishment and commitment costs | 3,832 |  |  | 5,354 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,186 |
Changes in valuation allowance and other deferred tax items (1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (70,420 | ) |  | (70,420 | )
Change in value of common stock warrants | 3,065 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,065 |
Loss (gain) on sale of assets, net | — |  |  | (37,382 | ) |  | 37,382 |  |  | — |
Impairment of Investment in Laramie Energy, LLC (2) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 81,515 |  |  | 81,515 |
Par’s share of Laramie Energy’s unrealized gain on derivatives (2) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,129 | ) |  | (3,129 | )
Depreciation, depletion, and amortization | 2,224 |  |  | 62,700 |  |  | 179 |  |  | 65,103 |
Interest expense and financing costs, net | 7,956 |  |  | 46,493 |  |  | 2,887 |  |  | 57,336 |
Equity losses from Laramie Energy, LLC, excluding Par’s share of unrealized gain on derivatives and impairment losses | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,455 |  |  | 6,455 |
Equity losses (income) from subsidiaries | (35,269 | ) |  | — |  |  | 35,269 |  |  | — |
Income tax expense (benefit) | 150 |  |  | 18,917 |  |  | (17,649 | ) |  | 1,418 |
Adjusted EBITDA (3) | $ | (12,666 | ) |  | $ | 177,200 |  |  | $ | 1,461 |  |  | $ | 165,995 |

________________________________________
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(1) | Included in Income tax benefit (expense) on our condensed consolidated statements of operations.

(2) | Included in Equity earnings (losses) from Laramie Energy, LLC on our condensed consolidated statements of operations.

(3) | For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, there were no severance costs or LIFO liquidation adjustments. For the three months ended September 30, 2020, there was no impairment expense, earnings (losses) attributed to Laramie, change in valuation allowance and other deferred tax items, or common stock warrants outstanding.

Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our liquidity and capital requirements are primarily a function of our debt maturities and debt service requirements and contractual obligations, capital expenditures, turnaround outlays, and working capital needs. Examples of working capital needs include purchases and sales of commodities and associated margin and collateral requirements, facility maintenance costs, and other costs such as payroll. Our primary sources of liquidity are cash flows from operations, cash on hand, amounts available under our credit agreements, and access to capital markets.
Our liquidity position as of September 30, 2020 was $190.6 million and consisted of $188.2 million at Par Petroleum, LLC and subsidiaries, $2.3 million at Par Pacific Holdings, and an immaterial amount at all our other subsidiaries.
As of September 30, 2020, we had access to the J. Aron Deferred Payment Arrangement, the ABL Credit Facility, the MLC receivable advances, and cash on hand of $127.3 million. In addition, we have the Supply and Offtake Agreements with J. Aron and the Washington Refinery Intermediation Agreement, which are used to finance the majority of the inventory at our Hawaii and Washington refineries, respectively. Generally, the primary uses of our capital resources have been in the operations of our refining and retail segments, payments related to acquisitions, and to repay or refinance indebtedness.
We believe our cash flows from operations and available capital resources will be sufficient to meet our current capital and turnaround expenditures, working capital, and debt service requirements for the next 12 months. We may seek to raise additional debt or equity capital to fund any other significant changes to our business or to refinance existing debt. We cannot offer any assurances that such capital will be available in sufficient amounts or at an acceptable cost.
We may from time to time seek to retire or repurchase our 5.00% Convertible Senior Notes, our 7.75% Senior Secured Notes, our 12.875% Senior Secured Notes, or our common stock through cash purchases and/or exchanges for equity securities, in open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions, or otherwise. Such repurchases or exchanges, if any, will depend on prevailing market conditions, our liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions, and other factors. The amounts involved may be material.
Cash Flows
The following table summarizes cash activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2020 |  | 2019
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 25,953 |  |  | $ | 98,632 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (42,428 | ) |  | (334,287 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities | 17,380 |  |  | 272,971 |

Net cash provided by operating activities was approximately $26.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, which resulted from a net loss of approximately $277.2 million, offset by net cash provided by changes in operating assets and liabilities of approximately $117.5 million and non-cash charges to operations of approximately $185.6 million. The change in our operating assets and liabilities for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was primarily due to a decrease in our trade receivables of $112.2 million and a decrease in inventories of $98.8 million, partially offset by a net decrease in our Supply and Offtake Agreements and Washington Refinery Intermediation Agreement obligations of $124.4 million. Net cash provided by changes in operating assets and liabilities also includes an increase of $40.6 million in deferred turnaround costs associated with the Hawaii and Wyoming planned turnarounds. These decreases in accounts receivable, inventory, and Supply and Offtake Agreements were primarily driven by the decline in crude oil prices in 2020 and overall decline in sales and inventory volumes resulting from COVID-19 demand destruction. Net cash provided by operating activities was approximately $98.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, which resulted from net income of approximately $5.4 million and non-cash charges to operations of approximately $113.2 million primarily related to a $81.5 million non-cash impairment of our Investment in Laramie Energy, offset by net cash used for changes in operating assets and liabilities of approximately $19.9 million.
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For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, net cash used in investing activities was approximately $42.4 million and primarily related to additions to property, plant, and equipment totaling approximately $42.5 million. Net cash used in investing activities was approximately $334.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and primarily related to $274.3 million net cash consideration paid for the Washington Acquisition and additions to property and equipment totaling approximately $64.1 million.
Net cash provided by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was approximately $17.4 million, which consisted primarily of net debt and insurance premium borrowings of approximately $85.5 million, offset by net repayments associated with the J. Aron deferred payment and MLC receivable advances of approximately $60.8 million and payments of $6.3 million in deferred loan costs primarily related to the issuance of the 12.875% Senior Secured Notes. Net cash provided by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was approximately $273.0 million, which consisted primarily of net debt borrowings of approximately $263.4 million and net borrowings associated with the J. Aron deferred payment and MLC receivable advances of approximately $27.8 million, offset by the payments of $13.5 million in deferred loan costs and $7.1 million in commitment and extinguishment costs related to the funding for the Washington Acquisition and the financing costs related to the repurchase and cancellation of a portion of our 5.00% Convertible Senior Notes.
Capital Expenditures and Turnaround Costs
Our deferred turnaround costs and capital expenditures, excluding acquisitions, for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 totaled approximately $83.0 million and were primarily related to equipment purchases and engineering work for the 2020 turnarounds at our Par East Hawaii and Wyoming refineries, the second phase of a Washington renewables project, tank compliance construction and repairs within our Wyoming logistics network, and scheduled maintenance. Our capital expenditure and deferred turnaround cost budget for 2020 ranges from $95 million to $115 million and primarily relates to the second phase of a Washington renewables project, equipment purchases and engineering work related to the execution of the 2020 turnarounds at our Par East Hawaii and Wyoming refineries, tank compliance construction and repairs within our Wyoming logistics network, and scheduled maintenance and other capital projects.
We also continue to seek strategic investments in business opportunities, but the amount and timing of those investments are not predictable.
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Commitments and Contingencies
Supply and Offtake Agreements. On June 1, 2015, we entered into the Supply and Offtake Agreements with J. Aron to support the operations of our Par East Hawaii refinery. On May 8, 2017, we and J. Aron amended the Supply and Offtake Agreements and extended the term through May 31, 2021 with a one-year extension option upon mutual agreement of the parties. On June 27, 2018, we and J. Aron amended the Supply and Offtake Agreements to increase the amount that we may defer under the deferred payment arrangement. On December 5, 2018, we and J. Aron amended the Supply and Offtake Agreements to account for additional processing capacity expected to be provided by the Par West Hawaii refinery. We are evaluating options to extend or replace the Supply and Offtake Agreements. Please read Note 9—Inventory Financing Agreements for more information.
Washington Refinery Intermediation Agreement. In connection with the consummation of the Washington Acquisition on January 11, 2019, we assumed the Washington Refinery Intermediation Agreement with MLC to support the operations of our Washington refinery. On November 1, 2019, we and MLC amended the Washington Refinery Intermediation Agreement and extended the term through June 30, 2021, with an option for us to early terminate as early as March 31, 2021. We are evaluating options to extend or replace the Washington Refinery Intermediation Agreement. Please read Note 9—Inventory Financing Agreements for more information.
From time to time, we may be involved in litigation relating to claims arising out of our operations in the normal course of our business. Please read Note 14—Commitments and Contingencies to our condensed consolidated financial statements for more information.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
There have been no material changes to critical accounting policies disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Forward-Looking Statements
Certain statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may constitute “forward-looking” statements as defined in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (“PSLRA”), or in releases made by the SEC, all as may be amended from time to time. Such forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other important factors including, without limitation, our expectations regarding the impact of COVID-19 on our business, our customers, and the markets where we operate; our beliefs with regard to available capital resources, our beliefs regarding the likelihood or impact of any potential fines or penalties and of the fair value of certain assets, and our expectations with respect to laws and regulations, including environmental regulations and related compliance costs and any fines or penalties related thereto; our expectations regarding the sufficiency of our cash flows and liquidity; our expectations regarding anticipated capital expenditures, including the timing and cost of compliance with consent decrees and other enforcement actions; our expectations regarding the impact of the adoption of certain accounting standards; our estimates regarding the fair value of certain indebtedness; estimated costs to settle claims from the Delta bankruptcy; the estimated value of, and our ability to settle, legal claims remaining to be settled against third parties; our expectations regarding the synergies or other benefits of our acquisitions; our expectations regarding certain tax liabilities and debt obligations; our expectations and estimates regarding our Supply and Offtake Agreements and the Washington Refinery Intermediation Agreement; management’s assumptions about future events; our ability to raise additional debt or equity capital; our ability to make strategic investments in business opportunities; and the estimates, assumptions, and projections regarding future financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, and cash flows. These and other forward-looking statements could cause the actual results, performance, or achievements of Par and its subsidiaries to differ materially from any future results, performance, or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Statements that are not historical fact are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements can be identified by, among other things, the use of forward-looking language, such as the words “plan,” “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “estimate,” “project,” “may,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “should,” “seeks,” or “scheduled to,” or other similar words, or the negative of these terms or other variations of these terms or comparable language, or by discussion of strategy or intentions. These cautionary statements are being made pursuant to the Securities Act, the Exchange Act, and the PSLRA with the intention of obtaining the benefits of the “safe harbor” provisions of such laws.
The forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are largely based on our expectations, which reflect estimates and assumptions made by our management. These estimates and assumptions reflect our best judgment based on currently known market conditions and other factors. Although we believe such estimates and assumptions to be reasonable, they are inherently uncertain and involve a number of risks and uncertainties that are beyond our control, including those set out in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q under “Risk Factors.”
In addition, management’s assumptions about future events may prove to be inaccurate. All readers are cautioned that the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are not guarantees of future performance; and we cannot assure any reader that such statements will be realized or that the forward-looking events and circumstances will occur. Actual results may differ materially from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements due to factors described above and under Critical Accounting Policies and Risk Factors included in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and in
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this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. All forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made. Additionally, significant uncertainties remain with respect to COVID-19 and its economic effects. Due to the unpredictable and unprecedented nature of the COVID-19 pandemic, we cannot identify all potential risks to, and impacts on, our business, including the ultimate adverse economic impact to the Company’s business, results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity. However, the adverse impact of COVID-19 on the Company has been and will likely continue to be material. There can be no guarantee that the operational and financial measures the Company has taken, and may take in the future, will be fully effective. We do not intend to update or revise any forward-looking statements as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise. These cautionary statements qualify all forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf.
Item 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Commodity Price Risk
Our earnings, cash flows, and liquidity are significantly affected by commodity price volatility. Our Revenues fluctuate with refined product prices and our Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) fluctuates with movements in crude oil and feedstock prices. Assuming all other factors remain constant, a $1 per barrel change in average gross refining margins, based on our throughput for the three months ended September 30, 2020 of 105 thousand barrels per day, would change annualized operating income by approximately $37.8 million. This analysis may differ from actual results.
In order to manage commodity price risks, we utilize exchange-traded futures, options, and over-the-counter (“OTC”) swaps associated with:

• | the price for which we sell our refined products;

• | the price we pay for crude oil and other feedstocks;

• | our crude oil and refined products inventory; and

• | our fuel requirements for our refineries.

All of our futures and OTC swaps are executed to economically hedge our physical commodity purchases, sales, and inventory. Our open futures and OTC swaps expire at various dates through December 2020. At September 30, 2020, these open commodity derivative contracts represent (in thousands of barrels):

Contract type |  | Purchases |  | Sales |  | Net
Futures |  | 450 |  |  | — |  |  | 450 |
Swaps |  | 3,000 |  |  | (5,300 | ) |  | (2,300 | )
Total |  | 3,450 |  |  | (5,300 | ) |  | (1,850 | )

Based on our net open positions at September 30, 2020, a $1 change in the price of crude oil, assuming all other factors remain constant, would result in a change of approximately $0.4 million to the fair value of these derivative instruments and Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation).
Our predominant variable operating cost is the cost of fuel consumed in the refining process, which is included in Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) on our condensed consolidated statements of operations. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, we consumed approximately 105 thousand and 124 thousand barrels per day, respectively, of crude oil during the refining process at our Hawaii, Washington, and Wyoming refineries. We internally consumed approximately 4% of this throughput in the refining process during each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, which is accounted for as a fuel cost. We have economically hedged 75 thousand barrels per month through December 2020 and 25 thousand barrels from January 2021 through December 2021 of our internally consumed fuel cost at our Hawaii refineries by executing option collars. These option collars have a weighted-average strike price ranging from a floor of $48.77 per barrel to a ceiling of $65.00 per barrel and from a floor of $36.50 per barrel to a ceiling of $60.00 per barrel, respectively. We do not currently economically hedge our internally consumed fuel cost at our Wyoming or Washington refineries.
Compliance Program Price Risk
We are exposed to market risks related to the volatility in the price of RINs required to comply with the Renewable Fuel Standard. Our renewable volume obligation (“RVO”) is based on a percentage of our Hawaii, Wyoming, and Washington refineries’ production of on-road transportation fuel. The EPA sets the RVO percentages annually. To the degree we are unable to blend the required amount of biofuels to satisfy our RVO, we must purchase RINs on the open market. To mitigate the impact of this risk on our results of operations and cash flows, we may purchase RINs when the price of these instruments is deemed favorable. Some
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of these contracts are derivative instruments, however, we elect the normal purchases normal sales exception and do not record these contracts at their fair values.
Interest Rate Risk
As of September 30, 2020, we had $274.1 million in debt principal that was subject to floating interest rates. We also had interest rate exposure in connection with our liabilities under the J. Aron Supply and Offtake Agreements and the MLC Washington Refinery Intermediation Agreement for which we pay charges based on three-month LIBOR. An increase of 1% in the variable rate on our indebtedness, after considering the instruments subject to minimum interest rates, would result in an increase to our Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) and Interest expense and financing costs, net, of approximately $3.2 million and $3.9 million per year, respectively.
We may utilize interest rate swaps to manage our interest rate risk. As of September 30, 2020, we had entered into an interest rate swap at an average fixed rate of 3.91% in exchange for the floating interest rate and on the notional amounts due under the Retail Property Term Loan. This swap expires on April 1, 2024, the maturity date of the Retail Property Term Loan.
Credit Risk
We are subject to risk of losses resulting from nonpayment or nonperformance by our counterparties. We will continue to closely monitor the creditworthiness of customers to whom we grant credit and establish credit limits in accordance with our credit policy.
Item 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
In connection with the preparation of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as of September 30, 2020, an evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2020.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no changes during the quarter ended September 30, 2020 in our internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
From time to time, we may be involved in litigation relating to claims arising out of our operations in the normal course of our business. Please read Note 14—Commitments and Contingencies to our condensed consolidated financial statements for more information, including a description of a recent consent agreement with the EPA that obligated us to pay a penalty of $123,461.
Item 1A. RISK FACTORS
We are subject to certain risks. For a discussion of these risks, see “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019. These “Risk Factors” may be amplified by the uncertain and unprecedented nature of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Our business, financial condition, results of operations, and liquidity have been adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic that has caused, and is expected to continue to cause, the global slowdown of economic activity (including the decrease in demand for crude oil and the refined products that we produce and sell), disruptions in global supply chains, and significant volatility and disruption of financial markets and that also has adversely affected workforces, customers, and regional and local economies.
Because the severity, magnitude, and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic and its economic consequences are uncertain, rapidly changing, and difficult to predict, the impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity remains
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uncertain and difficult to predict. The ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our results of operations and financial condition remains uncertain and depends on numerous evolving factors, many of which are not within our control, and which we may not be able to effectively respond to, including, but not limited to: governmental, business, and individuals’ actions that have been and continue to be taken in response to the pandemic (including restrictions on travel and transport, workforce pressures and social distancing, and stay-at-home orders); the effect of the pandemic on economic activity and actions taken in response; the effect on our customers and their demand for our products; the effect of the pandemic on the creditworthiness of our customers; national or global supply chain challenges or disruption; workforce availability; facility closures; commodity cost volatility; general economic uncertainty in key global markets and financial market volatility and ability to access capital markets; global economic conditions and levels of economic growth; and the pace of recovery when the COVID-19 pandemic subsides, as well as response to a potential reoccurrence.
Further, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the volatile regional and global economic conditions stemming from the pandemic, could also precipitate or aggravate the other risk factors that we identify in our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations (including revenues and profitability), and liquidity and/or stock price. Additionally, COVID-19 may also affect our operating and financial results in a manner that is not presently known to us or that we currently do not consider to present significant risks to our operations.
Item 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
Dividends
We have not paid dividends on our common stock and we do not expect to do so in the foreseeable future. In addition, under the ABL Credit Facility, the indentures governing the 7.75% Senior Secured Notes and the 12.875% Senior Secured Notes, and the Term Loan B Facility, our subsidiaries are restricted from paying dividends or making other equity distributions, subject to certain exceptions.
Stock Repurchases
The following table sets forth certain information with respect to repurchases of our common stock during the quarter ended September 30, 2020:

Period | Total number of shares (or units) purchased (1) |  | Average price paid per share (or unit) |  | Total number of shares (or units) purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs |  | Maximum number (or approximate dollar value) of shares (or units) that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs
July 1 - July 31, 2020 | 4,330 |  |  | $ | 8.42 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
August 1 - August 31, 2020 | 653 |  |  | 7.41 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
September 1 - September 30, 2020 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | 4,983 |  |  | $ | 8.29 |  |  | — |  |  | — |

________________________________________________
(1) All shares repurchased were surrendered by employees to pay taxes withheld upon the vesting of restricted stock awards.
Item 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
Not applicable.
Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Not applicable.
Item 5. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
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Item 6. EXHIBITS

2.1 | Third Amended Joint Chapter 11 Plan of Reorganization of Delta Petroleum Corporation and Its Debtor Affiliates dated August 16, 2012. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 7, 2012. @
2.2 | Contribution Agreement, dated as of June 4, 2012, among Piceance Energy, LLC, Laramie Energy, LLC, and the Company. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 8, 2012. @
2.3 | Purchase and Sale Agreement dated as of December 31, 2012, by and among the Company, SEACOR Energy Holdings Inc., SEACOR Holdings Inc., and Gateway Terminals LLC. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 3, 2013. @
2.4 | Membership Interest Purchase Agreement dated as of June 17, 2013, by and among Tesoro Corporation, Tesoro Hawaii, LLC, and Hawaii Pacific Energy, LLC Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.4 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2013, filed on August 14, 2013. @
2.5 | Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of June 2, 2014, by and among the Company, Bogey, Inc., Koko’oha Investments, Inc., and Bill D. Mills, in his capacity as the Shareholders’ Representative. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.5 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2014, filed on August 11, 2014. @
2.6 | Amendment of Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of September 9, 2014, by and among the Company, Bogey, Inc., Koko’oha Investments, Inc., and Bill D. Mills, in his capacity as the Shareholders’ Representative. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 10, 2014. @
2.7 | Second Amendment of Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of December 31, 2014, by and among Par Petroleum Corporation, Bogey, Inc., Koko’oha Investments, Inc., and Bill D. Mills, in his capacity as the Shareholder’s Representative. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 7, 2015. @
2.8 | Third Amendment to Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of March 31, 2015, by and among the Company, Bogey, Inc., Koko’oha Investments, Inc., and Bill D. Mills, in his capacity as the Shareholders’ Representative. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 2, 2015. @
2.9 | Unit Purchase Agreement, dated as of June 13, 2016, between Par Wyoming, LLC and Black Elk Refining, LLC. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 15, 2016. @
2.10 | First Amendment to Unit Purchase Agreement dated as of July 14, 2016, between Par Wyoming, LLC and Black Elk Refining, LLC. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 15, 2016. @
2.11 | Purchase and Sale Agreement dated as of November 26, 2018, among Par Petroleum, LLC, TrailStone NA Oil & Refining Holdings, LLC, and solely for certain purposes specified therein, the Company. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed on November 30, 2018. @#
2.12 | Amendment No. 1 to Purchase and Sale Agreement dated as of January 11, 2019, among Par Petroleum, LLC, TrailStone NA Oil & Refining Holdings, LLC and Par Pacific Holdings, Inc. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 14, 2019.
3.1 | Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company dated October 20, 2015. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 20, 2015.
3.2 | Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company dated October 20, 2015. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 20, 2015.
4.1 | Form of the Company’s Common Stock Certificate. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 31, 2014.
4.2 | Stockholders Agreement dated April 10, 2015. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 13, 2015.
4.3 | Registration Rights Agreement effective as of August 31, 2012, by and among the Company, Zell Credit Opportunities Master Fund, L.P., Waterstone Capital Management, L.P., Pandora Select Partners, LP, Iam Mini-Fund 14 Limited, Whitebox Multi-Strategy Partners, LP, Whitebox Credit Arbitrage Partners, LP, HFR RVA Combined Master Trust, Whitebox Concentrated Convertible Arbitrage Partners, LP, and Whitebox Asymmetric Partners, LP. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 7, 2012.

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4.4 | First Amendment to Registration Rights Agreement dated as of December 19, 2018, by and among the Company and the holders party thereto. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s registration statement on Form S-3 filed on December 21, 2018.
4.5 | Registration Rights Agreement dated as of September 25, 2013, by and among the Company and the Purchasers party thereto. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 27, 2013.
4.6 | Warrant Issuance Agreement dated as of August 31, 2012, by and among the Company and WB Delta, Ltd., Waterstone Offshore ER Fund, Ltd., Prime Capital Master SPC, Waterstone Market Neutral MAC51, Ltd., Waterstone Market Neutral Master Fund, Ltd., Waterstone MF Fund, Ltd., Nomura Waterstone Market Neutral Fund, ZCOF Par Petroleum Holdings, L.L.C., and Highbridge International, LLC. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 7, 2012.
4.7 | Form of Common Stock Purchase Warrant dated as of June 4, 2012. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 7, 2012.
4.8 | Indenture, dated June 21, 2016, between Par Pacific Holdings, Inc. and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as Trustee. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 22, 2016.
4.9 | Registration Rights Agreement, dated June 21, 2016, between Par Pacific Holdings, Inc. and Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, as representative of the Initial Purchasers. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 22, 2016.
4.10 | Registration Rights Agreement dated as of July 14, 2016, by and among Par Pacific Holdings, Inc. and the purchasers party thereto. Incorporated by Reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 15, 2016.
4.11 | First Amendment to Registration Rights Agreement dated as of September 27, 2016, by and among the Company and the purchasers party thereof. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.14 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 4, 2016.
4.12 | Second Amendment to Registration Rights Agreement dated as of September 30, 2016, by and among the Company and the holders party thereto. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.15 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 4, 2016.
4.13 | Third Amendment to Registration Rights Agreement dated as of October 7, 2016, by and among the Company and the holders party thereto. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.16 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 4, 2016.
4.14 | Fourth Amendment to Registration Rights Agreement dated as of October 14, 2016, by and among the Company and the holders party thereto. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.17 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 4, 2016.
4.15 | Fifth Amendment to Registration Rights Agreement dated as of October 21, 2016, by and among the Company and the holders party thereto. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.18 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 4, 2016.
4.16 | Sixth Amendment to Registration Rights Agreement dated as of October 28, 2016 by and among the Company and the holders party thereto. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.19 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 4, 2016.
4.17 | Second Amended and Restated Par Pacific Holdings, Inc. 2012 Long Term Incentive Plan. Incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Company’s Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed on March 29, 2018.
4.18 | Par Pacific Holdings, Inc. 2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. Incorporated by reference to Appendix B to the Company’s Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed on March 29, 2018.
4.19 | Registration Rights Agreement dated as of January 11, 2019, by and between the Company and TrailStone NA Oil & Refining Holdings, LLC. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 14, 2019.
4.20 | Indenture, dated December 21, 2017, among Par Petroleum, LLC, Par Petroleum Finance Corp., the Guarantors (as defined therein), and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as Trustee and Collateral Trustee. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 22, 2017.
4.21 | First Supplemental Indenture, dated November 20, 2018, among Par Petroleum, LLC, Par Petroleum Finance Corp., the Guarantors (as defined therein), and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as Trustee. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.21 to the Company’s registration statement on Form S-3 filed on December 21, 2018.

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4.22 | Second Supplemental Indenture, dated January 11, 2019, among Par Tacoma, LLC (f/k/a TrailStone NA Asset Finance I, LLC), U.S. Oil & Refining Co., McChord Pipeline Co., Par Petroleum, LLC, Par Petroleum Finance Corp., Par Pacific Holdings, Inc., the other guarantors party thereto, and Wilmington Trust, National Association. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 14, 2019.
4.23 | Third Supplemental Indenture, dated August 15, 2019, among Par Hawaii, LLC (successor by conversion to Par Hawaii, Inc.), Par Petroleum, LLC, Par Petroleum Finance Corp., Par Pacific Holdings, Inc., the other guarantors party thereto, and Wilmington Trust, National Association. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.23 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 10, 2020.
4.24 | 2019 Par Pacific Holdings, Inc. Management Stock Purchase Plan. Incorporated by reference to Appendix 1 to the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed on March 28, 2019.
4.25 | Indenture, dated as of June 5, 2020, among Par Petroleum, LLC, Par Petroleum Finance Corp., the Guarantors (as defined therein) and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as Trustee and Collateral Trustee. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s current report on Form 8-K filed on June 8, 2020.
31.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. *
31.2 | Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. *
32.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350. **
32.2 | Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350. **
101.INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.*
101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Documents.*
101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.*
101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.*
101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.*
101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.*
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).*

* Filed herewith.
** Furnished herewith.
@ Schedules and similar attachments have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K. The Company will furnish supplementally a copy of any omitted schedule or similar attachment to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.
# Portions of this exhibit have been redacted in accordance with Item 610(b)(10) of Regulation S-K.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange of Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC. (Registrant)
| By: | /s/ William Pate |  |
|  | William Pate |  |
|  | President and Chief Executive Officer |  |
| By: | /s/ William Monteleone |  |
|  | William Monteleone |  |
|  | Chief Financial Officer |  |

Date: November 6, 2020
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