<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001193125-21-083597.txt : 20210317
<SEC-HEADER>0001193125-21-083597.hdr.sgml : 20210317
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20210317091156
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001193125-21-083597
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		17
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20210316
ITEM INFORMATION:		Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement
ITEM INFORMATION:		Regulation FD Disclosure
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20210317
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20210317

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0000821483
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	CRUDE PETROLEUM & NATURAL GAS [1311]
		IRS NUMBER:				841060803
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	001-36550
		FILM NUMBER:		21748747

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		825 TOWN & COUNTRY LANE
		STREET 2:		SUITE 1500
		CITY:			HOUSTON
		STATE:			TX
		ZIP:			77024
		BUSINESS PHONE:		(281) 899-4800

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		825 TOWN & COUNTRY LANE
		STREET 2:		SUITE 1500
		CITY:			HOUSTON
		STATE:			TX
		ZIP:			77024

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	PAR PETROLEUM CORP/CO
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20120907

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	DELTA PETROLEUM CORP/CO
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	19920703
</SEC-HEADER>
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<td style="vertical-align:top"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:left">Written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)</p></td></tr></table> <p style="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
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<td style="width:4%;vertical-align:top"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:SolicitingMaterial" contextRef="duration_2021-03-16_to_2021-03-16" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></td>
<td style="vertical-align:top"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:left">Soliciting material pursuant to Rule <span style="white-space:nowrap">14a-12</span> under the Exchange Act (17 CFR <span style="white-space:nowrap">240.14a-12)</span></p></td></tr></table> <p style="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
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<td style="width:4%;vertical-align:top"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:PreCommencementTenderOffer" contextRef="duration_2021-03-16_to_2021-03-16" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></td>
<td style="vertical-align:top"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:left"><span style="white-space:nowrap">Pre-commencement</span> communications pursuant to Rule <span style="white-space:nowrap">14d-2(b)</span> under the Exchange Act (17 CFR <span style="white-space:nowrap">240.14d-2(b))</span></p></td></tr></table> <p style="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt;border:0;width:100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr style="page-break-inside:avoid">
<td style="width:4%;vertical-align:top"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" contextRef="duration_2021-03-16_to_2021-03-16" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></td>
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<td style="width:11%;vertical-align:top" align="left"><span style="font-weight:bold">Item&#160;1.01</span></td>
<td align="left" style="vertical-align:top"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:left">Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement. </p></td></tr></table> <p style="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">On March&#160;16, 2021, Par Pacific Holdings, Inc. (the &#8220;<span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-style:italic">Company</span></span>&#8221;) entered into an underwriting agreement (the &#8220;<span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-style:italic">Underwriting Agreement</span></span>&#8221;) with J.P. Morgan Securities LLC and Goldman Sachs&#160;&amp; Co. LLC, as representatives (the &#8220;<span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-style:italic">Representatives</span></span>&#8221;) of the several underwriters named therein (the &#8220;<span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-style:italic">Underwriters</span></span>&#8221;), in connection with an underwritten public offering (the &#8220;<span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-style:italic">Equity Offering</span></span>&#8221;) of 5,000,000<span style="font-weight:bold"></span>&#160;shares (the &#8220;<span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-style:italic">Offered Shares</span></span>&#8221;) of common stock, par value $0.01 per share (the &#8220;<span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-style:italic">Common Stock</span></span>&#8221;). The Company expects the net proceeds from the Equity Offering to be approximately $75.7&#160;million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the Equity Offering for general corporate purposes, including repaying indebtedness, capital expenditures and funding working capital. </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The issuance and sale of the Offered Shares has been registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &#8220;<span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-style:italic">Securities Act</span></span>&#8221;), pursuant to the Company&#8217;s shelf registration statement on Form <span style="white-space:nowrap">S-3</span> (Registration <span style="white-space:nowrap">No.&#160;333-229528),</span> filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and declared effective on February&#160;15, 2019. The Equity Offering is expected to close on March&#160;19, 2021, subject to customary closing conditions. A legal opinion relating to the validity of the Offered Shares is filed herewith as Exhibit 5.1. </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The Underwriting Agreement contains customary representations, warranties and agreements by the Company and customary conditions to closing, obligations of the parties and termination provisions. Additionally, the Company has agreed to indemnify the Underwriters against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, or to contribute to payments the Underwriters may be required to make because of any of those liabilities. Furthermore, the Company has agreed with the Underwriters not to offer or sell any shares of its Common Stock (or securities convertible into or exchangeable for Common Stock), for a period of 60 days after the date of the Underwriting Agreement without the prior written consent of the Representatives, subject to certain exceptions. </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The foregoing description of the Underwriting Agreement is qualified in its entirety by reference to such Underwriting Agreement, a copy of which is filed herewith as Exhibit 1.1 and is incorporated herein by reference. </p> <p style="font-size:18pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
<table style="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt;border:0;width:100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<td style="width:11%;vertical-align:top" align="left"><span style="font-weight:bold">Item&#160;7.01</span></td>
<td align="left" style="vertical-align:top"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:left">Regulation FD Disclosure. </p></td></tr></table> <p style="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">On March&#160;16, 2021, the Company issued a news release announcing the pricing of the Equity Offering. A copy of the news release is filed as Exhibit&#160;99.1 to this Current Report on Form <span style="white-space:nowrap">8-K,</span> and is incorporated herein by reference. </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The information in this Item 7.01 (including the exhibits) shall not be deemed to be &#8220;filed&#8221; for purposes of Section&#160;18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the &#8220;<span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-style:italic">Exchange Act</span></span>&#8221;), or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section, and is not incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act. </p> <p style="font-size:18pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
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<td style="width:11%;vertical-align:top" align="left"><span style="font-weight:bold">Item&#160;9.01</span></td>
<td align="left" style="vertical-align:top"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:left">Financial Statements and Exhibits. </p></td></tr></table> <p style="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d) Exhibits. </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
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<td align="center" style="border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap"> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:center">Description</p></td></tr>


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<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="d112426dex11.htm">Underwriting Agreement, dated March&#160;16, 2021, by and between Par Pacific Holdings, Inc. and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC and Goldman Sachs&#160;&amp; Co. LLC, as representatives of the several underwriters named therein. </a></td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="d112426dex51.htm">Opinion of Porter Hedges LLP, as to the validity of the Offered Shares. </a></td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="d112426dex51.htm">Consent of Porter Hedges LLP (included in Exhibit 5.1). </a></td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="d112426dex991.htm">News Release, dated March&#160;16, 2021. </a></td></tr>
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 <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:center">SIGNATURES </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized. </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Date: March&#160;17, 2021 </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p><div>
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<td style="vertical-align:top" colspan="3"><span style="font-weight:bold">PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC.</span></td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:top">By:</td>
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<td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap"> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">/s/ J. Matthew Vaughn</p></td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:top">Name:</td>
<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;</td>
<td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap">J. Matthew Vaughn</td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:top">Title:</td>
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<td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap">Chief Administrative Officer and General Counsel</td></tr>
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<TYPE>EX-1.1
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<FILENAME>d112426dex11.htm
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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right"><B>Exhibit 1.1 </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right"><B><I>Execution Version </I></B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Par Pacific Holdings, Inc. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">5,000,000 Shares of Common Stock </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Underwriting Agreement </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right">March&nbsp;16, 2021 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">J.P. Morgan Securities LLC
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Goldman Sachs&nbsp;&amp; Co.&nbsp;LLC, </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">As Representatives
of the </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">several Underwriters listed </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">in Schedule&nbsp;1
hereto </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">c/o J.P. Morgan Securities LLC </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">383 Madison Avenue
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">New York, New York 10179 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">c/o Goldman Sachs&nbsp;&amp;
Co.&nbsp;LLC </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">200 West Street, </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">New York, New York 10282-2198
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Ladies and Gentlemen: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Par Pacific
Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the &#147;Company&#148;), proposes to issue and sell to the several underwriters listed in Schedule&nbsp;1 hereto (the &#147;Underwriters&#148;), for whom you are acting as representatives (the
&#147;Representatives&#148;), an aggregate of 5,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $ 0.01 per share, of the Company (the &#147;Underwritten Shares&#148;) and, at the option of the Underwriters, up to an additional 750,000 shares of common
stock of the Company (the &#147;Option Shares&#148;). The Underwritten Shares and the Option Shares are herein referred to as the &#147;Shares&#148;. The shares of common stock of the Company to be outstanding after giving effect to the sale of the
Shares are referred to herein as the &#147;Stock&#148;. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The Company hereby confirms its agreement with the several Underwriters
concerning the purchase and sale of the Shares, as follows: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Registration Statement</U>. The Company has
prepared and filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &#147;Commission&#148;) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder (collectively, the &#147;Securities Act&#148;), a
registration statement (File <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">No.&nbsp;333-229528),</FONT> including a prospectus, relating to the Shares. Such registration statement, as amended at the time it became effective, including the information, if any,
deemed pursuant to Rule 430A, 430B or 430C under the Securities Act to be part of the registration statement at the time of its effectiveness (&#147;Rule 430 Information&#148;), is referred to herein as the &#147;Registration Statement&#148;; and as
used herein, the term &#147;Preliminary Prospectus&#148; means each prospectus included in such registration statement (and any amendments thereto) before effectiveness, any prospectus filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(a) under the
Securities Act and the prospectus included in the Registration Statement at the time of </P>
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its effectiveness that omits Rule 430 Information, and the term &#147;Prospectus&#148; means the prospectus in the form first used (or made available upon request of purchasers pursuant to
Rule&nbsp;173 under the Securities Act) in connection with confirmation of sales of the Shares. If the Company has filed an abbreviated registration statement pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act (the &#147;Rule 462 Registration
Statement&#148;), then any reference herein to the term &#147;Registration Statement&#148; shall be deemed to include such Rule 462 Registration Statement. Any reference in this underwriting agreement (this &#147;Agreement&#148;) to the Registration
Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus shall be deemed to refer to and include the documents incorporated by reference therein pursuant to Item 12 of Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3</FONT> under the Securities Act, as of
the effective date of the Registration Statement or the date of such Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus, as the case may be, and any reference to &#147;amend&#148;, &#147;amendment&#148; or &#147;supplement&#148; with respect to the
Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus shall be deemed to refer to and include any documents filed after such date under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations of the Commission
thereunder (collectively, the &#147;Exchange Act&#148;) that are deemed to be incorporated by reference therein. Capitalized terms used but not defined herein shall have the meanings given to such terms in the Registration Statement and the
Prospectus. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">At or prior to the Applicable Time (as defined below), the Company had prepared the following information (collectively with
the pricing information set forth on Annex A, the &#147;Pricing Disclosure Package&#148;): a Preliminary Prospectus dated March&nbsp;15, 2021 and each <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">&#147;free-writing</FONT> prospectus&#148; (as defined pursuant
to Rule 405 under the Securities Act) listed on Annex A hereto. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&#147;Applicable Time&#148; means 6:30 P.M., New York City time, on
March&nbsp;16, 2021. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Purchase of the Shares</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Company agrees to issue and sell the Underwritten Shares to the several Underwriters as provided in this
Agreement, and each Underwriter, on the basis of the representations, warranties and agreements set forth herein and subject to the conditions set forth herein, agrees, severally and not jointly, to purchase at a price per share of $15.20 (the
&#147;Purchase Price&#148;) from the Company the respective number of Underwritten Shares set forth opposite such Underwriter&#146;s name in Schedule&nbsp;1 hereto. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">In addition, the Company agrees to issue and sell the Option Shares to the several Underwriters as provided in this Agreement, and the
Underwriters, on the basis of the representations, warranties and agreements set forth herein and subject to the conditions set forth herein, shall have the option to purchase, severally and not jointly, from the Company the Option Shares at the
Purchase Price less an amount per share equal to any dividends or distributions declared by the Company and payable on the Underwritten Shares but not payable on the Option Shares. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">If any Option Shares are to be purchased, the number of Option Shares to be purchased by each Underwriter shall be the number of Option Shares
which bears the same ratio to the aggregate number of Option Shares being purchased as the number of Underwritten Shares set forth opposite the name of such Underwriter in Schedule&nbsp;1 hereto (or such number increased as
</P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">2 </P>

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set forth in Section&nbsp;10 hereof) bears to the aggregate number of Underwritten Shares being purchased from the Company by the several Underwriters, subject, however, to such adjustments to
eliminate any fractional Shares as the Representatives in their sole discretion shall make. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The Underwriters may exercise the option to
purchase Option Shares at any time in whole, or from time to time in part, on or before the thirtieth day following the date of the Prospectus, by written notice from the Representatives to the Company. Such notice shall set forth the aggregate
number of Option Shares as to which the option is being exercised and the date and time when the Option Shares are to be delivered and paid for, which may be the same date and time as the Closing Date (as hereinafter defined) but shall not be
earlier than the Closing Date nor later than the tenth full business day (as hereinafter defined) after the date of such notice (unless such time and date are postponed in accordance with the provisions of Section&nbsp;10 hereof). Any such notice
shall be given at least two business days prior to the date and time of delivery specified therein; provided that any notice where the Option Shares are to be delivered on the Closing Date shall be given at least one business day prior to the
Closing Date. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Company understands that the Underwriters intend to make a public offering of the Shares,
and initially to offer the Shares on the terms set forth in the Pricing Disclosure Package. The Company acknowledges and agrees that the Underwriters may offer and sell Shares to or through any affiliate of an Underwriter. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Payment for the Shares shall be made by wire transfer in immediately available funds to the account specified by
the Company to the Representatives in the case of the Underwritten Shares, at the offices of Porter Hedges LLP at 10:00 A.M. New York City time on March&nbsp;19, 2021, or at such other time or place on the same or such other date, not later than the
fifth business day thereafter, as the Representatives and the Company may agree upon in writing or, in the case of the Option Shares, on the date and at the time and place specified by the Representatives in the written notice of the
Underwriters&#146; election to purchase such Option Shares. The time and date of such payment for the Underwritten Shares is referred to herein as the &#147;Closing Date&#148;, and the time and date for such payment for the Option Shares, if other
than the Closing Date, is herein referred to as the &#147;Additional Closing Date&#148;. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Payment for the Shares to be purchased on the
Closing Date or the Additional Closing Date, as the case may be, shall be made against delivery to the Representatives for the respective accounts of the several Underwriters of the Shares to be purchased on such date or the Additional Closing Date,
as the case may be, with any transfer taxes payable in connection with the sale of such Shares duly paid by the Company. Delivery of the Shares shall be made through the facilities of The Depository Trust Company unless the Representatives shall
otherwise instruct. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Company acknowledges and agrees that the Representatives and the other Underwriters
are acting solely in the capacity of an arm&#146;s length contractual counterparty to the Company with respect to the offering of Shares contemplated hereby (including in connection with determining the terms of the offering) and not as a financial
advisor or a fiduciary to, or an agent of, the Company or any other person. Additionally, neither the Representatives nor any other Underwriter is advising the Company or any other person as to any legal, tax, investment, accounting or regulatory
matters in any jurisdiction. The Company shall consult with its own </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">3 </P>

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advisors concerning such matters and shall be responsible for making its own independent investigation and appraisal of the transactions contemplated hereby, and neither the Representatives nor
the other Underwriters shall have any responsibility or liability to the Company with respect thereto. Any review by the Representatives and the other Underwriters of the Company, the transactions contemplated hereby or other matters relating to
such transactions will be performed solely for the benefit of the Underwriters and shall not be on behalf of the Company. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">3.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Representations and Warranties of the Company</U>. The Company represents and warrants to each Underwriter that:
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Preliminary Prospectus</I>.<I> </I>No order preventing or suspending the use of any Preliminary Prospectus
has been issued by the Commission, and each Preliminary Prospectus included in the Pricing Disclosure Package, at the time of filing thereof, complied in all material respects with the Securities Act, and no Preliminary Prospectus, at the time of
filing thereof, contained any untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading; <U>provided</U>
that the Company makes no representation or warranty with respect to any statements or omissions made in reliance upon and in conformity with information relating to any Underwriter furnished to the Company in writing by such Underwriter through the
Representatives expressly for use in any Preliminary Prospectus, it being understood and agreed that the only such information furnished by any Underwriter consists of the information described as such in Section&nbsp;7(b) hereof. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Pricing Disclosure Package</I>. The Pricing Disclosure Package as of the Applicable Time did not, and as of the
Closing Date and as of the Additional Closing Date, as the case may be, will not, contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances
under which they were made, not misleading; <U>provided</U> that the Company makes no representation or warranty with respect to any statements or omissions made in reliance upon and in conformity with information relating to any Underwriter
furnished to the Company in writing by such Underwriter through the Representatives expressly for use in such Pricing Disclosure Package, it being understood and agreed that the only such information furnished by any Underwriter consists of the
information described as such in Section&nbsp;7(b) hereof. No statement of material fact included in the Prospectus has been omitted from the Pricing Disclosure Package and no statement of material fact included in the Pricing Disclosure Package
that is required to be included in the Prospectus has been omitted therefrom. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Issuer Free Writing
Prospectus</I>.<I> </I>Other than the Registration Statement, the Preliminary Prospectus and the Prospectus, the Company (including its agents and representatives, other than the Underwriters in their capacity as such) has not prepared, made, used,
authorized, approved or referred to and will not prepare, make, use, authorize, approve or refer to any &#147;written communication&#148; (as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act) that constitutes an offer to sell or solicitation of an offer
to buy the Shares (each such communication by the Company or its agents and representatives (other than a communication referred to in clause (i)&nbsp;below) an &#147;Issuer Free Writing Prospectus&#148;) other than (i)&nbsp;any document not
</P>
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constituting a prospectus pursuant to Section&nbsp;2(a)(10)(a) of the Securities Act or Rule 134 under the Securities Act or (ii)&nbsp;the documents listed on Annex A hereto, each electronic road
show and any other written communications approved in writing in advance by the Representatives. Each such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus complies in all material respects with the Securities Act, has been or will be (within the time period
specified in Rule 433) filed in accordance with the Securities Act (to the extent required thereby) and does not conflict with the information contained in the Registration Statement or the Pricing Disclosure Package, and, when taken together with
the Preliminary Prospectus accompanying, or delivered prior to delivery of, such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, did not, and as of the Closing Date and as of the Additional Closing Date, as the case may be, will not, contain any untrue statement of
a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading; <U>provided</U> that the Company makes no representation or warranty
with respect to any statements or omissions made in each such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or Preliminary Prospectus in reliance upon and in conformity with information relating to any Underwriter furnished to the Company in writing by such
Underwriter through the Representatives expressly for use in such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or Preliminary Prospectus, it being understood and agreed that the only such information furnished by any Underwriter consists of the information
described as such in Section&nbsp;7(b) hereof. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Registration Statement and Prospectus</I>.<I> </I>The
Registration Statement has been declared effective by the Commission. No order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement has been issued by the Commission, and no proceeding for that purpose or pursuant to Section&nbsp;8A of the
Securities Act against the Company or related to the offering of the Shares has been initiated or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened by the Commission; as of the applicable effective date of the Registration Statement and any
post-effective amendment thereto, the Registration Statement and any such post-effective amendment complied and will comply in all material respects with the Securities Act, and did not and will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or
omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein not misleading; and as of the date of the Prospectus and any amendment or supplement thereto and as of the Closing Date and as of the
Additional Closing Date, as the case may be, the Prospectus will comply in all material respects with the Securities Act and will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the
statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading; <U>provided</U> that the Company makes no representation or warranty with respect to any statements or omissions made in reliance upon and in
conformity with information relating to any Underwriter furnished to the Company in writing by such Underwriter through the Representatives expressly for use in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus and any amendment or supplement thereto,
it being understood and agreed that the only such information furnished by any Underwriter consists of the information described as such in Section&nbsp;7(b) hereof. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Incorporated Documents</I>.<I> </I>The documents incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, the
Prospectus and the Pricing Disclosure Package, when they were filed with the Commission complied in all material respects with the requirements of the Exchange Act, and none of such documents contained any untrue statement of a material fact or
omitted to </P>
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state a material fact necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading; and any further documents so filed and incorporated
by reference in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or the Pricing Disclosure Package, when such documents are filed with the Commission, will comply in all material respects with the requirements of the Exchange Act and will not contain any
untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(f)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>No Material Adverse Change</I>.<I> </I>Except as otherwise disclosed in the Registration Statement, the Pricing
Disclosure Package and the Prospectus (exclusive of any amendment or supplement thereto), subsequent to the date of the most recent audited financial statements of the Company included and/or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement,
the Pricing Disclosure Package and the Prospectus (exclusive of any amendment or supplement thereto): (i)&nbsp;there has been no material adverse change, or any development that could reasonably be expected to result in a material adverse change, in
the condition, financial or otherwise, or in the results of operations, management, or, business affairs or business prospects of the Company and its subsidiaries considered as one enterprise, whether or not arising in the ordinary course of
business (any such change is called a &#147;Material Adverse Change&#148;) or that could have an adverse effect on the ability of the Company to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement; (ii)&nbsp;none of the Company or any of its
subsidiaries, considered as one enterprise, have incurred any material liability or obligation, indirect, direct or contingent, nor entered into any material transaction or agreement; and (iii)&nbsp;there has been no dividend or distribution of any
kind declared, paid or made by the Company or, except for dividends paid to the Company or its subsidiaries, any of its subsidiaries on any class of capital stock or repurchase or redemption by the Company or any of its subsidiaries of any class of
capital stock. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Independent Accountants</I>. Deloitte&nbsp;&amp; Touche LLP, who has certified certain
financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries, and has audited the Company&#146;s internal control over financial reporting, is an independent registered public accounting firm within the applicable rules and regulations adopted by the
Commission and the rules of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(h)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Preparation of the Financial
Statements</I>. <I></I>The financial statements included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, together with the related schedules and notes, present fairly, in all material
respects the financial position of the entities to which they relate as of and at the dates indicated and the results of their operations and cash flows for the periods specified; such financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S.
generally accepted accounting principles (&#147;GAAP&#148;) applied on a consistent basis throughout the periods involved, except as otherwise disclosed in the Pricing Disclosure Package and except in the case of unaudited, interim financial
statements, subject to normal <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">year-end</FONT> adjustments and the exclusion of certain footnotes as permitted by the applicable rules of the Commission. The supporting schedules, if any, present fairly, in all
material respects, in accordance with GAAP the information required to be stated therein. The selected financial data and the summary financial information included in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package and the Prospectus
present fairly, in all material respects, the information shown therein on a basis consistent with that of the audited and </P>
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unaudited financial statements included therein. No historical or pro forma financial statements or supporting schedules are required to be included or incorporated by reference in a registration
statement on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-1</FONT> and under the Securities Act and/or the Exchange Act which are not so included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package and the
Prospectus. All disclosures contained in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, or incorporated by reference therein, regarding <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">&#147;non-GAAP</FONT> financial measures&#148;
(as such term is defined by the rules and regulations of the Commission) comply in all material respects with Regulation G of the Exchange Act and Item&nbsp;10 of Regulation <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-K</FONT> of the Securities Act, to the
extent applicable. The statistical and <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">market-related</FONT> data included in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package and the Prospectus are based on or derived from sources that the Company and
its subsidiaries believe to be reliable and accurate in all material respects and represent their good faith estimates that are made on the basis of data derived from such sources. The interactive data in eXtensible Business Reporting Language
incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package and the Prospectus fairly presents the information called for in all material respects and has been prepared in all material respects in accordance with the
Commission&#146;s rules and guidelines applicable thereto. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(i)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Incorporation and Good Standing</I>. <I></I>The
Company and each of its subsidiaries listed in Schedule&nbsp;2 hereto (x)&nbsp;has been duly organized and is validly existing in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its incorporation or organization, has corporate or similar power
and authority to own, lease and operate its properties and to conduct its business as described in the Pricing Disclosure Package and the Prospectus and (y)&nbsp;is duly qualified to transact business and is in good standing in each jurisdiction in
which such qualification is required, whether by reason of the ownership or leasing of property or the conduct of business, except where in the case of (y)&nbsp;the failure to so qualify or to be in good standing would not, individually or in the
aggregate, reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change or have an adverse effect on the ability of the Company to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. All of the issued and outstanding capital stock of each
subsidiary has been duly authorized and validly issued, is fully paid and <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-assessable</FONT> and is owned by the Company, directly or through subsidiaries, free and clear of any security interest, mortgage,
pledge, lien, encumbrance, claim or equity, except as disclosed in the Pricing Disclosure Package and the Prospectus. None of the outstanding shares of capital stock of any subsidiary were issued in violation of the preemptive rights, rights of
first refusal or similar rights of any securityholder of such subsidiary. The only material subsidiaries of the Company are the subsidiaries listed on Schedule&nbsp;2 hereto. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(j)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Non-Contravention</FONT> of Existing Instruments; No Further Authorizations or
Approvals Required</I>.<I> </I>None of the Company nor any of its subsidiaries is (i)&nbsp;in violation of its charter, <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">by-laws</FONT> or similar organizational document, (ii)&nbsp;in default (or, to the knowledge of
the Company, with the giving of notice or lapse of time, would be in default) in the performance or observance of any obligation, agreement, covenant or condition contained in any contract, indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, loan or credit
agreement, note, lease or other agreement or instrument to which such entity is a party or by which it is be bound or to which any of the properties or assets of such entity is subject (including, for the avoidance of doubt, that certain Loan and
Security Agreement, dated as of December&nbsp;21, 2017, among Par Petroleum, LLC </P>
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(&#147;Par&nbsp;Petroleum&#148;), the other borrowers party thereto, the guarantors parties thereto, Bank of America, N.A. as administrative agent and collateral agent, and the banks and other
financial institutions party thereto, that certain Term Loan and Guaranty Agreement, dated as of January&nbsp;11, 2019, among the Company, Par Petroleum, Par Petroleum Finance Corp. (&#147;Finance Corp.&#148;), the guarantors parties thereto,
Goldman Sachs Bank USA, as administrative agent, and the banks and other financial institutions party thereto, and that certain Indenture, dated as of December&nbsp;21, 2017, among the Company, Par Petroleum, Finance Corp., certain subsidiaries of
Par Petroleum party thereto and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee and as collateral trustee) (collectively, &#147;Agreements and Instruments&#148;), except for such defaults that would not, individually or in the aggregate,
reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change or have an adverse effect on the ability of the Company to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or (iii)&nbsp;in violation of any law, statute, rule, regulation,
judgment, order, writ or decree of any arbitrator, court, governmental body, regulatory body, administrative agency or other authority, body or agency having jurisdiction over the Company or any of its subsidiaries or any of their respective
properties, assets or operations (each, a &#147;Governmental Entity&#148;), except for such violations that would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change or have an adverse effect on the
ability of the Company to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. The execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated herein and in the Pricing Disclosure Package and
the Prospectus (including the issuance and delivery of the Shares and the use of the proceeds from the sale of the Shares as described in the Pricing Disclosure Package and the Prospectus under the caption &#147;Use of Proceeds&#148;) and compliance
by the Company with its obligations hereunder have been duly authorized by all necessary corporate or other action and do not and will not, whether with or without the giving of notice or passage of time or both, conflict with or constitute a breach
of, or default or Debt Repayment Triggering Event (as defined below) under, or result in the creation or imposition of any lien, charge or encumbrance upon any properties or assets of the Company or any subsidiary pursuant to, the Agreements and
Instruments (except for such conflicts, breaches, defaults or Debt Repayment Triggering Events or liens, charges or encumbrances that would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change or have
an adverse effect on the ability of the Company to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement), nor will such action result in any violation of the provisions of the charter, <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">by-laws</FONT> or similar
organizational document of the Company or any of its subsidiaries or any law, statute, rule, regulation, judgment, order, writ or decree of any Governmental Entity. No consent, approval, authorization or other order of, or registration or filing
with, any court or other governmental or regulatory authority or agency is required for the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement by the Company, or the issuance and delivery of the Shares, or consummation of the transactions
contemplated hereby and thereby and by the Registration Statement, Pricing Disclosure Package and Prospectus, except (A)&nbsp;such as have been obtained or made by the Company or (B)&nbsp;such as may be required by the Securities Act, applicable
securities laws of the several states of the United States or provinces of Canada. As used herein, a &#147;Debt Repayment Triggering Event&#148; means any event or condition which gives, or with the giving of notice or lapse of time would give, the
holder of any note, debenture or other evidence of indebtedness (or any person acting on such holder&#146;s behalf) the right to require the repurchase, redemption or repayment of all or a portion of such indebtedness by Company or any of its
subsidiaries. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(k)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>No Material Actions or Proceedings</I>. <I></I>Except as
disclosed in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, there is no action, suit, proceeding, inquiry or investigation before or brought by any Governmental Entity now pending or, to the knowledge of the Company,
threatened, against or affecting the Company or any of its subsidiaries or which has as the subject thereof any property owned or leased by the Company or any of its subsidiaries, which, if determined adversely to either the Company or any such
subsidiary, would reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change or have an adverse effect on the ability of the Company to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement; and the aggregate of all pending legal or
governmental proceedings to which either the Company or any such subsidiary is a party or of which any of their respective properties or assets is the subject which are not described in the Pricing Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, including
ordinary routine litigation incidental to the business, would not be reasonably expected to result in a Material Adverse Change or have an adverse effect on the ability of the Company to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement.
Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, no labor dispute with the employees of the Company or any of its subsidiaries exists or, to the knowledge of the Company, is imminent, which, in
either case, would reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change or have an adverse effect on the ability of the Company to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(l)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Disclosure Controls and Procedures</I>.<I> </I>The Company has established and maintains &#147;disclosure
controls and procedures&#148; (as defined in Rules <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">13a-15(e)</FONT> and <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">15d-15(e)</FONT> of the Exchange Act); the Company&#146;s &#147;disclosure controls and procedures&#148; are
reasonably designed to ensure that all information (both financial and <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-financial)</FONT> required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or furnishes to the Commission under the Exchange Act
is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and regulations of the Commission, and that all such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company&#146;s management as appropriate to allow
timely decisions regarding required disclosure and to make the certifications of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the Company required under the Exchange Act with respect to such reports. The Company&#146;s disclosure
controls and procedures are effective in all material respects to perform the functions for which they were established. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(m)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Intellectual Property Rights</I>.<I> </I>The Company and its subsidiaries own or have valid, binding and
enforceable licenses or other rights under, or can acquire on reasonable terms, adequate patents, patent rights, licenses, inventions, copyrights, <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">know-how</FONT> (including trade secrets and other unpatented and/or
unpatentable proprietary or confidential information, systems or procedures), trademarks, service marks, trade names or other intellectual property (collectively, &#147;Intellectual Property Rights&#148;) necessary to carry on the business now
operated by them, and neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries has received any notice of any claim of infringement of or conflict with asserted rights of others with respect to any Intellectual Property Rights or of any facts or
circumstances which would reasonably be expected to render any Intellectual Property Rights invalid or inadequate to protect the interest of the Company or </P>
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any of its subsidiaries therein, and which infringement or conflict (if the subject of any unfavorable decision, ruling or finding) or invalidity or inadequacy, would reasonably be expected to
result in a Material Adverse Change. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(n)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>All </I><I>Necessary Permits</I><I>, etc. </I>The Company and its
subsidiaries possess such permits, licenses, approvals, consents and other authorizations (collectively, &#147;Governmental Licenses&#148;) issued by the appropriate Governmental Entities necessary to conduct the business now operated by them,
except where the failure so to possess would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change. The Company and its subsidiaries are in compliance with the terms and conditions of all Governmental
Licenses, except where the failure so to comply would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change. All of the Governmental Licenses are valid and in full force and effect, except where the
invalidity of such Governmental Licenses or the failure of such Governmental Licenses to be in full force and effect would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change. Neither the Company nor
any of its subsidiaries has received any notice of proceedings relating to the revocation or modification of any Governmental Licenses which, individually or in the aggregate, if the subject of an unfavorable decision, ruling or finding, would
reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(o)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Title to Properties</I>.<I> </I>The Company
and its subsidiaries have good and marketable title to all real property owned by them and good title to all other properties owned by them, in each case, free and clear of all mortgages, pledges, liens, security interests, claims, restrictions or
encumbrances of any kind except such as (A)&nbsp;are described in the Registration Statement, Pricing Disclosure Package and the Prospectus or (B)&nbsp;do not, individually or in the aggregate, materially affect the value of such property and do not
materially interfere with the use made and proposed to be made of such property by the Company or its subsidiaries; and all of the leases and subleases material to the business of the Company and its subsidiaries, considered as one enterprise, and
under which the Company and its subsidiaries hold properties described in the Registration Statement, Pricing Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, are in full force and effect, and neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries has any written
notice of any material claim of any sort that has been asserted by anyone adverse to the rights of the Company and its subsidiaries under any of the leases or subleases mentioned above, or affecting or questioning the rights of Company or any such
subsidiary to the continued possession of the leased or subleased premises under any such lease or sublease except to the extent any claim or adverse effect on the Company or any such subsidiary&#146;s rights thereto would not reasonably be expected
to result in a Material Adverse Change. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(p)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Tax Law Compliance</I>.<I> </I>All United States federal income tax
returns of the Company and its subsidiaries required by law to be filed through the date hereof (after giving effect to extensions) have been filed and all United States federal income taxes shown by such returns or otherwise assessed, which are due
and payable, have been paid, except assessments against which appeals have been or will be promptly taken and as to which adequate reserves have been provided. The Company and its subsidiaries have filed all other tax returns that are required to
have been filed through the date hereof (after giving effect to extensions) by them pursuant to applicable foreign, state, local or other law except insofar as the failure to file such </P>
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returns would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change, and have paid all taxes due pursuant to such returns or pursuant to any assessment received by the Company and its
subsidiaries, except for such taxes, if any, as are being contested in good faith and as to which adequate reserves have been established by the Company and its subsidiaries. The charges, accruals and reserves on the books of the Company and its
subsidiaries in respect of any income and corporation tax liability for any years not finally determined are adequate to meet any assessments or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">re-assessments</FONT> for additional income tax for any years not
finally determined, except to the extent of any inadequacy that would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(q)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Right of Way</I>.<I> </I>The Company and its subsidiaries have such consents, easements, <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">rights-of-way</FONT></FONT> or licenses <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">(&#147;rights-of-way&#148;)</FONT></FONT> from any person as are necessary to
enable the Company and its subsidiaries to conduct their business in the manner described in the Registration Statement, Pricing Disclosure Package and Prospectus, subject to such qualifications as may be set forth in the Registration Statement,
Pricing Disclosure Package and Prospectus, and except for such <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">rights-of-way</FONT></FONT> the lack of which would not result in, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse
Change. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(r)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>The Company Not an </I><I>&#147;</I><I>Investment Company</I><I>&#148;</I>. The Company has been
advised by its counsel of the rules and requirements under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the &#147;Investment Company Act,&#148; which term, as used herein, includes the rules and regulations of the Commission promulgated
thereunder). The Company is not, and after receipt of payment for the Shares and the application of the proceeds as described in the Registration Statement, Pricing Disclosure Package and Prospectus, will not be, an &#147;investment company&#148;
within the meaning of the Investment Company Act and will conduct its business in a manner so that it will not become subject to the Investment Company Act. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(s)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Insurance</I>. The Company and its subsidiaries carry or are entitled to the benefits of insurance, with
insurers of recognized financial responsibility, in such amounts and covering such risks as the Company reasonably believes are adequate for the conduct of its and its subsidiaries&#146; business and customary for the business in which it and its
subsidiaries are engaged, and all such insurance is in full force and effect. The Company has no reason to believe that it or any of its subsidiaries will not be able (i)&nbsp;to renew their existing insurance coverage as and when such policies
expire or (ii)&nbsp;to obtain comparable coverage from similar institutions as may be necessary or appropriate to conduct their business as now conducted and at a cost that would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change.
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(t)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>No Price Stabilization or Manipulation</I>.<I> </I>Neither the Company nor any affiliate of the Company has
taken, directly or indirectly, without giving effect to activities by the Underwriters, any action which is designed, or would reasonably be expected, to cause or result in, or which constitutes, the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any
security of the Company or any of its subsidiaries to facilitate the sale or resale of the Shares or to result in a violation of Regulation M under the Exchange Act. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(u)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Compliance with Sarbanes-Oxley</I>.<I> </I>There is and has been no failure on the part of the Company or, to
the knowledge of the Company, any of the Company&#146;s directors or officers, </P>
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in their capacities as such, to comply in all material respects with the applicable provisions of the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Sarbanes-Oxley</FONT> Act of 2002 and the rules and
regulations promulgated in connection therewith, including Section&nbsp;402 related to loans and Sections&nbsp;302 and 906 related to certifications. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(v)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Accounting System and Disclosure Controls</I>.<I> </I>The Company and each of its subsidiaries maintain a system
of internal control over financial reporting (as defined under <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Rule&nbsp;13-a15</FONT> and <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">15d-15</FONT> promulgated under the Securities Act) to provide reasonable assurance
regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP, which system is effective in all material respects for the purpose for which it was designed. The Company and
each of its subsidiaries also maintain a system of internal accounting controls that is sufficient to provide reasonable assurances that (i)&nbsp;transactions are executed in accordance with management&#146;s general or specific authorization;
(ii)&nbsp;transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP and to maintain accountability for assets; (iii)&nbsp;access to assets is permitted only in accordance with management&#146;s
general or specific authorization; (iv)&nbsp;the recorded accountability for assets is compared with the existing assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences; and (v)&nbsp;the interactive data in
eXtensible Business Reporting Language incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, Pricing Disclosure Package and Prospectus fairly presents the information called for in all material respects and is prepared in all material respects in
accordance with the Commission&#146;s rules and guidelines applicable thereto. Since the end of the Company&#146;s most recent audited fiscal year, there has been (A)&nbsp;no significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in the Company&#146;s
internal control over financial reporting (whether or not remediated) and (B)&nbsp;no change in the Company&#146;s internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the
Company&#146;s and each of its subsidiaries&#146; internal control over financial reporting. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(w)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Regulations T,
U, X. </I>Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries nor any agent thereof acting on their behalf has taken, and none of them will take, any action that might cause this Agreement or the issuance or sale of the Shares to violate Regulation T,
Regulation U or Regulation X of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(x)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Compliance with and
Liability Under Environmental Laws</I>.<I> </I>Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement, Pricing Disclosure Package or Prospectus or as would not reasonably be expected to result, individually or in the aggregate, in a Material Adverse
Change, (i)&nbsp;neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries is in violation of any federal, state, local or foreign statute, law, rule, regulation, ordinance, code, policy or rule of common law or any judicial or administrative interpretation
thereof, including any judicial or administrative order, consent, decree or judgment, relating to pollution or protection of human health, the environment (including, without limitation, ambient air, surface water, groundwater, land surface or
subsurface strata) or wildlife, including, without limitation, laws and regulations relating to the release or threatened release of chemicals, pollutants, contaminants, wastes, toxic substances, hazardous substances, petroleum or petroleum
products, <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">asbestos-containing</FONT> materials or mold (collectively, &#147;Hazardous Materials&#148;) or to the manufacture, processing, distribution, use, treatment, storage, disposal, transport or handling of
Hazardous Materials (collectively, &#147;Environmental Laws&#148;), (ii) the Company and its subsidiaries have all permits, authorizations </P>
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and approvals required under any applicable Environmental Laws and are each in compliance with their requirements, (iii)&nbsp;there are no pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened
administrative, regulatory or judicial actions, suits, demands, demand letters, claims, liens, notices of noncompliance or violation, investigations or proceedings relating to any Environmental Law against the Company or any of its subsidiaries and
(iv)&nbsp;to the knowledge of the Company, there are no events or circumstances that would reasonably be expected to form the basis of an order for <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">clean-up</FONT> or remediation, or an action, suit or proceeding by
any private party or Governmental Entity, against or affecting the Company or any of its subsidiaries relating to Hazardous Materials or any Environmental Laws. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(y)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>ERISA Compliance</I>. Except as will not result in a Material Adverse Change, the Company and its subsidiaries
and any &#147;employee benefit plan&#148; (as defined under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (as amended, &#147;ERISA,&#148; which term, as used herein, includes the regulations and published interpretations thereunder))
established or maintained by the Company, its subsidiaries or its ERISA Affiliates (as defined below) are in compliance in all material respects with ERISA and, to the knowledge of the Company, each &#147;multiemployer plan&#148; (as defined in
Section&nbsp;4001 of ERISA) to which the Company, its subsidiaries or an ERISA Affiliate contributes is in compliance in all material respects with ERISA. &#147;ERISA Affiliate&#148; means, with respect to the Company or a subsidiary thereof, any
member of any group of organizations described in Section&nbsp;414 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (as amended, the &#147;Code,&#148; which term, as used herein, includes the regulations and published interpretations thereunder) of which the
Company or such subsidiary is a member. Except as will not result in a Material Adverse Change, no &#147;reportable event&#148; (as defined under ERISA) has occurred or is reasonably expected to occur with respect to any &#147;employee benefit
plan&#148; established or maintained by the Company, its subsidiaries or any of its ERISA Affiliates. Except as will not result in a Material Adverse Change, no &#147;single employer plan&#148; (as defined in Section&nbsp;4001 of ERISA) established
or maintained by the Company, its subsidiaries or any of its ERISA Affiliates, if such &#147;employee benefit plan&#148; were terminated, would have any &#147;amount of unfunded benefit liabilities&#148; (as defined under ERISA). Except as will not
result in a Material Adverse Change, neither the Company, its subsidiaries nor any of its ERISA Affiliates has incurred or reasonably expects to incur any liability under (i)&nbsp;Title IV of ERISA with respect to termination of, or withdrawal from,
any &#147;employee benefit plan&#148; or (ii)&nbsp;Sections&nbsp;412, 4971, 4975 or 4980B of the Code. Each &#147;employee benefit plan&#148; established or maintained by the Company, its subsidiaries or any of its ERISA Affiliates that is intended
to be qualified under Section&nbsp;401 of the Code has received a favorable determination letter from the IRS and nothing has occurred, whether by action or failure to act, which would reasonably be expected to cause the loss of such qualification.
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(z)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Compliance with Labor Laws</I>.<I> </I>Except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, result in a
Material Adverse Change, (i)&nbsp;there is (A)&nbsp;no unfair labor practice complaint pending or, to the Company&#146;s knowledge, threatened against the Company or any of its subsidiaries before the National Labor Relations Board, and no grievance
or arbitration proceeding arising out of or under collective bargaining agreements pending, or to the Company&#146;s knowledge, threatened, against the Company or any of its subsidiaries, (B)&nbsp;no strike, labor dispute, slowdown or stoppage
pending or, to the Company&#146;s knowledge, threatened against the Company or any of its subsidiaries and (C)&nbsp;no union representation question existing </P>
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with respect to the employees of the Company or any of its subsidiaries and, to the Company&#146;s knowledge, no union organizing activities taking place and (ii)&nbsp;there has been no violation
of any federal, state or local law relating to discrimination in hiring, promotion or pay of employees or of any applicable wage or hour laws. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(aa)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Related Party Transactions</I>.<I> </I>No relationship, direct or indirect, exists between or among the Company
or any of its subsidiaries, on the one hand, and the directors, officers, stockholders, affiliates, customers or suppliers of the Company or any of its subsidiaries, on the other, that is required by the Securities Act to be described in a
registration statement on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-1</FONT> which is not disclosed in the Registration Statement, Pricing Disclosure Package or Prospectus. There are no outstanding loans, advances (except advances for business
expenses in the ordinary course of business) or guarantees of indebtedness by the Company or any affiliate of the Company to or for the benefit of any of the officers or directors of the Company or any affiliate of the Company or any of their
respective family members. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(bb)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>No Unlawful Contributions or Other Payments</I>.<I> </I>None of the Company,
any of its subsidiaries or, to the knowledge of Company, any director, officer, agent, employee, affiliate or other Person acting on behalf of the Company or any of its subsidiaries is aware of or has taken any action, directly or indirectly, that
would result in a violation by such persons of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder (the&nbsp;&#147;FCPA&#148;), the U.K. Bribery Act 2010, as amended, and the rules and regulations
thereunder (the&nbsp;&#147;U.K. Bribery Act&#148;) or any other applicable <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">anti-bribery</FONT> or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">anti-corruption</FONT> laws including, without limitation, making use of the mails or
any means or instrumentality of interstate commerce corruptly in furtherance of an offer, payment, promise to pay or authorization of the payment of any money, or other property, gift, promise to give, or authorization of the giving of anything of
value to any &#147;foreign official&#148; (as such term is defined in the FCPA) or any foreign political party or official thereof or any candidate for foreign political office, in contravention of the FCPA, the U.K. Bribery Act or any other
applicable <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">anti-bribery</FONT> or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">anti-corruption</FONT> laws and the Company and its subsidiaries, to the knowledge of the Company and its subsidiaries, their affiliates have
conducted their businesses in compliance with the FCPA, the U.K. Bribery Act and any other applicable <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">anti-bribery</FONT> or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">anti-corruption</FONT> laws and have instituted and
maintained and enforced policies and procedures designed to ensure, and which are reasonably expected to continue to ensure, continued compliance therewith. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(cc)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>No Conflict with Money Laundering Laws</I>.<I> </I>The operations of the Company and its subsidiaries are and
have been conducted at all times in compliance with applicable financial recordkeeping and reporting requirements of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970, as amended, the money laundering statutes of all jurisdictions, the
rules and regulations thereunder and any related or similar rules, regulations or guidelines, issued, administered or enforced by any Governmental Entity (collectively, the &#147;Money Laundering Laws&#148;); and no action, suit or proceeding by or
before any Governmental Entity involving the Company or any of its subsidiaries with respect to the Money Laundering Laws is pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(dd)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>No Conflict with Sanctions Laws</I>.<I> </I>None of the Company or any of its subsidiaries or, to the knowledge
of the Company, any director, officer, agent, employee, affiliate or </P>
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representative of the Company or any of its subsidiaries is an individual or entity (&#147;Person&#148;) currently the subject or, to the knowledge of the Company, target of any sanctions
administered or enforced by the United States Government, including, without limitation, the U.S. Department of the Treasury&#146;s Office of Foreign Assets Control, the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, Her Majesty&#146;s
Treasury, or other relevant sanctions authority (collectively, &#147;Sanctions&#148;), nor are the Company or any of its subsidiaries located, organized or resident in a country or territory that is the subject or, to the knowledge of the Company,
target of Sanctions; and the Company will not directly or indirectly use the proceeds of the sale of the Shares, or lend, contribute or otherwise make available such proceeds to any subsidiaries, joint venture partners or other Person, to fund or
facilitate any activities of or business with any Person, or in any country or territory, that, at the time of such funding or facilitation, is the subject or target of Sanctions or in any other manner that will result in a violation by any Person
(including any Person participating in the transaction, whether as initial purchaser, advisor, investor or otherwise) of Sanctions. The Company and its subsidiaries have not knowingly engaged in, are not now knowingly engaged in, and will not engage
in, any dealings or transactions with any Person or in any country or territory that is the subject or target of Sanctions. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ee)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Capitalization</I>. At December&nbsp;31, 2020, on a consolidated basis, after giving pro forma effect to the
transactions contemplated by this Agreement, the Company would have an authorized and outstanding capitalization as set forth in the Registration Statement, Pricing Disclosure Package and Prospectus under the caption &#147;Capitalization&#148;
(other than for subsequent issuances of capital stock, if any, pursuant to employee benefit plans described in the Registration Statement, Pricing Disclosure Package and Prospectus or upon exercise or vesting of outstanding awards pursuant to
employee benefits plans described in the Registration Statement, Pricing Disclosure Package and Prospectus). </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ff)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Cybersecurity</I>. (i)&nbsp;To the knowledge of the Company, there has been no security breach, unauthorized
access, or other compromise of or relating to any of the Company or its subsidiaries&#146; information technology and computer systems, networks, hardware, software, data and databases (including the data and information of their respective
customers, employees, suppliers, vendors and any third party data maintained, processed or stored by the Company and its subsidiaries, and any such data processed or stored by third parties on behalf of the Company and its subsidiaries), equipment
or technology (collectively, &#147;IT Systems and Data&#148;), (ii) neither the Company nor its subsidiaries have received any written notice of, and each of them have no knowledge of any event or condition that could reasonably be expected to
result in, any security breach, unauthorized access or other compromise to their IT Systems and Data, and (iii)&nbsp;the Company and its subsidiaries have implemented appropriate controls, policies, procedures, and technological safeguards to
maintain and protect the integrity, continuous operation, redundancy and security of their IT Systems and Data as required by applicable regulatory standards. The Company and its subsidiaries are presently in compliance with all applicable laws or
statutes and all judgments, orders, rules and regulations of any court or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority relating to the privacy and security of IT Systems and Data and to the protection of such IT Systems and Data from
unauthorized use, access, misappropriation or modification, except as would not be reasonably expected to result in a Material Adverse Change. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(gg)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Due Authorization</I>.<I> </I>The Company has full right,
power and authority to execute and deliver this Agreement and to perform its obligations hereunder; and all action required to be taken for the due and proper authorization, execution and delivery by it of this Agreement and the consummation by it
of the transactions contemplated hereby has been duly and validly taken. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(hh)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Underwriting Agreement</I>.<I>
</I>This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ii)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>The Shares</I>.<I>
</I>The Shares to be issued and sold by the Company hereunder have been duly authorized by the Company and, when issued and delivered and paid for as provided herein, will be duly and validly issued, will be fully paid and nonassessable and will
conform to the descriptions thereof in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package and the Prospectus; and the issuance of the Shares is not subject to any preemptive or similar rights. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(jj)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Descriptions of the Underwriting Agreement</I>.<I> </I>This Agreement conforms in all material respects to the
description thereof contained in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package and the Prospectus. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(kk)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>No Restrictions on Subsidiaries</I>. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement, Pricing Disclosure
Package or Prospectus or as would not reasonably be expected to result, individually or in the aggregate, in a Material Adverse Change, no subsidiary of the Company is currently prohibited, directly or indirectly, under any agreement or other
instrument to which it is a party or is subject, from paying any dividends to the Company, from making any other distribution on such subsidiary&#146;s capital stock or similar ownership interest, from repaying to the Company any loans or advances
to such subsidiary from the Company or from transferring any of such subsidiary&#146;s properties or assets to the Company or any other subsidiary of the Company. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ll)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>No Broker</I><I>&#146;</I><I>s Fees</I>.<I> </I>Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries is a party to
any contract, agreement or understanding with any person (other than this Agreement) that would give rise to a valid claim against any of them or any Underwriter for a brokerage commission, finder&#146;s fee or like payment in connection with the
offering and sale of the Shares. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(mm)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>No Registration Rights</I>. No person has the right to require the
Company or any of its subsidiaries to register any securities for sale under the Securities Act by reason of the filing of the Registration Statement with the Commission or the issuance and sale of the Shares. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(nn)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Market Data</I>.<I> </I>Nothing has come to the attention of the Company that has caused the Company to believe
that the market-related data included or incorporated by reference in each of the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package and the Prospectus is not based on or derived from sources that are reliable and accurate in all material
respects. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(oo)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Status under the Securities Act</I>. At the time of filing the Registration Statement and any
post-effective amendment thereto, at the earliest time thereafter that the Company or any offering participant made a <I>bona fide</I> offer (within the meaning of Rule 164(h)(2) under the Securities Act) of the Shares and at the date hereof, the
Company was not and is not an </P>
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&#147;ineligible issuer,&#148; as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act. The Company has paid the registration fee for this offering pursuant to Rule 456(b)(1) under the Securities Act or
will pay such fee within the time period required by such rule (without giving effect to the proviso therein) and in any event prior to the Closing Date. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">4.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Further Agreements of the Company</U>. The Company covenants and agrees with each Underwriter that: </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Required Filings</I>.<I> </I>The Company will file the final Prospectus with the Commission within the time
periods specified by Rule 424(b) and Rule 430A, 430B or 430C under the Securities Act, will file any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus to the extent required by Rule 433 under the Securities Act; and the Company will file promptly all reports and any
definitive proxy or information statements required to be filed by the Company with the Commission pursuant to Section&nbsp;13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act subsequent to the date of the Prospectus and for so long as the delivery of a
prospectus is required in connection with the offering or sale of the Shares; and the Company will furnish copies of the Prospectus and each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus (to the extent not previously delivered) to the Underwriters in New York City
prior to 10:00 A.M., New York City time, on the business day next succeeding the date of this Agreement in such quantities as the Representatives may reasonably request. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Delivery of Copies</I>.<I> </I>The Company will deliver, without charge, (i)&nbsp;to the Representatives, three
signed copies of the Registration Statement as originally filed and each amendment thereto, in each case including all exhibits and consents filed therewith and documents incorporated by reference therein; and (ii)&nbsp;to each Underwriter
(A)&nbsp;a conformed copy of the Registration Statement as originally filed and each amendment thereto (without exhibits) and (B)&nbsp;during the Prospectus Delivery Period (as defined below), as many copies of the Prospectus (including all
amendments and supplements thereto and documents incorporated by reference therein and each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus) as the Representatives may reasonably request. As used herein, the term &#147;Prospectus Delivery Period&#148; means such
period of time after the first date of the public offering of the Shares as in the opinion of counsel for the Underwriters a prospectus relating to the Shares is required by law to be delivered (or required to be delivered but for Rule 172 under the
Securities Act) in connection with sales of the Shares by any Underwriter or dealer. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Amendments or
Supplements, Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses</I>.<I> </I>Before making, preparing, using, authorizing, approving, referring to or filing any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, and before filing any amendment or supplement to the Registration
Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package or the Prospectus, whether before or after the time that the Registration Statement becomes effective, the Company will furnish to the Representatives and counsel for the Underwriters a copy of the proposed
Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, amendment or supplement for review and will not make, prepare, use, authorize, approve, refer to or file any such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or file any such proposed amendment or supplement to which the
Representatives reasonably object. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Notice to the Representatives</I>.<I> </I>The Company will
advise the Representatives promptly, and confirm such advice in writing, (i)&nbsp;when the Registration Statement has become effective; (ii)&nbsp;when any amendment to the Registration Statement has been filed or becomes effective; (iii)&nbsp;when
any supplement to the Pricing Disclosure Package, the Prospectus, or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or any amendment to the Prospectus has been filed or distributed; (iv)&nbsp;of any request by the Commission for any amendment to the
Registration Statement or any amendment or supplement to the Prospectus or the receipt of any comments from the Commission relating to the Registration Statement or any other request by the Commission for any additional information; (v)&nbsp;of the
issuance by the Commission or any other governmental or regulatory authority of any order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or preventing or suspending the use of any Preliminary Prospectus, any of the Pricing Disclosure
Package, or the Prospectus or the initiation or threatening of any proceeding for that purpose or pursuant to Section&nbsp;8A of the Securities Act; (vi)&nbsp;of the occurrence of any event or development within the Prospectus Delivery Period as a
result of which the Prospectus, any of the Pricing Disclosure Package, or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus as then amended or supplemented would include any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to
make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances existing when the Prospectus, the Pricing Disclosure Package, any such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus is delivered to a purchaser, not misleading; and (vii)&nbsp;of the receipt by the
Company of any notice with respect to any suspension of the qualification of the Shares for offer and sale in any jurisdiction or the initiation or threatening of any proceeding for such purpose; and the Company will use its reasonable best efforts
to prevent the issuance of any such order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement, preventing or suspending the use of any Preliminary Prospectus, any of the Pricing Disclosure Package or the Prospectus or suspending any such
qualification of the Shares and, if any such order is issued, will use its reasonable best efforts to obtain as soon as possible the withdrawal thereof. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Ongoing Compliance</I>.<I> </I>(1) If during the Prospectus Delivery Period (i)&nbsp;any event or development
shall occur or condition shall exist as a result of which the Prospectus as then amended or supplemented would include any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in
the light of the circumstances existing when the Prospectus is delivered to a purchaser, not misleading or (ii)&nbsp;it is necessary to amend or supplement the Prospectus to comply with law, the Company will promptly notify the Underwriters thereof
and forthwith prepare and, subject to paragraph (c)&nbsp;above, file with the Commission and furnish to the Underwriters and to such dealers as the Representatives may designate such amendments or supplements to the Prospectus (or any document to be
filed with the Commission and incorporated by reference therein) as may be necessary so that the statements in the Prospectus as so amended or supplemented (or any document to be filed with the Commission and incorporated by reference therein) will
not, in the light of the circumstances existing when the Prospectus is delivered to a purchaser, be misleading or so that the Prospectus will comply with law and (2)&nbsp;if at any time prior to the Closing Date (i)&nbsp;any event or development
shall occur or condition shall exist as a result of which the Pricing Disclosure Package as then amended or supplemented would include any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact necessary in order to make the
statements therein, in the light of the circumstances existing when the Pricing Disclosure </P>
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Package is delivered to a purchaser, not misleading or (ii)&nbsp;it is necessary to amend or supplement the Pricing Disclosure Package to comply with law, the Company will promptly notify the
Underwriters thereof and forthwith prepare and, subject to paragraph (c)&nbsp;above, file with the Commission (to the extent required) and furnish to the Underwriters and to such dealers as the Representatives may designate such amendments or
supplements to the Pricing Disclosure Package (or any document to be filed with the Commission and incorporated by reference therein) as may be necessary so that the statements in the Pricing Disclosure Package as so amended or supplemented will
not, in the light of the circumstances existing when the Pricing Disclosure Package is delivered to a purchaser, be misleading or so that the Pricing Disclosure Package will comply with law. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(f)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Blue Sky Compliance</I>.<I> </I>The Company will qualify the Shares for offer and sale under the securities or
Blue Sky laws of such jurisdictions as the Representatives shall reasonably request and will continue such qualifications in effect so long as required for distribution of the Shares; <U>provided</U> that the Company shall not be required to
(i)&nbsp;qualify as a foreign corporation or other entity or as a dealer in securities in any such jurisdiction where it would not otherwise be required to so qualify, (ii)&nbsp;file any general consent to service of process in any such jurisdiction
or (iii)&nbsp;subject itself to taxation in any such jurisdiction if it is not otherwise so subject. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Earning Statement</I>.<I> </I>The Company will make generally available to its security holders and the
Representatives as soon as practicable an earning statement that satisfies the provisions of Section&nbsp;11(a) of the Securities Act and Rule 158 of the Commission promulgated thereunder covering a period of at least twelve months beginning with
the first fiscal quarter of the Company occurring after the &#147;effective date&#148; (as defined in Rule 158) of the Registration Statement; provided, that the Company will be deemed to have furnished such statements to its security holders and
the Representatives to the extent that they are filed on the Commission&#146;s Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis and Retrieval system. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(h)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Clear Market</I>.<I> </I>For a period of 60 days after the date of the Prospectus, the Company will not
(i)&nbsp;offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, lend, or otherwise transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, or
submit to, or file with, the Commission a registration statement under the Securities Act relating to, any shares of Stock or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for Stock, or publicly disclose the intention to undertake
any of the foregoing, or (ii)&nbsp;enter into any swap or other agreement that transfers, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of the Stock or any such other securities, whether any such transaction described in clause
(i)&nbsp;or (ii) above is to be settled by delivery of Stock or such other securities, in cash or otherwise, without the prior written consent of the Representatives, other than the Shares to be sold hereunder. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The restrictions described above do not apply to (i)&nbsp;the issuance of shares of Stock or securities convertible into or exercisable for
shares of Stock pursuant to the conversion or exchange of convertible or exchangeable securities or the exercise of warrants or options (including net exercise) or the settlement of RSUs (including net settlement), in each case outstanding on the
date of this Agreement and described in the Prospectus; (ii)&nbsp;grants of stock </P>
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options, stock awards, restricted stock, RSUs, or other equity awards and the issuance of shares of Stock or securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for shares of Stock
(whether upon the exercise of stock options or otherwise) to the Company&#146;s employees, officers, directors, advisors, or consultants pursuant to the terms of an equity compensation plan or stock purchase plan in effect as of the Closing Date and
described in the Prospectus, (iii)&nbsp;the filing of any registration statement on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-8</FONT> relating to securities granted or to be granted pursuant to any plan in effect on the date of this Agreement and
described in the Prospectus or any assumed benefit plan pursuant to an acquisition or similar strategic transaction, (iv)&nbsp;the issuance by the Company of up to 5% of the outstanding shares of Stock immediately following the Closing Date issued
by the Company in connection with the acquisition by the Company or any of its subsidiaries of the securities, business, property or other assets of another person or entity or (v)&nbsp;amend an existing equity compensation plan or adopt a new
equity compensation plan, file a registration statement on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-8</FONT> relating to securities granted or to be granted pursuant such amended or new equity compensation plan, and issue securities pursuant to such
amended or new equity compensation plan, provided that such amended or new equity compensation plan satisfies the transaction requirements of General Instruction A.1 of Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-8</FONT> under the Securities Act. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(i)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Use of Proceeds</I>.<I> </I>The Company will apply the net proceeds from the sale of the Shares as described in
each of the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package and the Prospectus under the heading &#147;Use of proceeds&#148;. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(j)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>No Stabilization</I>.<I> </I>Neither the Company nor its subsidiaries or affiliates will take, directly or
indirectly, without giving effect to activities by the Underwriters, any action designed to or that could reasonably be expected to cause or result in any stabilization or manipulation of the price of the Stock. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(k)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Exchange Listing</I>.<I> </I>The Company will use its reasonable best efforts to list, subject to notice of
issuance, the Shares on the New York Stock Exchange (the &#147;NYSE&#148;). </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(l)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Reports</I>.<I> </I>During a
period of three years from the date of this Agreement, the Company will furnish to the Representative, as soon as they are available, copies of all reports or other communications (financial or other) furnished to holders of the Shares, and copies
of any reports and financial statements furnished to or filed with the Commission or any national securities exchange or automatic quotation system; <U>provided</U> the Company will be deemed to have furnished such reports and financial statements
to the Representatives to the extent they are filed on the Commission&#146;s Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis, and Retrieval system. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(m)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Record Retention</I>. The Company will, pursuant to reasonable procedures developed in good faith, retain copies
of each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus that is not filed with the Commission in accordance with Rule 433 under the Securities Act. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">5.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Certain Agreements of the Underwriters</U>. Each Underwriter
hereby represents and agrees that: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It has not and will not use, authorize use of, refer to or participate in
the planning for use of, any &#147;free writing prospectus&#148;, as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act (which term includes use of any written information furnished to the Commission by the Company and not incorporated by reference into
the Registration Statement and any press release issued by the Company) other than (i)&nbsp;a free writing prospectus that contains no &#147;issuer information&#148; (as defined in Rule 433(h)(2) under the Securities Act) that was not included
(including through incorporation by reference) in the Preliminary Prospectus or a previously filed Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, (ii)&nbsp;any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus listed on Annex A or prepared pursuant to Section&nbsp;3(c) or
Section&nbsp;4(c) above (including any electronic road show), or (iii)&nbsp;any free writing prospectus prepared by such underwriter and approved by the Company in advance in writing (each such free writing prospectus referred to in clauses
(i)&nbsp;or (iii), an &#147;Underwriter Free Writing Prospectus&#148;). </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It has not and will not, without the
prior written consent of the Company, use any free writing prospectus that contains the final terms of the Shares unless such terms have previously been included in a free writing prospectus filed with the Commission; <U>provided</U> that
Underwriters may use a term sheet substantially in the form of Annex B hereto without the consent of the Company; <U>provided</U> <U>further</U> that any Underwriter using such term sheet shall notify the Company, and provide a copy of such term
sheet to the Company, prior to, or substantially concurrently with, the first use of such term sheet. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It is
not subject to any pending proceeding under Section&nbsp;8A of the Securities Act with respect to the offering (and will promptly notify the Company if any such proceeding against it is initiated during the Prospectus Delivery Period). </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">6.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Conditions of Underwriters&#146; Obligations</U>. The obligation of each Underwriter to purchase the Underwritten
Shares on the Closing Date or the Option Shares on the Additional Closing Date, as the case may be, as provided herein is subject to the performance by the Company of its covenants and other obligations hereunder and to the following additional
conditions: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Registration Compliance; No Stop Order</I>.<I> </I>No order suspending the effectiveness of the
Registration Statement shall be in effect, and no proceeding for such purpose or pursuant to Section&nbsp;8A under the Securities Act shall be pending before or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened by the Commission; the Prospectus and each
Issuer Free Writing Prospectus shall have been timely filed with the Commission under the Securities Act (in the case of an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, to the extent required by Rule 433 under the Securities Act) and in accordance with
Section&nbsp;4(a) hereof; and all requests by the Commission for additional information shall have been complied with to the reasonable satisfaction of the Representatives. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Representations and Warranties</I>. <I></I>The representations and warranties of the Company contained herein
shall be true and correct on the date hereof and on and as of the Closing Date or the Additional Closing Date, as the case may be; and the statements of the Company and its officers made in any certificates delivered pursuant to this Agreement shall
be true and correct on and as of the Closing Date or the Additional Closing Date, as the case may be. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>No Downgrade</I>.<I> </I>Subsequent to the earlier of
(A)&nbsp;the Applicable Time and (B)&nbsp;the execution and delivery of this Agreement, (i)&nbsp;no downgrading shall have occurred in the rating accorded any debt securities issued, or guaranteed by, the Company by any &#147;nationally recognized
statistical rating organization,&#148; as such term is defined under Section&nbsp;3(a)(62) under the Exchange Act and (ii)&nbsp;no such organization shall have publicly announced that it has under surveillance or review, or has changed its outlook
with respect to, its rating of any such debt securities issued or guaranteed by the Company or any of its subsidiaries (other than an announcement with positive implications of a possible upgrading). </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>No Material Adverse Change</I>.<I> </I>No event or condition of a type described in Section&nbsp;3(f) hereof
shall have occurred or shall exist, which event or condition is not described in the Pricing Disclosure Package (excluding any amendment or supplement thereto) and the Prospectus (excluding any amendment or supplement thereto) and the effect of
which in the judgment of the Representatives makes it impracticable or inadvisable to proceed with the offering, sale or delivery of the Shares on the Closing Date or the Additional Closing Date, as the case may be, on the terms and in the manner
contemplated by this Agreement, the Pricing Disclosure Package and the Prospectus. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Officer</I><I>&#146;</I><I>s Certificate</I>.<I> </I>The Representatives shall have received on and as of the
Closing Date or the Additional Closing Date, as the case may be, a certificate of the chief financial officer or chief accounting officer of the Company and one additional senior executive officer of the Company who is satisfactory to the
Representatives (i)&nbsp;confirming that such officers have carefully reviewed the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package and the Prospectus and, to the knowledge of such officers, the representations set forth in Sections&nbsp;3(b)
and 3(d) hereof are true and correct, (ii)&nbsp;confirming that the other representations and warranties of the Company in this Agreement are true and correct and that the Company has complied in all material respects with all agreements and
satisfied all conditions on its part to be performed or satisfied hereunder at or prior to the Closing Date or the Additional Closing Date, as the case may be, and (iii)&nbsp;to the effect set forth in paragraphs (a), (c) and (d)&nbsp;above. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(f)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Comfort Letters</I>.<I> </I>On the date of this Agreement and on the Closing Date or the Additional Closing
Date, as the case may be, Deloitte&nbsp;&amp; Touche LLP shall have furnished to the Representatives, at the request of the Company, letters, dated the respective dates of delivery thereof and addressed to the Underwriters, in form and substance
reasonably satisfactory to the Representatives, containing statements and information of the type customarily included in accountants&#146; &#147;comfort letters&#148; to underwriters with respect to the financial statements and certain financial
information contained or incorporated by reference in each of the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package and the Prospectus; <U>provided</U>, that the letter delivered on the Closing Date or the Additional Closing Date, as the case
may be, shall use a <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">&#147;cut-off&#148;</FONT> date no more than two business days prior to such Closing Date or such Additional Closing Date, as the case may be. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Opinion and <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10b-5</FONT>
Statement of Counsel for the Company</I>.<I> </I>Porter Hedges LLP, counsel for the Company, shall have furnished to the Representatives, at the request of the Company, their written opinion and <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10b-5</FONT>
statement, dated the Closing Date or the Additional Closing Date, as the case may be, and addressed to the Underwriters, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Representatives, to the effect set forth in Annex <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">C-1</FONT> hereto. J. Matthew Vaughn, General Counsel for the Company, shall have furnished to the Representatives, at the request of the Company, his written opinion, dated the Closing Date or the Additional Closing Date,
as the case may be, and addressed to the Underwriters, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Representatives, to the effect set forth in Annex <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">C-2</FONT> hereto.. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(h)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Opinion and <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10b-5</FONT> Statement of Counsel for the Underwriters</I>.<I>
</I>The Representatives shall have received on and as of the Closing Date or the Additional Closing Date, as the case may be, an opinion and <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10b-5</FONT> statement, addressed to the Underwriters, of Latham&nbsp;&amp;
Watkins LLP, counsel for the Underwriters, with respect to such matters as the Representatives may reasonably request, and such counsel shall have received such documents and information as they may reasonably request to enable them to pass upon
such matters. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(i)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>No Legal Impediment to Issuance and Sale</I>.<I> </I>No action shall have been taken and no
statute, rule, regulation or order shall have been enacted, adopted or issued by any federal, state or foreign governmental or regulatory authority that would, as of the Closing Date or the Additional Closing Date, as the case may be, prevent the
issuance or sale of the Shares; and no injunction or order of any federal, state or foreign court shall have been issued that would, as of the Closing Date or the Additional Closing Date, as the case may be, prevent the issuance or sale of the
Shares. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(j)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Good Standing</I>. The Representatives shall have received on and as of the Closing Date or the
Additional Closing Date, as the case may be, satisfactory evidence of the good standing of the Company and its subsidiaries in their respective jurisdictions of organization and their good standing in such other jurisdictions as the Representatives
may reasonably request, in each case in writing or any standard form of telecommunication from the appropriate governmental authorities of such jurisdictions. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(k)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Exchange Listing</I>.<I> </I>The Shares to be delivered on the Closing Date or the Additional Closing Date, as
the case may be, shall have been approved for listing on the NYSE, subject to official notice of issuance. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(l)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I><FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-up</FONT> Agreements</I>. The <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">&#147;lock-up&#148;</FONT> agreements, each substantially in the form of Annex D hereto, between you and certain officers and directors of the Company
relating to sales and certain other dispositions of shares of Stock or certain other securities, delivered to you on or before the date hereof, shall be full force and effect on the Closing Date or the Additional Closing Date, as the case may be.
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(m)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Additional Documents</I>.<I> </I>On or prior to the Closing Date or the Additional Closing Date, as the
case may be, the Company shall have furnished to the Representatives such further certificates and documents as the Representatives may reasonably request. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">All opinions, letters, certificates and evidence mentioned above or elsewhere in this
Agreement shall be deemed to be in compliance with the provisions hereof only if they are in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to counsel for the Underwriters. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">7.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Indemnification and Contribution</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Indemnification of the Underwriters</I>. <I></I>The Company agrees to indemnify and hold harmless each
Underwriter, its affiliates, directors and officers and each person, if any, who controls such Underwriter within the meaning of Section&nbsp;15 of the Securities Act or Section&nbsp;20 of the Exchange Act, from and against any and all losses,
claims, damages and liabilities (including, without limitation, legal fees and other expenses incurred in connection with any suit, action or proceeding or any claim asserted, as such fees and documented <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">out-of-pocket</FONT></FONT> expenses are incurred), joint or several, that arise out of, or are based upon, (i)&nbsp;any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration
Statement or caused by any omission or alleged omission to state therein a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, not misleading, or (ii)&nbsp;any untrue statement or alleged untrue
statement of a material fact contained in the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto), any Preliminary Prospectus, any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, any &#147;issuer information&#148; filed or required to be filed pursuant to Rule
433(d) under the Securities Act, any road show as defined in Rule 433(h) under the Securities Act (a &#147;road show&#148;) or any Pricing Disclosure Package (including any Pricing Disclosure Package that has subsequently been amended), or caused by
any omission or alleged omission to state therein a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, in each case except insofar as such losses, claims,
damages or liabilities arise out of, or are based upon, any untrue statement or omission or alleged untrue statement or omission made in reliance upon and in conformity with any information relating to any Underwriter furnished to the Company in
writing by such Underwriter through the Representatives expressly for use therein, it being understood and agreed that the only such information furnished by any Underwriter consists of the information described as such in paragraph (b)&nbsp;below.
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Indemnification of the Company</I>.<I> </I>Each Underwriter agrees, severally and not jointly, to indemnify
and hold harmless the Company, its directors, its officers who signed the Registration Statement and each person, if any, who controls the Company within the meaning of Section&nbsp;15 of the Securities Act or Section&nbsp;20 of the Exchange Act to
the same extent as the indemnity set forth in paragraph (a)&nbsp;above, but only with respect to any losses, claims, damages or liabilities that arise out of, or are based upon, any untrue statement or omission or alleged untrue statement or
omission made in reliance upon and in conformity with any information relating to such Underwriter furnished to the Company in writing by such Underwriter through the Representatives expressly for use in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus
(or any amendment or supplement thereto), any Preliminary Prospectus, any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, any road show or any Pricing Disclosure Package (including any Pricing Disclosure Package that has subsequently been amended), it being
understood and agreed upon that the only such information furnished by any Underwriter consists of the following information in the Prospectus furnished on behalf of each Underwriter: the concession and reallowance figures appearing in the third
paragraph under the caption &#147;Underwriting&#148; and the information contained in the fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth paragraphs under the caption &#147;Underwriting&#148;. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Notice and Procedures</I>.<I> </I>If any suit, action,
proceeding (including any governmental or regulatory investigation), claim or demand shall be brought or asserted against any person in respect of which indemnification may be sought pursuant to the preceding paragraphs of this Section&nbsp;7, such
person (the &#147;Indemnified Person&#148;) shall promptly notify the person against whom such indemnification may be sought (the &#147;Indemnifying Person&#148;) in writing; <U>provided</U> that the failure to notify the Indemnifying Person shall
not relieve it from any liability that it may have under the preceding paragraphs of this Section&nbsp;7 except to the extent that it has been materially prejudiced (through the forfeiture of substantive rights or defenses) by such failure; and
<U>provided</U>, <U>further</U>, that the failure to notify the Indemnifying Person shall not relieve it from any liability that it may have to an Indemnified Person otherwise than under the preceding paragraphs of this Section&nbsp;7. If any such
proceeding shall be brought or asserted against an Indemnified Person and it shall have notified the Indemnifying Person thereof, the Indemnifying Person shall retain counsel reasonably satisfactory to the Indemnified Person (who shall not, without
the consent of the Indemnified Person, be counsel to the Indemnifying Person) to represent the Indemnified Person and any others entitled to indemnification pursuant to this Section&nbsp;7&nbsp;that the Indemnifying Person may designate in such
proceeding and shall pay the fees and documented <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">out-of-pocket</FONT></FONT> expenses in such proceeding and shall pay the fees and documented <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">out-of-pocket</FONT></FONT> expenses of such counsel related to such proceeding, as incurred. In any such proceeding, any Indemnified Person shall have the right to retain its own counsel, but the fees and documented <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">out-of-pocket</FONT></FONT> expenses of such counsel shall be at the expense of such Indemnified Person unless (i)&nbsp;the Indemnifying Person and the Indemnified Person shall have
mutually agreed to the contrary; (ii)&nbsp;the Indemnifying Person has failed within a reasonable time to retain counsel reasonably satisfactory to the Indemnified Person; (iii)&nbsp;the Indemnified Person shall have reasonably concluded that there
may be legal defenses available to it that are different from or in addition to those available to the Indemnifying Person; or (iv)&nbsp;the named parties in any such proceeding (including any impleaded parties) include both the Indemnifying Person
and the Indemnified Person and representation of both parties by the same counsel would be inappropriate due to actual or potential differing interests between them. It is understood and agreed that the Indemnifying Person shall not, in connection
with any proceeding or related proceeding in the same jurisdiction, be liable for the fees and documented <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">out-of-pocket</FONT></FONT> expenses of more than one separate firm (in
addition to any local counsel) for all Indemnified Persons, and that all such fees and documented <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">out-of-pocket</FONT></FONT> expenses shall be paid or reimbursed as they are
incurred. Any such separate firm for any Underwriter, its affiliates, directors and officers and any control persons of such Underwriter shall be designated in writing by J.P. Morgan Securities LLC and any such separate firm for the Company, its
directors, its officers who signed the Registration Statement and any control persons of the Company shall be designated in writing by the Company. The Indemnifying Person shall not be liable for any settlement of any proceeding effected without its
written consent, but if settled with such consent, the Indemnifying Person agrees to indemnify each Indemnified Person from and against any loss or liability by reason of such settlement. Notwithstanding the foregoing sentence, if at any time an
Indemnified Person shall have requested that an Indemnifying Person reimburse the Indemnified Person for fees and expenses of counsel as contemplated by this paragraph, the </P>
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Indemnifying Person shall be liable for any settlement of any proceeding effected without its written consent if (i)&nbsp;such settlement is entered into more than 30 days after receipt by the
Indemnifying Person of such request and (ii)&nbsp;the Indemnifying Person shall not have reimbursed the Indemnified Person in accordance with such request prior to the date of such settlement. No Indemnifying Person shall, without the written
consent of the Indemnified Person, effect any settlement of any pending or threatened proceeding in respect of which any Indemnified Person is or could have been a party and indemnification could have been sought hereunder by such Indemnified
Person, unless such settlement (x)&nbsp;includes an unconditional release of such Indemnified Person, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to such Indemnified Person, from all liability on claims that are the subject matter of such
proceeding and (y)&nbsp;does not include any statement as to or any admission of fault, culpability or a failure to act by or on behalf of any Indemnified Person. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Contribution</I>.<I> </I>If the indemnification provided for in paragraphs (a)&nbsp;or (b) above is unavailable
to an Indemnified Person or insufficient in respect of any losses, claims, damages or liabilities referred to therein, then each Indemnifying Person under such paragraph, in lieu of indemnifying such Indemnified Person thereunder, shall contribute
to the amount paid or payable by such Indemnified Person as a result of such losses, claims, damages or liabilities (i)&nbsp;in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect the relative benefits received by the Company, on the one hand, and the
Underwriters on the other, from the offering of the Shares or (ii)&nbsp;if the allocation provided by clause (i)&nbsp;is not permitted by applicable law, in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect not only the relative benefits referred to in
clause (i)&nbsp;but also the relative fault of the Company, on the one hand, and the Underwriters on the other, in connection with the statements or omissions that resulted in such losses, claims, damages or liabilities, as well as any other
relevant equitable considerations. The relative benefits received by the Company, on the one hand, and the Underwriters on the other, shall be deemed to be in the same respective proportions as the net proceeds (before deducting expenses) received
by the Company from the sale of the Shares and the total underwriting discounts and commissions received by the Underwriters in connection therewith, in each case as set forth in the table on the cover of the Prospectus, bear to the aggregate
offering price of the Shares. The relative fault of the Company, on the one hand, and the Underwriters on the other, shall be determined by reference to, among other things, whether the untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact or the
omission or alleged omission to state a material fact relates to information supplied by the Company or by the Underwriters and the parties&#146; relative intent, knowledge, access to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement
or omission. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Limitation on Liability</I>.<I> </I>The Company and the Underwriters agree that it would not
be just and equitable if contribution pursuant to paragraph (d)&nbsp;above were determined by pro rata allocation (even if the Underwriters were treated as one entity for such purpose) or by any other method of allocation that does not take account
of the equitable considerations referred to in paragraph (d)&nbsp;above. The amount paid or payable by an Indemnified Person as a result of the losses, claims, damages and liabilities referred to in paragraph (d)&nbsp;above shall be deemed to
include, subject to the limitations set forth above, any legal or other expenses incurred by such Indemnified Person in connection with any such action or claim. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs (d)&nbsp;and (e), in no event shall an
Underwriter be required to contribute any amount in excess of the amount by which the total underwriting discounts and commissions received by </P>
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such Underwriter with respect to the offering of the Shares exceeds the amount of any damages that such Underwriter has otherwise been required to pay by reason of such untrue or alleged untrue
statement or omission or alleged omission. No person guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section&nbsp;11(f) of the Securities Act) shall be entitled to contribution from any person who was not guilty of such fraudulent
misrepresentation. The Underwriters&#146; obligations to contribute pursuant to paragraphs (d)&nbsp;and (e) are several in proportion to their respective purchase obligations hereunder and not joint. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(f)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Non-Exclusive</FONT> Remedies</I>.<I> </I>The remedies provided for in this
Section&nbsp;7 paragraphs&nbsp;(a) through (e)&nbsp;are not exclusive and shall not limit any rights or remedies which may otherwise be available to any Indemnified Person at law or in equity. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">8.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Effectiveness of Agreement</U>. This Agreement shall become effective as of the date first written above. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">9.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Termination</U>. This Agreement may be terminated in the absolute discretion of the Representatives, by notice to
the Company, if after the execution and delivery of this Agreement and on or prior to the Closing Date or, in the case of the Option Shares, prior to the Additional Closing Date (i)&nbsp;trading generally shall have been suspended or materially
limited on or by any of the NYSE or The Nasdaq Stock Market; (ii)&nbsp;trading of any securities issued or guaranteed by the Company shall have been suspended on any exchange or in any
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">over-the-counter</FONT></FONT> market; (iii)&nbsp;a general moratorium on commercial banking activities shall have been declared by federal or New York State authorities; or
(iv)&nbsp;there shall have occurred any outbreak or escalation of hostilities or any change in financial markets or any calamity or crisis, either within or outside the United States, that, in the judgment of the Representatives, is material and
adverse and makes it impracticable or inadvisable to proceed with the offering, sale or delivery of the Shares on the Closing Date or the Additional Closing Date, as the case may be, on the terms and in the manner contemplated by this Agreement, the
Pricing Disclosure Package and the Prospectus. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">10.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Defaulting Underwriter</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If, on the Closing Date or the Additional Closing Date, as the case may be, any Underwriter defaults on its
obligation to purchase the Shares that it has agreed to purchase hereunder on such date, the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-defaulting</FONT> Underwriters may in their discretion arrange for the purchase of such Shares by other persons
satisfactory to the Company on the terms contained in this Agreement. If, within 36 hours after any such default by any Underwriter, the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-defaulting</FONT> Underwriters do not arrange for the purchase of such
Shares, then the Company shall be entitled to a further period of 36 hours within which to procure other persons satisfactory to the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-defaulting</FONT> Underwriters to purchase such Shares on such terms. If other
persons become obligated or agree to purchase the Shares of a defaulting Underwriter, either the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-defaulting</FONT> Underwriters or the Company may postpone the Closing Date or the Additional Closing Date, as the
case may be, for up to five full business days in order to effect any changes that in the opinion of counsel for the Company or counsel for the Underwriters may be necessary in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus or in any other document
or arrangement, and the Company agrees to promptly prepare any amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus that effects any such changes. As used in this Agreement, the term
</P>
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&#147;Underwriter&#148; includes, for all purposes of this Agreement unless the context otherwise requires, any person not listed in Schedule&nbsp;1 hereto that, pursuant to this Section&nbsp;10,
purchases Shares that a defaulting Underwriter agreed but failed to purchase. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If, after giving effect to any
arrangements for the purchase of the Shares of a defaulting Underwriter or Underwriters by the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-defaulting</FONT> Underwriters and the Company as provided in paragraph (a)&nbsp;above, the aggregate number of
Shares that remain unpurchased on the Closing Date or the Additional Closing Date, as the case may be, does not exceed <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">one-eleventh</FONT> of the aggregate number of Shares to be purchased on such date, then the
Company shall have the right to require each <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-defaulting</FONT> Underwriter to purchase the number of Shares that such Underwriter agreed to purchase hereunder on such date plus such Underwriter&#146;s pro rata
share (based on the number of Shares that such Underwriter agreed to purchase on such date) of the Shares of such defaulting Underwriter or Underwriters for which such arrangements have not been made. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If, after giving effect to any arrangements for the purchase of the Shares of a defaulting Underwriter or
Underwriters by the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-defaulting</FONT> Underwriters and the Company as provided in paragraph (a)&nbsp;above, the aggregate number of Shares that remain unpurchased on the Closing Date or the Additional Closing
Date, as the case may be, exceeds <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">one-eleventh</FONT> of the aggregate amount of Shares to be purchased on such date, or if the Company shall not exercise the right described in paragraph (b)&nbsp;above, then this
Agreement or, with respect to any Additional Closing Date, the obligation of the Underwriters to purchase Shares on the Additional Closing Date, as the case may be, shall terminate without liability on the part of the
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-defaulting</FONT> Underwriters. Any termination of this Agreement pursuant to this Section&nbsp;10 shall be without liability on the part of the Company, except that the Company will continue to be liable for the
payment of expenses as set forth in Section&nbsp;11 hereof (other than with respect to the defaulting underwriter(s)) and except that the provisions of Section&nbsp;7 hereof shall not terminate and shall remain in effect. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nothing contained herein shall relieve a defaulting Underwriter of any liability it may have to the Company or any <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-defaulting</FONT> Underwriter for damages caused by its default. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">11.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Payment of
Expenses</U><I>.</I> </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Whether or not the transactions contemplated by this Agreement are consummated or this
Agreement is terminated, the Company will pay or cause to be paid all costs and expenses incident to the performance of its obligations hereunder, including without limitation, (i)&nbsp;the costs incident to the authorization, issuance, sale,
preparation and delivery of the Shares and any taxes payable in that connection; (ii)&nbsp;the costs incident to the preparation, printing and filing under the Securities Act of the Registration Statement, the Preliminary Prospectus, any Issuer Free
Writing Prospectus, any Pricing Disclosure Package and the Prospectus (including all exhibits, amendments and supplements thereto) and the distribution thereof; (iii)&nbsp;the fees and expenses of the Company&#146;s counsel and independent
accountants; (iv)&nbsp;the fees and expenses incurred in connection with the registration or qualification and determination of eligibility for investment of the Shares under the laws of such jurisdictions as the Representatives may designate and
the preparation, printing and distribution of a Blue Sky (including the related fees </P>
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and documented <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">out-of-pocket</FONT></FONT> expenses of counsel for the Underwriters not to exceed $10,000);&nbsp;(v) the cost of
preparing stock certificates; (vi)&nbsp;the costs and charges of any transfer agent and any registrar; (vii)&nbsp;all expenses and application fees incurred in connection with any filing with, and clearance of the offering by, FINRA; (viii)&nbsp;all
expenses incurred by the Company in connection with any &#147;road show&#148; presentation to potential investors; and (x)&nbsp;all expenses and application fees related to the listing of the Shares on the NYSE. It is understood, however, that
except as provided in this Section, the Underwriters will pay all of their own costs and expenses, including the fees of their counsel, stock transfer taxes on resale of any of the Shares by them, and any advertising expenses connected with any
offers they may make and that the Underwriters shall be responsible for 50% of the cost of any chartered plane, jet, private aircraft, other aircraft or other transportation chartered in connection with any &#147;road show&#148; presentation to
investors undertaken in connection with this offering. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If (i)&nbsp;this Agreement is terminated pursuant to
clause (ii)&nbsp;of Section&nbsp;9, (ii) the Company for any reason fails to tender the Shares for delivery to the Underwriters or (iii)&nbsp;the Underwriters decline to purchase the Shares for any reason permitted under this Agreement(except as
contemplated by clause (i)&nbsp;above), the Company agrees to reimburse the Underwriters for all documented <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">out-of-pocket</FONT></FONT> costs and expenses (including the fees and
expenses of their counsel) reasonably incurred by the Underwriters in connection with this Agreement and the offering contemplated hereby. For the avoidance of doubt, it is understood that the Company shall not pay or reimburse any costs, fees or
expenses incurred by any Underwriter that defaults on its obligations to purchase the Shares pursuant to Section&nbsp;10 of this Agreement. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">12.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Persons Entitled to Benefit of Agreement</U>. This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon
the parties hereto and their respective successors and the officers and directors and any controlling persons referred to herein, and the affiliates of each Underwriter referred to in Section&nbsp;7 hereof. Nothing in this Agreement is intended or
shall be construed to give any other person any legal or equitable right, remedy or claim under or in respect of this Agreement or any provision contained herein. No purchaser of Shares from any Underwriter shall be deemed to be a successor merely
by reason of such purchase. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">13.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Survival</U>. The respective indemnities, rights of contribution,
representations, warranties and agreements of the Company and the Underwriters contained in this Agreement or made by or on behalf of the Company or the Underwriters pursuant to this Agreement or any certificate delivered pursuant hereto shall
survive the delivery of and payment for the Shares and shall remain in full force and effect, regardless of any termination of this Agreement or any investigation made by or on behalf of the Company or the Underwriters or the directors, officers,
controlling persons or affiliates referred to in Section&nbsp;7 hereof. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">14.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Certain Defined Terms</U>. For
purposes of this Agreement, (a)&nbsp;except where otherwise expressly provided, the term &#147;affiliate&#148; has the meaning set forth in Rule 405 under the Securities Act; (b)&nbsp;the term &#147;business day&#148; means any day other than a day
on which banks are permitted or required to be closed in New York City; and (c)&nbsp;the term &#147;subsidiary&#148; has the meaning set forth in Rule 405 under the Securities Act. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">29 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">15.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Compliance with USA Patriot Act</U>. In accordance with the
requirements of the USA Patriot Act (Title III of Pub. L. <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">107-56</FONT> (signed into law October&nbsp;26, 2001)), the Underwriters are required to obtain, verify and record information that identifies their
respective clients, including the Company, which information may include the name and address of their respective clients, as well as other information that will allow the Underwriters to properly identify their respective clients. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">16.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Miscellaneous</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Notices</I>.<I> </I>All notices and other communications hereunder shall be in writing and shall be deemed to
have been duly given if mailed or transmitted and confirmed by any standard form of telecommunication. Notices to the Underwriters shall be given to the Representatives c/o J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, 383 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10179
(fax: (212) <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">622-8358);</FONT> Attention Equity Syndicate Desk. Notices to the Company shall be given to it at Par Pacific Holdings, Inc., 825 Town&nbsp;&amp; Country Lane, Suite 1500, Houston, Texas 77024 (fax: (281)
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">899-4800);</FONT> Attention: James Matthew Vaughn, Chief Administrative Officer, Senior Vice President and General Counsel. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Governing Law</I>.<I> </I>This Agreement, and all claims or causes of action (whether in contract or tort) that
may be based upon, arise out of or relate to this Agreement or the negotiation, execution or performance of this agreement (including any claim, controversy, cause of action or dispute arising out of or related to this Agreement) will be governed by
and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Submission to Jurisdiction</I>. The
Company hereby submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. federal and New York state courts in the Borough of Manhattan in The City of New York in any suit or proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement or the transactions
contemplated hereby. The Company waives any objection which it may now or hereafter have to the laying of venue of any such suit or proceeding in such courts. The Company agrees that final judgment in any such suit, action or proceeding brought in
such court shall be conclusive and binding upon the Company and may be enforced in any court to the jurisdiction of which Company is subject by a suit upon such judgment. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Waiver of Jury Trial</I>.<I> </I>Each of the parties hereto hereby waives any right to trial by jury in any suit
or proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Recognition of the U.S. Special Resolution
Regimes</I>. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(i)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In the event that any Underwriter that is a Covered Entity becomes subject to a
proceeding under a U.S. Special Resolution Regime, the transfer from such Underwriter of this Agreement, and any interest and obligation in or under this Agreement, will be effective to the same extent as the transfer would be effective under the
U.S. Special Resolution Regime if this Agreement, and any such interest and obligation, were governed by the laws of the United States or a state of the United States. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">30 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ii)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In the event that any Underwriter that is a
Covered Entity or a BHC Act Affiliate of such Underwriter becomes subject to a proceeding under a U.S. Special Resolution Regime, Default Rights under this Agreement that may be exercised against such Underwriter are permitted to be exercised to no
greater extent than such Default Rights could be exercised under the U.S. Special Resolution Regime if this Agreement were governed by the laws of the United States or a state of the United States. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">As used in this Section&nbsp;16(g): </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&#147;BHC Act Affiliate&#148; has the meaning assigned to the term &#147;affiliate&#148; in, and shall be interpreted in accordance with, 12
U.S.C. &#167;&nbsp;1841(k). </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&#147;Covered Entity&#148; means any of the following: </P>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="9%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">(i)</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">a &#147;covered entity&#148; as that term is defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. &#167;
252.82(b); </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="9%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">(ii)</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">a &#147;covered bank&#148; as that term is defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. &#167;
47.3(b); or </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="9%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">(iii)</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">a &#147;covered FSI&#148; as that term is defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. &#167;
382.2(b). </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&#147;Default Right&#148; has the meaning assigned to that term in, and shall be interpreted in accordance
with, 12 C.F.R. &#167;&#167;&nbsp;252.81, 47.2 or 382.1, as applicable. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&#147;U.S. Special Resolution Regime&#148; means each of
(i)&nbsp;the Federal Deposit Insurance Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder and (ii)&nbsp;Title II of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(f)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Counterparts</I>.<I> </I>This Agreement may be signed in counterparts (which may include counterparts delivered
by any standard form of telecommunication), each of which shall be an original and all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Amendments or Waivers</I>.<I> </I>No amendment or waiver of any provision of this Agreement, nor any consent or
approval to any departure therefrom, shall in any event be effective unless the same shall be in writing and signed by the parties hereto. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(h)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Headings</I>.<I> </I>The headings herein are included for convenience of reference only and are not intended to
be part of, or to affect the meaning or interpretation of, this Agreement. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">31 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">If the foregoing is in accordance with your understanding, please indicate your acceptance
of this Agreement by signing in the space provided below. </P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><DIV ALIGN="right">
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="40%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">


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<TD VALIGN="top" COLSPAN="5">Very&nbsp;truly&nbsp;yours,</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="5"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" COLSPAN="5">PAR PACIFIC HOLDINGS, INC.</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="4"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">By:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" COLSPAN="3" NOWRAP> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">/s/ William Monteleone</P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" NOWRAP>Name:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" NOWRAP>William Monteleone</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" NOWRAP>Title:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" NOWRAP>Chief Financial Officer</TD></TR>
</TABLE></DIV>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">[Signature Page to
Underwriting Agreement] </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Accepted: As of the date first written above </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">J.P. MORGAN SECURITIES LLC </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">For itself and on behalf of the
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">several Underwriters listed </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">in Schedule&nbsp;1 hereto. </P>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TD WIDTH="92%"></TD></TR>


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<TD VALIGN="top">By:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" NOWRAP> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">/s/ Lucy&nbsp;Brash</P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" NOWRAP ALIGN="center">Authorized Signatory</TD></TR>
</TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">GOLDMAN SACHS&nbsp;&amp; CO. LLC </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">For itself and on behalf of the </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">several Underwriters listed
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">in Schedule&nbsp;1 hereto. </P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">By:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" NOWRAP> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">/s/ Charles&nbsp;Park</P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" NOWRAP ALIGN="center">Authorized Signatory</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">[Signature Page to
Underwriting Agreement] </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Schedule 1 </P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="68%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" ALIGN="center">


<TR>

<TD WIDTH="82%"></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="7%"></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom" NOWRAP> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000; display:table-cell; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Underwriter</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" COLSPAN="2" ALIGN="center" STYLE="border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000">Number&nbsp;of&nbsp;Shares</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>


<TR BGCOLOR="#cceeff" STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">J.P. Morgan Securities LLC</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">2,750,000</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Goldman Sachs&nbsp;&amp; Co.&nbsp;LLC</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">1,000,000</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR BGCOLOR="#cceeff" STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">BofA Securities, Inc.</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">250,000</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">MUFG Securities Americas Inc.</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">250,000</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR BGCOLOR="#cceeff" STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">RBC Capital Markets, LLC</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">250,000</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Piper Sandler&nbsp;&amp; Co.</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">250,000</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR BGCOLOR="#cceeff" STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Tudor, Pickering, Holt&nbsp;&amp; Co. Securities, LLC</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">250,000</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1px; ">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:1.00px solid #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:1.00px solid #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Total</B></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">5,000,000</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1px; ">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:3.00px double #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:3.00px double #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Schedule 2 </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Subsidiaries </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Hermes Consolidated, LLC </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Par Hawaii, LLC </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Par Hawaii Refining, LLC </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Par Hawaii Shared Services, LLC </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Par Pacific Hawaii Property
Company, LLC </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Par Petroleum Finance Corp. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Par Petroleum, LLC
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Par Piceance Energy Equity, LLC </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Par Tacoma, LLC </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">U.S. Oil and Refining Co. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Wyoming Pipeline Company, LLC </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Laramie Energy, LLC (46.0% interest) </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right">Annex A </P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">a.</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><B>Pricing Disclosure Package</B> </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">None. </P> <P STYLE="font-size:18pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">b.</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><B>Pricing Information Provided Orally by Underwriters</B> </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Price per Share: $16.00 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Number
of Shares: 5,000,000 Underwritten Shares plus 750,000 Option Shares </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right">Annex B </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:24pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Par Pacific Holdings, Inc. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><U>Pricing Term Sheet </U></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">None. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right">Annex <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">C-1</FONT> </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Form of Opinion of Counsel for the Company </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right">Annex <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">C-2</FONT> </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Form of Opinion of General Counsel </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right">Annex&nbsp;D </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">FORM OF <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">LOCK-UP</FONT> AGREEMENT </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right">March&nbsp;15, 2021 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">J.P. MORGAN SECURITIES LLC
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">GOLDMAN SACHS&nbsp;&amp; CO. LLC </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">As Representatives of </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">the several Underwriters listed in </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Schedule&nbsp;1 to the
Underwriting </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Agreement referred to below </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">c/o J.P. Morgan
Securities LLC </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">383 Madison Avenue </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">New York, NY 10179 </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">c/o Goldman Sachs&nbsp;&amp; Co.&nbsp;LLC </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">200 West Street, </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">New York, New York 10282-2198 </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:24pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Re:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Par Pacific Holdings, Inc. &#150; Public Offering </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Ladies and Gentlemen: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The undersigned
understands that you, as Representatives of the several Underwriters, propose to enter into an underwriting agreement (the &#147;Underwriting Agreement&#148;) with Par Pacific Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the &#147;Company&#148;),
providing for the public offering (the &#147;Public Offering&#148;) by the several Underwriters named in Schedule&nbsp;1 to the Underwriting Agreement (the &#147;Underwriters&#148;), of common stock of the Company (the &#147;Securities&#148;).
Capitalized terms used herein and not otherwise defined shall have the meanings set forth in the Underwriting Agreement. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">In consideration
of the Underwriters&#146; agreement to purchase and make the Public Offering of the Securities, the undersigned hereby agrees that, without the prior written consent of J.P. Morgan Securities LLC and Goldman Sachs&nbsp;&amp; Co.&nbsp;LLC on behalf
of the Underwriters, the undersigned will not, and will not cause any direct or indirect affiliate to, during the period beginning on the date of this letter agreement (this &#147;Letter Agreement&#148;) and ending at the close of business 60 days
after the date of the final prospectus relating to the Public Offering (the &#147;Prospectus&#148;) (such period, the &#147;Restricted Period&#148;), (1) offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any
option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, lend, or otherwise transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, any shares of common stock, $0.01 per share par value, of the Company (the &#147;Common Stock&#148;) or
any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for Common Stock (including without limitation, Common Stock or such other securities which may be deemed to be beneficially owned by the undersigned in accordance with the rules and
regulations of the Securities and </P>
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Exchange Commission and securities which may be issued upon exercise of a stock option or warrant) (collectively with the Common Stock, <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">&#147;Lock-Up</FONT>
Securities&#148;), (2) enter into any hedging, swap or other agreement or transaction that transfers, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Securities, whether any
such transaction described in clause (1)&nbsp;or (2) above is to be settled by delivery of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Securities, in cash or otherwise, (3)&nbsp;make any demand for or exercise any right with respect to the
registration of any <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Securities, or (4)&nbsp;publicly disclose the intention to do any of the foregoing. The undersigned acknowledges and agrees that the foregoing precludes the undersigned from
engaging in any hedging or other transactions or arrangements (including, without limitation, any short sale or the purchase or sale of, or entry into, any put or call option, or combination thereof, forward, swap or any other derivative transaction
or instrument, however described or defined) designed or intended, or which could reasonably be expected to lead to or result in, a sale or disposition or transfer (whether by the undersigned or any other person) of any economic consequences of
ownership, in whole or in part, directly or indirectly, of any <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Securities, whether any such transaction or arrangement (or instrument provided for thereunder) would be settled by delivery of <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Securities, in cash or otherwise. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Notwithstanding the foregoing, the undersigned may: </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;transfer the undersigned&#146;s <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Securities: </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(i) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;as a bona fide gift or gifts, or for bona fide estate planning purposes, </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ii)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;by will or intestacy, </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(iii)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to any trust for the direct or indirect benefit of the undersigned or the immediate family of the
undersigned, or if the undersigned is a trust, to a trustor or beneficiary of the trust or to the estate of a beneficiary of such trust (for purposes of this Letter Agreement, &#147;immediate family&#148; shall mean any relationship by blood,
current or former marriage, domestic partnership or adoption, not more remote than first cousin), </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(iv)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to a partnership, limited liability company or other entity of which the undersigned and the
immediate family of the undersigned are the legal and beneficial owner of all of the outstanding equity securities or similar interests, </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(v)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to a nominee or custodian of a person or entity to whom a disposition or transfer would be
permissible under clauses (i)&nbsp;through (iv) above, </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(vi)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;if the undersigned is a corporation,
partnership, limited liability company, trust or other business entity, (A)&nbsp;to another corporation, partnership, limited liability company, trust or other business entity that is an affiliate (as defined in Rule 405 promulgated under the
Securities Act of 1933, as amended) of the undersigned, or to any investment fund or other entity controlling, controlled by, managing or managed by or under common control with the undersigned or affiliates of the undersigned (including, for the
avoidance of doubt, where the undersigned is a partnership, to its general partner or a successor partnership or fund, or any other funds managed by such partnership), or (B)&nbsp;as part of a distribution to members or shareholders of the
undersigned, </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(vii)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;by operation of law, such as pursuant to a
qualified domestic order, divorce settlement, divorce decree or separation agreement, </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(viii)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to the
Company from an employee of the Company upon death, disability or termination of employment, in each case, of such employee, </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ix)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;as part of a sale of the undersigned&#146;s <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT>
Securities acquired in open market transactions after the closing date for the Public Offering, </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(x)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to the Company in connection with the vesting, settlement, or exercise of restricted stock units,
options, warrants or other rights to purchase shares of Common Stock (including, in each case, by way of &#147;net&#148; or &#147;cashless&#148; exercise), including for the payment of exercise price and tax and remittance payments due as a result
of the vesting, settlement, or exercise of such restricted stock units, options, warrants or rights, <U>provided</U> that any such shares of Common Stock received upon such exercise, vesting or settlement shall be subject to the terms of this Letter
Agreement, and <U>provided</U> <U>further</U> that any such restricted stock units, options, warrants or rights are held by the undersigned pursuant to an agreement or equity awards granted under a stock incentive plan or other equity award plan,
each such agreement or plan which is described in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, or pursuant to an amendment to such agreement or plan or a newly adopted stock incentive plan or other equity award
plan, </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xi)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;pursuant to a bona fide third-party tender offer, merger, consolidation or other similar
transaction that is approved by the Board of Directors of the Company and made to all holders of the Company&#146;s capital stock involving a Change of Control (as defined below) of the Company (for purposes hereof, &#147;Change of Control&#148;
shall mean the transfer (whether by tender offer, merger, consolidation or other similar transaction), in one transaction or a series of related transactions, to a person or group of affiliated persons, of shares of capital stock if, after such
transfer, such person or group of affiliated persons would hold at least a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Company (or the surviving entity)); <U>provided</U> that in the event that such tender offer, merger, consolidation or
other similar transaction is not completed, the undersigned&#146;s <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Securities shall remain subject to the provisions of this Letter Agreement, </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xii)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in transactions relating to shares of Common Stock or other securities acquired in open market
transactions after the completion of the Public Offering, provided that no filing under Section&nbsp;16(a) of the Exchange Act, shall be required or shall be voluntarily made in connection with subsequent sales of shares of Common Stock or other
securities acquired in such open market transactions, or </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xiii)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in dispositions by the parties
signing a Letter Agreement in connection with the Public Offering in an amount not to exceed an aggregate of 200,000 shares of Common Stock. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><U>provided</U> that (A)&nbsp;in the case of any transfer or distribution pursuant to clause (a)(i), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) and (vii), such transfer shall not
involve a disposition for value and each donee, devisee, transferee or distributee shall execute and deliver to the Representatives a <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">lock-up</FONT> letter in the </P>
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form of this Letter Agreement, (B)&nbsp;in the case of any transfer or distribution pursuant to clause (a) (i), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (ix) and (x), no filing by any party (donor, donee,
devisee, transferor, transferee, distributer or distributee) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the &#147;Exchange Act&#148;), or other public announcement shall be required or shall be made voluntarily in connection with such
transfer or distribution (other than a filing on a Form 5 made after the expiration of the Restricted Period referred to above) and (C)&nbsp;in the case of any transfer or distribution pursuant to clause (a)(vii) and (viii), if any filing under
Section&nbsp;16(a) of the Exchange Act, or other public filing, report or announcement reporting a reduction in beneficial ownership of shares of Common Stock in connection with such transfer or distribution shall be legally required during the
Restricted Period, such filing, report or announcement shall clearly indicate in the footnotes thereto the nature and conditions of such transfer; </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;exercise outstanding options, settle restricted stock units or other equity awards or exercise warrants pursuant to
plans described in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package and the Prospectus or pursuant to amendments to such plans or a newly adopted stock incentive plan or other equity award plan; <U>provided</U> that any <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-up</FONT> Securities received upon such exercise, vesting or settlement shall be subject to the terms of this Letter Agreement; </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;convert outstanding preferred stock, warrants to acquire preferred stock or convertible securities into shares of
Common Stock or warrants to acquire shares of Common Stock; <U>provided</U> that any such shares of Common Stock or warrants received upon such conversion shall be subject to the terms of this Letter Agreement; and </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;establish trading plans pursuant to Rule <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10b5-1</FONT> under the Exchange Act for
the transfer of shares of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Securities; <U>provided</U> that (1)&nbsp;such plans do not provide for the transfer of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Securities during the Restricted Period
and (2)&nbsp;no filing by any party under the Exchange Act or other public announcement shall be required or made voluntarily in connection with such trading plan. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">In furtherance of the foregoing, the Company, and any duly appointed transfer agent for the registration or transfer of the securities
described herein, are hereby authorized to decline to make any transfer of securities if such transfer would constitute a violation or breach of this Letter Agreement. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The undersigned hereby represents and warrants that the undersigned has full power and authority to enter into this Letter Agreement. All
authority herein conferred or agreed to be conferred and any obligations of the undersigned shall be binding upon the successors, assigns, heirs or personal representatives of the undersigned. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The undersigned acknowledges and agrees that the Underwriters have not provided any recommendation or investment advice nor have the
Underwriters solicited any action from the undersigned with respect to the Public Offering of the Securities and the undersigned has consulted their own legal, accounting, financial, regulatory and tax advisors to the extent deemed appropriate. The
undersigned further acknowledges and agrees that, although the Representatives may be required or choose to provide certain Regulation Best Interest and Form CRS disclosures to you in connection with the Public Offering, the Representatives and the
other </P>
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Underwriters are not making a recommendation to you to enter into this Letter Agreement, and nothing set forth in such disclosures is intended to suggest that the Representatives or any
Underwriter is making such a recommendation. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The undersigned understands that, if the Underwriting Agreement does not become effective by
March&nbsp;19, 2021, or if the Underwriting Agreement (other than the provisions thereof which survive termination) shall terminate or be terminated prior to payment for and delivery of the Common Stock to be sold thereunder, the undersigned shall
be released from all obligations under this Letter Agreement. The undersigned understands that the Underwriters are entering into the Underwriting Agreement and proceeding with the Public Offering in reliance upon this Letter Agreement. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">This Letter Agreement and any claim, controversy or dispute arising under or related to this Letter Agreement shall be governed by and
construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">[<I>Signature page follows</I>] </P>
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<TD VALIGN="top" COLSPAN="3">Very&nbsp;truly&nbsp;yours,</TD></TR>
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<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="3"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" COLSPAN="3">[<I>NAME OF STOCKHOLDER</I>]</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">By:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" NOWRAP>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" NOWRAP>Name:</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" NOWRAP>Title:</TD></TR>
</TABLE></DIV>
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<TYPE>EX-5.1
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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right"><B>Exhibit 5.1 </B></P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" ALIGN="center">


<TR>

<TD WIDTH="39%"></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1%"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="37%"></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1%"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="22%"></TD></TR>


<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
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<IMG SRC="g112426g0316214455500.jpg" ALT="LOGO">
</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" STYLE="BORDER-RIGHT:1px solid #000000">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" NOWRAP ALIGN="right"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right">1000 Main Street, 36th Floor<BR>Houston, Texas 77002-6341</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right">(713) <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">226-6000</FONT> Main</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right">porterhedges.com</P></TD></TR>
</TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">March&nbsp;16, 2021 </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right"><B>012549/0073 </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Par Pacific Holdings, Inc.
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">825 Town&nbsp;&amp; Country Lane, Suite 1500 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Houston, TX
77024 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Ladies and Gentlemen: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We have acted
as counsel to Par Pacific Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the &#147;Company&#148;), in connection with the preparation for filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &#147;Commission&#148;) of a prospectus supplement (the
&#147;Prospectus Supplement&#148;) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &#147;Act&#148;), related to the Company&#146;s shelf registration statement on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3</FONT> (Registration No.&nbsp;333-229528)
(as amended, the &#147;Registration Statement&#148;). The Prospectus Supplement relates to the issuance by the Company of up to 5,750,000 shares (the &#147;Shares&#148;) of the Company&#146;s common stock, par value $0.01 per share (the &#147;Common
Stock&#148;) pursuant to the terms of an Underwriting Agreement dated March&nbsp;16, 2021, with J.P. Morgan Securities LLC and Goldman Sachs&nbsp;&amp; Co. LLC, as representatives of the several underwriters named therein (the
&#147;Agreement&#148;). </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">For purposes of the opinions we express below, we have examined the originals or copies, certified or otherwise
identified, of: (i)&nbsp;the Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, as amended to date; (ii)&nbsp;the Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company, as amended to date, (iii)&nbsp;the Registration Statement; (iv)&nbsp;the
Prospectus Supplement; and (v)&nbsp;the corporate records of the Company, including minute books of the Company, certificates of public officials and of representatives of the Company, statutes and other instruments and documents as we considered
appropriate for purposes of the opinions hereafter expressed. In giving such opinions, we have relied upon certificates of officers of the Company and of public officials with respect to the accuracy of the material factual matters contained in such
certificates. In giving the opinions below, we have assumed that the signatures on all documents examined by us are genuine, that all documents submitted to us as originals are accurate and complete, that all documents submitted to us as copies are
true and correct copies of the originals thereof and that all information submitted to us was accurate and complete. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">In making our
examination, we have assumed and have not verified (i)&nbsp;that all signatures on documents examined by us are genuine, (ii)&nbsp;the legal capacity of all natural persons, (iii)&nbsp;the authenticity of all documents submitted to us as originals
and (iv)&nbsp;the conformity to the original documents of all documents submitted to us as copies thereof. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Based on the foregoing, and
subject to the assumptions, exceptions and qualifications set forth herein, we are of the opinion that the that the issuance and sale of the Shares pursuant to the Agreement have been duly authorized by the Company, and upon the issuance, delivery
and payment in the manner contemplated by the Registration Statement, Prospectus Supplement and Agreement, such Shares will be legally issued, fully paid and <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-assessable.</FONT> </P>
</DIV></Center>


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<HR SIZE="3" style="COLOR:#999999" WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="CENTER">


<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Par Pacific Holdings, Inc. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">March&nbsp;16, 2021 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Page 2 </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The opinions expressed herein are limited to the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We hereby consent to the filing of this opinion as Exhibit 5.1 to the Company&#146;s Current Report on Form
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-K.</FONT> We also consent to the references to our Firm under the heading &#147;Legal Matters&#148; in the Prospectus Supplement. In giving this consent, we do not hereby admit we are in the category of persons
whose consent is required under Section&nbsp;7 of the Act or the rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder. </P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><DIV ALIGN="right">
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="40%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">


<TR>

<TD WIDTH="100%"></TD></TR>


<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">Very truly yours,</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">/s/ Porter Hedges LLP</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">PORTER HEDGES LLP</TD></TR>
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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right"><B>Exhibit 99.1 </B></P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">


<IMG SRC="g112426g0316213617107.jpg" ALT="LOGO">
 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B><I>NEWS RELEASE </I></B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>Par Pacific Prices Public Offering of Common Stock </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>HOUSTON, </B>March&nbsp;16, 2021 &#150; <B>Par Pacific Holdings, Inc. (NYSE: PARR) (</B>&#147;<B>Par Pacific</B>&#148;<B>)</B> today announced that it has
priced an underwritten public offering of 5,000,000 shares of common stock at a price to the public of $16.00 per share of common stock. The underwriters have an option for 30 days to purchase up to an additional 750,000 shares of common stock from
the Company. The offering is expected to close on March&nbsp;19, 2021, subject to customary closing conditions. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The Company intends to use the net
proceeds of this offering for general corporate purposes, including repaying indebtedness, capital expenditures and funding working capital. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">J.P. Morgan
Securities LLC and Goldman Sachs&nbsp;&amp; Co. LLC are acting as joint lead bookrunners, and BofA Securities, MUFG Securities Americas Inc., RBC Capital Markets, LLC, Simmons Energy | A Division of Piper Sandler and Tudor, Pickering,
Holt&nbsp;&amp; Co. Securities, LLC are acting as <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">co-managers</FONT> for the offering. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The offering is being made
pursuant to an effective shelf registration statement, which has been filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &#147;SEC&#148;) and became effective February&nbsp;15, 2019. The offering will be made only by means of a prospectus
supplement and the accompanying base prospectus, copies of which may be obtained on the SEC&#146;s website at<B> www.sec.gov</B>. Alternatively, the joint lead bookrunners will arrange to send you the prospectus supplement and related base
prospectus if you request them by contacting: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">J.P. Morgan Securities LLC </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">c/o Broadridge Financial Solutions </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">1155 Long Island Avenue </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Edgewood, New York 11717 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Collect telephone: <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">1-212-834-4533</FONT></FONT></FONT> </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Email at <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">prospectus-eq_fi@jpmchase.com</FONT> </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Goldman Sachs&nbsp;&amp; Co. LLC </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Attn: Prospectus Department </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">200 West Street </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">New York, New York 10282 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Telephone: <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">866-471-2526</FONT></FONT> </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Facsimile: <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">212-902-9316</FONT></FONT> </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Email: <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">prospectus-ny@ny.email.gs.com</FONT> </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">This press release is neither an offer to sell nor a solicitation of an offer to buy any securities, nor shall there be any sale of any such securities in any
state or jurisdiction in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful prior to registration or qualification under the securities laws of any such state or jurisdiction. </P>
</DIV></Center>


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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B><U>About Par Pacific </U></B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Par Pacific Holdings, Inc. (NYSE: PARR), headquartered in Houston, Texas, owns and operates market-leading energy, infrastructure and retail
businesses.&nbsp;Par Pacific&#146;s strategy is to acquire and develop businesses in logistically complex markets.&nbsp;Par Pacific owns and operates one of the largest energy networks in Hawaii with
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">94,000-bpd</FONT> of operating refining capacity, a logistics system supplying the major islands of the state and 90 retail locations.&nbsp;In the Pacific Northwest and the Rockies, Par Pacific owns and operates
60,000 bpd of combined refining capacity, related multimodal logistics systems, and 33 retail locations.&nbsp;Par Pacific also owns 46% of Laramie Energy, LLC, a natural gas production company with operations and assets concentrated in Western
Colorado. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B><U>Forward-Looking Statements </U></B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">This
press release includes certain &#147;forward-looking statements&#148; within the meaning of Section&nbsp;27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section&nbsp;21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which are intended to
qualify for the &#147;safe harbor&#148; from liability established by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements other than statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements. Additionally, forward-looking
statements are subject to certain risks, trends, and uncertainties. Par Pacific cannot provide assurances that the assumptions upon which these forward-looking statements are based will prove to have been correct.&nbsp;Should one of these risks
materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those expressed or implied in any forward-looking statements, and investors are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking
statements, which are current only as of this date.&nbsp;Additionally, significant uncertainties remain with respect to <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">COVID-19</FONT> and its economic effects. Due to the unpredictable and unprecedented nature of
the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">COVID-19</FONT> pandemic, Par Pacific cannot identify all potential risks to, and impacts on, its business, including the ultimate adverse economic impact to its results of operations, financial position and
liquidity. However, the adverse impact of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">COVID-19</FONT> on Par Pacific has been and will likely continue to be material. There can be no guarantee that the operational and financial measures that Par Pacific has
taken, and may take in the future, will be fully effective. Par Pacific does not intend to update or revise any forward-looking statements made herein or any other forward looking statements as a result of new information, future events or
otherwise. Par Pacific further expressly disclaims any written or oral statements made by a third party regarding the subject matter of this news release. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Contact </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Ashimi Patel </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Senior Manager, Investor Relations </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(832) <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">916-3355</FONT> </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">apatel@parpacific.com </P>
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    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:to="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" />
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    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Amendment Flag</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:to="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" />
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    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_DocumentType" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentType" xlink:to="dei_DocumentType_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Document Type</link:label>
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    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:to="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_lbl" />
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    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:to="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" />
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    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Registrant Name</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Incorporation State Country Code</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Incorporation State Country Code</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity File Number</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity File Number</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Tax Identification Number</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Tax Identification Number</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Address, Address Line One</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Address, Address Line One</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Address, Address Line Two</link:label>
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    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Address, City or Town</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Address, City or Town</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Address, State or Province</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Address, State or Province</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</link:label>
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    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:to="dei_CityAreaCode_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">City Area Code</link:label>
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    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:to="dei_LocalPhoneNumber_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Local Phone Number</link:label>
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    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Security Exchange Name</link:label>
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    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" />
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  </link:labelLink>
</link:linkbase>
</XBRL>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.PRE
<SEQUENCE>7
<FILENAME>parr-20210316_pre.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION PRESENTATION LINKBASE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="us-ascii" standalone="yes"?>
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<!-- CTU Version: Release 2020-7 Build:20201110.1 -->
<!-- Creation date: 3/17/2021 4:54:15 PM Eastern Time -->
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    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" />
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<title></title>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.20.4</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140214987867880">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Document and Entity Information<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Mar. 16, 2021</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CoverAbstract', window );"><strong>Cover [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0000821483<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K<span></span>
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</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Mar. 16,  2021<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">Par Pacific Holdings, Inc.<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation State Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">DE<span></span>
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</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">1-36550<span></span>
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</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">84-1060803<span></span>
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</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">825 Town & Country Lane<span></span>
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</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2', window );">Entity Address, Address Line Two</a></td>
<td class="text">Suite 1500<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">Houston<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">TX<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">77024<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">(281)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">899-4800<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Security 12b Title</a></td>
<td class="text">Common stock, $0.01 par value<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">PARR<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NYSE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_WrittenCommunications', window );">Written Communications</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
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</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial', window );">Soliciting Material</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer', window );">Pre Commencement Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer', window );">Pre Commencement Issuer Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
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<div style="display: none;">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cover page.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CoverAbstract</td>
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</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The end date of the period reflected on the cover page if a periodic report. For all other reports and registration statements containing historical data, it is the date up through which that historical data is presented.  If there is no historical data in the report, use the filing date. The format of the date is CCYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 2 such as Street or Suite number</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:employerIdItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Title of a 12(b) registered security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Section 14a<br> -Number 240<br> -Subsection 12<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 425<br></p></div>
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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
