10-Q 1 chco03-31x201610q.htm CHCO 03-31-2016 10-Q
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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)
[X] QUARTERLY REPORT UNDER SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For The Quarterly Period Ended March 31, 2016
OR
[ ] TRANSITION REPORT PURSANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For The Transition Period From ____________To_____________.
Commission File Number 0-11733
CITY HOLDING COMPANY
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

West Virginia | 55-0619957
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
25 Gatewater Road |
Charleston, West Virginia | 25313
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

(304) 769-1100
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has (1) filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes | [X] | No | [ ] |

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

Yes | [X] | No | [ ] |

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer [X] |  | Accelerated filer [ ] |
Non-accelerated filer [ ] |  | Smaller reporting company [ ] |

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes | [ ] | No | [X] |

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Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practical date.
Common stock, $2.50 Par Value – 14,992,321 shares as of May 3, 2016.
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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
All statements other than statements of historical fact included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including statements in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Result of Operations are, or may be deemed to be, forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Such information involves risks and uncertainties that could result in the Company's actual results differing materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those discussed in such forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, (1) the Company may incur additional loan loss provision due to negative credit quality trends in the future that may lead to a deterioration of asset quality; (2) the Company may incur increased charge-offs in the future; (3) the Company could have adverse legal actions of a material nature; (4) the Company may face competitive loss of customers; (5) the Company may be unable to manage its expense levels; (6) the Company may have difficulty retaining key employees; (7) changes in the interest rate environment may have results on the Company’s operations materially different from those anticipated by the Company’s market risk management functions; (8) changes in general economic conditions and increased competition could adversely affect the Company’s operating results; (9) changes in other regulations and government policies affecting bank holding companies and their subsidiaries, including changes in monetary policies, could negatively impact the Company’s operating results; (10) the Company may experience difficulties growing loan and deposit balances; (11) the current economic environment poses significant challenges for us and could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations; (12) deterioration in the financial condition of the U.S. banking system may impact the valuations of investments the Company has made in the securities of other financial institutions resulting in either actual losses or other than temporary impairments on such investments; (13) the effects of the Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) and the regulations promulgated and to be promulgated thereunder, which may subject the Company and its subsidiaries to a variety of new and more stringent legal and regulatory requirements which adversely affect their respective businesses; (14) the impact of new minimum capital thresholds established as a part of the implementation of Basel III; and (15) other risk factors relating to the banking industry or the Company as detailed from time to time in the Company’s reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including those risk factors included in the disclosures under the heading “ITEM 1A Risk Factors” of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015. Forward-looking statements made herein reflect management's expectations as of the date such statements are made. Such information is provided to assist stockholders and potential investors in understanding current and anticipated financial operations of the Company and is included pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The Company undertakes no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances that arise after the date such statements are made.
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Index
City Holding Company and Subsidiaries

PART I | Financial Information | Pages
Item 1. | Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 5
| Consolidated Balance Sheets | 5
| Consolidated Statements of Income | 7
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | 9
| Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity | 10
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 11
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 12
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 38
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 55
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 55
PART II | Other Information |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 55
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 55
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 55
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 55
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 55
Item 5. | Other Information | 56
Item 6. | Exhibits | 57
Signatures |  | 57

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Part I - | FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1 - | Financial Statements

Consolidated Balance Sheets
City Holding Company and Subsidiaries
(in thousands)

| (Unaudited) |  |
| March 31, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
Assets |  |
Cash and due from banks | $ | 165,134 |  |  | $ | 58,829 |
Interest-bearing deposits in depository institutions | 10,031 |  |  | 11,284 |
Cash and Cash Equivalents | 175,165 |  |  | 70,113 |
Investment securities available for sale, at fair value | 362,282 |  |  | 369,466 |
Investment securities held-to-maturity, at amortized cost (approximate fair value at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 - $89,600 and $90,810, respectively) | 86,518 |  |  | 88,937 |
Other securities | 9,960 |  |  | 12,915 |
Total Investment Securities | 458,760 |  |  | 471,318 |
Gross loans | 2,877,117 |  |  | 2,862,534 |
Allowance for loan losses | (19,315 | ) |  | (19,251 | )
Net Loans | 2,857,802 |  |  | 2,843,283 |
Bank owned life insurance | 98,679 |  |  | 97,919 |
Premises and equipment, net | 75,965 |  |  | 77,271 |
Accrued interest receivable | 8,517 |  |  | 7,432 |
Net deferred tax asset | 27,541 |  |  | 29,974 |
Goodwill and other intangible assets, net | 79,581 |  |  | 79,792 |
Other assets | 47,656 |  |  | 36,957 |
Total Assets | $ | 3,829,666 |  |  | $ | 3,714,059 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing | $ | 666,523 |  |  | $ | 621,073 |
Interest-bearing: |  |  |  |  |
Demand deposits | 711,366 |  |  | 679,735 |
Savings deposits | 780,982 |  |  | 765,611 |
Time deposits | 1,028,400 |  |  | 1,017,556 |
Total Deposits | 3,187,271 |  |  | 3,083,975 |
Short term borrowings: |  |  |
Federal funds purchased | — |  |  | 13,000 |
Customer repurchase agreements | 156,714 |  |  | 141,869 |
Long-term debt | 16,495 |  |  | 16,495 |
Other liabilities | 51,068 |  |  | 39,448 |
Total Liabilities | 3,411,548 |  |  | 3,294,787 |

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Shareholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, par value $25 per share: 500,000 shares authorized; none issued | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, par value $2.50 per share: 50,000,000 shares authorized; 18,499,282 shares issued at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, less 3,528,111 and 3,319,067 shares in treasury, respectively | 46,249 |  |  | 46,249 |
Capital surplus | 106,137 |  |  | 106,269 |
Retained earnings | 395,963 |  |  | 390,690 |
Cost of common stock in treasury | (129,142 | ) |  | (120,104 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gain on securities available-for-sale | 3,670 |  |  | 927 |
Underfunded pension liability | (4,759 | ) |  | (4,759 | )
Total Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | (1,089 | ) |  | (3,832 | )
Total Shareholders’ Equity | 418,118 |  |  | 419,272 |
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity | $ | 3,829,666 |  |  | $ | 3,714,059 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited)
City Holding Company and Subsidiaries
(in thousands, except earnings per share data)

Interest Income |  | Three months ended March 31,
| 2016 |  | 2015
Interest and fees on loans |  | $ | 28,927 |  |  | $ | 29,388 |
Interest and dividends on investment securities: |  |  |  |
Taxable |  | 3,005 |  |  | 2,712 |
Tax-exempt |  | 357 |  |  | 264 |
Total Interest Income |  | 32,289 |  |  | 32,364 |
Interest Expense |  |  |  |
Interest on deposits |  | 2,898 |  |  | 2,741 |
Interest on short-term borrowings |  | 107 |  |  | 82 |
Interest on long-term debt |  | 164 |  |  | 150 |
Total Interest Expense |  | 3,169 |  |  | 2,973 |
Net Interest Income |  | 29,120 |  |  | 29,391 |
Provision for loan losses |  | 539 |  |  | 888 |
Net Interest Income After Provision for Loan Losses |  | 28,581 |  |  | 28,503 |
Non-Interest Income |  |  |  |
Gains on sale of investment securities |  | — |  |  | 14 |
Service charges |  | 6,303 |  |  | 5,927 |
Bankcard revenue |  | 3,967 |  |  | 4,074 |
Trust and investment management fee income |  | 1,276 |  |  | 1,200 |
Bank owned life insurance |  | 760 |  |  | 764 |
Gain on sale of insurance division |  | — |  |  | 11,084 |
Other income |  | 821 |  |  | 958 |
Total Non-Interest Income |  | 13,127 |  |  | 24,021 |
Non-Interest Expense |  |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits |  | 12,673 |  |  | 12,179 |
Occupancy and equipment |  | 2,836 |  |  | 2,590 |
Depreciation |  | 1,567 |  |  | 1,511 |
FDIC insurance expense |  | 465 |  |  | 450 |
Advertising |  | 716 |  |  | 704 |
Bankcard expenses |  | 833 |  |  | 870 |
Postage, delivery, and statement mailings |  | 565 |  |  | 561 |
Office supplies |  | 353 |  |  | 346 |
Legal and professional fees |  | 471 |  |  | 567 |
Telecommunications |  | 428 |  |  | 475 |
Repossessed asset losses, net of expenses |  | 288 |  |  | 220 |
Other expenses |  | 2,945 |  |  | 2,692 |
Total Non-Interest Expense |  | 24,140 |  |  | 23,165 |
Income Before Income Taxes |  | 17,568 |  |  | 29,359 |
Income tax expense |  | 5,866 |  |  | 11,367 |
Net Income Available to Common Shareholders |  | $ | 11,702 |  |  | $ | 17,992 |

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Total Comprehensive Income |  | $ | 14,445 |  |  | $ | 18,898 |
Average common shares outstanding |  | 14,916 |  |  | 15,067 |
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |  |
Employee stock awards and warrant outstanding |  | 11 |  |  | 82 |
Shares for diluted earnings per share |  | 14,927 |  |  | 15,149 |
Basic earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.78 |  |  | $ | 1.18 |
Diluted earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.78 |  |  | $ | 1.17 |
Dividends declared per common share |  | $ | 0.43 |  |  | $ | 0.42 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)
City Holding Company and Subsidiaries
(in thousands)

|  | Three Months Ended
|  | March 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015
Net income |  | $ | 11,702 |  |  | $ | 17,992 |
Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities arising during the period |  | 4,348 |  |  | 1,450 |
Reclassification adjustment for gains |  | — |  |  | (14 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) before income taxes |  | 4,348 |  |  | 1,436 |
Tax effect |  | (1,605 | ) |  | (530 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  | 2,743 |  |  | 906 |
Comprehensive Income, Net of Tax |  | $ | 14,445 |  |  | $ | 18,898 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity (Unaudited)
City Holding Company and Subsidiaries
Three Months Ended March 31, 2016 and 2015
(in thousands)

| Common Stock |  | Capital Surplus |  | Retained Earnings |  | Treasury Stock |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Total Shareholders’ Equity
Balance at December 31, 2014 | $ | 46,249 |  |  | $ | 107,370 |  |  | $ | 362,211 |  |  | $ | (120,818 | ) |  | $ | (4,159 | ) |  | $ | 390,853 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,992 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,992 |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 906 |  |  | 906 |
Cash dividends declared ($0.42 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,391 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,391 | )
Stock-based compensation expense, net | — |  |  | (679 | ) |  | — |  |  | 1,419 |  |  | — |  |  | 740 |
Exercise of 28,500 stock options | — |  |  | (294 | ) |  | — |  |  | 1,269 |  |  | — |  |  | 975 |
Balance at March 31, 2015 | $ | 46,249 |  |  | $ | 106,397 |  |  | $ | 373,812 |  |  | $ | (118,130 | ) |  | $ | (3,253 | ) |  | $ | 405,075 |

| Common Stock |  | Capital Surplus |  | Retained Earnings |  | Treasury Stock |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Total Shareholders’ Equity
Balance at December 31, 2015 | $ | 46,249 |  |  | $ | 106,269 |  |  | $ | 390,690 |  |  | $ | (120,104 | ) |  | $ | (3,832 | ) |  | $ | 419,272 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,702 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,702 |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,743 |  |  | 2,743 |
Cash dividends declared ($0.43 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,429 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,429 | )
Stock-based compensation expense, net | — |  |  | (132 | ) |  | — |  |  | 887 |  |  | — |  |  | 755 |
Purchase of 229,132 treasury shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9,925 | ) |  | — |  |  | (9,925 | )
Balance at March 31, 2016 | $ | 46,249 |  |  | $ | 106,137 |  |  | $ | 395,963 |  |  | $ | (129,142 | ) |  | $ | (1,089 | ) |  | $ | 418,118 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)
City Holding Company and Subsidiaries
(in thousands)

| Three months ended March 31,
2016 |  | 2015
Net income | $ | 11,702 |  |  | $ | 17,992 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Accretion and amortization | 117 |  |  | (1,922 | )
Provision for loan losses | 539 |  |  | 888 |
Depreciation of premises and equipment | 1,567 |  |  | 1,511 |
Deferred income tax expense | 830 |  |  | 964 |
Net periodic employee benefit cost | 129 |  |  | 200 |
Realized investment securities gains | — |  |  | (14 | )
Stock-compensation expense | 755 |  |  | 740 |
Increase in value of bank-owned life insurance | (760 | ) |  | (764 | )
Loans originated for sale | (2,809 | ) |  | (4,184 | )
Proceeds from the sale of loans originated for sale | 3,107 |  |  | 3,637 |
Gain on sale of loans | (58 | ) |  | (58 | )
Gain on sale of insurance division | — |  |  | (11,084 | )
Change in accrued interest receivable | (1,085 | ) |  | (926 | )
Change in other assets | (10,630 | ) |  | (1,824 | )
Change in other liabilities | 11,432 |  |  | 8,343 |
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities | 14,836 |  |  | 13,499 |
Proceeds from sales of securities available-for-sale | 35 |  |  | — |
Proceeds from maturities and calls of securities available-for-sale | 18,078 |  |  | 16,172 |
Proceeds from maturities and calls of securities held-to-maturity | 2,332 |  |  | 3,336 |
Purchases of securities available-for-sale | (4,289 | ) |  | (34,857 | )
Net (increase) decrease in loans | (14,668 | ) |  | 21,622 |
Purchases of premises and equipment | (610 | ) |  | (472 | )
Disposals of premises and equipment | 341 |  |  | — |
Proceeds from sale of insurance division | — |  |  | 15,250 |
Net Cash Provided by Investing Activities | 1,219 |  |  | 21,051 |
Net increase in non-interest-bearing deposits | 45,450 |  |  | 6,131 |
Net increase in interest-bearing deposits | 57,994 |  |  | 63,633 |
Net increase (decrease) in short-term borrowings | 1,845 |  |  | (2,343 | )
Purchases of treasury stock | (9,925 | ) |  | — |
Proceeds from exercise of stock options, net of tax benefit | — |  |  | 975 |
Dividends paid | (6,367 | ) |  | (6,064 | )
Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities | 88,997 |  |  | 62,332 |
Increase in Cash and Cash Equivalents | 105,052 |  |  | 96,882 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 70,113 |  |  | 148,228 |
Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of Period | $ | 175,165 |  |  | $ | 245,110 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
March 31, 2016
Note A –Background and Basis of Presentation
City Holding Company ("City Holding"), a West Virginia corporation headquartered in Charleston, West Virginia, is a registered financial holding company under the Bank Holding Company Act and conducts its principal activities through its wholly-owned subsidiary, City National Bank of West Virginia ("City National"). City National is a retail and consumer-oriented community bank with 85 banking offices in West Virginia (57), Virginia (14), Kentucky (11) and Ohio (3). City National provides credit, deposit, and trust and investment management services to its customers. In addition to its branch network, City National's delivery channels include ATMs, mobile banking, debit cards, interactive voice response systems, and Internet technology. The Company’s business activities are currently limited to one reportable business segment, which is community banking.
On January 9, 2015 the Company sold its insurance operations, CityInsurance, to The Hilb Group effective January 1, 2015. As a result of this sale, the Company recognized a one-time after tax gain of $5.8 million from this transaction in the first quarter of 2015.
On November 6, 2015, the Company consummated the acquisition of three branch locations from American Founders Bank, Inc. (“AFB”) located in Lexington, Kentucky. The Company acquired approximately $119 million in performing loans and and assumed deposit liabilities of approximately $145 million. The Company paid AFB a deposit premium of 5.5% on non-time deposits, and 1.0% on premium loan balances acquired.
The accompanying consolidated financial statements, which are unaudited, include all of the accounts of the City Holding Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries (collectively, the "Company”). All material intercompany transactions have been eliminated. The consolidated financial statements include all adjustments that, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair presentation of the results of operations and financial condition for each of the periods presented. Such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2016 are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that can be expected for the year ending December 31, 2016. The Company’s accounting and reporting policies conform with generally accepted accounting principles for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Such policies require management to make estimates and develop assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and related footnotes. Actual results could differ from management’s estimates.
The consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2015 has been derived from audited financial statements included in the Company’s 2015 Annual Report to Shareholders. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles have been omitted. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto included in the 2015 Annual Report of the Company.
Certain amounts in the financial statements have been reclassified. Such reclassifications had no impact on shareholders’ equity or net income for any period.
Note B - Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In February 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-02, "Consolidation (Topic 810) - Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis". ASU 2015-02 eliminates the deferral of FAS 167 and makes changes to both the variable interest model and the voting model. This ASU became effective for the Company on January 1, 2016. The adoption of ASU 2015-02 did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.
In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-03, "Interest - Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs." ASU 2015-03 requires that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability, consistent with debt discounts. This ASU became effective for the Company on January 1, 2016. The adoption of ASU 2015-03 did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.
In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-05, "Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Fees Paid in a Cloud Computing Arrangement." ASU 2015-05 provides guidance to clarify the customer’s accounting for fees paid in a cloud computing arrangement. This ASU became effective for
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the Company on January 1, 2016. The adoption of ASU 2015-05 did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.
In May 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-07, "Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosures for Investments in Certain Entities That Calculate Net Asset Value per Share (or Its Equivalent)." ASU 2015-07 removes the requirement to categorize within the fair value hierarchy all investments for which fair value is measured using the net asset value per share practical expedient. the ASU also removes the requirement to make certain disclosures for all investments that are eligible to be measured at fair value using the net asset value per share practical expedient. This ASU became effective for the Company on January 1, 2016. The adoption of ASU 2015-07 did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.
In September 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-16, "Business Combinations (Topic 85): Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement-Period Adjustments." The amendments in ASU 2015-16 require that an acquirer recognize adjustments to provisional amounts that are identified during the measurement period in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined. The effect on earnings of the adjustments as a result of the change to the provisional amounts will be calculated as if the accounting had been completed at the acquisition date. The amount that would've been recorded in the previous reporting periods will be presented separately on the face of the income statement or disclosed in the notes to the financial statements. This ASU became effective for the Company on January 1, 2016. The adoption of ASU 2015-16 did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.
In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-17, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes." This standard requires that deferred tax liabilities and assets be classified as non-current on the balance sheet. This ASU will become effective for the Company for interim and annual periods on January 1, 2017 and early adoption is permitted. The adoption of ASU No. 2015-17 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.
In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, "Financial Instruments—Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities." This standard makes several modifications to Subtopic 825-10 including the elimination of the available-for-sale classification of equity investments, and requires equity investments with readily determinable fair values to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income. This ASU will become effective for the Company for interim and annual periods on January 1, 2018. The adoption of ASU No. 2016-01 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842).” This standard requires organizations to recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclose key information about leasing requirements for leases that were historically classified as operating leases under previous generally accepted accounting principals. This ASU will become effective for the Company for interim and annual periods on January 1, 2019. The adoption of ASU No. 2016-02 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.
In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, “Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718).” This standard makes several modifications to the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and classification on the statement of cash flows. This ASU will become effective for the Company for interim and annual periods on January 1, 2017. The adoption of ASU No. 2016-09 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.
In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-10, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606).” The amendments in this standard clarify identifying performance obligations and the licensing implementation guidance under Topic 606. This ASU will become effective for the Company for interim and annual periods on January 1, 2018. The adoption of ASU No. 2016-10 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.
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Note C –Investments
The amortized cost and estimated fair values of the Company's securities are shown in the following table (in thousands):

| March 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015
Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses | Estimated Fair Value | Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses | Estimated Fair Value
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasuries and U.S. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
government agencies | $ | 4 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 4 |  | $ | 5 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 5 |
Obligations of states and |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
political subdivisions | 48,632 |  | 1,293 |  | — |  | 49,925 |  | 49,725 |  | 979 |  | 7 |  | 50,697 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agencies | 276,666 |  | 4,920 |  | 380 |  | 281,206 |  | 287,933 |  | 2,285 |  | 2,021 |  | 288,197 |
Private label | 1,155 |  | 2 |  | 1 |  | 1,156 |  | 1,222 |  | 9 |  | — |  | 1,231 |
Trust preferred securities | 6,454 |  | 579 |  | 1,544 |  | 5,489 |  | 6,550 |  | 463 |  | 1,155 |  | 5,858 |
Corporate securities | 19,788 |  | 352 |  | 443 |  | 19,697 |  | 18,793 |  | 221 |  | 321 |  | 18,693 |
Total Debt Securities | 352,699 |  | 7,146 |  | 2,368 |  | 357,477 |  | 364,228 |  | 3,957 |  | 3,504 |  | 364,681 |
Marketable equity securities | 2,136 |  | 1,136 |  | — |  | 3,272 |  | 2,131 |  | 1,142 |  | — |  | 3,273 |
Investment funds | 1,525 |  | 8 |  | — |  | 1,533 |  | 1,525 |  | — |  | 13 |  | 1,512 |
Total Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-Sale | $ | 356,360 |  | $ | 8,290 |  | $ | 2,368 |  | $ | 362,282 |  | $ | 367,884 |  | $ | 5,099 |  | $ | 3,517 |  | $ | 369,466 |

| March 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015
Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses | Estimated Fair Value | Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses | Estimated Fair Value
Securities held-to-maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US government agencies | $ | 82,518 |  | $ | 3,082 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 85,600 |  | $ | 84,937 |  | $ | 1,949 |  | $ | 76 |  | $ | 86,810 |
Trust preferred securities | 4,000 |  | — |  | — |  | 4,000 |  | 4,000 |  | — |  | — |  | 4,000 |
Total Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Held-to-Maturity | $ | 86,518 |  | $ | 3,082 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 89,600 |  | $ | 88,937 |  | $ | 1,949 |  | $ | 76 |  | $ | 90,810 |
Other investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-marketable equity securities | $ | 9,960 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 9,960 |  | $ | 12,915 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 12,915 |
Total Other Investment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities | $ | 9,960 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 9,960 |  | $ | 12,915 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 12,915 |

Marketable equity securities consist of investments made by the Company in equity positions of various regional community banks. Included within this portfolio are ownership positions in the following community bank holding companies: First National Corporation (FXNC) (4%) and Eagle Financial Services, Inc. (EFSI) (1.5%). Securities with limited marketability, such as stock in the Federal Reserve Bank ("Federal Reserve") or the Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB"), are carried at cost and are reported as non-marketable equity securities in the table above.
Certain investment securities owned by the Company were in an unrealized loss position (i.e., amortized cost basis exceeded the estimated fair value of the securities). The following table shows the gross unrealized losses and fair value of the Company’s investments aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position (in thousands):
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| March 31, 2016
Less Than Twelve Months | Twelve Months or Greater | Total
Estimated Fair Value | Unrealized Loss | Estimated Fair Value | Unrealized Loss | Estimated Fair Value | Unrealized Loss
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agencies | 18 |  | 1 |  | 33,433 |  | 379 |  | 33,451 |  | 380 |
Private label | 955 |  | 1 |  | — |  | — |  | 955 |  | 1 |
Trust preferred securities | — |  | — |  | 4,383 |  | 1,544 |  | 4,383 |  | 1,544 |
Corporate securities | 4,148 |  | 262 |  | 2,197 |  | 181 |  | 6,345 |  | 443 |
Investment funds | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total | $ | 5,121 |  | $ | 264 |  | $ | 40,013 |  | $ | 2,104 |  | $ | 45,134 |  | $ | 2,368 |

| December 31, 2015
Less Than Twelve Months | Twelve Months or Greater | Total
Estimated Fair Value | Unrealized Loss | Estimated Fair Value | Unrealized Loss | Estimated Fair Value | Unrealized Loss
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | $ | 2,406 |  | $ | 5 |  | $ | 128 |  | $ | 2 |  | $ | 2,534 |  | $ | 7 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agencies | 129,612 |  | 688 |  | 34,044 |  | 1,333 |  | 163,656 |  | 2,021 |
Private label | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Trust preferred securities | — |  | — |  | 4,769 |  | 1,155 |  | 4,769 |  | 1,155 |
Corporate securities | 10,856 |  | 174 |  | 2,231 |  | 147 |  | 13,087 |  | 321 |
Investment funds | — |  | — |  | 1,488 |  | 13 |  | 1,488 |  | 13 |
Total | $ | 142,874 |  | $ | 867 |  | $ | 42,660 |  | $ | 2,650 |  | $ | 185,534 |  | $ | 3,517 |

During the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company had no credit-related net investment impairment losses. Also, for the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company had no credit-related net investment impairment losses. At March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the cumulative amount of credit-related investment impairment losses that have been recognized by the Company on investments that remain in the Company's investment portfolio as of those dates was $18.2 million ($16.6 million related to the Company's debt securities and $1.6 million related to the Company's equity securities).
Declines in the fair value of held-to-maturity and available-for-sale securities below their cost that are deemed to be other-than-temporary would be reflected in earnings as realized losses. In estimating other-than-temporary impairment losses, management considers, among other things (i) the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost; (ii) the financial condition, capital strength, and near-term (within 12 months) prospects of the issuer, including any specific events which may influence the operations of the issuer such as changes in technology that may impair the earnings potential of the investment or the discontinuance of a segment of the business that may affect the future earnings potential; (iii) the historical volatility in the market value of the investment and/or the liquidity or illiquidity of the investment; (iv) adverse conditions specifically related to the security, an industry, or a geographic area; or (v) the intent to sell the investment security and if it’s more likely than not that the Company will not have to sell the security before recovery of its cost basis. In addition, management also employs a continuous monitoring process in regards to its marketable equity securities, specifically its portfolio of regional community bank holdings. Although the regional community bank stocks that are owned by the Company are publicly traded, the trading activity for these stocks is minimal, with trading volumes of less than 0.2% of each respective company being traded on a daily basis. As part of management’s review process for these securities, management reviews the financial condition of each respective regional community bank for any indications of financial weakness.
Management has the ability and intent to hold the securities classified as held-to-maturity until they mature, at which time the Company expects to receive full value for the securities. Furthermore, as of March 31, 2016, management does not intend to sell an impaired security and it is not more than likely that it will be required to sell the security before the recovery of its amortized cost basis. The unrealized losses on debt securities are primarily the result of interest rate changes, credit spread fluctuations on agency-issued mortgage related securities, general financial market uncertainty and unprecedented market volatility.
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These conditions will not prohibit the Company from receiving its contractual principal and interest payments on its debt securities. The fair value is expected to recover as the securities approach their maturity date or repricing date. As of March 31, 2016, management believes the unrealized losses detailed in the table above are temporary and no additional impairment loss has been recognized in the Company’s consolidated income statement. Should the impairment of any of these securities become other-than-temporary, the cost basis of the investment will be reduced and the resulting loss will be recognized in net income in the period the other-than-temporary impairment is identified, while any noncredit loss will be recognized in other comprehensive income.
The amortized cost and estimated fair value of debt securities at March 31, 2016, by contractual maturity, are shown in the following table (in thousands). Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because the issuers of the securities may have the right to prepay obligations without prepayment penalties. Mortgage-backed securities have been allocated to their respective maturity groupings based on their contractual maturity.

| Amortized Cost | Estimated Fair Value
Securities Available-for-Sale |  |
Due in one year or less | $ | 1,240 |  | $ | 1,258 |
Due after one year through five years | 25,979 |  | 18,326 |
Due after five years through ten years | 31,778 |  | 40,690 |
Due after ten years | 293,702 |  | 297,203 |
| $ | 352,699 |  | $ | 357,477 |
Securities Held-to-Maturity |  |  |  |
Due in one year or less | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Due after one year through five years | — |  | — |
Due after five years through ten years | — |  | — |
Due after ten years | 86,518 |  | 89,600 |
| $ | 86,518 |  | $ | 89,600 |

Gross gains and gross losses realized by the Company from investment security transactions are summarized in the table below (in thousands).

| Three months ended March 31,
| 2016 | 2015
Gross realized gains | $ | — |  | $ | 14 |
Gross realized losses | — |  | — |
Net investment security gains | $ | — |  | $ | 14 |

The carrying value of securities pledged to secure public deposits and for other purposes as required or permitted by law approximated $274 million and $273 million at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.
Note D –Loans
The following summarizes the Company’s major classifications for loans (in thousands):

| March 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015
Residential real estate | $ | 1,395,670 |  | $ | 1,383,133 |
Home equity | 142,694 |  | 147,036 |
Commercial and industrial | 165,549 |  | 165,340 |
Commercial real estate | 1,135,625 |  | 1,127,581 |
Consumer | 34,754 |  | 36,083 |
DDA overdrafts | 2,825 |  | 3,361 |
Gross loans | 2,877,117 |  | 2,862,534 |
Allowance for loan losses | (19,315 | ) | (19,251 | )
Net loans | $ | 2,857,802 |  | $ | 2,843,283 |

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Construction loans of $14.0 million and $13.1 million are included within residential real estate loans at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. Construction loans of $15.2 million and $12.6 million are included within commercial real estate loans at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. The Company’s commercial and residential real estate construction loans are primarily secured by real estate within the Company’s principal markets. These loans were originated under the Company’s loan policy, which is focused on the risk characteristics of residential and commercial real estate lending, including specific risks related to construction lending. Adequate consideration has been given to these loans in establishing the Company’s allowance for loan losses.
The following table details the loans acquired in conjunction with the Virginia Savings Bancorp, Inc. ("Virginia Savings"), Community Financial Corporation ("Community") and American Founders Bank ("AFB") acquisitions (in thousands):

| Virginia |  |  |
| Savings | Community | AFB | Total
March 31, 2016 |  |  |  |
Outstanding loan balance | $ | 27,763 |  | $ | 172,173 |  | $ | 108,584 |  | $ | 308,520 |
Credit-impaired loans: |  |  |  |
Carrying value | 1,715 |  | 11,219 |  | — |  | 12,934 |
Contractual principal and interest | 1,942 |  | 14,415 |  | — |  | 16,357 |
December 31, 2015 |  |  |  |
Outstanding loan balance | $ | 28,914 |  | $ | 181,545 |  | $ | 112,862 |  | $ | 323,321 |
Credit-impaired loans: |  |  |  |
Carrying value | 1,707 |  | 12,899 |  | — |  | 14,606 |
Contractual principal and interest | 1,965 |  | 16,362 |  | — |  | 18,327 |

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Changes in the accretable yield of the credit-impaired loans for the three months ended March 31, 2016 is as follows (in thousands):

| Virginia Savings | Community | Total
|  | Carrying |  | Carrying |  | Carrying
| Accretable | Amount | Accretable | Amount | Accretable | Amount
| Yield | of Loans | Yield | of Loans | Yield | of Loans
Balance at the beginning of the period | $ | 374 |  | $ | 1,707 |  | $ | 6,266 |  | $ | 12,899 |  | $ | 6,640 |  | $ | 14,606 |
Accretion | (50 | ) | 50 |  | (285 | ) | 285 |  | (335 | ) | 335 |
Net reclassifications to accretable yield from |  |  |  |  |  |
non-accretable yield | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Payments received, net | — |  | (42 | ) | — |  | (1,707 | ) | — |  | (1,749 | )
Disposals | — |  | — |  | — |  | (258 | ) | — |  | (258 | )
Balance at the end of period | $ | 324 |  | $ | 1,715 |  | $ | 5,981 |  | $ | 11,219 |  | $ | 6,305 |  | $ | 12,934 |

Increases in expected cash flow subsequent to the acquisition are recognized first as a reduction of any previous impairment, then prospectively through adjustment of the yield on the loans or pools over its remaining life, while decreases in expected cash flows are recognized as impairment through a provision for loan loss and an increase in the allowance for purchased credit-impaired loans.
Note E – Allowance For Loan Losses
Management systematically monitors the loan portfolio and the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses on a quarterly basis to provide for probable losses inherent in the portfolio. Management assesses the risk in each loan type based on historical trends, the general economic environment of its local markets, individual loan performance and other relevant factors.
Individual credits are selected throughout the year for detailed loan reviews, which are utilized by management to assess the risk in the portfolio and the adequacy of the allowance. Due to the nature of commercial lending, evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance as it relates to these loan types is often based more upon specific credit reviews, with consideration given to the potential impairment of certain credits and historical loss rates, adjusted for economic conditions and other inherent risk factors.
The following table summarizes the activity in the allowance for loan loss, by portfolio segment, for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 (in thousands). The allocation of a portion of the allowance in one portfolio segment does not preclude its availability to absorb losses in other portfolio segments. The following table also presents the balance in the allowance for loan loss disaggregated on the basis of the Company’s impairment measurement method and the related recorded investment in loans, by portfolio segment, as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 (in thousands).

| Commercial & | Commercial | Residential |  |  | DDA |
| Industrial | Real Estate | Real Estate | Home equity | Consumer | Overdrafts | Total
Three months ended March 31, 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan loss
Beginning balance | $ | 3,271 |  | $ | 6,985 |  | $ | 6,778 |  | $ | 1,463 |  | $ | 97 |  | $ | 657 |  | $ | 19,251 |
Charge-offs | (1 | ) | (302 | ) | (405 | ) | (106 | ) | (38 | ) | (318 | ) | (1,170 | )
Recoveries | 1 |  | 384 |  | 39 |  | — |  | 29 |  | 242 |  | 695 |
Provision for acquired loans | — |  | 40 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 40 |
Provision | 632 |  | (703 | ) | 347 |  | 45 |  | 5 |  | 173 |  | 499 |
Ending balance | $ | 3,903 |  | $ | 6,404 |  | $ | 6,759 |  | $ | 1,402 |  | $ | 93 |  | $ | 754 |  | $ | 19,315 |
Three months ended March 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $ | 1,582 |  | $ | 8,845 |  | $ | 7,208 |  | $ | 1,495 |  | $ | 85 |  | $ | 859 |  | $ | 20,074 |
Charge-offs | (94 | ) | (337 | ) | (257 | ) | (91 | ) | (74 | ) | (311 | ) | (1,164 | )
Recoveries | 18 |  | 8 |  | 10 |  | — |  | 28 |  | 241 |  | 305 |

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Provision for acquired loans | — |  | 246 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 246 |
Provision | (378 | ) | 827 |  | (60 | ) | 180 |  | 140 |  | (67 | ) | 642 |
Ending balance | $ | 1,128 |  | $ | 9,589 |  | $ | 6,901 |  | $ | 1,584 |  | $ | 179 |  | $ | 722 |  | $ | 20,103 |
As of March 31, 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Evaluated for impairment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Collectively | 3,899 |  | 5,850 |  | 6,758 |  | 1,390 |  | 93 |  | 754 |  | 18,744 |
Acquired with deteriorated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
credit quality | 4 |  | 554 |  | 1 |  | 12 |  | — |  | — |  | 571 |
Total | $ | 3,903 |  | $ | 6,404 |  | $ | 6,759 |  | $ | 1,402 |  | $ | 93 |  | $ | 754 |  | $ | 19,315 |
Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Evaluated for impairment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually | $ | 2,349 |  | $ | 4,886 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 7,235 |
Collectively | 162,878 |  | 1,120,311 |  | 1,395,301 |  | 140,985 |  | 34,647 |  | 2,825 |  | 2,856,947 |
Acquired with deteriorated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
credit quality | 322 |  | 10,428 |  | 369 |  | 1,709 |  | 107 |  | — |  | 12,935 |
Total | $ | 165,549 |  | $ | 1,135,625 |  | $ | 1,395,670 |  | $ | 142,694 |  | $ | 34,754 |  | $ | 2,825 |  | $ | 2,877,117 |
As of December 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Evaluated for impairment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Collectively | 3,267 |  | 6,173 |  | 6,777 |  | 1,451 |  | 97 |  | 657 |  | 18,422 |
Acquired with deteriorated |  |  |  |  |  |  |
credit quality | 4 |  | 812 |  | 1 |  | 12 |  | — |  | — |  | 829 |
Total | $ | 3,271 |  | $ | 6,985 |  | $ | 6,778 |  | $ | 1,463 |  | $ | 97 |  | $ | 657 |  | $ | 19,251 |
Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Evaluated for impairment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually | $ | 2,349 |  | $ | 6,133 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 8,482 |
Collectively | 162,662 |  | 1,109,327 |  | 1,382,762 |  | 145,338 |  | 35,997 |  | 3,361 |  | 2,839,447 |
Acquired with deteriorated |  |  |  |  |  |  |
credit quality | 329 |  | 12,121 |  | 371 |  | 1,698 |  | 86 |  | — |  | 14,605 |
Total | $ | 165,340 |  | $ | 1,127,581 |  | $ | 1,383,133 |  | $ | 147,036 |  | $ | 36,083 |  | $ | 3,361 |  | $ | 2,862,534 |

Credit Quality Indicators
All commercial loans within the portfolio are subject to internal risk grading. All non-commercial loans are evaluated based on payment history. The Company’s internal risk ratings for commercial loans are: Pass, Special Mention, Substandard and Doubtful. Each internal risk rating is defined in the loan policy using the following criteria: balance sheet yields, ratios and leverage, cash flow spread and coverage, prior history, capability of management, market position/industry, potential impact of changing economic, legal, regulatory or environmental conditions, purpose, structure, collateral support, and guarantor support. Risk grades are generally assigned by the primary lending officer and are periodically evaluated by the Company’s internal loan review process. Based on an individual loan’s risk grade, estimated loss percentages are applied to the outstanding balance of the loan to determine the amount of probable loss.
The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information regarding the customer’s debt service ability, capacity, overall collateral position along with other economic trends, and historical payment performance. The risk grades for each credit are updated when the Company receives current financial information, the loan is reviewed by the Company’s internal loan review/credit administration departments, or the loan becomes delinquent or impaired. The risk grades are updated
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a minimum of annually for loans rated exceptional, good, acceptable, or pass/watch. Loans rated special mention, substandard or doubtful are reviewed at least quarterly. The Company uses the following definitions for its risk ratings:

Risk Rating | Description
Pass ratings: |
(a) Exceptional | Loans classified as exceptional are secured with liquid collateral conforming to the internal loan policy. Loans rated within this category pose minimal risk of loss to the bank.
(b) Good | Loans classified as good have similar characteristics that include a strong balance sheet, satisfactory debt service coverage ratios, strong management and/or guarantors, and little exposure to economic cycles. Loans in this category generally have a low chance of loss to the bank.
(c) Acceptable | Loans classified as acceptable have acceptable liquidity levels, adequate debt service coverage ratios, experienced management, and have average exposure to economic cycles. Loans within this category generally have a low risk of loss to the bank.
(d) Pass/watch | Loans classified as pass/watch have erratic levels of leverage and/or liquidity, cash flow is volatile and the borrower is subject to moderate economic risk. A borrower in this category poses a low to moderate risk of loss to the bank.
Special mention | Loans classified as special mention have a potential weakness(es) that deserves management’s close attention. The potential weakness could result in deterioration of the loan repayment or the bank’s credit position at some future date. A loan rated in this category poses a moderate loss risk to the bank.
Substandard | Loans classified as substandard reflect a customer with a well defined weakness that jeopardizes the liquidation of the debt. Loans in this category have the possibility that the bank will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected and the bank’s collateral value is weakened by the financial deterioration of the borrower.
Doubtful | Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the added characteristics that make collection of the full contract amount highly improbable. Loans rated in this category are most likely to cause the bank to have a loss due to a collateral shortfall or a negative capital position.

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The following table presents the Company’s commercial loans by credit quality indicators, by class (in thousands):

| Commercial and industrial | Commercial real estate | Total
March 31, 2016 |  |  |
Pass | $ | 157,275 |  | $ | 1,079,256 |  | $ | 1,236,531 |
Special mention | 1,995 |  | 21,247 |  | 23,242 |
Substandard | 6,279 |  | 34,892 |  | 41,171 |
Doubtful | — |  | 230 |  | 230 |
Total | $ | 165,549 |  | $ | 1,135,625 |  | $ | 1,301,174 |
December 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 156,664 |  | $ | 1,070,506 |  | $ | 1,227,170 |
Special mention | 4,099 |  | 20,942 |  | 25,041 |
Substandard | 4,539 |  | 36,133 |  | 40,672 |
Doubtful | 38 |  | — |  | 38 |
Total | $ | 165,340 |  | $ | 1,127,581 |  | $ | 1,292,921 |

The following table presents the Company's non-commercial loans by payment performance, by class (in thousands):

| Performing | Non-Performing | Total
March 31, 2016 |  |  |
Residential real estate | $ | 1,392,531 |  | $ | 3,139 |  | $ | 1,395,670 |
Home equity | 142,523 |  | 171 |  | 142,694 |
Consumer | 34,754 |  | — |  | 34,754 |
DDA overdrafts | 2,825 |  | — |  | 2,825 |
Total | $ | 1,572,633 |  | $ | 3,310 |  | $ | 1,575,943 |
December 31, 2015 |  |  |
Residential real estate | $ | 1,379,797 |  | $ | 3,336 |  | $ | 1,383,133 |
Home equity | 146,877 |  | 159 |  | 147,036 |
Consumer | 36,049 |  | 34 |  | 36,083 |
DDA overdrafts | 3,361 |  | — |  | 3,361 |
Total | $ | 1,566,084 |  | $ | 3,529 |  | $ | 1,569,613 |

Aging Analysis of Accruing and Non-Accruing Loans
Interest income on loans is accrued and credited to operations based upon the principal amount outstanding, using methods that generally result in level rates of return. Loan origination fees, and certain direct costs, are deferred and amortized as an adjustment to the yield over the term of the loan. The accrual of interest generally is discontinued when a loan becomes 90 days past due as to principal or interest for all loan types. However, any loan may be placed on non-accrual if the Company receives information that indicates a borrower is unable to meet the contractual terms of their respective loan agreement. Other indicators considered for placing a loan on non-accrual status include the borrower’s involvement in bankruptcies, foreclosures, repossessions, litigation and any other situation resulting in doubt as to whether full collection of contractual principal and interest is attainable. When interest accruals are discontinued, unpaid interest recognized in income in the current year is reversed, and interest accrued in prior years is charged to the allowance for loan losses. Management may elect to continue the accrual of interest when the net realizable value of collateral exceeds the principal balance and related accrued interest, and the loan is in the process of collection.
Generally for all loan classes, interest income during the period the loan is non-performing is recorded on a cash basis after recovery of principal is reasonably assured. Cash payments received on nonperforming loans are typically applied directly against the outstanding principal balance until the loan is fully repaid. Generally, loans are restored to accrual status when the obligation is brought current, has performed in accordance with the contractual terms for a reasonable period of time, and the ultimate collectability of the total contractual principal and interest is no longer in doubt.
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Generally, all loan types are considered past due when the contractual terms of a loan are not met and the borrower is 30 days or more past due on a payment. Furthermore, residential and home equity loans are generally subject to charge-off when the loan becomes 120 days past due, depending on the estimated fair value of the collateral less cost to dispose, versus the outstanding loan balance. Commercial loans are generally charged off when the loan becomes 120 days past due. Open-end consumer loans are generally charged off when the loan becomes 180 days past due.
A loan acquired and accounted for under ASC Topic 310-30 is reported as an accruing loan and a performing asset provided that the loan is performing in accordance with the initial expectations. The loan would be considered non-performing if the loan's performance deteriorates below the initial expectations.
The following table presents an aging analysis of the Company’s accruing and non-accruing loans, by class (in thousands):

| March 31, 2016
| Accruing |  |
| Current | 30-59 days | 60-89 days | Over 90 days | Purchased-Credit Impaired | Non-accrual | Total
Residential real estate | $ | 1,387,649 |  | $ | 4,330 |  | $ | 553 |  | $ | 161 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,977 |  | $ | 1,395,670 |
Home equity | 141,947 |  | 535 |  | 41 |  | 19 |  | — |  | 152 |  | 142,694 |
Commercial and industrial | 162,239 |  | 145 |  | 198 |  | — |  | — |  | 2,967 |  | 165,549 |
Commercial real estate | 1,123,769 |  | 1,094 |  | 380 |  | 45 |  | 619 |  | 9,718 |  | 1,135,625 |
Consumer | 34,672 |  | 51 |  | 31 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 34,754 |
DDA overdrafts | 2,312 |  | 172 |  | 341 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 2,825 |
Total | $ | 2,852,588 |  | $ | 6,327 |  | $ | 1,544 |  | $ | 225 |  | $ | 619 |  | $ | 15,814 |  | $ | 2,877,117 |
| December 31, 2015
| Accruing |  |
| Current | 30-59 days | 60-89 days | Over 90 days | Purchased-Credit Impaired | Non-accrual | Total
Residential real estate | $ | 1,373,604 |  | $ | 5,261 |  | $ | 932 |  | $ | 418 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,918 |  | $ | 1,383,133 |
Home equity | 146,493 |  | 318 |  | 65 |  | 24 |  | — |  | 136 |  | 147,036 |
Commercial and industrial | 162,435 |  | 141 |  | — |  | 19 |  | — |  | 2,745 |  | 165,340 |
Commercial real estate | 1,114,953 |  | 762 |  | 211 |  | — |  | 506 |  | 11,149 |  | 1,127,581 |
Consumer | 35,886 |  | 154 |  | 9 |  | 34 |  | — |  | — |  | 36,083 |
DDA overdrafts | 3,048 |  | 310 |  | 3 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 3,361 |
Total | $ | 2,836,419 |  | $ | 6,946 |  | $ | 1,220 |  | $ | 495 |  | $ | 506 |  | $ | 16,948 |  | $ | 2,862,534 |

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The following table presents the Company’s impaired loans, by class (in thousands). The difference between the unpaid principal balance and the recorded investment generally reflects amounts that have been previously charged-off.

| March 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015
|  | Unpaid |  |  | Unpaid |
| Recorded | Principal | Related | Recorded | Principal | Related
| Investment | Balance | Allowance | Investment | Balance | Allowance
With no related allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential real estate | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Home equity | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Commercial and industrial | 2,349 |  | 7,547 |  | — |  | 2,349 |  | 7,547 |  | — |
Commercial real estate | 4,886 |  | 7,125 |  | — |  | 6,133 |  | 9,502 |  | — |
Consumer | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total | $ | 7,235 |  | $ | 14,672 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 8,482 |  | $ | 17,049 |  | $ | — |
With an allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential real estate | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Home equity | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Commercial and industrial | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Commercial real estate | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Consumer | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |

The following table presents information related to the average recorded investment and interest income recognized on the Company’s impaired loans, by class (in thousands):

| Three months ended March 31,
| 2016 | 2015
| Average | Interest | Average | Interest
| Recorded | Income | Recorded | Income
| Investment | Recognized | Investment | Recognized
With no related allowance recorded: |  |  |  |
Residential real estate | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Home equity | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Commercial and industrial | 2,349 |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Commercial real estate | 5,358 |  | 4 |  | 5,354 |  | 5 |
Consumer | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total | $ | 7,707 |  | $ | 4 |  | $ | 5,354 |  | $ | 5 |
With an allowance recorded: |  |  |  |
Residential real estate | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Home equity | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Commercial and industrial | — |  | — |  | 2,859 |  | — |
Commercial real estate | — |  | — |  | 1,383 |  | 10 |
Consumer | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 4,242 |  | $ | 10 |

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Approximately $0.2 million and $0.2 million of interest income would have been recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, if such loans had been current in accordance with their original terms. There were no commitments to provide additional funds on non-accrual, impaired or other potential problem loans at March 31, 2016.
Loan Modifications
The Company’s policy on loan modifications typically does not allow for modifications that would be considered a concession from the Company. However, when there is a modification, the Company evaluates each modification to determine if the modification constitutes a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) in accordance with ASU 2011-2, whereby a modification of a loan would be considered a TDR when both of the following conditions are met: (1) a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and (2) the modification constitutes a concession. When determining whether the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties, the Company reviews whether the borrower is currently in payment default on any of its debt or whether it is probable that the borrower would be in payment default in the foreseeable future without the modification. Other indicators of financial difficulty include whether the borrower has declared or is in the process of declaring bankruptcy, the borrower’s ability to continue as a going concern, and the borrower’s projected cash flow to service its debt (including principal and interest) in accordance with the contractual terms for the foreseeable future, without a modification.
Regulatory guidance requires loans to be accounted for as collateral-dependent loans when borrowers have filed Chapter 7 bankruptcy, the debt has been discharged by the bankruptcy court, and the borrower has not reaffirmed the debt. The filing of bankruptcy is deemed to be evidence that the borrower is in financial difficulty and the discharge of the debt by the bankruptcy court is deemed to be a concession granted to the borrower.
The following tables set forth the Company’s TDRs (in thousands):

| March 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015
| Non- |  |  | Non- |
Accruing | Accruing | Total | Accruing | Accruing | Total
Commercial and industrial | $ | 54 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 54 |  | $ | 58 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 58 |
Commercial real estate | 523 |  | — |  | 523 |  | 1,746 |  | — |  | 1,746 |
Residential real estate | 18,306 |  | 36 |  | 18,342 |  | 17,796 |  | 191 |  | 17,987 |
Home equity | 2,878 |  | — |  | 2,878 |  | 2,659 |  | 34 |  | 2,693 |
Consumer | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
| $ | 21,761 |  | $ | 36 |  | $ | 21,797 |  | $ | 22,259 |  | $ | 225 |  | $ | 22,484 |

| New TDRs
| Three months ended March 31,
| 2016 | 2015
| Pre | Post |  | Pre | Post
| Modification | Modification |  | Modification | Modification
| Outstanding | Outstanding |  | Outstanding | Outstanding
Number of | Recorded | Recorded | Number of | Recorded | Recorded
Contracts | Investment | Investment | Contracts | Investment | Investment
Commercial and industrial | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Commercial real estate | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Residential real estate | 8 |  | 741 |  | 741 |  | 17 |  | 1,405 |  | 1,405 |
Home equity | 1 |  | 29 |  | 29 |  | 7 |  | 187 |  | 187 |
Consumer | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
| 9 |  | $ | 770 |  | $ | 770 |  | 24 |  | $ | 1,592 |  | $ | 1,592 |

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Note F – Long-Term Debt
The components of long-term debt are summarized below (in thousands):

| March 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015
Junior subordinated debentures owed to City Holding Capital Trust III, due 2038, interest at a rate of 4.13% and 4.01%, respectively | $ | 16,495 |  | $ | 16,495 |

The Company formed a statutory business trust, City Holding Capital Trust III (“Capital Trust III”), under the laws of Delaware. Capital Trust III was created for the exclusive purpose of (i) issuing trust-preferred capital securities (“Capital Securities”), which represent preferred undivided beneficial interests in the assets of the trust, (ii) using the proceeds from the sale of the Capital Securities to acquire junior subordinated debentures (“Debentures”) issued by the Company, and (iii) engaging in only those activities necessary or incidental thereto. The trust is considered a variable interest entity for which the Company is not the primary beneficiary. Accordingly, the accounts of the trusts are not included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
Distributions on the Debentures are cumulative and will be payable quarterly at an interest rate of 3.50% over the three month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly. Interest payments are due in March, June, September and December. The Debentures are redeemable prior to maturity at the option of the Company (i) in whole at any time or in part from time-to-time, or (ii) in whole, but not in part, at any time within 90 days following the occurrence and during the continuation of certain predefined events.
Payments of distributions on the Capital Securities and payments on redemption of the Capital Securities are guaranteed by the Company. The Company also entered into an agreement as to expenses and liabilities with the trust pursuant to which it agreed, on a subordinated basis, to pay any cost, expenses or liabilities of the trust other than those arising under the Capital Securities. The obligations of the Company under the Debentures, the related indentures, the trust agreement establishing the trust, the guarantees and the agreements as to expenses and liabilities, in the aggregate, constitute a full and unconditional guarantee by the Company of the trust’s obligations under the Capital Securities. The Capital Securities issued by the statutory business trusts qualify as Tier 1 capital for the Company under current Federal Reserve Board guidelines.
Note G – Derivative Instruments
The Company enters into derivative transactions principally to protect against the risk of adverse price or interest rate movements on the value of certain assets and liabilities on future cash flows. As of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Company has derivative financial instruments not included in hedge relationships. These derivatives consist of interest rate swaps and floors used for interest rate management purposes and derivatives executed with commercial banking customers to facilitate their interest rate management strategies. For the majority of these instruments the Company acts as an intermediary for its customers. Changes in the fair value of the underlying derivative contracts for the most part offset each other and do not significantly impact the Company's results of operations. The Company also has an interest rate swap for the purpose of hedging changes in LIBOR related to commercial real estate loans. Hedge ineffectiveness is assessed quarterly and any ineffectiveness is recorded as non-interest expense. For the three months ended March 31, 2016 hedge ineffectiveness was less than $0.1 million.
The following table summarizes the notional and fair value of these derivative instruments (in thousands):

| March 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015
| Notional Amount | Fair Value | Notional Amount | Fair Value
Non-hedging interest rate derivatives: |  |  |  |
Other Assets | $ | 373,378 |  | $ | 22,332 |  | $ | 372,995 |  | $ | 10,811 |
Other Liabilities | 381,065 |  | 22,574 |  | 380,995 |  | 10,872 |
Derivatives designated as hedges of fair value: |  |  |  |
Other Liabilities | 4,950 |  | 180 |  | 5,475 |  | 61 |

The following table summarizes the change in fair value of these derivative instruments (in thousands):
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| Three months ended March 31,
2016 | 2015
Change in Fair Value Non-Hedging Interest Rate Derivatives: |  |
Other income - derivative asset | $ | 11,346 |  | $ | 2,882 |
Other income - derivative liability | (11,630 | ) | (2,882 | )
Change in Fair Value Hedging Interest Rate Derivatives: |  |
Hedged item - derivative asset | 121 |  | 66 |
Other income - derivative liability | (2 | ) | (9 | )

Certain financial instruments, including derivatives, may be eligible for offset in the consolidated balance sheet and/or subject to master netting arrangements. The Company's derivative transactions with financial institution counterparties are generally executed under International Swaps and Derivative Association ("ISDA") master agreements which include "right of setoff" provisions. In such cases there is generally a legally enforceable right to offset recognized amounts and there may be an intention to settle such amounts on a net basis. Nonetheless, the Company does not generally offset financial instruments for financial reporting purposes. Information about financial instruments that are eligible for offset in the consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2016 is presented in the following tables (in thousands):

|  |  |  | Gross Amounts |  |
|  |  |  | Not Offset in the Statement |  |
|  |  |  | of Financial Position |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | Total |
|  |  |  |  |  | of Gross |
|  |  |  |  |  | Amounts |
|  |  |  |  |  | Not Offset in |
|  |  |  |  |  | the Statement |
|  |  |  |  |  | of Financial |
|  |  |  |  |  | Position |
|  |  |  | Netting |  | Including |
|  | Gross | Net Amounts | Adjustment |  | Applicable |
|  | Amounts | of Assets | per |  | Netting |
| Gross | Offset in the | Presented in | Applicable |  | Agreement |
| Amounts of | Statement of | the Statement | Master | Fair Value | and Fair |
| Recognized | Financial | of Financial | Netting | of Financial | Value of |
Description | Assets | Position | Position | Arrangements | Collateral | Collateral | Net Amount
| (a) | (b) | (c)=(a)-(b) |  |  | (d) | (c)-(d) *
Non-hedging derivative assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap agreements | $ | 22,332 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 22,332 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 22,332 |  | $ | 22,332 |  | $ | — |

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|  |  |  | Gross Amounts |  |
|  |  |  | Not Offset in the Statement |  |
|  |  |  | of Financial Position |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | Total |
|  |  |  |  |  | of Gross |
|  |  |  |  |  | Amounts |
|  |  |  |  |  | Not Offset in |
|  |  |  |  |  | the Statement |
|  |  |  |  |  | of Financial |
|  |  |  |  |  | Position |
|  |  |  | Netting |  | Including |
|  | Gross | Net Amounts | Adjustment |  | Applicable |
|  | Amounts | of Liabilities | per |  | Netting |
| Gross | Offset in the | Presented in | Applicable |  | Agreement |
| Amounts of | Statement of | the Statement | Master | Fair Value | and Fair |
| Recognized | Financial | of Financial | Netting | of Financial | Value of |
Description | Liabilities | Position | Position | Arrangements | Collateral | Collateral | Net Amount
| (a) | (b) | (c)=(a)-(b) |  |  | (d) | (c)-(d) *
Non-hedging derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap agreements | $ | 22,574 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 22,574 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 31,428 |  | $ | 31,428 |  | $ | — |
Hedging derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap agreements | $ | 180 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 180 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 251 |  | $ | 251 |  | $ | — |
* | For instances where the fair value of financial collateral meets or exceeds the amounts presented in the Statement of Financial Position, a no value is displayed to represent full collateralization.

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Note H – Employee Benefit Plans
Pursuant to the terms of the City Holding Company 2003 Incentive Plan and the City Holding Company 2013 Incentive Plan (the "2003 Plan” and "2013 Plan", respectively), the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors, or its delegate, may, from time-to-time, grant stock options, stock appreciation rights (“SARs”), or restricted stock awards to employees, directors and individuals who provide service to the Company (collectively, "Plan Participants"). The 2003 Plan expired in April of 2013 and the 2013 Plan was approved by the Company's shareholders in April 2013. A maximum of 750,000 shares of the Company’s common stock may be issued upon the exercise of stock options, SARs and stock awards under the 2013 Plan. These limitations may be adjusted in the event of a change in the number of outstanding shares of common stock by reason of a stock dividend, stock split or other similar event. Specific terms of options and SARs awarded, including vesting periods, exercise prices (stock price at date of grant) and expiration dates are determined at the date of grant and are evidenced by agreements between the Company and the awardee. The exercise price of the option grants equals the market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. All incentive stock options and SARs will be exercisable up to 10 years from the date granted and all options and SARs are exercisable for the period specified in the individual agreement. As of March 31, 2016, under the 2003 Plan and 2013 Plan, 462,863 stock options had been awarded and 254,247 restricted stock awards had been awarded, respectively.
Each award from the 2003 Plan and 2013 Plan is evidenced by an award agreement that specifies the option price, the duration of the option, the number of shares to which the option pertains, and such other provisions as the Compensation Committee, or its delegate, determines. The option price for each grant is equal to the fair market value of a share of the Company’s common stock on the date of the grant. Options granted expire at such time as the Compensation Committee, or its delegate, determines at the date of the grant and in no event does the exercise period exceed a maximum of ten years. Upon a change-in-control of the Company, as defined in the 2003 Plan and 2013 Plan, all outstanding options and awards shall immediately vest.
Certain stock options and restricted stock awards granted pursuant to the 2013 Plan have performance-based vesting requirements. These shares will vest in three separate annual installments of approximately 33.33% per installment on the third, fourth and fifth anniversaries of the grant date, subject further to performance-based vesting requirements. The performance-based vesting requirements are as follows:
* First Installment – the mean return on average assets of the Company (excluding merger and acquisition expenses and other nonrecurring items as determined by the Board of Directors of the Company) of the three years immediately prior to the vesting date is equal to or exceeds the median return on average assets over the 20 year period immediately preceding the vesting date of all FDIC insured depository institutions.
* Second Installment – the mean return on average assets of the Company (excluding merger and acquisition expenses and other nonrecurring items as determined by the Board of Directors of the Company) of the four years immediately prior to the vesting date is equal to or exceeds the median return on average assets over the 20 year period immediately preceding the vesting date of all FDIC insured depository institutions.
* Third Installment – the mean return on average assets of the Company (excluding merger and acquisition expenses and other nonrecurring items as determined by the Board of Directors of the Company) of the five years immediately prior to the vesting date is equal to or exceeds the median return on average assets over the 20 year period immediately preceding the vesting date of all FDIC insured depository institutions.
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Stock Options
A summary of the Company’s stock option activity and related information is presented below:

| Three months ended March 31,
| 2016 | 2015
Options | Weighted-Average Exercise Price | Options | Weighted-Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at January 1 | 95,015 |  | $ | 38.38 |  | 167,554 |  | $ | 36.74 |
Granted | 24,348 |  | 43.73 |  | 12,961 |  | 46.41 |
Exercised | — |  | — |  | (28,500 | ) | 34.40 |
Forfeited | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Outstanding at March 31 | 119,363 |  | $ | 39.49 |  | 152,015 |  | $ | 38.01 |
Exerciseable at March 31 | 35,750 |  | $ | 34.79 |  | 76,750 |  | $ | 36.65 |

Information regarding stock option exercises and stock-based compensation expense associated with stock options is provided in the following table (in thousands):

| Three months ended March 31,
| 2016 | 2015
Proceeds from stock option exercises | $ | — |  | $ | 1,312 |
Intrinsic value of stock options exercised | — |  | 330 |
Stock-based compensation expense associated with stock options | $ | 60 |  | $ | 51 |
At period-end: | March 31, 2016 |
Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense associated with stock options | $ | 560 |  |
Weighted average period (in years) in which the above amount is expected to be |  |
recognized | 2.9 |  |

Shares issued in connection with stock option exercises are issued from available treasury shares. If no treasury shares are available, new shares would be issued from available authorized shares. During the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, all shares issued in connection with stock option exercises and restricted stock awards were issued from available treasury stock.
Additional information regarding stock options outstanding and exercisable at March 31, 2016, is provided in the following table:

Ranges of Exercise Prices | No. of Options Outstanding | Weighted-Average Exercise Price | Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands) | No. of Options Currently Exercisable | Weighted-Average Exercise Price of Options Currently Exercisable | Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) | Aggregate Intrinsic Value of Options Currently Exercisable (in thousands)
25.00 - 29.99 | 1,250 |  | $ | 28.15 |  | 3.0 | $ | 24 |  | 1,250 |  | $ | 28.15 |  | 3.0 |  | $ | 24 |
30.00 - 34.99 | 11,500 |  | 31.38 |  | 3.4 | 189 |  | 11,500 |  | 31.38 |  | 3.4 |  | 189 |
35.00 - 39.99 | 48,351 |  | 36.04 |  | 6.0 | 567 |  | 16,000 |  | 35.09 |  | 5.0 |  | 203 |
40.00 - 44.99 | 45,301 |  | 43.51 |  | 8.1 | 194 |  | 7,000 |  | 40.88 |  | 2.0 |  | 48 |
45.00 - 50.00 | 12,961 |  | 46.61 |  | 8.9 | 15 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
| 119,363 |  |  |  | $ | 989 |  | 35,750 |  |  |  | $ | 464 |

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The fair value of the options is estimated at the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The following weighted average assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of options granted:

| Three months ended March 31,
| 2016 | 2015
Risk-free interest rate | 1.43 | % | 1.95 | %
Expected dividend yield | 3.86 | % | 3.50 | %
Volatility factor | 30.76 | % | 45.40 | %
Expected life of option | 7.0 years |  | 7.0 years |

Restricted Shares
The Company records compensation expense with respect to restricted shares in an amount equal to the fair value of the common stock covered by each award on the date of grant. The restricted shares awarded become fully vested after various periods of continued employment from the respective dates of grant. The Company is entitled to an income tax deduction in an amount equal to the taxable income reported by the holders of the restricted shares when the restrictions are released and the shares are issued. Compensation is being charged to expense over the respective vesting periods.
Restricted shares are forfeited if the awardee officer or employee terminates his employment with the Company prior to the lapsing of restrictions. The Company records forfeitures of restricted stock as treasury share repurchases and any compensation cost previously recognized is reversed in the period of forfeiture. Recipients of restricted shares do not pay any cash consideration to the Company for the shares, have the right to vote all shares subject to such grant and receive all dividends with respect to such shares, whether or not the shares have vested.
A summary of the Company’s restricted shares activity and related information is presented below:

| Three months ended March 31,
| 2016 | 2015
Restricted Awards | Average Market Price at Grant | Restricted Awards | Average Market Price at Grant
Outstanding at January 1 | 172,921 |  | $ | 37.83 |  | 163,431 |  | $ | 35.50 |
Granted | 11,251 |  | 43.73 |  | 23,940 |  | 46.31 |
Forfeited | — |  | — |  | (500 | ) | 37.50 |
Vested | (14,950 | ) | 35.52 |  | (9,450 | ) | 34.25 |
Outstanding at March 31 | 169,222 |  | $ | 37.97 |  | 177,421 |  | $ | 37.02 |

Information regarding stock-based compensation associated with restricted shares during the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 is provided in the following table (in thousands):

| Three months ended March 31,
| 2016 | 2015
Stock-based compensation expense associated with restricted shares | $ | 316 |  | $ | 268 |
At period-end: | March 31, 2016 |
Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense associated with restricted shares | $ | 3,075 |  |
Weighted average period (in years) in which the above amount is expected to be |  |
recognized | 3.1 |  |

Benefit Plans
The Company provides retirement benefits to its employees through the City Holding Company 401(k) Plan and Trust (the “401(k) Plan”), which is intended to be compliant with Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) section 404(c). The Company also maintains two frozen defined benefit pension plans the (“Defined Benefit Plans”), which were inherited from the Company's acquisition of the plan sponsors (Horizon Bancorp, Inc. and Community Financial Corporation).
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The following table presents details of the Company's activities pursuant to these plans (in thousands):

| Three months ended March 31,
2016 | 2015
Components of net periodic cost: |  |
Interest cost | $ | 205 |  | $ | 261 |
Expected return on plan assets | (288 | ) | (288 | )
Net amortization and deferral | 212 |  | 227 |
Net Periodic Pension Cost | $ | 129 |  | $ | 200 |
401(k) Plan expense | $ | 217 |  | $ | 229 |
Defined benefit plan contributions | $ | — |  | $ | 85 |

Note I – Commitments and Contingencies
The Company is a party to certain financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. The Company has entered into agreements with certain customers to extend credit or provide a conditional commitment to provide payment on drafts presented in accordance with the terms of the underlying credit documents. The Company also provides overdraft protection to certain demand deposit customers that represent an unfunded commitment. Overdraft protection commitments, which are included with other commitments below, are uncollateralized and are paid at the Company’s discretion. Conditional commitments generally include standby and commercial letters of credit. Standby letters of credit represent an obligation of the Company to a designated third party contingent upon the failure of a customer of the Company to perform under the terms of the underlying contract between the customer and the third party. Commercial letters of credit are issued specifically to facilitate trade or commerce. Under the terms of a commercial letter of credit, drafts will be drawn when the underlying transaction is consummated, as intended, between the customer and a third party. The funded portion of these financial instruments is reflected in the Company’s balance sheet, while the unfunded portion of these commitments is not reflected in the balance sheet. The table below presents a summary of the contractual obligations of the Company resulting from significant commitments (in thousands):

| March 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015
Commitments to extend credit: |  |
Home equity lines | $ | 185,815 |  | $ | 183,017 |
Commercial real estate | 100,403 |  | 84,672 |
Other commitments | 179,050 |  | 177,491 |
Standby letters of credit | 5,245 |  | 5,086 |
Commercial letters of credit | 2,228 |  | 2,312 |

Loan commitments and standby and commercial letters of credit have credit risks essentially the same as that involved in extending loans to customers and are subject to the Company’s standard credit policies. Collateral is obtained based on management’s credit assessment of the customer. Management does not anticipate any material losses as a result of these commitments.
The Company is engaged in various legal actions that it deems to be in the ordinary course of business. As these legal actions are resolved, the Company could realize positive and/or negative impact to its financial performance in the period in which these legal actions are ultimately decided. There can be no assurance that current legal actions will have an immaterial impact on financial results, either positive or negative, or that no material legal actions may be presented in the future.
Note J – Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
The activity in accumulated other comprehensive loss is presented in the tables below (in thousands). All amounts are shown net of tax, which is calculated using a combined federal and state income tax rate approximating 37%.
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| Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
|  | Unrealized |
|  | Gains (Losses) on |
| Defined Benefit | Securities |
| Pension Plans | Available-for-Sale | Total
Balance at December 31, 2014 | $ | (5,349 | ) | $ | 1,190 |  | $ | (4,159 | )
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications | — |  | 915 |  | 915 |
Amounts reclassified from other comprehensive loss | — |  | (9 | ) | (9 | )
| — |  | 906 |  | 906 |
Balance at March 31, 2015 | $ | (5,349 | ) | $ | 2,096 |  | $ | (3,253 | )
Balance at December 31, 2015 | $ | (4,759 | ) | $ | 927 |  | $ | (3,832 | )
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications | — |  | 2,743 |  | 2,743 |
Amounts reclassified from other comprehensive loss | — |  | — |  | — |
| — |  | 2,743 |  | 2,743 |
Balance at March 31, 2016 | $ | (4,759 | ) | $ | 3,670 |  | $ | (1,089 | )

| Amount reclassified from Other Comprehensive Loss |
| Three months ended | Affected line item
| March 31, | in the Statements
| 2016 | 2015 | of Income
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |
Net securities gains reclassified into earnings | $ | — |  | $ | (14 | ) | Security gains (losses)
Related income tax expense | — |  | 5 |  | Income tax expense
Net effect on accumulated other comprehensive loss | $ | — |  | $ | (9 | ) |

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Note K – Earnings per Share
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share using the two class method (in thousands, except per share data):

| Three months ended March 31,
2016 | 2015
Distributed earnings allocated to common stock | $ | 6,365 |  | $ | 6,315 |
Undistributed earnings allocated to common stock | 5,206 |  | 11,468 |
Net earnings allocated to common shareholders | $ | 11,571 |  | $ | 17,783 |
Average shares outstanding | 14,916 |  | 15,067 |
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |
Warrant outstanding | — |  | 62 |
Employee stock awards | 11 |  | 20 |
Shares for diluted earnings per share | 14,927 |  | 15,149 |
Basic earnings per share | $ | 0.78 |  | $ | 1.18 |
Diluted earnings per share | $ | 0.78 |  | $ | 1.17 |

During the three months ended March 31, 2015 there were no anti-dilutive options outstanding. Options to purchase approximately 6,400 shares of common stock were outstanding during the three months ended March 31, 2016 but were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because the options’ exercise price was greater than the average market price of the common shares and therefore, the effect would have been anti-dilutive.
Note L – Fair Value Measurements
Fair value of an asset or liability is the price that would be received to sell that asset or paid to transfer that liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. ASC Topic 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy for valuation inputs that gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs. The fair value hierarchy is as follows:
Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) or identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the Company has the ability to access as of the measurement date.
Level 2: Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, and other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.
Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a company’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.
The Company bases fair value of assets and liabilities on quoted market prices, prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, and other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data. If such information is not available, fair value is based upon internally developed models that primarily use, as inputs, observable market-based parameters. Valuation adjustments may be made to ensure that financial instruments are recorded at fair value. These adjustments may include amounts to reflect counterparty credit quality and the Company’s creditworthiness, among other things, as well as unobservable parameters. Any such valuation adjustments are applied consistently over time. The Company’s valuation methodologies may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. While management believes the Company’s valuation methodologies are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date. Furthermore, the reported fair value amounts have not been comprehensively revalued since the presentation dates, and therefore, estimates of fair value after the balance sheet date may differ significantly from the amount presented herein. A more detailed description of the valuation methodologies used
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for assets and liabilities measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy, is set forth below.
Financial Assets and Liabilities
The Company used the following methods and significant assumptions to estimate fair value for financial assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis.
Securities Available for Sale. Securities available for sale are reported at fair value utilizing Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 inputs. The fair value of securities available for sale is determined by utilizing a market approach by obtaining quoted prices on nationally recognized securities exchanges (other than forced or distressed transactions) that occur in sufficient volume or matrix pricing, which is a mathematical technique used widely in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted prices for the specific securities but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted securities. If such measurements are unavailable, the security is classified as Level 3. Significant judgment is required to make this determination.
The Company utilizes a third party pricing service provider to value its Level 1 and Level 2 investment securities. Annually, the Company obtains an independent auditor’s report from its third party pricing service provider regarding its controls over investment securities. Although no control deficiencies were noted, the report did contain caveats and disclaimers regarding the pricing information, such as the Company should review fair values for reasonableness. On a quarterly basis, the Company selects a sample of its debt securities and reprices those securities with a third party that is independent of the primary pricing service provider to verify the reasonableness of the fair values. In addition, the Company selects a sample of securities and reviews the underlying support from the primary pricing service provider.
The Company has determined that its pooled trust preferred securities should be priced using Level 3 inputs in accordance with ASC Topic 820 and guidance issued by the SEC. The Company has determined that there are few observable transactions and market quotations available for pooled trust preferred securities and they are not reliable for purposes of determining fair value at March 31, 2016. Due to these circumstances, the Company has elected to utilize an income valuation approach produced by a third party pricing source. This third party model utilizes deferral and default probabilities for the underlying issuers, estimated prepayment rates and assumes no future recoveries of any defaults or deferrals. The Company then compares the values provided by the third party model with other external sources. At such time as there are observable transactions or quoted prices that are associated with an orderly and active market for pooled trust preferred securities, the Company will incorporate such market values in its estimate of fair values for these securities.
Derivatives. Derivatives are reported at fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs. The Company utilizes a market approach by obtaining dealer quotations to value its customer interest rate swaps. The Company’s derivatives are included within its Other Assets and Other Liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Derivative assets are typically secured through securities with financial counterparties or cross collateralization with a borrowing customer. Derivative liabilities are typically secured through the Company pledging securities to financial counterparties or, in the case of a borrowing customer, by the right of setoff. The Company considers factors such as the likelihood of default by itself and its counterparties, right of setoff, and remaining maturities in determining the appropriate fair value adjustments. All derivative counterparties approved by the Company's Asset and Liability Committee ("ALCO") are regularly reviewed, and appropriate business action is taken to adjust the exposure to certain counterparties, if necessary. Counterparty exposure is evaluated by netting positions that are subject to master netting agreements, as well as considering the amount of marketable collateral securing the position. This approach used to estimate impacted exposures to counterparties is also used by the Company to estimate its own credit risk in derivative liability positions. To date, no material losses have been incurred due to a counterparty's inability to pay any undercollateralized position. There was no significant change in the value of derivative assets and liabilities attributed to credit risk during the three months ended March 31, 2016.
The Company may be required, from time to time, to measure certain financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. Financial assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis include impaired loans reported at the fair value of the underlying collateral if repayment is expected solely from the collateral. Collateral values are estimated using Level 2 inputs based on observable market data for real estate collateral or Level 3 inputs for non-real estate collateral. The following table presents assets and liabilities measured at fair value (in thousands):
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| Total | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total Gains (Losses)
March 31, 2016 |  |  |  |  |
Recurring fair value measurements |  |  |  |  |
Financial Assets |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agencies | $ | 4 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 4 |  | $ | — |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | 49,925 |  | — |  | 49,925 |  | — |  |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agencies | 281,206 |  | — |  | 281,206 |  | — |  |
Private label | 1,156 |  | — |  | 1,156 |  | — |  |
Trust preferred securities | 5,489 |  | — |  | 3,375 |  | 2,114 |  |
Corporate securities | 19,697 |  | — |  | 19,697 |  | — |  |
Marketable equity securities | 3,272 |  | 3,272 |  | — |  | — |  |
Investment funds | 1,533 |  | 1,533 |  | — |  | — |  |
Derivative assets | 22,332 |  | — |  | 22,332 |  | — |  |
Financial Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative liabilities | 22,754 |  | — |  | 22,754 |  | — |  |
Nonrecurring fair value measurements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impaired loans | $ | 7,235 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 7,235 |  | $ | — |
Other real estate owned | 6,054 |  | — |  | — |  | 6,054 |  | (165 | )
December 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Recurring fair value measurements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agencies | $ | 5 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 5 |  | $ | — |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | 50,697 |  | — |  | 50,697 |  | — |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agencies | 288,197 |  | — |  | 288,197 |  | — |  |  |
Private label | 1,231 |  | — |  | 1,231 |  | — |  |  |
Trust preferred securities | 5,858 |  | — |  | 3,762 |  | 2,096 |  |  |
Corporate securities | 18,693 |  | — |  | 18,693 |  | — |  |  |
Marketable equity securities | 3,273 |  | 3,273 |  | — |  | — |  |  |
Investment funds | 1,512 |  | 1,512 |  | — |  | — |  |  |
Derivative assets | 10,811 |  | — |  | 10,811 |  | — |  |  |
Financial Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative liabilities | 10,933 |  | — |  | 10,933 |  | — |  |  |
Nonrecurring fair value measurements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impaired loans | $ | 8,482 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 8,482 |  | $ | — |
Other real estate owned | 6,518 |  | — |  | — |  | 6,518 |  | (937 | )

The table below presents a reconcilement of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3), which consist solely of trust preferred securities (in thousands):

| Three months ended March 31,
2016 | 2015
Beginning balance | $ | 2,096 |  | $ | 1,871 |
Impairment losses on investment securities | — |  | — |
Included in other comprehensive income | 18 |  | 109 |
Dispositions | — |  | — |
Transfers into Level 3 | — |  | — |
Ending Balance | $ | 2,114 |  | $ | 1,980 |

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The Company utilizes a third party model to compute the present value of expected cash flows which considers the structure and term of each of the five respective pooled trust preferred securities and the financial condition of the underlying issuers. Specifically, the third party model details interest rates, principal balances of note classes and underlying issuers, the timing and amount of interest and principal payments of the underlying issuers, and the allocation of the payments to the note classes. The current estimate of expected cash flows is based on the most recent trustee reports and any other relevant market information including announcements of interest payment deferrals or defaults of underlying trust preferred securities. For issuing banks that have defaulted, management generally assumes no recovery. For issuing banks that have deferred interest payments, management excludes the collateral balance associated with these banks and assumes no recoveries of such collateral balance in the future. The exclusion of such issuing banks in a current deferral position is based on such bank experiencing a certain level of financial difficulty that raises doubt about its ability to satisfy its contractual debt obligation, and accordingly, the Company excludes the associated collateral balance from its estimate of expected cash flows. Other assumptions used in the estimate of expected cash flows include expected future default rates and prepayments. Specifically, the model assumes annual prepayments of 1.0% with 100% at maturity and assumes 150 basis points of additional annual defaults from banks that are currently not in default or deferral. In addition, the model assumes no recoveries except for one trust preferred security which assumes that one of the banks currently deferring or in default will cure such positions.
The table below presents a reconcilement of the Company's financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3), which solely relates to impaired loans that were remeasured and reported at fair value through a specific valuation allowance allocation of the allowance for loan losses based upon the fair value of the underlying collateral (in thousands). The fair value of impaired loans is estimated using one of several methods, including collateral value, liquidation value and discounted cash flows. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of collateral for collateral-dependent impaired loans primarily relate to discounts applied to the customers’ reported amount of collateral. The amount of collateral discount depends upon the marketability of the underlying collateral. During the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, collateral discounts ranged from 20% to 30%. During the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company had no Level 2 financial assets and liabilities that were measured on a nonrecurring basis.

| Three months ended March 31,
2016 | 2015
Beginning balance | $ | 8,482 |  | $ | 6,517 |
Loans classified as impaired during the period | — |  | 2,859 |
Specific valuation allowance allocations | — |  | (1,105 | )
| — |  | 1,754 |
(Additional) reduction in specific valuation allowance allocations | — |  | 14 |
Paydowns, payoffs, other activity | (1,247 | ) | (66 | )
Ending balance | $ | 7,235 |  | $ | 8,219 |

Non-Financial Assets and Liabilities
The Company has no non-financial assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis. Certain non-financial assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis include other real estate owned (“OREO”), which is measured at the lower of cost or fair value, and goodwill and other intangible assets, which are measured at fair value for impairment assessments. The table below presents OREO that was remeasured and reported at fair value based on significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) (in thousands):
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| Three months ended March 31,
| 2016 | 2015
Beginning balance | $ | 6,518 |  | $ | 8,179 |
OREO remeasured at initial recognition: |  |
Carrying value of foreclosed assets prior to remeasurement | 673 |  | 1,159 |
Charge-offs recognized in the allowance for loan losses | — |  | — |
Fair value | 673 |  | 1,159 |
OREO remeasured subsequent to initial recognition |  |
Carrying value of foreclosed assets prior to remeasurement | 1,228 |  | 211 |
Fair value | 1,063 |  | 154 |
Write-downs included in other non-interest expense | (165 | ) | (57 | )
Disposed | (972 | ) | (510 | )
Ending balance | $ | 6,054 |  | $ | 8,771 |

ASC Topic 825 “Financial Instruments”, as amended, requires disclosure of fair value information about financial instruments, whether or not recognized in the balance sheet, for which it is practicable to estimate that value. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques. Those techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including discount rate and estimate of future cash flows. In that regard, the derived fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets and, in many cases, could not be realized in immediate settlement of the instrument. ASC Topic 825 excludes certain financial instruments and all nonfinancial instruments from its disclosure requirements. Accordingly, the aggregate fair value amounts presented do not represent the underlying value of the Company. The following methods and assumptions were used in estimating fair value for financial instruments:
Cash and cash equivalents: Due to their short-term nature, the carrying amounts reported in the consolidated balance sheets approximate fair value.
Securities: The fair value of securities, both available-for-sale and held-to-maturity, are generally based on quoted market prices or matrix pricing, which is a mathematical technique used widely in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted prices for the specific securities but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted securities.
Net loans: The fair value of the loan portfolio is estimated by discounting the expected future cash flows using the current interest rates at which similar loans would be made to borrowers for the same remaining maturities. Loans were first segregated by type such as commercial, real estate and consumer, and were then further segmented into fixed, adjustable and variable rate categories. Expected future cash flows were projected based on contractual cash flows, adjusted for estimated prepayments.
Deposits: The fair values of demand deposits (i.e., interest and noninterest-bearing deposits, regular savings and other money market demand accounts) are, by definition, equal to their carrying values. The fair values of time deposits were estimated using discounted cash flow analyses. The discount rates used were based on rates currently offered for deposits with similar remaining maturities. The fair values of the time deposit liabilities do not take into consideration the value of the Company’s long-term relationships with depositors, which may have significant value.
Short-term debt: Securities sold under agreements to repurchase represent borrowings with original maturities of less than 90 days. The carrying amount of borrowings under purchase agreements approximate their fair value.
Long-term debt: The fair value of long-term borrowings is estimated using discounted cash flow analyses based on the Company’s current incremental borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements and market conditions of similar debt instruments.
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Commitments and letters of credit: The fair values of commitments are estimated based on fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements, taking into consideration the remaining terms of the agreements and the counterparties’ credit standing. The fair value of letters of credit is based on fees currently charged for similar agreements or on the estimated cost to terminate them or otherwise settle the obligations with the counterparties at the reporting date. The amounts of fees currently charged on commitments and letters of credit are deemed insignificant, and therefore, the estimated fair values and carrying values have not been reflected in the table below.
The following table represents the estimates of fair value of financial instruments (in thousands). This table excludes financial instruments for which the carrying amount approximates fair value. For short-term financial assets such as cash and cash equivalents, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value due to the relatively short time between the origination of the instrument and its expected realization. For financial liabilities such as noninterest-bearing demand, interest-bearing demand and savings deposits, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value due to these products having no stated maturity.

| Carrying Amount | Fair Value | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3
March 31, 2016 |  |  |  |  |
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 175,165 |  | $ | 175,165 |  | $ | 175,165 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Securities available-for-sale | 362,282 |  | 362,282 |  | 4,805 |  | 355,363 |  | 2,114 |
Securities held-to-maturity | 86,518 |  | 89,600 |  | — |  | 89,600 |  | — |
Other securities | 9,960 |  | 9,960 |  | — |  | 9,960 |  | — |
Net loans | 2,857,802 |  | 2,866,063 |  | — |  | — |  | 2,866,063 |
Accrued interest receivable | 8,517 |  | 8,517 |  | 8,517 |  | — |  | — |
Derivative assets | 22,332 |  | 22,332 |  | — |  | 22,332 |  | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | 3,187,271 |  | 3,194,839 |  | 2,158,871 |  | 1,035,968 |  | — |
Short-term debt | 156,714 |  | 156,719 |  | — |  | 156,719 |  | — |
Long-term debt | 16,495 |  | 16,460 |  | — |  | 16,460 |  | — |
Derivative liabilities | 22,754 |  | 22,754 |  | — |  | 22,754 |  | — |
December 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | 70,113 |  | 70,113 |  | 70,113 |  | — |  | — |
Securities available-for-sale | 369,466 |  | 369,466 |  | 4,785 |  | 362,585 |  | 2,096 |
Securities held-to-maturity | 88,937 |  | 90,810 |  | — |  | 90,810 |  | — |
Other securities | 12,915 |  | 12,915 |  | — |  | 12,915 |  | — |
Net loans | 2,843,283 |  | 2,843,973 |  | — |  | — |  | 2,843,973 |
Accrued interest receivable | 7,432 |  | 7,432 |  | 7,432 |  | — |  | — |
Derivative assets | 10,811 |  | 10,811 |  | — |  | 10,811 |  | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | 3,083,975 |  | 3,085,908 |  | 2,066,419 |  | 1,019,489 |  | — |
Short-term debt | 154,869 |  | 154,872 |  | — |  | 154,872 |  | — |
Long-term debt | 16,495 |  | 16,457 |  | — |  | 16,457 |  | — |
Derivative liabilities | 10,933 |  | 10,933 |  | — |  | 10,933 |  | — |

Item 2 - | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Critical Accounting Policies
The accounting policies of the Company conform with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and require management to make estimates and develop assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and related footnotes. These estimates and assumptions are based on information available to management as of the date of the financial statements. Actual results could differ significantly from management’s estimates. As this information changes, management’s estimates and assumptions used to prepare the Company’s financial statements and related disclosures may also change. The most
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significant accounting policies followed by the Company are presented in Note One to the audited financial statements included in the Company’s 2015 Annual Report to Shareholders. The information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including the Consolidated Financial Statements, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, and Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto included in the 2015 Annual Report of the Company. Based on the valuation techniques used and the sensitivity of financial statement amounts to the methods, assumptions, and estimates underlying those amounts, management has identified the determination of the allowance for loan losses, income taxes and purchased credit-impaired loans to be the accounting areas that require the most subjective or complex judgments and, as such, could be most subject to revision as new information becomes available.
The section Allowance and Provision for Loan Losses provides management’s analysis of the Company’s allowance for loan losses and related provision. The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level that represents management’s best estimate of probable losses in the loan portfolio. Management’s determination of the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses is based upon an evaluation of individual credits in the loan portfolio, historical loan loss experience, current economic conditions, and other relevant factors. This determination is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates including the amounts and timing of future cash flows expected to be received on impaired loans that may be susceptible to significant change. The allowance for loan losses related to loans considered to be impaired is generally evaluated based on the discounted cash flows using the impaired loan’s initial effective interest rate or the fair value of the collateral for certain collateral dependent loans.
The Company is subject to federal and state income taxes in the jurisdictions in which it conducts business. In computing the provision for income taxes, management must make judgments regarding interpretation of laws in those jurisdictions. Because the application of tax laws and regulations for many types of transactions is susceptible to varying interpretations, amounts reported in the financial statements could be changed at a later date upon final determinations by taxing authorities. On a quarterly basis, the Company estimates its annual effective tax rate for the year and uses that rate to provide for income taxes on a year-to-date basis. The amount of unrecognized tax benefits could change over the next twelve months as a result of various factors. However, management cannot currently estimate the range of possible change. The Company is currently open to audit under the statute of limitations by the Internal Revenue Service and state taxing authorities for the years ended December 31, 2012 through 2014.
The Company values purchased credit-impaired loans at fair value in accordance with ASC Topic 310-30. In determining the estimated fair value, management considers several factors, such as estimated future credit losses, estimated prepayments, remaining lives of the acquired loans, estimated value of the underlying collateral and the net present value of the cash flows expected to be received. For these loans, the expected cash flows that exceed the fair value of the loan represent the accretable yield, which is recognized as interest income on a level-yield basis over the expected cash flow periods of the loans. The non-accretable difference represents the difference between the contractually required principal and interest payments and the cash flows expected to be collected based upon management's estimation. Subsequent decreases in the expected cash flows will require the Company to evaluate the need for additions to the Company's allowance for loan losses. Subsequent increases in the expected cash flows will result in a reversal of the provision for loan losses to the extent of prior charges with a corresponding adjustment to the accretable yield, which will result in the recognition of additional interest income over the remaining lives of the loans.
Financial Summary
The Company's financial performance for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 is summarized in the following table:

| Three months ended March 31,
| 2016 | 2015
Net income available to common shareholders (in thousands) | $ | 11,702 |  | $ | 17,992 |
Earnings per common share, basic | $ | 0.78 |  | $ | 1.18 |
Earnings per common share, diluted | $ | 0.78 |  | $ | 1.17 |
ROA* | 1.25 | % | 2.04 | %
ROE* | 11.17 | % | 17.79 | %
ROATCE* | 13.8 | % | 21.6 | %

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*ROA (Return on Average Assets) is a measure of the effectiveness of asset utilization. ROE (Return on Average Equity) is a measure of the return on shareholders' investment. ROATCE (Return on Average Tangible Common Equity) is a measure of the return on shareholders' equity, less intangible assets.
The Company’s net interest income for the first three months of 2016 decreased $0.3 million compared to the first three months of 2015 (see Net Interest Income). The Company recorded a provision for loan losses of $0.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016 compared to $0.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2015 (see Allowance and Provision for Loan Losses). As further discussed under the caption Non-Interest Income and Non-Interest Expense, non-interest income decreased $10.9 million, primarily due to the sale of CityInsurance in the first quarter of 2015. Non-interest expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2016 increased $1.0 million from the three months ended March 31, 2015.
Balance Sheet Analysis
Selected balance sheet fluctuations from the year ended December 31, 2015 are summarized in the following table (in millions):

| March 31, | December 31, |  |
| 2016 | 2015 | $ Change | % Change
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 175.2 |  | $ | 70.1 |  | $ | 105.1 |  | 149.9 | %
Gross loans | 2,877.1 |  | 2,862.5 |  | 14.6 |  | 0.5 | %
Other assets | 47.7 |  | 37.0 |  | 10.7 |  | 28.9 | %
Total deposits | 3,187.3 |  | 3,084.0 |  | 103.3 |  | 3.3 | %
Other liabilities | 51.1 |  | 39.4 |  | 11.7 |  | 29.7 | %

Cash and cash equivalents increased $105.1 million from December 31, 2015 to March 31, 2016 primarily due to a $76 million deposit received from a customer on the last day of the quarter.
Gross loans increased $14.6 million (0.5%) from December 31, 2015 to $2.88 billion at March 31, 2016. Residential real estate loans increased $12.5 million (0.9)% and commercial real estate loans increased $8.0 million (0.7)%. These increases were partially offset by decreases in home equity loans of $4.3 million and consumer loans of $1.3 million.
Other assets and other liabilities increased primarily due to an increase in market fluctuations and additional customer interest rate swap contracts entered into during the quarter.
Total deposits increased $103.3 million from December 31, 2015 to $3.19 billion at March 31, 2016 primarily due to the aforementioned $76 million deposit on the last day of the quarter. Total average depository balances increased $98.8 million, or 3.3%, from the quarter ended December 31, 2015 to the quarter ended March 31, 2016, partially attributable to deposits acquired from AFB ($53.5 million). Exclusive of this contribution, the Company experienced increases in interest-bearing deposits ($20.9 million), savings deposits ($14.9 million) and noninterest-bearing demand deposits ($12.1 million) that were partially offset by a decrease in time deposits ($2.7 million).
Net Interest Income
Three months ended March 31, 2016 vs. 2015
The Company’s tax equivalent net interest income decreased $0.2 million, or 0.7%, from $29.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2015 to $29.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016. This decrease is primarily due to a decrease in accretion from fair value adjustments on recent acquisitions. Accretion was $2.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2015 and $0.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016. The decrease was partially offset by an increase in net interest income from the acquisition of three branches in the Lexington, KY market from AFB in November 2015. In addition, investment interest income increased $0.4 million. The Company’s reported net interest margin decreased from 3.99% for the three months ended March 31, 2015 to 3.53% for the three months ended March 31, 2016. Excluding the favorable impact of
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accretion, the net interest margin for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 would have been 3.44% and 3.66%, respectively.
The following schedule presents the estimated future accretion on net interest income as a result of the Company's acquisitions (in thousands). The amounts in the table below require management to make significant assumptions based on estimated future default, prepayment and discount rates. Actual performance could be significantly different from that assumed, which could result in actual results being materially different than those estimated below.

Estimated Accretion Forecast
Remainder 2016 | $ | 1,632 |
2017 | 1,007 |
2018 | 772 |

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Table One
Average Balance Sheets and Net Interest Income
(In thousands)

Assets | Three months ended March 31,
2016 | 2015
Average Balance | Interest | Yield/ Rate | Average Balance | Interest | Yield/ Rate
Loan portfolio(1):
Residential real estate(2) | $ | 1,531,966 |  | $ | 14,918 |  | 3.92 | % | $ | 1,441,331 |  | $ | 14,120 |  | 3.97 | %
Commercial, financial, and agriculture(2) | 1,294,345 |  | 12,919 |  | 4.01 |  | 1,153,250 |  | 14,026 |  | 4.93 |
Installment loans to individuals(2),(3) | 38,632 |  | 721 |  | 7.51 |  | 41,819 |  | 791 |  | 7.67 |
Previously securitized loans(4) | *** |  | 369 |  | *** | *** |  | 451 |  | ***
Total loans | 2,864,943 |  | 28,927 |  | 4.06 |  | 2,636,400 |  | 29,388 |  | 4.52 |
Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable | 421,289 |  | 3,005 |  | 2.87 |  | 327,185 |  | 2,712 |  | 3.36 |
Tax-exempt(5) | 41,898 |  | 549 |  | 5.27 |  | 28,477 |  | 406 |  | 5.78 |
Total securities | 463,187 |  | 3,554 |  | 3.09 |  | 355,662 |  | 3,118 |  | 3.56 |
Deposits in depository institutions | 10,529 |  | — |  | — |  | 8,968 |  | — |  | — |
Total interest-earning assets | 3,338,659 |  | 32,481 |  | 3.91 |  | 3,001,030 |  | 32,506 |  | 4.39 |
Cash and due from banks | 81,569 |  |  |  | 222,409 |  |  |
Bank premises and equipment | 76,945 |  |  |  | 77,638 |  |  |
Other assets | 256,329 |  |  |  | 244,686 |  |  |
Less: allowance for loan losses | (20,591 | ) |  |  | (20,658 | ) |  |
Total assets | $ | 3,732,911 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,525,105 |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand deposits | $ | 677,849 |  | $ | 145 |  | 0.09 | % | $ | 636,810 |  | $ | 132 |  | 0.08 | %
Savings deposits | 767,262 |  | 228 |  | 0.12 |  | 694,700 |  | 181 |  | 0.11 |
Time deposits(2) | 1,019,416 |  | 2,525 |  | 1.00 |  | 1,021,474 |  | 2,428 |  | 0.96 |
Short-term borrowings | 162,046 |  | 107 |  | 0.27 |  | 129,647 |  | 82 |  | 0.26 |
Long-term debt | 16,495 |  | 164 |  | 4.00 |  | 16,495 |  | 150 |  | 3.69 |
Total interest-bearing liabilities | 2,643,068 |  | 3,169 |  | 0.48 |  | 2,499,126 |  | 2,973 |  | 0.48 |
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits | 630,524 |  |  |  | 571,340 |  |  |
Other liabilities | 40,198 |  |  |  | 49,996 |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity | 419,121 |  |  |  | 404,643 |  |  |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 3,732,911 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,525,105 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  |  | $ | 29,312 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 29,533 |  |  |
Net yield on earning assets |  |  |  |  | 3.53 | % |  |  | 3.99 | %

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(1) | For purposes of this table, non-accruing loans have been included in average balances and loan fees, which are immaterial, have been included in interest income.
(2) | Included in the above table are the following amounts for the accretion of the fair value adjustments related to the acquisitions of Virginia Savings, Community and AFB:
| Residential real estate | $ | 181 |  |  | $ | 197 |  |
| Commercial, financial and agriculture | 394 |  |  | 1,988 |  |
| Installment loans to individuals | 54 |  |  | 96 |  |
| Time deposits | 148 |  |  | 169 |  |
|  | $ | 777 |  |  | $ | 2,450 |  |
(3) | Includes the Company’s consumer and DDA overdrafts loan categories.
(4) | Effective January 1, 2012, there is no carrying value of the Company’s previously securitized loans.
(5) | Computed on a fully federal tax-equivalent basis assuming a tax rate of approximately 35%.

Table Two
Rate/Volume Analysis of Changes in Interest Income and Interest Expense
(In thousands)

| Three months ended March 31, 2016 vs. 2015
Interest-earning assets: | Increase (Decrease) Due to Change In:
Volume | Rate | Net
Loan portfolio
Residential real estate | $ | 895 |  | $ | (97 | ) | $ | 798 |
Commercial, financial, and agriculture | 1,730 |  | (2,837 | ) | (1,107 | )
Installment loans to individual | (61 | ) | (9 | ) | (70 | )
Previously securitized loans | — |  | (82 | ) | (82 | )
Total loans | 2,564 |  | (3,025 | ) | (461 | )
Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable | 787 |  | (494 | ) | 293 |
Tax-exempt(1) | 193 |  | (50 | ) | 143 |
Total securities | 980 |  | (544 | ) | 436 |
Total interest-earning assets | $ | 3,544 |  | $ | (3,569 | ) | $ | (25 | )
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand deposits | $ | 9 |  | $ | 4 |  | $ | 13 |
Savings deposits | 19 |  | 28 |  | 47 |
Time deposits | (5 | ) | 102 |  | 97 |
Short-term borrowings | 21 |  | 4 |  | 25 |
Long-term debt | — |  | 14 |  | 14 |
Total interest-bearing liabilities | $ | 44 |  | $ | 152 |  | $ | 196 |
Net Interest Income | $ | 3,500 |  | $ | (3,721 | ) | $ | (221 | )

(1) | Fully federal taxable equivalent using a tax rate of approximately 35%.

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Table Three
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Management of the Company uses measures in its analysis of the Company's performance other than those in accordance with generally accepted accounting principals in the United States of America ("GAAP"). These measures are useful when evaluating the underlying performance of the Company's operations. The Company's management believes that these non-GAAP measures enhance comparability of results with prior periods and demonstrate the effects of significant gains and charges in the current period. The Company's management believes that investors may use these non-GAAP financial measures to evaluate the Company's financial performance without the impact of these items that may obscure trends in the Company's performance. These disclosures should not be viewed as a substitute for financial measures determined in accordance with GAAP, nor are they comparable to non-GAAP financial measures that may be presented by other companies. The following table reconciles fully taxable equivalent net interest income and fully taxable equivalent net interest income excluding accretion with net interest income as derived from the Company's financial statements (in thousands):

| Three months ended March 31,
| 2016 | 2015
Net interest income, fully taxable equivalent | $ | 29,312 |  | $ | 29,533 |
Taxable equivalent adjustment | (192 | ) | (142 | )
Net interest income ("GAAP") | $ | 29,120 |  | $ | 29,391 |
Net interest income, fully taxable equivalent, excluding accretion | $ | 28,535 |  | $ | 27,083 |
Taxable equivalent adjustment | (192 | ) | (142 | )
Accretion related to fair value adjustments | 777 |  | 2,450 |
Net interest income ("GAAP") | $ | 29,120 |  | $ | 29,391 |

Loans
Table Four
Loan Portfolio
The composition of the Company's loan portfolio as of the dates indicated follows (in thousands);

| March 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015 | March 31, 2015
Residential real estate | $ | 1,395,670 |  | $ | 1,383,133 |  | $ | 1,303,258 |
Home equity | 142,694 |  | 147,036 |  | 143,670 |
Commercial and industrial | 165,549 |  | 165,340 |  | 132,127 |
Commercial real estate | 1,135,625 |  | 1,127,581 |  | 1,011,701 |
Consumer | 34,754 |  | 36,083 |  | 38,436 |
DDA overdrafts | 2,825 |  | 3,361 |  | 3,203 |
Total loans | $ | 2,877,117 |  | $ | 2,862,534 |  | $ | 2,632,395 |

Loan balances increased $14.6 million from December 31, 2015 to March 31, 2016. Residential real estate loans increased $12.5 million, or 0.9%, from December 31, 2015 to March 31, 2016. Residential real estate loans represent loans to consumers that are secured by a first lien on residential property. Residential real estate loans provide for the purchase or refinance of a residence and first-lien home equity loans that allow consumers to borrower against the equity in their home. These loans primarily consist of single family 3 and 5 year adjustable rate mortgages with terms that amortize up to 30 years. The Company also offers fixed-rate residential real estate loans that are sold in the secondary market that are not included on the Company's balance sheet and the Company does not retain the servicing rights to these loans. Residential mortgage loans are generally underwritten to comply with Fannie Mae guidelines, while the home equity loans are underwritten with typically less documentation, but with
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lower loan-to-value ratios and shorter maturities. At March 31, 2016, $14.0 million of the residential real estate loans were for properties under construction.
Home equity loans decreased $4.3 million during the first three months of 2016. The Company's home equity loans represent loans to consumers that are secured by a second (or junior) lien on a residential property. Home equity loans allow consumers to borrower against the equity in their home without paying off an existing first lien. These loans consist of home equity lines of credit ("HELOC") and amortized home equity loans that require monthly installment payments. Home equity loans are underwritten with less documentation, lower loan-to-value ratios and for shorter terms. The amount of credit extended is directly related to the value of the real estate at the time the loan is made.
The commercial and industrial ("C&I") loan portfolio consists of loans to corporate borrowers primarily in small to mid-size industrial and commercial companies. Collateral securing these loans includes equipment, machinery, inventory, receivables and vehicles. C&I loans are considered to contain a higher level of risk than other loan types, although care is taken to minimize these risks. Numerous risk factors impact this portfolio, including industry specific risks such as the economy, new technology, labor rates and cyclicality, as well as customer specific factors, such as cash flow, financial structure, operating controls and asset quality. C&I increased $0.2 million from December 31, 2015 to March 31, 2016.
Commercial real estate loans consist of commercial mortgages, which generally are secured by nonresidential and multi-family residential properties, including hotel/motel and apartment lending. Commercial real estate loans are to many of the same customers and carry similar industry risks as C&I loans. Commercial real estate loans increased $8.0 million from December 31, 2015 to March 31, 2016. At March 31, 2016, $15.2 million of the commercial real estate loans were for commercial properties under construction.
Consumer loans may be secured by automobiles, boats, recreational vehicles and other personal property. The Company monitors the risk associated with these types of loans by monitoring such factors as portfolio growth, lending policies and economic conditions. Underwriting standards are continually evaluated and modified based upon these factors. Consumer loans decreased $1.3 million during the first three months of 2016.
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Allowance and Provision for Loan Losses
Table Five
Analysis of the Allowance for Loan Losses
An analysis of changes in the Company's allowance for loan losses follows (dollars in thousands):

| Three months ended March 31, | Year ended December 31,
2016 | 2015 | 2015
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 19,251 |  | $ | 20,074 |  | $ | 20,074 |
Charge-offs: |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | (1 | ) | (94 | ) | (5,768 | )
Commercial real estate | (302 | ) | (337 | ) | (580 | )
Residential real estate | (405 | ) | (257 | ) | (1,144 | )
Home equity | (106 | ) | (91 | ) | (312 | )
Consumer | (38 | ) | (74 | ) | (210 | )
DDA overdrafts | (318 | ) | (311 | ) | (1,414 | )
Total charge-offs | (1,170 | ) | (1,164 | ) | (9,428 | )
Recoveries: |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | 1 |  | 18 |  | 74 |
Commercial real estate | 384 |  | 8 |  | 366 |
Residential real estate | 39 |  | 10 |  | 199 |
Home equity | — |  | — |  | — |
Consumer | 29 |  | 28 |  | 187 |
DDA overdrafts | 242 |  | 241 |  | 791 |
Total recoveries | 695 |  | 305 |  | 1,617 |
Net charge-offs | (475 | ) | (859 | ) | (7,811 | )
Provision for purchased credit impaired loans | 40 |  | 246 |  | 6,435 |
Provision for loan losses | 499 |  | 642 |  | 553 |
Balance at end of period | $ | 19,315 |  | $ | 20,103 |  | $ | 19,251 |
As a Percent of Average Total Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net charge-offs (annualized) | 0.07 | % | 0.13 | % | 0.26 | %
Provision for loan losses (annualized) | 0.08 | % | 0.13 | % | 0.26 | %
As a Percent of Non-Performing Loans: |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses | 120.40 | % | 121.40 | % | 110.40 | %
As a Percent of Total Loans: |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses | 0.67 | % | 0.76 | % | 0.67 | %

Management systematically monitors the loan portfolio and the appropriateness of the allowance for loan losses (“ALLL”) on a quarterly basis to provide for probable losses incurred in the portfolio. Management assesses the risk in each loan type based on historical delinquency and loss trends, the general economic environment of its local markets, individual loan performance, and other relevant factors. Individual credits in excess of $1 million are selected at least annually for detailed loan reviews, which are utilized by management to assess the risk in the portfolio and the appropriateness of the allowance. Due to the nature of commercial lending, evaluation of the appropriateness of the allowance as it relates to these loan types is often based more upon specific credit review, with consideration given to the potential impairment of certain credits and historical loss rates, adjusted for general economic conditions and other inherent risk factors. Conversely, due to the homogeneous nature of the real estate and installment portfolios, the portions of the allowance allocated to those portfolios are primarily based on prior loss history of each portfolio, adjusted for general economic conditions and other inherent risk factors. Risk factors considered by the Company in completing this analysis include: (i) unemployment and economic trends in the Company’s markets, (ii) concentrations of credit, if any, among any industries, (iii) trends in loan growth, loan mix, delinquencies, losses or credit impairment, (iv) adherence to lending policies and others. Each risk factor is designated as low, moderate/increasing, or high based on the Company’s assessment of the risk to loss associated with each factor. Each risk factor is then weighted to consider probability of occurrence.
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In evaluating the adequacy of the ALLL, management considers both quantitative and qualitative factors. Quantitative factors include actual repayment characteristics and loan performance, cash flow analyses, and estimated fair values of underlying collateral. Qualitative factors generally include overall trends within the portfolio, composition of the portfolio, changes in pricing or underwriting, seasoning of the portfolio, and general economic conditions.
The allowance not specifically allocated to individual credits is generally determined by analyzing potential exposure and other qualitative factors that could negatively impact the adequacy of the allowance. Loans not individually evaluated for impairment are grouped by pools with similar risk characteristics and the related historical loss rates are adjusted to reflect current inherent risk factors, such as unemployment, overall economic conditions, concentrations of credit, loan growth, classified and impaired loan trends, staffing, adherence to lending policies, and loss trends.
Determination of the ALLL is subjective in nature and requires management to periodically reassess the validity of its assumptions. Differences between actual losses and estimated losses are assessed such that management can timely modify its evaluation model to ensure that adequate provision has been made for risk in the total loan portfolio.
As a result of the Company’s quarterly analysis of the adequacy of the ALLL, the Company recorded a provision for loan losses of $0.5 million in the first three months of 2016 and $0.9 million in the first three months of 2015. The provision for loan losses recorded in the first quarter of 2016 reflects the modest growth in the loan portfolio, changes in the quality of the portfolio, and general improvement in the Company’s historical loss rates used to compute the allowance not specifically allocated to individual credits. Changes in the amount of the provision and related allowance are based on the Company’s detailed systematic methodology and are directionally consistent with changes in the composition and quality of the Company’s loan portfolio. The Company believes its methodology for determining the adequacy of its ALLL adequately provides for probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio and produces a provision and allowance for loan losses that is directionally consistent with changes in asset quality and loss experience.
The Company had net charge-offs of $0.5 million for the first three months of 2016 and $0.9 million for the first three months of 2015. Net charge-offs in the first three months of 2016 consisted primarily of net charge-offs on residential real estate loans of $0.4 million, home equity loans of $0.1 million and overdraft deposit accounts of $0.1 million.
Based on the Company’s analysis of the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses and in consideration of the known factors utilized in computing the allowance, management believes that the allowance for loan losses as of March 31, 2016, is adequate to provide for probable losses inherent in the Company’s loan portfolio. Future provisions for loan losses will be dependent upon trends in loan balances including the composition of the loan portfolio, changes in loan quality and loss experience trends, and recoveries of previously charged-off loans, among other factors.
Table Six
Allocation of the Allowance for Loan Losses
The allocation of the allowance for loan losses is shown in the table below (in thousands):

| As of March 31, | As of December 31,
| 2016 | 2015 | 2015
Commercial and industrial | $ | 3,903 |  | $ | 1,128 |  | $ | 3,271 |
Commercial real estate | 6,404 |  | 9,589 |  | 6,985 |
Residential real estate | 6,759 |  | 6,901 |  | 6,778 |
Home equity | 1,402 |  | 1,584 |  | 1,463 |
Consumer | 93 |  | 179 |  | 97 |
DDA overdrafts | 754 |  | 722 |  | 657 |
Allowance for Loan Losses | $ | 19,315 |  | $ | 20,103 |  | $ | 19,251 |

The ALLL was $19.3 million at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015. Below is a summary of the changes in the components of the ALLL from December 31, 2015 to March 31, 2016.
The allowance allocated to the commercial real estate loan portfolio decreased $0.6 million, or 8.32%, from $7.0 million at December 31, 2015 to $6.4 million at March 31, 2016. This is due to a decrease in loans classified as substandard.
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The allowance related to the commercial and industrial loan portfolio increased $0.6 million from $3.3 million at December 31, 2015 to $3.9 million at March 31, 2016. This increase is due to an increase in loans classified as substandard as of March 31, 2016.
The allowance allocated to the residential real estate portfolio remained flat at $6.8 million at December 31, 2015 and March 31, 2016.
The allowance allocated to the home equity loan portfolio decreased $0.1 million from $1.5 million at December 31, 2015 to $1.4 million at March 31, 2016.
The allowance allocated to the consumer loan portfolio remained flat at $0.1 million at December 31, 2015 and March 31, 2016.
The allowance allocated to overdraft deposit accounts increased modestly from $0.7 million at December 31, 2015 to $0.8 million at March 31, 2016.
Non-Performing Assets
Table Seven
Non-Performing Loans
The Company's nonperforming assets are shown below (dollars in thousands):

| As of March 31, | December 31,
2016 | 2015 | 2015
Residential real estate | $ | 2,977 |  | $ | 2,299 |  | $ | 2,918 |
Home equity | 152 |  | 92 |  | 136 |
Commercial and industrial | 2,967 |  | 3,346 |  | 2,745 |
Commercial real estate | 9,718 |  | 10,445 |  | 11,149 |
Consumer | — |  | — |  | — |
Total non-accrual loans | 15,814 |  | 16,182 |  | 16,948 |
Accruing loans past due 90 days or more | 225 |  | 384 |  | 495 |
Total non-performing loans | $ | 16,039 |  | $ | 16,566 |  | $ | 17,443 |
As a Percent of Loans and Other Real Estate Owned: |  |  |
Non-performing loans | 0.77 | % | 0.96 | % | 0.84 | %

Non-accrual loans decreased $0.4 million from $16.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2015 to $15.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016. The average recorded investment in impaired loans during the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 was $7.7 million and $9.6 million, respectively. There were no commitments to provide additional funds on non-accrual, impaired, or other potential problem loans at March 31, 2016.
The Company’s ratio of non-performing assets to total loans and other real estate owned improved from 0.84% at December 31, 2015 to 0.77% at March 31, 2016. Excluded from this ratio are purchased credit-impaired loans in which the Company estimated cash flows and estimated a credit mark. These loans are considered performing loans provided that the loan is performing in accordance with the estimated expectations. Such loans would be considered non-performing loans if the loan's performance deteriorates below the initial expectations. This improvement was primarily related to a single commercial customer engaged in the mining and energy sectors (per the North American Industry Classification System) which filed for bankruptcy and for which the Company recorded a charge-off as previously discussed.
The Company recognized less than $0.1 million of interest income received in cash on non-accrual and impaired loans for both the three months ended March 31, 2016 and March 31, 2015. Approximately $0.2 million of interest income would have been recognized during both of the three months ended March 31, 2016 and March 31, 2015, if such loans had been current in accordance with their original terms. Interest on loans is accrued and credited to operations based upon the principal amount outstanding. The accrual of interest income is generally discontinued when a loan becomes 90 days past due as to principal or interest unless the loan is well collateralized and in the process of collection. When interest accruals are discontinued, interest credited to income in the current year that is unpaid and deemed uncollectible is charged to operations. Prior-year interest accruals
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that are unpaid and deemed uncollectible are charged to the allowance for loan losses, provided that such amounts were specifically reserved.
Table Eight
Troubled Debt Restructurings ("TDRs")
The following table sets forth the Company's troubled debt restructurings ("TDRs") (in thousands):

| As of March 31, | December 31,
| 2016 | 2015 | 2015
Accruing: |  |  |
Residential real estate | $ | 18,306 |  | $ | 18,451 |  | $ | 17,796 |
Home equity | 2,878 |  | 2,726 |  | 2,659 |
Commercial and industrial | 54 |  | 70 |  | 58 |
Commercial real estate | 523 |  | 1,894 |  | 1,746 |
Consumer | — |  | — |  | — |
Total accruing TDRs | 21,761 |  | 23,141 |  | 22,259 |
Non-Accruing: |  |  |
Residential real estate | 36 |  | 616 |  | 191 |
Home equity | — |  | 15 |  | 34 |
Commercial and industrial | — |  | — |  | — |
Commercial real estate | — |  | — |  | — |
Consumer | — |  | — |  | — |
Total non-accruing TDRs | 36 |  | 631 |  | 225 |
Total TDRs | $ | 21,797 |  | $ | 23,772 |  | $ | 22,484 |

Regulatory guidance requires that loans to be accounted for as collateral-dependent loans when borrowers have filed Chapter 7 bankruptcy, the debt has been discharged by the bankruptcy court and the borrower has not reaffirmed the debt. The filing of bankruptcy is deemed to be evidence that the borrower is in financial difficulty and the discharge of debt by the bankruptcy court is deemed to be a concession granted to the borrower. The Company's troubled debt restructurings ("TDRs") related to its borrowers who had filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy protection make up 97% of the Company's total TDRs as of March 31, 2016. The average age of these TDRs was 11.4 years; the average current balance as a percentage of the original balance was 68.2%; and the average loan-to-value ratio was 65.6% as of March 31, 2016. Of the total 488 Chapter 7 related TDRs, 39 had an estimated loss exposure based on the current balance and appraised value at March 31, 2016.
Table Nine
Impaired Loans
Information pertaining to the Company's impaired loans is included in the following table (in thousands):

| As of March 31, | As of December 31,
| 2016 | 2015 | 2015
Impaired loans with a valuation allowance | $ | — |  | $ | 4,226 |  | $ | — |
Impaired loans with no valuation allowance | 7,235 |  | 5,336 |  | 8,482 |
Total impaired loans | $ | 7,235 |  | $ | 9,562 |  | $ | 8,482 |
Allowance for loan losses allocated to impaired loans | $ | — |  | $ | 1,343 |  | $ | — |

The impaired loans with a valuation allowance at the end of March 31, 2015 were comprised primarily of two commercial borrowing relationships that were evaluated during that period and determined that an allowance was necessary. Subsequent to
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that date, the one of those borrowers reduced their loan balance and therefore a reserve was not necessary and the other borrower paid off their loan.
Non-Interest Income and Non-Interest Expense
Three months ended March 31, 2016 vs. 2015
(In millions)

| Three months ended March 31, |  |
| 2016 | 2015 | $ Change | % Change
Non-interest income | $ | 13.1 |  | $ | 24.0 |  | $ | (10.9 | ) | (45.4 | )%
Non-interest expense | 24.1 |  | 23.2 |  | 0.9 |  | 3.9 | %

Non-Interest Income: On January 1, 2015, the Company sold its insurance operations, CityInsurance, which resulted in a pre-tax gain of $11.1 million. Exclusive of this gain, non-interest income increased from $12.9 million for the first three months of 2015 to $13.1 million for the first three months of 2016. This increase was mainly due to an increase in service charges of $0.4 million, or 6.3%, from the first quarter of 2015 to $6.3 million and an increase in trust and investment management fee income of $0.1 million, or 6.3%, to $1.3 million. These increases were partially offset by decreases in other income of $0.1 million and bankcard revenues of $0.1 million.
Non-Interest Expense: Non-interest expenses increased $0.9 million, from $23.2 million in the first three months of 2015 to $24.1 million in the first three months of 2016. This increase was largely due to the acquisition of three branches from AFB (for an increase of $0.5 million) and an increase in other expenses of $0.3 million. The increase in other expenses is primarily related to the fair value adjustment for a $5.0 million notional interest rate swap to protect against changes in long-term fixed interest rates related to commercial loans.
Income Tax Expense: The Company’s effective income tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2016 was 33.4% compared to 34.4% for the year ended December 31, 2015, and 38.7% for the three months ended March 31, 2015. As noted previously, the Company sold CityInsurance in the first quarter of 2015. As a result of differences between the book basis and tax basis of the assets that were sold, the Company’s income tax expense increased by $1.1 million. Exclusive of the sale of CityInsurance in the first quarter of 2015, the Company’s tax rate from operations was 33.3% for the quarter ended March 31, 2015.
Risk Management
Market risk is the risk of loss due to adverse changes in current and future cash flows, fair values, earnings or capital due to adverse movements in interest rates and other factors, including foreign exchange rates, underlying credit risk and commodity prices. Because the Company has no significant foreign exchange activities and holds no commodities, interest rate risk represents the primary risk factor affecting the Company’s balance sheet and net interest margin. Significant changes in interest rates by the Federal Reserve could result in similar changes in LIBOR interest rates, prime rates, and other benchmark interest rates that could affect the estimated fair value of the Company’s investment securities portfolio, interest paid on the Company’s short-term and long-term borrowings, interest earned on the Company’s loan portfolio and interest paid on its deposit accounts.
The Company’s Asset and Liability Committee (“ALCO”) has been delegated the responsibility of managing the Company’s interest-sensitive balance sheet accounts to maximize earnings while managing interest rate risk. ALCO, comprised of various members of executive and senior management, is also responsible for establishing policies to monitor and limit the Company’s exposure to interest rate risk and to manage the Company’s liquidity position. ALCO satisfies its responsibilities through quarterly meetings during which product pricing issues, liquidity measures, and interest sensitivity positions are monitored.
In order to measure and manage its interest rate risk, the Company uses an asset/liability management and simulation software model to periodically update the interest sensitivity position of the Company’s balance sheet. The model is also used to perform analyses that measure the impact on net interest income and capital as a result of various changes in the interest rate environment. Such analyses quantify the effects of various interest rate scenarios on projected net interest income.
The Company’s policy objective is to avoid negative fluctuations in net income or the economic value of equity of more than 15% within a 12-month period, assuming an immediate parallel increase or decrease of 400 basis points. The Company
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measures the long-term risk associated with sustained increases and decreases in rates through analysis of the impact to changes in rates on the economic value of equity.
The following table summarizes the sensitivity of the Company’s net income to various interest rate scenarios. The results of the sensitivity analyses presented below differ from the results used internally by ALCO in that, in the analyses below, interest rates are assumed to have an immediate and sustained parallel shock. The Company recognizes that rates are volatile, but rarely move with immediate and parallel effects. Internally, the Company considers a variety of interest rate scenarios that are deemed to be possible while considering the level of risk it is willing to assume in “worst-case” scenarios such as shown by the following:

Immediate Basis Point Change in Interest Rates | Implied Federal Funds Rate Associated with Change in Interest Rates | Estimated Increase (Decrease) in Net Income Over 12 Months
March 31, 2016 |  |
+400 |  | 4.50 | % | +6.8 | %
+300 |  | 3.50 |  | +8.7 |
+200 |  | 2.50 |  | +8.4 |
+100 |  | 1.50 |  | +4.8 |
-50 |  | 0.00 |  | -6.3 |
December 31, 2015 |  |  |  |
+400 |  | 4.50 | % | +6.0 | %
+300 |  | 3.50 |  | +7.5 |
+200 |  | 2.50 |  | +6.8 |
+100 |  | 1.50 |  | +3.3 |

These estimates are highly dependent upon assumptions made by management, including, but not limited to, assumptions regarding the manner in which interest-bearing demand deposit and saving deposit accounts reprice in different interest rate scenarios, changes in the composition of deposit balances, pricing behavior of competitors, prepayments of loans and deposits under alternative rate environments, and new business volumes and pricing. As a result, there can be no assurance that the estimates above will be achieved in the event that interest rates increase during 2016 and beyond. The estimates above do not necessarily imply that the Company will experience increases in net income if market interest rates rise. The table above indicates how the Company’s net income and the economic value of equity behave relative to an increase or decrease in rates compared to what would otherwise occur if rates remain stable.
Based upon the estimates above, the Company believes that its net income is positively correlated with increasing rates as compared to the level of net income the Company would expect if interest rates remain flat.
Liquidity
The Company evaluates the adequacy of liquidity at both the City Holding Company ("City Holding") level and at the banking subsidiary level. At the City Holding level, the principal source of cash is dividends from its banking subsidiary, City National Bank ("City National"). Dividends paid by City National to City Holding are subject to certain legal and regulatory limitations. Generally, any dividends in amounts that exceed the earnings retained by City National in the current year plus retained net profits for the preceding two years must be approved by regulatory authorities. At March 31, 2016, City National could pay dividends up to $24.8 million plus net profits for the remainder of 2016, as defined by statute, up to the dividend declaration date without prior regulatory permission.
City Holding used cash obtained from the dividends received primarily to: (i) pay common dividends to shareholders (ii) remit interest payments on the Company’s junior subordinated debentures and (iii) fund repurchases of the Company's common shares.
Over the next 12 months, City Holding has an obligation to remit interest payments approximating $0.7 million on the debentures held by City Holding Capital Trust III. Interest payments on the debentures can be deferred for up to five years under certain circumstances and dividends to shareholders can, if necessary, be suspended. City Holding anticipates continuing the payment of dividends on its common stock, which are expected to approximate $25.8 million on an annualized basis over the next
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12 months based on common shareholders outstanding at March 31, 2016. In addition to these anticipated cash needs, City Holding has operating expenses and other contractual obligations, which are estimated to require $1.4 million of additional cash over the next 12 months. As of March 31, 2016, City Holding reported a cash balance of $31.7 million and management believes that City Holding’s available cash balance, together with cash dividends from City National will be adequate to satisfy its funding and cash needs over the next twelve months.
Excluding the interest and dividend payments discussed above, City Holding has no significant commitments or obligations in years after 2016 other than the repayment of its $16.5 million obligation under the debentures held by City Holding Capital Trust III. However, this obligation does not mature until June 2038, or earlier at the option of City Holding. It is expected that City Holding will be able to obtain the necessary cash, either through dividends obtained from City National or the issuance of other debt, to fully repay the debentures at their maturity.
City National manages its liquidity position in an effort to effectively and economically satisfy the funding needs of its customers and to accommodate the scheduled repayment of borrowings. Funds are available to City National from a number of sources, including depository relationships, sales and maturities within the investment securities portfolio, and borrowings from the FHLB and other financial institutions. As of March 31, 2016, City National’s assets are significantly funded by deposits and capital. Additionally, City National maintains borrowing facilities with the FHLB and other financial institutions that are accessed as necessary to fund operations and to provide contingency funding mechanisms. As of March 31, 2016, City National has the capacity to borrow an additional $1.5 billion from the FHLB and other financial institutions under existing borrowing facilities. City National maintains a contingency funding plan, incorporating these borrowing facilities, to address liquidity needs in the event of an institution-specific or systemic financial industry crisis. Also, although it has no current intention to do so, City National could liquidate its unpledged securities, if necessary, to provide an additional funding source. City National also segregates certain mortgage loans, mortgage-backed securities, and other investment securities in a separate subsidiary so that it can separately monitor the asset quality of these primarily mortgage-related assets, which could be used to raise cash through securitization transactions or obtain additional equity or debt financing if necessary.
The Company manages its asset and liability mix to balance its desire to maximize net interest income against its desire to minimize risks associated with capitalization, interest rate volatility, and liquidity. With respect to liquidity, the Company has chosen a conservative posture and believes that its liquidity position is strong. The Company’s net loan to asset ratio is 74.6% as of March 31, 2016 and deposit balances fund 83.2% of total assets. The Company has obligations to extend credit, but these obligations are primarily associated with existing home equity loans that have predictable borrowing patterns across the portfolio. The Company has investment security balances with carrying values that totaled $458.8 million at March 31, 2016, and that greatly exceeded the Company’s non-deposit sources of borrowing which totaled $173.2 million. Further, the Company’s deposit mix has a very high proportion of transaction and savings accounts that fund 56.4% of the Company’s total assets.
As illustrated in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, the Company generated $14.8 million of cash from operating activities during the first three months of 2016, primarily from interest income received on loans and investments, net of interest expense paid on deposits and borrowings. The Company generated $1.2 million of cash in investing activities during the first three months of 2016 primarily by the proceeds from maturities of available-for-sale securities, partially offset by an increase in loans. The Company generated $89.0 million of cash in financing activities during the first three months of 2016, as principally a result of an increase in noninterest-bearing and interest-bearing deposits, partially offset by purchases of treasury stock of $9.9 million and cash dividends paid of $6.4 million to the Company’s common stockholders.
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Capital Resources
During the first three months of 2016, Shareholders’ Equity decreased $1.2 million, or 0.3%, from $419.3 million at December 31, 2015 to $418.1 million at March 31, 2016. This decrease was primarily due to the repurchase of the Company's stock pursuant to its stock repurchase program of $9.9 million and dividends declared of $6.4 million, partially offset by net income of $11.7 million and increase in unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities of $2.7 million.
In July 2013, the Federal Reserve published the final rules that established a new comprehensive capital framework for banking organizations, commonly referred to as Basel III. These final rules substantially revised the risk-based capital requirements applicable to bank holding companies and depository institutions. The final rule became effective January 1, 2015 for smaller, non-complex banking organizations with full implementation by January 1, 2019.
Regulatory guidelines require the Company to maintain a minimum common equity tier I ("CET1") capital ratio of 5.125% and a total capital to risk-adjusted assets ratio of 8.625%, with at least one-half of capital consisting of tangible common stockholders’ equity and a minimum Tier I leverage ratio of 6.625%. Similarly, City National is also required to maintain minimum capital levels as set forth by various regulatory agencies. Under capital adequacy guidelines, City National is required to maintain minimum CET 1, total capital, Tier I capital, and leverage ratios of 5.125%, 8.625%, 6.625%, and 4.0%, respectively. To be classified as “well capitalized,” City National must maintain CET 1, total capital, Tier I capital, and leverage ratios of 6.5%, 10.0%, 8.0%, and 5.0%, respectively.
When fully phased in on January 1, 2019, the Basel III Capital Rules will require City Holding and City National to maintain (i) a minimum ratio of CET1 to risk-weighted assets of at least 4.5%, plus a 2.5% "capital conservation buffer" (which is added to the 4.5% CET1 ratio as that buffer is phased in, effectively resulting in a minimum ratio of CET1 to risk-weighted assets of at least 7.0% upon full implementation), (ii) a minimum ratio of Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 6.0%, plus the capital conservation buffer (which is added to the 6.0% Tier 1 capital ratio as that buffer is phased in, effectively resulting in a minimum Tier 1 capital ratio of 8.5% upon full implementation), (iii) a minimum ratio of Total capital (that is, Tier 1 plus Tier 2) to risk-weighted assets of at least 8.0%, plus the capital conservation buffer (which is added to the 8.0% total capital ratio as that buffer is phased in, effectively resulting in a minimum total capital ratio of 10.5% upon full implementation) and (iv) a minimum leverage ratio of 4.0%, calculated as the ratio of Tier 1 capital to average assets (as compared to a current minimum leverage ratio of 3.0% for banking organizations that either have the highest supervisory rating or have implemented the appropriate federal regulatory authority's risk-adjusted measure for market risk).
The implementation of the capital conservation buffer began on January 1, 2016 at the 0.625% level and will be phased in over a four-year period (increasing by that amount on each subsequent January 1, until it reaches 2.5% on January 1, 2019). The Basel III Capital Rules also provide for a “countercyclical capital buffer” that is applicable to only certain covered institutions and does not have any current applicability to City Holding Company or City National Bank.
The aforementioned capital conservation buffer is designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. Banking institutions with a ratio of CET1 capital to risk-weighted assets above the minimum but below the conservation buffer (or below the combined capital conservation buffer and countercyclical capital buffer, when the latter is applied) will face constraints on dividends, equity repurchases and compensation based on the amount of the shortfall.
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The Company’s regulatory capital ratios for both City Holding and City National are illustrated in the following tables
(in thousands):

March 31, 2016 | Actual | Minimum Required - Basel III Phase-In Schedule | Minimum Required - Basel III Fully Phased-In (*) | Required to be Considered Well Capitalized
Capital Amount | Ratio | Capital Amount | Ratio | Capital Amount | Ratio | Capital Amount | Ratio
CET I Capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
City Holding Company | $ | 341,165 |  | 13.4 | % | $ | 130,725 |  | 5.125 | % | $ | 178,552 |  | 7.0 | % | $ | 165,798 |  | 6.5 | %
City National Bank | 276,365 |  | 10.9 |  | 129,938 |  | 5.125 |  | 177,476 |  | 7.0 |  | 164,799 |  | 6.5 |
Tier I Capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
City Holding Company | 357,165 |  | 14.0 |  | 168,986 |  | 6.625 |  | 216,813 |  | 8.5 |  | 204,059 |  | 8.0 |
City National Bank | 292,325 |  | 11.5 |  | 167,968 |  | 6.625 |  | 215,506 |  | 8.5 |  | 202,830 |  | 8.0 |
Total Capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
City Holding Company | 377,003 |  | 14.8 |  | 220,001 |  | 8.625 |  | 267,828 |  | 10.5 |  | 255,074 |  | 10.0 |
City National Bank | 311,651 |  | 12.3 |  | 218,676 |  | 8.625 |  | 266,214 |  | 10.5 |  | 253,537 |  | 10.0 |
Tier I Leverage Ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
City Holding Company | 357,165 |  | 9.8 |  | 146,091 |  | 4.0 |  | 146,094 |  | 4.0 |  | 182,617 |  | 5.0 |
City National Bank | 292,325 |  | 8.0 |  | 145,452 |  | 4.0 |  | 145,452 |  | 4.0 |  | 181,815 |  | 5.0 |
(*) Represents the minimum required capital levels as of January 1, 2019 when Basel III Capital Rules have been fully phased in.

December 31, 2015 | Actual | Minimum Required - Basel III Phase-In Schedule | Minimum Required - Basel III Fully Phased-In (*) | Required to be Considered Well Capitalized
Capital Amount | Ratio | Capital Amount | Ratio | Capital Amount | Ratio | Capital Amount | Ratio
CET I Capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
City Holding Company | $ | 345,620 |  | 13.7 | % | $ | 113,919 |  | 4.5 | % | $ | 177,207 |  | 7.0 | % | $ | 164,549 |  | 6.5 | %
City National Bank | 264,812 |  | 10.5 |  | 113,209 |  | 4.5 |  | 176,103 |  | 7.0 |  | 163,524 |  | 6.5 |
Tier I Capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
City Holding Company | 361,620 |  | 14.3 |  | 151,891 |  | 6.0 |  | 215,180 |  | 8.5 |  | 202,522 |  | 8.0 |
City National Bank | 288,752 |  | 11.5 |  | 150,945 |  | 6.0 |  | 213,839 |  | 8.5 |  | 201,260 |  | 8.0 |
Total Capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
City Holding Company | 382,180 |  | 15.1 |  | 202,522 |  | 8.0 |  | 265,810 |  | 10.5 |  | 253,152 |  | 10.0 |
City National Bank | 308,804 |  | 12.3 |  | 201,260 |  | 8.0 |  | 264,154 |  | 10.5 |  | 251,575 |  | 10.0 |
Tier I Leverage Ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
City Holding Company | 361,620 |  | 10.2 |  | 142,521 |  | 4.0 |  | 142,521 |  | 4.0 |  | 178,151 |  | 5.0 |
City National Bank | 288,752 |  | 8.1 |  | 141,874 |  | 4.0 |  | 141,874 |  | 4.0 |  | 177,343 |  | 5.0 |
(*) Represents the minimum required capital levels as of January 1, 2019 when Basel III Capital Rules have been fully phased in.

As of March 31, 2016, management believes that City Holding Company, and its banking subsidiary, City National, were “well capitalized.” City Holding is subject to regulatory capital requirements administered by the Federal Reserve, while City National is subject to regulatory capital requirements administered by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”) and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”). Regulatory agencies can initiate certain mandatory actions if either City Holding or City National fails to meet the minimum capital requirements, as shown above. As of March 31, 2016, management believes that City Holding and City National meet all capital adequacy requirements.
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Item 3 - | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

The information called for by this item is provided under the caption “Risk Management” under Item 2—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Item 4 - | Controls and Procedures

Pursuant to Rule 13a-15(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Company carried out an evaluation, with the participation of the Company’s management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined under Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective in timely alerting them to material information relating to the Company required to be included in the Company’s periodic SEC filings. There has been no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended March 31, 2016 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Part II - | OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. | Legal Proceedings

The Company is engaged in various legal actions that it deems to be in the ordinary course of business. As these legal actions are resolved, the Company could realize positive and/or negative impact to its financial performance in the period in which these legal actions are ultimately decided. There can be no assurance that current actions will have immaterial results, either positive or negative, or that no material actions may be presented in the future.

Item 1A. | Risk Factors

There have been no material changes to the factors disclosed in Item 1A. Risk Factors in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

On September 24, 2014, the Company announced that the Board of Directors authorized the Company to buy back up to 1,000,000 shares of its common shares (approximately 7% of the outstanding shares at that time) in open market transactions at prices that are accretive to the earnings per share of continuing shareholders. No time limit was placed on the duration of the share repurchase program. The following table sets forth information regarding the Company's common stock repurchases transacted during the quarter ended March 31, 2016:

|  |  | Total Number | Maximum Number
|  |  | of Shares Purchased | of Shares that May
|  |  | as Part of Publicly | Yet Be Purchased
| Total Number of | Average Price | Announced Plans | Under the Plans
Period | Shares Purchased | Paid per Share | or Programs | or Programs
January 1 - January 31, 2016 | 179,132 |  | $ | 42.95 |  | 179,132 |  | 454,248 |
February 1 - February 29, 2016 | 30,000 |  | $ | 43.58 |  | 30,000 |  | 424,248 |
March 1 - March 31, 2016 | 20,000 |  | $ | 46.19 |  | 20,000 |  | 404,248 |

Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures

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None.

Item 5. | Other Information

None.
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Item 6. | Exhibits

The exhibits required to be filed or furnished with this Form 10-Q are attached hereto or incorporated herein by reference. For a list of such exhibits, see "Exhibit Index."
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| City Holding Company |
| (Registrant)
| /s/ Charles R. Hageboeck |
| Charles R. Hageboeck
| President and Chief Executive Officer
| (Principal Executive Officer)
| /s/ David L. Bumgarner |
| David L. Bumgarner
| Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer
| (Principal Financial Officer)

Date: May 5, 2016
Exhibit Index
The following exhibits are filed herewith or are incorporated herein by reference.

|  | 2(a) | Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated November 14, 2011, by and among Virginia Savings Bancorp, Inc., Virginia Savings Bank, F.S.B., City Holding Company and City National Bank of West Virginia (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company’s Form 8-K dated November 14, 2011, and filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 14, 2011).
|  | 2(b) | Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated August 2, 2012, by and among Community Financial Corporation, Community Bank, City Holding Company and City National Bank of West Virginia (attached to, and incorporated by reference from City Holding Company’s Form 8-K dated August 7, 2012, and filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 7, 2012).
|  | 3(a) | Articles of Incorporation of City Holding Company (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, Amendment No. 1 to City Holding Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-4, Registration No. 2-86250, filed November 4, 1983 with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
|  | 3(b) | Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of City Holding Company, dated March 6, 1984 (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company's Form 8-K Report dated March 7, 1984, and filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 22, 1984).
|  | 3(c) | Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of City Holding Company, dated March 4, 1986 (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company's Form 10-K Annual Report for the year ended December 31, 1986, filed March 31, 1987 with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
|  | 3(d) | Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of City Holding Company, dated September 29, 1987 (attached to and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company's Registration Statement on Form S-4, Registration No. 33-23295, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 3, 1988).

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|  | 3(e) | Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of City Holding Company, dated May 6, 1991 (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company's Form 10-K Annual Report for the year ended December 31, 1991, filed March 17, 1992 with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
|  | 3(f) | Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of City Holding Company, dated May 7, 1991 (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company's Form 10-K Annual Report for the year ended December 31, 1991, filed March 17, 1992 with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
|  | 3(g) | Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of City Holding Company, dated August 1, 1994 (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company's Form 10-Q Quarterly Report for the quarter ended September 30, 1994, filed November 14, 1994 with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
|  | 3(h) | Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of City Holding Company, dated December 9, 1998 (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company’s Form 10-K Annual Report for the year ended December 31, 1998, filed March 31, 1999 with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
|  | 3(i) | Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of City Holding Company, dated June 13, 2001 (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A, filed June 22, 2001 with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
|  | 3(j) | Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of City Holding Company, dated May 10, 2006 (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company’s Form 10-Q, Quarterly Report for the quarter ended June 30, 2006, filed August 9, 2006 with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
|  | 3(k) | Amended and Restated Bylaws of City Holding Company, revised February 28, 2007 (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 1, 2007 with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
|  | 3(l) | Amended and Restated Bylaws of City Holding Company, revised February 24, 2010 (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 1, 2010 with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
|  | 4(b) | Amendment No. 1 to the Rights Agreement dated as of November 30, 2005 (attached to, and incorporated by reference from City Holding Company’s Amendment No. 1 on Form 8-A, filed December 21, 2005, with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
|  | 31(a) | Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for Charles R. Hageboeck
|  | 31(b) | Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for David L. Bumgarner
|  | 32(a) | Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for Charles R. Hageboeck
|  | 32(b) | Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for David L. Bumgarner
|  | 101.INS | XBRL Instance Document*
|  | 101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema*
|  | 101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase*
|  | 101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase*
|  | 101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase*
|  | 101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase*
* | Pursuant to Rule 406T of Regulation S-T, these interactive data files are deemed not filed or part of a registration statement or prospectus for purposes of Sections 11 or 12 of the Securities Act of 1933 or Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and otherwise are not subject to liability.

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