10-Q 1 chco03-31x201910q.htm 10-Q
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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)
[X] QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For The Quarterly Period Ended March 31, 2019
OR
[ ] TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For The Transition Period From ____________To_____________.
Commission File Number 0-11733
CITY HOLDING COMPANY
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

West Virginia | 55-0619957
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
25 Gatewater Road |
Charleston, West Virginia | 25313
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

(304) 769-1100
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has (1) filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes | [X] | No | [ ] |

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes | [X] | No | [ ] |

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer [X] |  | Accelerated filer [ ] |
Non-accelerated filer [ ] |  | Smaller reporting company [ ] |
|  | Emerging growth company [ ] |

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. [ ]
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes | [ ] | No | [X] |

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practical date.
Common stock, $2.50 Par Value – 16,481,213 shares as of May 2, 2019.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains certain forward-looking statements that are included pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements express only management's beliefs regarding future results or events and are subject to inherent uncertainty, risks, and changes in circumstances, many of which are outside of management's control. Uncertainty, risks, changes in circumstances and other factors could cause the Company's actual results to differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ from those discussed in such forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to those set forth in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 under “ITEM 1A Risk Factors” and the following: (1) general economic conditions, especially in the communities and markets in which we conduct our business; (2) credit risk, including risk that negative credit quality trends may lead to a deterioration of asset quality, risk that our allowance for loan losses may not be sufficient to absorb actual losses in our loan portfolio, and risk from concentrations in our loan portfolio; (3) changes in the real estate market, including the value of collateral securing portions of our loan portfolio; (4) changes in the interest rate environment; (5) operational risk, including cybersecurity risk and risk of fraud, data processing system failures, and network breaches; (6) changes in technology and increased competition, including competition from non-bank financial institutions; (7) changes in consumer preferences, spending and borrowing habits, demand for our products and services, and customers' performance and creditworthiness; (8) difficulty growing loan and deposit balances; (9) our ability to effectively execute our business plan, including with respect to future acquisitions; (10) changes in regulations, laws, taxes, government policies, monetary policies and accounting policies affecting bank holding companies and their subsidiaries; (11) deterioration in the financial condition of the U.S. banking system may impact the valuations of investments the Company has made in the securities of other financial institutions; (12) regulatory enforcement actions and adverse legal actions; (13) difficulty attracting and retaining key employees; (14) the expected cost savings and any revenue synergies from the merger of City Holding Company, City National Bank of West Virginia, Poage Bankshares, Inc., Town Square Bank, Farmers Deposit Bancorp, Inc. and Farmers Deposit Bank may not be fully realized within the expected time frames; (15) the disruption from the merger of City Holding Company, City National Bank of West Virginia, Poage Bankshares, Inc., Town Square Bank, Farmers Deposit Bancorp, Inc. and Farmers Deposit Bank may make it more difficult to maintain relationships with clients, associates, or suppliers; and (16) other economic, competitive, technological, operational, governmental, regulatory, and market factors affecting our operations. Forward-looking statements made herein reflect management's expectations as of the date such statements are made. Such information is provided to assist stockholders and potential investors in understanding current and anticipated financial operations of the Company and is included pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The Company undertakes no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances that arise after the date such statements are made.

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Index
City Holding Company and Subsidiaries

PART I | Financial Information | Pages
Item 1. | Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 1
| Consolidated Balance Sheets | 2
| Consolidated Statements of Income | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | 5
| Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity | 6
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 7
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 8
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 38
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 53
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 53
PART II | Other Information |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 54
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 54
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 54
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 54
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 54
Item 5. | Other Information | 54
Item 6. | Exhibits | 55
Signatures |  | 56

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Part I - | FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1 - | Financial Statements

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Consolidated Balance Sheets
City Holding Company and Subsidiaries
(in thousands)

| (Unaudited) |  |
| March 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Assets |  |
Cash and due from banks | $ | 50,522 |  |  | $ | 55,016 |
Interest-bearing deposits in depository institutions | 93,328 |  |  | 67,975 |
Cash and Cash Equivalents | 143,850 |  |  | 122,991 |
Investment securities available for sale, at fair value | 755,081 |  |  | 723,254 |
Investment securities held-to-maturity, at amortized cost (approximate fair value at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 - $56,085 and $60,706, respectively) | 55,326 |  |  | 60,827 |
Other securities | 26,182 |  |  | 28,810 |
Total Investment Securities | 836,589 |  |  | 812,891 |
Gross loans | 3,559,322 |  |  | 3,587,608 |
Allowance for loan losses | (14,646 | ) |  | (15,966 | )
Net Loans | 3,544,676 |  |  | 3,571,642 |
Bank owned life insurance | 114,256 |  |  | 113,544 |
Premises and equipment, net | 78,747 |  |  | 78,383 |
Accrued interest receivable | 13,657 |  |  | 12,424 |
Net deferred tax asset | 12,734 |  |  | 17,338 |
Goodwill and other intangible assets, net | 121,790 |  |  | 122,848 |
Other assets | 51,309 |  |  | 46,951 |
Total Assets | $ | 4,917,608 |  |  | $ | 4,899,012 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing | $ | 793,633 |  |  | $ | 789,119 |
Interest-bearing: |  |  |  |  |
Demand deposits | 879,279 |  |  | 899,568 |
Savings deposits | 988,182 |  |  | 934,218 |
Time deposits | 1,381,913 |  |  | 1,352,654 |
Total Deposits | 4,043,007 |  |  | 3,975,559 |
Short-term borrowings: |  |  |
Federal funds purchased | — |  |  | 40,000 |
Customer repurchase agreements | 194,683 |  |  | 221,911 |
Long-term debt | 4,053 |  |  | 4,053 |
Other liabilities | 56,624 |  |  | 56,725 |
Total Liabilities | 4,298,367 |  |  | 4,298,248 |
Shareholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, par value $25 per share: 500,000 shares authorized; none issued | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, par value $2.50 per share: 50,000,000 shares authorized; 19,047,548 shares issued at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, less 2,563,553 and 2,492,403 shares in treasury, respectively | 47,619 |  |  | 47,619 |
Capital surplus | 170,215 |  |  | 169,555 |
Retained earnings | 498,847 |  |  | 485,967 |
Cost of common stock in treasury | (91,589 | ) |  | (87,895 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gain (loss) on securities available-for-sale | 20 |  |  | (8,611 | )
Underfunded pension liability | (5,871 | ) |  | (5,871 | )
Total Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | (5,851 | ) |  | (14,482 | )
Total Shareholders’ Equity | 619,241 |  |  | 600,764 |
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity | $ | 4,917,608 |  |  | $ | 4,899,012 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited)
City Holding Company and Subsidiaries
(in thousands, except earnings per share data)

Interest Income | Three months ended March 31,
2019 | 2018
Interest and fees on loans | $ | 42,279 |  | $ | 32,918 |
Interest and dividends on investment securities: |  |
Taxable | 5,689 |  | 3,981 |
Tax-exempt | 779 |  | 703 |
Interest on deposits in depository institutions | 186 |  | 42 |
Total Interest Income | 48,933 |  | 37,644 |
Interest Expense |  |
Interest on deposits | 7,767 |  | 4,326 |
Interest on short-term borrowings | 1,052 |  | 460 |
Interest on long-term debt | 48 |  | 211 |
Total Interest Expense | 8,867 |  | 4,997 |
Net Interest Income | 40,066 |  | 32,647 |
(Recovery of) provision for loan losses | (849 | ) | 181 |
Net Interest Income After (Recovery of) Provision for Loan Losses | 40,915 |  | 32,466 |
Non-Interest Income |  |
Gains on sale of investment securities, net | 88 |  | — |
Unrealized gains recognized on securities still held | 75 |  | 280 |
Service charges | 7,321 |  | 6,862 |
Bankcard revenue | 4,969 |  | 4,334 |
Trust and investment management fee income | 1,642 |  | 1,568 |
Bank owned life insurance | 1,016 |  | 821 |
Other income | 814 |  | 627 |
Total Non-Interest Income | 15,925 |  | 14,492 |
Non-Interest Expense |  |
Salaries and employee benefits | 15,243 |  | 13,241 |
Occupancy related expense | 2,732 |  | 2,404 |
Equipment and software related expense | 2,191 |  | 1,831 |
FDIC insurance expense | 291 |  | 315 |
Advertising | 869 |  | 787 |
Bankcard expenses | 1,182 |  | 1,076 |
Postage, delivery, and statement mailings | 624 |  | 578 |
Office supplies | 386 |  | 313 |
Legal and professional fees | 521 |  | 450 |
Telecommunications | 726 |  | 500 |
Repossessed asset losses, net of expenses | 216 |  | 370 |
Merger related costs | 250 |  | — |
Other expenses | 4,180 |  | 3,072 |
Total Non-Interest Expense | 29,411 |  | 24,937 |
Income Before Income Taxes | 27,429 |  | 22,021 |
Income tax expense | 5,810 |  | 4,405 |
Net Income Available to Common Shareholders | $ | 21,619 |  | $ | 17,616 |

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Total Comprehensive Income | $ | 30,250 |  | $ | 9,398 |
Average shares outstanding, basic | 16,411 |  | 15,414 |
Effect of dilutive securities | 18 |  | 22 |
Average shares outstanding, diluted | 16,429 |  | 15,436 |
Basic earnings per common share | $ | 1.31 |  | $ | 1.13 |
Diluted earnings per common share | $ | 1.30 |  | $ | 1.13 |
Dividends declared per common share | $ | 0.53 |  | $ | 0.46 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)
City Holding Company and Subsidiaries
(in thousands)

| Three Months Ended
| March 31,
| 2019 | 2018
Net income available to common shareholders | $ | 21,619 |  | $ | 17,616 |
Available-for-Sale Securities |  |
Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities arising during the period | 11,362 |  | (10,712 | )
Reclassification adjustment for gains | (88 | ) | — |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before income taxes | 11,274 |  | (10,712 | )
Tax effect | (2,643 | ) | 2,494 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | 8,631 |  | (8,218 | )
Comprehensive Income, Net of Tax | $ | 30,250 |  | $ | 9,398 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity (Unaudited)
City Holding Company and Subsidiaries
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 and 2018
(in thousands)

| Common Stock | Capital Surplus | Retained Earnings | Treasury Stock | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Total Shareholders’ Equity
Balance at December 31, 2017 | $ | 47,619 |  | $ | 140,960 |  | $ | 444,481 |  | $ | (124,909 | ) | $ | (5,644 | ) | $ | 502,507 |
Net income | — |  | — |  | 17,616 |  | — |  | — |  | 17,616 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (8,218 | ) | (8,218 | )
Adoption of ASU No. 2016-01 | — |  | — |  | 2,657 |  | — |  | (2,657 | ) | — |
Cash dividends declared ($0.46 per share) | — |  | — |  | (7,104 | ) | — |  | — |  | (7,104 | )
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  | 793 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 793 |
Restricted awards granted | — |  | (1,135 | ) | — |  | 1,135 |  | — |  | — |
Exercise of 7,388 stock options | — |  | (71 | ) | — |  | 351 |  | — |  | 280 |
Purchase of 204,327 treasury shares | — |  | — |  | — |  | (13,997 | ) | — |  | (13,997 | )
Balance at March 31, 2018 | $ | 47,619 |  | $ | 140,547 |  | $ | 457,650 |  | $ | (137,420 | ) | $ | (16,519 | ) | $ | 491,877 |

| Common Stock | Capital Surplus | Retained Earnings | Treasury Stock | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Total Shareholders’ Equity
Balance at December 31, 2018 | $ | 47,619 |  | $ | 169,555 |  | $ | 485,967 |  | $ | (87,895 | ) | $ | (14,482 | ) | $ | 600,764 |
Net income | — |  | — |  | 21,619 |  | — |  | — |  | 21,619 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 8,631 |  | 8,631 |
Cash dividends declared ($0.53 per share) | — |  | — |  | (8,739 | ) | — |  | — |  | (8,739 | )
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  | 803 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 803 |
Restricted awards granted | — |  | (224 | ) | — |  | 224 |  | — |  | — |
Exercise of 5,638 stock options | — |  | 81 |  | — |  | 171 |  | — |  | 252 |
Purchase of 54,740 treasury shares | — |  | — |  | — |  | (4,089 | ) | — |  | (4,089 | )
Balance at March 31, 2019 | $ | 47,619 |  | $ | 170,215 |  | $ | 498,847 |  | $ | (91,589 | ) | $ | (5,851 | ) | $ | 619,241 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)
City Holding Company and Subsidiaries
(in thousands)

| Three months ended March 31,
2019 |  | 2018
Net income | $ | 21,619 |  |  | $ | 17,616 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Accretion and amortization | 455 |  |  | 410 |
(Recovery of) provision for loan losses | (849 | ) |  | 181 |
Depreciation of premises and equipment | 1,209 |  |  | 1,270 |
Deferred income tax expense | 1,922 |  |  | 287 |
Net periodic employee benefit cost | 193 |  |  | 111 |
Unrealized and realized investment securities gains, net | (163 | ) |  | (280 | )
Stock-compensation expense | 803 |  |  | 793 |
Excess tax benefit from stock-compensation expense | (77 | ) |  | (155 | )
Proceeds from life insurance | 304 |  |  | 210 |
Increase in value of bank-owned life insurance | (1,016 | ) |  | (612 | )
Loans originated for sale | (4,325 | ) |  | (2,606 | )
Proceeds from the sale of loans originated for sale | 5,939 |  |  | 2,874 |
Gain on sale of loans | (165 | ) |  | (79 | )
Change in accrued interest receivable | (1,233 | ) |  | (305 | )
Change in other assets | (4,193 | ) |  | (11,128 | )
Change in other liabilities | (57 | ) |  | 3,504 |
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities | 20,366 |  |  | 12,091 |
Net decrease (increase) in loans | 26,920 |  |  | (10,827 | )
Securities available-for-sale |  |  |
Purchases | (61,432 | ) |  | (30,330 | )
Proceeds from sales | 25,062 |  |  | — |
Proceeds from maturities and calls | 15,432 |  |  | 13,553 |
Securities held-to-maturity |  |  |
Proceeds from maturities and calls | 5,484 |  |  | 2,142 |
Other investments |  |  |
Purchases | (9,006 | ) |  | (5,391 | )
Proceeds from sales | 11,715 |  |  | 7,957 |
Purchases of premises and equipment | (1,576 | ) |  | (1,561 | )
Disposals of premises and equipment | 30 |  |  | 55 |
Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Investing Activities | 12,629 |  |  | (24,402 | )
Net increase in non-interest-bearing deposits | 4,514 |  |  | 36,570 |
Net increase in interest-bearing deposits | 63,190 |  |  | 94,758 |
Net decrease in short-term borrowings | (67,228 | ) |  | (56,844 | )
Purchases of treasury stock | (4,089 | ) |  | (13,997 | )
Proceeds from exercise of stock options | 252 |  |  | 280 |
Dividends paid | (8,775 | ) |  | (7,186 | )
Net Cash (Used in) Provided by Financing Activities | (12,136 | ) |  | 53,581 |
Increase in Cash and Cash Equivalents | 20,859 |  |  | 41,270 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 122,991 |  |  | 82,508 |
Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of Period | $ | 143,850 |  |  | $ | 123,778 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
March 31, 2019
Note A –Background and Basis of Presentation
City Holding Company ("City Holding"), a West Virginia corporation headquartered in Charleston, West Virginia, is a registered financial holding company under the Bank Holding Company Act and conducts its principal activities through its wholly-owned subsidiary, City National Bank of West Virginia ("City National"). City National is a retail and consumer-oriented community bank with 97 banking offices in West Virginia (58), Kentucky (21), Virginia (14) and southeastern Ohio (4). City National provides credit, deposit, and trust and investment management services to its customers in a broad geographical area that includes many rural and small community markets in addition to larger cities including Charleston (WV), Huntington (WV), Martinsburg (WV), Ashland (KY), Lexington (KY), Winchester (VA) and Staunton (VA). In addition to its branch network, City National's delivery channels include automated-teller-machines ("ATMs"), interactive-teller machines ("ITMs"), mobile banking, debit cards, interactive voice response systems, and Internet technology. The Company’s business activities are currently limited to one reportable business segment, which is community banking.
On January 30, 2019, the Company announced that it had signed a definitive agreement to sell its Virginia Beach, Virginia branch. The terms of the agreement provide for the acquirer to assume the majority of deposits and to acquire the equipment and other select assets associated with the branch, while the Company retains the loans. The transaction is subject to state and federal bank regulatory approvals and other customary closing conditions and is expected to close during the second quarter of 2019.
The accompanying consolidated financial statements, which are unaudited, include all of the accounts of City Holding Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries (collectively, the "Company"). All material intercompany transactions have been eliminated. The consolidated financial statements include all adjustments that, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair presentation of the results of operations and financial condition for each of the periods presented. Such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2019 are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that can be expected for the year ending December 31, 2019. The Company’s accounting and reporting policies conform with generally accepted accounting principles for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Such policies require management to make estimates and develop assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and related footnotes. Actual results could differ from management’s estimates.
The consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2018 has been derived from audited financial statements included in the Company’s 2018 Annual Report to Shareholders. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles have been omitted. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto included in the 2018 Annual Report of the Company.
Certain amounts in the financial statements have been reclassified. Such reclassifications had no impact on shareholders’ equity or net income for any period.
Note B – Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Recently Adopted:
Leases
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842).” This standard requires organizations to recognize right-to-use ("ROU") assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclose key information about leasing requirements for leases that were historically classified as operating leases under previous generally accepted accounting principles. Leases will be classified as financing or operating, with classification affecting the pattern and classification of expense recognition in the income statement. Topic 842 was subsequently amended by ASU No. 2018-01 "Land Easement Practical Expedient for Transition to Topic 842," ASU No. 2018-10, "Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases," ASU No. 2018-11 "Targeted Improvements," ASU No. 2018-20 "Narrow-Scope Improvements for Lessors," and ASU No. 2019-01 "Codification Improvements." The Company adopted the new standard on January 1, 2019 and has chosen to use that date as the effective date of initial application. Consequently, financial information will not be updated and the disclosures required under the new standard will not be provided for dates and periods before January 1, 2019. The new standard provides a number of optional practical expedients in transition. The Company has elected the "package of practical expedients," which permits it to not reassess under the new standard its prior conclusions about lease identification, lease classification and initial direct costs. As part of the adoption
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of this standard, the Company recognized lease liabilities, with corresponding ROU assets of approximately the same amount based on the present value of the remaining minimum rental payments under current leasing standards for existing operating leases. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
Others
In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-08, "Receivables—Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310-20): Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities." The amendments in this update shorten the amortization period for certain callable debt securities held at a premium and require the premium to be amortized to the earliest call date. This ASU became effective for the Company on January 1, 2019. The adoption of ASU No. 2017-08 did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.
In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-12, "Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities." This amendment expands and refines hedge accounting for both nonfinancial and financial risk components and aligns the recognition and presentation of the effects of the hedging instrument and the hedged item in the financial statements. This ASU became effective for the Company on January 1, 2019. The adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements. In April 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-04, "Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments." This amendment clarifies the guidance in ASU No. 2017-12. This ASU will become effective for the Company on January 1, 2020. The adoption of ASU No. 2019-04 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.
In October 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-16, "Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Inclusion of the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) Overnight Index Swap (OIS) Rate as a Benchmark Interest Rate for Hedge Accounting Purposes." This amendment permits the use of the OIS rate based on SOFR as a U.S. benchmark interest rate for hedge accounting purposes under Topic 815 in addition to the UST, the LIBOR swap rate, the OIS rate based on the Federal Funds Effective Rate, and the SIFMA Municipal Swap Rate. This ASU became effective for the Company on January 1, 2019. The adoption of ASU No. 2017-12 did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.
Pending Adoption:
CECL
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, "Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments." This standard replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology in current GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. The amendments in this update require a financial asset (or a group of financial assets) measured at amortized cost basis to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. The new current expected credit losses model ("CECL") will apply to the allowance for loan losses, available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities, purchased financial assets with credit deterioration and certain off-balance sheet credit exposures. In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-19, "Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses." This amendment clarifies the scope of the guidance in ASU No. 2016-13. In April 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-04, "Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments." This amendment clarifies the guidance in ASU No. 2016-13. These ASUs will become effective for the Company for interim and annual periods on January 1, 2020. Management is currently working through its implementation plan, including implementing a third-party vendor solution program. The adoption of these ASUs could result in a material increase to the allowance for loan losses. While we are currently unable to reasonably estimate the impact of adopting these ASUs, management expects that the impact of adoption will be significantly influenced by the loan portfolio's composition and quality, as well as the prevailing economic conditions and forecasts as of the adoption date.
Others
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, "Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment." This amendment simplifies the measurement of goodwill by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. This ASU will become effective for the Company on January 1, 2020. The adoption of ASU No. 2017-04 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, "Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement." This amendment removes, modifies, and clarifies the
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disclosure requirements on fair value measurements in Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement. This ASU will become effective for the Company on January 1, 2020. The adoption of ASU No. 2018-13 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-14, "Compensation—Retirement Benefits—Defined Benefit Plans—General (Subtopic 715-20): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans." This amendment removes, modifies, and clarifies certain disclosure requirements for defined benefit plans and other post-employment benefit plans. This ASU will become effective for the Company on January 1, 2021. The adoption of ASU No. 2018-14 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.
In October 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-17, "Consolidation (Topic 810): Targeted Improvements to Related Party Guidance for Variable Interest Entities." This amendment simplifies the analysis of fees paid to decision makers or service providers in determining variable interest entities. This ASU will become effective for the Company on January 1, 2020. The adoption of ASU No. 2018-17 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.
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Note C –Acquisitions and Preliminary Purchase Price Allocation
On December 7, 2018, the Company acquired 100% of the outstanding common stock of Poage Bankshares, Inc., the parent company of Town Square Bank (collectively, "Poage"). The acquisition of Poage was structured as a stock transaction in which the Company issued approximately 1.1 million shares, valued at approximately $82.6 million, or $24.22 per share of Poage common stock.
On December 7, 2018, the Company also acquired 100% of the outstanding common stock of Farmers Deposit Bancorp, Inc., the parent company of Farmers Deposit Bank (collectively, "Farmers Deposit"). The acquisition of Farmers Deposit was structured as a cash transaction valued at $24.9 million, or $1,174.14 per share of Farmers Deposit common stock.
The Company accounted for both acquisitions using the acquisition method pursuant to "Topic 805 Business Combinations" of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification. The acquisition method requires the acquirer to recognize the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at their fair values as of the acquisition date. The following table summarizes the estimated fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the date of acquisition (in thousands):

| Farmers |  |
| Deposit | Poage | Total
Consideration | $ | 24,900 |  | $ | 83,936 |  | $ | 108,836 |
Identifiable assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | 4,173 |  | 34,325 |  | 38,498 |
Investment securities | 46,235 |  | 72,321 |  | 118,556 |
Loans | 58,516 |  | 304,359 |  | 362,875 |
Bank owned life insurance | — |  | 7,439 |  | 7,439 |
Premises and equipment | 768 |  | 4,547 |  | 5,315 |
Deferred tax assets, net | (188 | ) | 2,379 |  | 2,191 |
Other assets | 2,302 |  | 8,799 |  | 11,101 |
Total identifiable assets | 111,806 |  | 434,169 |  | 545,975 |
Identifiable liabilities: |  |  |
Deposits | 92,241 |  | 379,285 |  | 471,526 |
Short-term borrowings | 2,025 |  | — |  | 2,025 |
Long-term debt | — |  | 4,053 |  | 4,053 |
Other liabilities | 651 |  | 3,054 |  | 3,705 |
Total identifiable liabilities | 94,917 |  | 386,392 |  | 481,309 |
Net identifiable assets | 16,889 |  | 47,777 |  | 64,666 |
Goodwill | 4,677 |  | 28,105 |  | 32,782 |
Core deposit intangible | 3,334 |  | 8,054 |  | 11,388 |
| $ | 24,900 |  | $ | 83,936 |  | $ | 108,836 |

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Acquired Loans
The following table presents information regarding the purchased credit-impaired and noncredit-impaired loans acquired in conjunction with both acquisitions (in thousands):

| At | As of
Acquired Credit-Impaired | Acquisition | March 31, 2019
Contractually required principal and interest | $ | 25,315 |  | $ | 20,528 |
Contractual cash flows not expected to be collected (non-accretable difference) | (13,593 | ) | (10,115 | )
Expected cash flows | 11,722 |  | 10,413 |
Interest component of expected cash flows (accretable difference) | (2,375 | ) | (2,349 | )
Carrying value of purchased credit-impaired loans acquired | $ | 9,347 |  | $ | 8,064 |
Acquired Noncredit-Impaired |  |
Outstanding balance | $ | 354,374 |  | $ | 344,780 |
Less: fair value adjustment | (846 | ) | (653 | )
Carrying value of acquired noncredit-impaired loans | $ | 353,528 |  | $ | 344,127 |

Acquired Deposits
The fair values of non-time deposits approximated their carrying value at the acquisition date. For time deposits, the fair values were estimated based on discounted cash flows, using interest rates that are currently being offered compared to the contractual interest rates. Based on this analysis, management recorded a premium on time deposits acquired of $0.1 million and $1.7 million for the Farmers Deposit and Poage acquisitions, respectively, each of which is being amortized over 5 years.
Core Deposit Intangible
The Company believes that the customer relationships with the deposits acquired have an intangible value. In connection with the acquisitions, the Company recorded a core deposit intangible asset of $3.3 million and $8.1 million for Farmers Deposit and Poage, respectively. Each of the core deposit intangible assets represent the value that the acquiree had with their deposit customers. The fair value was estimated based on a discounted cash flow methodology that considered the type of deposit, deposit retention and the cost of the deposit base. The core deposit intangibles are being amortized over 10 years.
Goodwill
Under GAAP, management has up to twelve months following the date of the acquisition to finalize the fair value of acquired assets and liabilities. The measurement period ends as soon as the Company receives information it was seeking about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date or learns that more information is not obtainable. Any subsequent adjustments to the fair value of the acquired assets and liabilities, intangible assets or other purchase accounting adjustments will result in adjustments to the goodwill recorded. Among the items that are still preliminary at March 31, 2019, is the finalization of the final tax returns for both entities, which management anticipates completing during 2019. Given the form of the respective transactions, the $4.7 million goodwill preliminarily recorded in conjunction with the Farmers Deposit acquisition is expected to be deductible for tax purposes, while the $28.1 million goodwill preliminarily recorded in conjunction with the Poage acquisition is not expected to be deductible for tax purposes. The following table summarizes adjustments to goodwill subsequent to December 31, 2018 (in thousands):

| Goodwill
Balance at December 31, 2018 | $ | 109,567 |
Adjustment to goodwill acquired in conjunction with the acquisition of Poage | (529 | )
Adjustment to goodwill acquired in conjunction with the acquisition of Farmers Deposit | (61 | )
Balance at March 31, 2019 | $ | 108,977 |

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Note D –Investments
The aggregate carrying and approximate market values of investment securities follow (in thousands). Fair values are based on quoted market prices, where available. If quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on quoted market prices of comparable financial instruments.

| March 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018
Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses | Estimated Fair Value | Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses | Estimated Fair Value
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasuries and U.S. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
government agencies | $ | 2,277 |  | $ | 23 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,300 |  | $ | 5,713 |  | $ | 20 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 5,733 |
Obligations of states and |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
political subdivisions | 123,293 |  | 2,632 |  | 285 |  | 125,640 |  | 128,089 |  | 1,033 |  | 1,052 |  | 128,070 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agencies | 590,773 |  | 4,871 |  | 6,946 |  | 588,698 |  | 561,799 |  | 1,950 |  | 12,991 |  | 550,758 |
Private label | 11,787 |  | 328 |  | — |  | 12,115 |  | 11,948 |  | 95 |  | — |  | 12,043 |
Trust preferred securities | 4,776 |  | 31 |  | 569 |  | 4,238 |  | 4,774 |  | 25 |  | — |  | 4,799 |
Corporate securities | 16,787 |  | 93 |  | 1 |  | 16,879 |  | 16,795 |  | 30 |  | 167 |  | 16,658 |
Total Debt Securities | 749,693 |  | 7,978 |  | 7,801 |  | 749,870 |  | 729,118 |  | 3,153 |  | 14,210 |  | 718,061 |
Certificates of deposit held for investment | 3,735 |  | — |  | — |  | 3,735 |  | 3,735 |  | — |  | — |  | 3,735 |
Investment funds | 1,526 |  | — |  | 50 |  | 1,476 |  | 1,525 |  | — |  | 67 |  | 1,458 |
Total Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-Sale | $ | 754,954 |  | $ | 7,978 |  | $ | 7,851 |  | $ | 755,081 |  | $ | 734,378 |  | $ | 3,153 |  | $ | 14,277 |  | $ | 723,254 |

Securities held-to-maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agencies | $ | 55,326 |  | $ | 858 |  | $ | 99 |  | $ | 56,085 |  | $ | 56,827 |  | $ | 173 |  | $ | 294 |  | $ | 56,706 |
Trust preferred securities | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 4,000 |  | — |  | — |  | 4,000 |
Total Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Held-to-Maturity | $ | 55,326 |  | $ | 858 |  | $ | 99 |  | $ | 56,085 |  | $ | 60,827 |  | $ | 173 |  | $ | 294 |  | $ | 60,706 |

The Company's other investment securities include marketable and non-marketable equity securities. At March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company held $10.4 million and $10.3 million, respectively, in marketable equity securities. Marketable equity securities consist of investments made by the Company in equity positions of various community banks. Included within this portfolio are ownership positions in the following community bank holding companies: First National Corporation (FXNC) (4%) and Eagle Financial Services, Inc. (EFSI) (1.5%). The Company's non-marketable securities consist of securities with limited marketability, such as stock in the Federal Reserve Bank ("FRB") or the Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB"). At March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company held $15.8 million and $18.5 million, respectively, in non-marketable equity securities. These securities are carried at cost due to the restrictions placed on their transferability.
The Company's mortgage-backed U.S. government agency securities consist of both residential and commercial securities, all of which are guaranteed by Fannie Mae ("FNMA"), Freddie Mac ("FHLMC"), or Ginnie Mae (GNMA"). At March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 there were no securities of any non-governmental issuer whose aggregate carrying value or estimated fair value exceeded 10% of shareholders' equity. The Company's certificates of deposit consist of domestically issued certificates of deposits in denominations of less than the FDIC insurance limit of $250,000.
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Certain investment securities owned by the Company were in an unrealized loss position (i.e., amortized cost basis exceeded the estimated fair value of the securities) as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. The following table shows the gross unrealized losses and fair value of the Company’s investments aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position (in thousands):

| March 31, 2019
Less Than Twelve Months | Twelve Months or Greater | Total
Estimated Fair Value | Unrealized Loss | Estimated Fair Value | Unrealized Loss | Estimated Fair Value | Unrealized Loss
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | $ | 832 |  | $ | 3 |  | $ | 20,922 |  | $ | 282 |  | $ | 21,754 |  | $ | 285 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agencies | 5,654 |  | 2 |  | 343,082 |  | 6,944 |  | 348,736 |  | 6,946 |
Trust preferred securities | 3,972 |  | 569 |  | — |  | — |  | 3,972 |  | 569 |
Corporate securities | 1,020 |  | 1 |  | — |  | — |  | 1,020 |  | 1 |
Investment funds | 1,500 |  | 50 |  | — |  | — |  | 1,500 |  | 50 |
Total available-for-sale | $ | 12,978 |  | $ | 625 |  | $ | 364,004 |  | $ | 7,226 |  | $ | 376,982 |  | $ | 7,851 |
Securities held-to-maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agencies | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 5,896 |  | $ | 99 |  | $ | 5,896 |  | $ | 99 |
Total held-to-maturity | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 5,896 |  | $ | 99 |  | $ | 5,896 |  | $ | 99 |

| December 31, 2018
Less Than Twelve Months | Twelve Months or Greater | Total
Estimated Fair Value | Unrealized Loss | Estimated Fair Value | Unrealized Loss | Estimated Fair Value | Unrealized Loss
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | $ | 11,837 |  | $ | 272 |  | $ | 22,068 |  | $ | 780 |  | $ | 33,905 |  | $ | 1,052 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agencies | 84,975 |  | 1,593 |  | 282,560 |  | 11,398 |  | 367,535 |  | 12,991 |
Corporate securities | 12,995 |  | 167 |  | — |  | — |  | 12,995 |  | 167 |
Investment funds | 1,500 |  | 67 |  | — |  | — |  | 1,500 |  | 67 |
Total available-for-sale | $ | 111,307 |  | $ | 2,099 |  | $ | 304,628 |  | $ | 12,178 |  | $ | 415,935 |  | $ | 14,277 |
Securities held-to-maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agencies | $ | 28,274 |  | $ | 126 |  | $ | 5,960 |  | $ | 168 |  | $ | 34,234 |  | $ | 294 |
Total held-to-maturity | $ | 28,274 |  | $ | 126 |  | $ | 5,960 |  | $ | 168 |  | $ | 34,234 |  | $ | 294 |

During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company had no credit-related net investment impairment losses. At March 31, 2019, the cumulative amount of credit-related investment impairment losses that have been recognized by the Company on its equity securities that remain in the Company's investment portfolio as of that date was $1.8 million.
Declines in the fair value of held-to-maturity and available-for-sale securities below their cost that are deemed to be other-than-temporary would be reflected in earnings as realized losses. In estimating other-than-temporary impairment losses, management considers, among other things (i) the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost; (ii) the financial condition, capital strength, and near-term (within 12 months) prospects of the issuer, including any specific events which may influence the operations of the issuer such as changes in technology that may impair the earnings potential of the investment or the discontinuance of a segment of the business that may affect the future earnings potential; (iii) the historical volatility in the market value of the investment and/or the liquidity or illiquidity of the investment; (iv) adverse conditions specifically related to the security, an industry, or a geographic area; and (v) the intent to sell the investment security and if it’s more likely than not that the Company will not have to sell the security before recovery of its cost basis. In addition, management also employs a continuous monitoring process in regards to its marketable equity securities, specifically its portfolio of regional
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community bank holdings. Although the regional community bank stocks that are owned by the Company are publicly traded, the trading activity for these stocks is minimal, with trading volumes of less than 0.2% of each respective company being traded on a daily basis. As part of management’s review process for these securities, management reviews the financial condition of each respective regional community bank for any indications of financial weakness.
Management has the ability and intent to hold the securities classified as held-to-maturity until they mature, at which time the Company expects to receive full value for the securities. Furthermore, as of March 31, 2019, management does not intend to sell any impaired security and it is not more than likely that it will be required to sell any impaired security before the recovery of its amortized cost basis. The unrealized losses on debt securities are primarily the result of interest rate changes, credit spread fluctuations on agency-issued mortgage-related securities, general financial market uncertainty and unprecedented market volatility. These conditions should not prohibit the Company from receiving its contractual principal and interest payments on its debt securities. The fair value is expected to recover as the securities approach their maturity date or repricing date. As of March 31, 2019, management believes the unrealized losses detailed in the table above are temporary and no additional impairment loss has been recognized in the Company’s consolidated income statement. Should the impairment of any of these securities become other-than-temporary, the cost basis of the investment will be reduced and the resulting loss will be recognized in net income in the period the other-than-temporary impairment is identified, while any noncredit loss will be recognized in other comprehensive income.
The amortized cost and estimated fair value of debt securities at March 31, 2019, by contractual maturity, are shown in the following table (in thousands). Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because the issuers of the securities may have the right to prepay obligations without prepayment penalties. Mortgage-backed securities have been allocated to their respective maturity groupings based on their contractual maturity.

| Amortized Cost | Estimated Fair Value
Available-for-Sale Debt Securities |  |
Due in one year or less | $ | 3,238 |  | $ | 3,241 |
Due after one year through five years | 18,566 |  | 18,776 |
Due after five years through ten years | 156,128 |  | 156,585 |
Due after ten years | 571,761 |  | 571,268 |
Total | $ | 749,693 |  | $ | 749,870 |
Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities |  |  |  |
Due in one year or less | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Due after one year through five years | — |  | — |
Due after five years through ten years | 4,929 |  | 5,230 |
Due after ten years | 50,397 |  | 50,855 |
Total | $ | 55,326 |  | $ | 56,085 |

Gross gains and gross losses recognized by the Company from investment security transactions are summarized in the table below (in thousands):

| Three months ended March 31,
| 2019 | 2018
Gross unrealized gains recognized on securities still held | $ | 143 |  | $ | 283 |
Gross unrealized losses recognized on securities still held | (68 | ) | (3 | )
Net unrealized gains (losses) recognized on securities still held | $ | 75 |  | $ | 280 |
Gross realized gains on securities sold | $ | 89 |  | $ | — |
Gross realized losses on securities sold | (1 | ) | — |
Net investment security gains | $ | 88 |  | $ | — |

The carrying value of securities pledged to secure public deposits and for other purposes as required or permitted by law approximated $462 million and $510 million at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.
Note E –Loans
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The following summarizes the Company’s major classifications for loans (in thousands):

| March 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018
Residential real estate | $ | 1,625,647 |  | $ | 1,635,338 |
Home equity | 152,251 |  | 153,496 |
Commercial and industrial | 289,327 |  | 286,314 |
Commercial real estate | 1,436,190 |  | 1,454,942 |
Consumer | 52,483 |  | 51,190 |
DDA overdrafts | 3,424 |  | 6,328 |
Gross loans | 3,559,322 |  | 3,587,608 |
Allowance for loan losses | (14,646 | ) | (15,966 | )
Net loans | $ | 3,544,676 |  | $ | 3,571,642 |
Construction loans included in: |  |
Residential real estate | $ | 22,635 |  | $ | 21,834 |
Commercial real estate | 56,282 |  | 37,869 |

The Company’s commercial and residential real estate construction loans are primarily secured by real estate within the Company’s principal markets. These loans were originated under the Company’s loan policy, which is focused on the risk characteristics of the loan portfolio, including construction loans. In the judgment of the Company's management, adequate consideration has been given to these loans in establishing the Company's allowance for loan losses.
Note F – Allowance For Loan Losses
Management systematically monitors the loan portfolio and the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses on a quarterly basis to provide for probable losses inherent in the portfolio. Management assesses the risk in each loan type based on historical trends, the general economic environment of its local markets, individual loan performance and other relevant factors.
Individual credits are selected throughout the year for detailed loan reviews, which are utilized by management to assess the risk in the portfolio and the adequacy of the allowance. Due to the nature of commercial lending, evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance as it relates to these loan types is often based more upon specific credit reviews, with consideration given to the potential impairment of certain credits and historical loss rates, adjusted for economic conditions and other inherent risk factors.
The following table summarizes the activity in the allowance for loan losses, by portfolio loan classification, for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands). The allocation of a portion of the allowance in one portfolio segment does not preclude its availability to absorb losses in other portfolio segments. The following table also presents the balance in the allowance for loan loss disaggregated on the basis of the Company’s impairment measurement method and the related recorded investment in loans, by portfolio segment, as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (in thousands).
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| Commercial and | Commercial | Residential |  |  | DDA |
| Industrial | Real Estate | Real Estate | Home Equity | Consumer | Overdrafts | Total
Three months ended March 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses
Beginning balance | $ | 4,060 |  | $ | 4,495 |  | $ | 4,116 |  | $ | 1,268 |  | $ | 319 |  | $ | 1,708 |  | $ | 15,966 |
Charge-offs | — |  | (45 | ) | (328 | ) | (46 | ) | (185 | ) | (625 | ) | (1,229 | )
Recoveries | 135 |  | 32 |  | 75 |  | — |  | 97 |  | 419 |  | 758 |
(Recovery of) provision | (1,225 | ) | 158 |  | (43 | ) | 26 |  | 237 |  | (2 | ) | (849 | )
Ending balance | $ | 2,970 |  | $ | 4,640 |  | $ | 3,820 |  | $ | 1,248 |  | $ | 468 |  | $ | 1,500 |  | $ | 14,646 |
Three months ended March 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $ | 4,571 |  | $ | 6,183 |  | $ | 5,212 |  | $ | 1,138 |  | $ | 62 |  | $ | 1,670 |  | $ | 18,836 |
Charge-offs | (339 | ) | (157 | ) | (131 | ) | (71 | ) | (99 | ) | (636 | ) | (1,433 | )
Recoveries | 2 |  | 223 |  | 106 |  | — |  | 46 |  | 420 |  | 797 |
(Recovery of) provision | 529 |  | (480 | ) | (244 | ) | 133 |  | 203 |  | 40 |  | 181 |
Ending balance | $ | 4,763 |  | $ | 5,769 |  | $ | 4,943 |  | $ | 1,200 |  | $ | 212 |  | $ | 1,494 |  | $ | 18,381 |
As of March 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Evaluated for impairment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually | $ | — |  | $ | 503 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 503 |
Collectively | 2,969 |  | 4,085 |  | 3,820 |  | 1,248 |  | 461 |  | 1,500 |  | 14,083 |
Acquired with deteriorated credit quality | 1 |  | 52 |  | — |  | — |  | 7 |  | — |  | 60 |
Total | $ | 2,970 |  | $ | 4,640 |  | $ | 3,820 |  | $ | 1,248 |  | $ | 468 |  | $ | 1,500 |  | $ | 14,646 |
Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Evaluated for impairment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually | $ | 617 |  | $ | 9,354 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 9,971 |
Collectively | 287,172 |  | 1,415,938 |  | 1,623,550 |  | 152,251 |  | 52,370 |  | 3,424 |  | 3,534,705 |
Acquired with deteriorated credit quality | 1,538 |  | 10,898 |  | 2,097 |  | — |  | 113 |  | — |  | 14,646 |
Total | $ | 289,327 |  | $ | 1,436,190 |  | $ | 1,625,647 |  | $ | 152,251 |  | $ | 52,483 |  | $ | 3,424 |  | $ | 3,559,322 |
As of December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Evaluated for impairment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually | $ | — |  | $ | 428 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 428 |
Collectively | 4,059 |  | 4,015 |  | 4,116 |  | 1,268 |  | 312 |  | 1,708 |  | 15,478 |
Acquired with deteriorated credit quality | 1 |  | 52 |  | — |  | — |  | 7 |  | — |  | 60 |
Total | $ | 4,060 |  | $ | 4,495 |  | $ | 4,116 |  | $ | 1,268 |  | $ | 319 |  | $ | 1,708 |  | $ | 15,966 |
Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Evaluated for impairment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually | $ | 651 |  | $ | 9,855 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 10,506 |
Collectively | 284,018 |  | 1,433,674 |  | 1,633,241 |  | 153,496 |  | 51,077 |  | 6,328 |  | 3,561,834 |
Acquired with deteriorated credit quality | 1,645 |  | 11,413 |  | 2,097 |  | — |  | 113 |  | — |  | 15,268 |
Total | $ | 286,314 |  | $ | 1,454,942 |  | $ | 1,635,338 |  | $ | 153,496 |  | $ | 51,190 |  | $ | 6,328 |  | $ | 3,587,608 |

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Credit Quality Indicators
All commercial loans within the portfolio are subject to internal risk rating. All non-commercial loans are evaluated based on payment history. The Company’s internal risk ratings for commercial loans are: Exceptional, Good, Acceptable, Pass/Watch, Special Mention, Substandard and Doubtful. Each internal risk rating is defined in the loan policy using the following criteria: balance sheet yields; ratios and leverage; cash flow spread and coverage; prior history; capability of management; market position/industry; potential impact of changing economic, legal, regulatory or environmental conditions; purpose; structure; collateral support; and guarantor support. Risk grades are generally assigned by the primary lending officer and are periodically evaluated by the Company’s internal loan review process. Based on an individual loan’s risk grade, estimated loss percentages are applied to the outstanding balance of the loan to determine the amount of probable loss.
The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information regarding the customer’s debt service ability, capacity, overall collateral position along with other economic trends, and historical payment performance. The risk rating for each credit is updated when the Company receives current financial information, the loan is reviewed by the Company’s internal loan review and credit administration departments, or the loan becomes delinquent or impaired. The risk grades are updated a minimum of annually for loans rated Exceptional, Good, Acceptable, or Pass/Watch. Loans rated Special Mention, Substandard or Doubtful are reviewed at least quarterly. The Company uses the following definitions for its risk ratings:

Risk Rating | Description
Pass ratings: |
(a) Exceptional | Loans classified as exceptional are secured with liquid collateral conforming to the internal loan policy. Loans rated within this category pose minimal risk of loss to the bank.
(b) Good | Loans classified as good have similar characteristics that include a strong balance sheet, satisfactory debt service coverage ratios, strong management and/or guarantors, and little exposure to economic cycles. Loans in this category generally have a low chance of loss to the bank.
(c) Acceptable | Loans classified as acceptable have acceptable liquidity levels, adequate debt service coverage ratios, experienced management, and have average exposure to economic cycles. Loans within this category generally have a low risk of loss to the bank.
(d) Pass/watch | Loans classified as pass/watch have erratic levels of leverage and/or liquidity, cash flow is volatile and the borrower is subject to moderate economic risk. A borrower in this category poses a low to moderate risk of loss to the bank.
Special Mention | Loans classified as special mention have a potential weakness(es) that deserves management’s close attention. The potential weakness could result in deterioration of the loan repayment or the bank’s credit position at some future date. A loan rated in this category poses a moderate loss risk to the bank.
Substandard | Loans classified as substandard reflect a customer with a well defined weakness that jeopardizes the liquidation of the debt. Loans in this category have the possibility that the bank will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected and the bank’s collateral value is weakened by the financial deterioration of the borrower.
Doubtful | Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the added characteristics that make collection of the full contract amount highly improbable. Loans rated in this category are most likely to cause the bank to have a loss due to a collateral shortfall or a negative capital position.

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The following table presents the Company’s commercial loans by credit quality indicators, by portfolio loan classification (in thousands):

| Commercial and Industrial | Commercial Real Estate | Total
March 31, 2019 |  |  |
Pass | $ | 258,096 |  | $ | 1,380,744 |  | $ | 1,638,840 |
Special mention | 25,457 |  | 10,242 |  | 35,699 |
Substandard | 5,774 |  | 45,204 |  | 50,978 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |
Total | $ | 289,327 |  | $ | 1,436,190 |  | $ | 1,725,517 |
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 250,856 |  | $ | 1,402,821 |  | $ | 1,653,677 |
Special mention | 27,886 |  | 5,696 |  | 33,582 |
Substandard | 7,572 |  | 46,425 |  | 53,997 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |
Total | $ | 286,314 |  | $ | 1,454,942 |  | $ | 1,741,256 |

The following table presents the Company's non-commercial loans by payment performance, by portfolio loan classification (in thousands):

| Performing | Non-Performing | Total
March 31, 2019 |  |  |
Residential real estate | $ | 1,622,370 |  | $ | 3,277 |  | $ | 1,625,647 |
Home equity | 152,208 |  | 43 |  | 152,251 |
Consumer | 52,429 |  | 54 |  | 52,483 |
DDA overdrafts | 3,424 |  | — |  | 3,424 |
Total | $ | 1,830,431 |  | $ | 3,374 |  | $ | 1,833,805 |
December 31, 2018 |  |  |
Residential real estate | $ | 1,630,892 |  | $ | 4,446 |  | $ | 1,635,338 |
Home equity | 153,334 |  | 162 |  | 153,496 |
Consumer | 51,188 |  | 2 |  | 51,190 |
DDA overdrafts | 6,322 |  | 6 |  | 6,328 |
Total | $ | 1,841,736 |  | $ | 4,616 |  | $ | 1,846,352 |

Aging Analysis of Accruing and Non-Accruing Loans
Interest income on loans is accrued and credited to operations based upon the principal amount outstanding, using methods that generally result in level rates of return. Loan origination fees, and certain direct costs, are deferred and amortized as an adjustment to the yield over the term of the loan. The accrual of interest generally is discontinued when a loan becomes 90 days past due as to principal or interest for all loan types. However, any loan may be placed on non-accrual status if the Company receives information that indicates a borrower is unable to meet the contractual terms of its respective loan agreement. Other indicators considered for placing a loan on non-accrual status include the borrower’s involvement in bankruptcies, foreclosures, repossessions, litigation and any other situation resulting in doubt as to whether full collection of contractual principal and interest is attainable. When interest accruals are discontinued, unpaid interest recognized in income in the current year is reversed, and interest accrued in prior years is charged to the allowance for loan losses. Management may elect to continue the accrual of interest when the net realizable value of collateral exceeds the principal balance and related accrued interest, and the loan is in the process of collection.
Generally for all loan classes, interest income during the period the loan is non-performing is recorded on a cash basis after recovery of principal is reasonably assured. Cash payments received on nonperforming loans are typically applied directly against the outstanding principal balance until the loan is fully repaid. Generally, loans are restored to accrual status when the
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obligation is brought current, the borrower has performed in accordance with the contractual terms for a reasonable period of time, and the ultimate collectability of the total contractual principal and interest is no longer in doubt.
Generally, all loan types are considered past due when the contractual terms of a loan are not met and the borrower is 30 days or more past due on a payment. Furthermore, residential and home equity loans are generally subject to charge-off when the loan becomes 120 days past due, depending on the estimated fair value of the collateral less cost to dispose, versus the outstanding loan balance. Commercial loans are generally charged off when the loan becomes 120 days past due. Open-end consumer loans are generally charged off when the loan becomes 180 days past due.
The following table presents an aging analysis of the Company’s accruing and non-accrual loans, by portfolio loan classification (in thousands):

| March 31, 2019
| Accruing |  |
| Current | 30-59 days | 60-89 days | Over 90 days | Non-accrual | Total
Residential real estate | $ | 1,614,413 |  | $ | 7,245 |  | $ | 713 |  | $ | 13 |  | $ | 3,263 |  | $ | 1,625,647 |
Home equity | 151,489 |  | 551 |  | 167 |  | 3 |  | 41 |  | 152,251 |
Commercial and industrial | 287,700 |  | 101 |  | — |  | — |  | 1,526 |  | 289,327 |
Commercial real estate | 1,427,494 |  | 1,377 |  | — |  | 37 |  | 7,282 |  | 1,436,190 |
Consumer | 52,218 |  | 129 |  | 82 |  | 53 |  | 1 |  | 52,483 |
DDA overdrafts | 2,889 |  | 533 |  | 2 |  | — |  | — |  | 3,424 |
Total | $ | 3,536,203 |  | $ | 9,936 |  | $ | 964 |  | $ | 106 |  | $ | 12,113 |  | $ | 3,559,322 |
| December 31, 2018
| Accruing |  |
| Current | 30-59 days | 60-89 days | Over 90 days | Non-accrual | Total
Residential real estate | $ | 1,621,073 |  | $ | 8,607 |  | $ | 1,213 |  | $ | 170 |  | $ | 4,275 |  | $ | 1,635,338 |
Home equity | 152,083 |  | 1,240 |  | 11 |  | 24 |  | 138 |  | 153,496 |
Commercial and industrial | 284,140 |  | 397 |  | 49 |  | 52 |  | 1,676 |  | 286,314 |
Commercial real estate | 1,445,896 |  | 487 |  | 94 |  | 4 |  | 8,461 |  | 1,454,942 |
Consumer | 50,894 |  | 253 |  | 41 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | 51,190 |
DDA overdrafts | 5,840 |  | 467 |  | 15 |  | 6 |  | — |  | 6,328 |
Total | $ | 3,559,926 |  | $ | 11,451 |  | $ | 1,423 |  | $ | 257 |  | $ | 14,551 |  | $ | 3,587,608 |

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The following table presents the Company’s impaired loans, by class (in thousands). The difference between the unpaid principal balance and the recorded investment generally reflects amounts that have been previously charged-off. There are no impaired residential, home equity, or consumer loans.

| March 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018
|  | Unpaid |  |  | Unpaid |
| Recorded | Principal | Related | Recorded | Principal | Related
| Investment | Balance | Allowance | Investment | Balance | Allowance
With no related allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | $ | 617 |  | $ | 617 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 651 |  | $ | 651 |  | $ | — |
Commercial real estate | 6,369 |  | 6,394 |  | — |  | 6,870 |  | 6,895 |  | — |
Total | $ | 6,986 |  | $ | 7,011 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 7,521 |  | $ | 7,546 |  | $ | — |
With an allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Commercial real estate | 2,985 |  | 2,985 |  | 503 |  | 2,985 |  | 2,985 |  | 428 |
Total | $ | 2,985 |  | $ | 2,985 |  | $ | 503 |  | $ | 2,985 |  | $ | 2,985 |  | $ | 428 |

The following table presents information related to the average recorded investment and interest income recognized on the Company’s impaired loans, by class (in thousands):

| Three months ended March 31,
| 2019 | 2018
| Average | Interest | Average | Interest
| Recorded | Income | Recorded | Income
| Investment | Recognized | Investment | Recognized
With no related allowance recorded: |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | $ | 618 |  | — |  | $ | 774 |  | $ | — |
Commercial real estate | 6,521 |  | 36 |  | 3,008 |  | 3 |
Total | $ | 7,139 |  | $ | 36 |  | $ | 3,782 |  | $ | 3 |
With an allowance recorded: |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Commercial real estate | 2,985 |  | 30 |  | 5,750 |  | 52 |
Total | $ | 2,985 |  | $ | 30 |  | $ | 5,750 |  | $ | 52 |

Approximately $0.1 million of interest income would have been recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, if such loans had been current in accordance with their original terms. There were no commitments to provide additional funds on non-accrual, impaired or other potential problem loans at March 31, 2019.
Loan Modifications
The Company’s policy on loan modifications typically does not allow for modifications that would be considered a concession from the Company. However, when there is a modification, the Company evaluates each modification to determine if the modification constitutes a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) in accordance with ASU 2011-02, whereby a modification of a loan would be considered a TDR when both of the following conditions are met: (1) a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and (2) the modification constitutes a concession. When determining whether the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties, the Company reviews whether the borrower is currently in payment default on any of its debt or whether it is probable that the borrower would be in payment default in the foreseeable future without the modification. Other indicators of financial difficulty include whether the borrower has declared or is in the process of declaring bankruptcy, the borrower’s ability to continue as a going concern, and the borrower’s projected cash flow to service its debt (including principal and interest) in accordance with the contractual terms for the foreseeable future, without a modification.
Regulatory guidance requires loans to be accounted for as collateral-dependent loans when borrowers have filed Chapter 7 bankruptcy, the debt has been discharged by the bankruptcy court, and the borrower has not reaffirmed the debt. The filing of
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bankruptcy is deemed to be evidence that the borrower is in financial difficulty and the discharge of the debt by the bankruptcy court is deemed to be a concession granted to the borrower.
The following tables set forth the Company’s TDRs (in thousands):

| March 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018
| Non- |  |  | Non- |
Accruing | Accruing | Total | Accruing | Accruing | Total
Commercial and industrial | $ | 89 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 89 |  | $ | 98 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 98 |
Commercial real estate | 8,164 |  | — |  | 8,164 |  | 8,205 |  | — |  | 8,205 |
Residential real estate | 23,017 |  | 464 |  | 23,481 |  | 22,863 |  | 658 |  | 23,521 |
Home equity | 3,013 |  | 5 |  | 3,018 |  | 3,025 |  | 5 |  | 3,030 |
Consumer | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total | $ | 34,283 |  | $ | 469 |  | $ | 34,752 |  | $ | 34,191 |  | $ | 663 |  | $ | 34,854 |

| New TDRs
| Three months ended March 31,
| 2019 | 2018
| Pre | Post |  | Pre | Post
| Modification | Modification |  | Modification | Modification
| Outstanding | Outstanding |  | Outstanding | Outstanding
Number of | Recorded | Recorded | Number of | Recorded | Recorded
Contracts | Investment | Investment | Contracts | Investment | Investment
Commercial and industrial | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Commercial real estate | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Residential real estate | 23 |  | 1,729 |  | 1,729 |  | 7 |  | 412 |  | 412 |
Home equity | 5 |  | 69 |  | 69 |  | 4 |  | 77 |  | 77 |
Consumer | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total | 28 |  | $ | 1,798 |  | $ | 1,798 |  | 11 |  | $ | 489 |  | $ | 489 |

Note G –Long-Term Debt
The components of long-term debt are summarized below (in thousands):

| March 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018
Subordinated debentures owed to Town Square Statutory Trust I, due 2036, interest at a rate of 4.43% at March 31, 2019 and 4.64% at December 31, 2018 | $ | 4,124 |  | $ | 4,124 |
Fair value adjustment of subordinated debentures | (71 | ) | (71 | )
| $ | 4,053 |  | $ | 4,053 |

Town Square Statutory Trust I
As a part of its Poage acquisition, the Company assumed Poage's subordinated debentures. In December 2006, Town Square Statutory Trust I, a trust formed by the Town Square Financial Corporation, closed a pooled private offering of 4,000 trust preferred securities with a liquidation amount of $1,000 per security. Poage issued $4,124,000 of subordinated debentures to the trust in exchange for ownership of all the common security of the trust and the proceeds of the preferred securities sold by the trust.
The Company may redeem the subordinated debentures, in whole or in part, in a principal amount with integral multiples of $1,000, on or after December 22, 2012 at 100% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest. The subordinated debentures mature on December 22, 2036. The subordinated debentures are also redeemable in whole or in part from time to time, upon the occurrence of specific events defined within the trust indenture. The Company has the option to defer interest payments on the subordinated debentures from time to time for a period not to exceed 5 consecutive years.
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Payments of distributions on the trust preferred securities and payments on redemption of the trust preferred securities are guaranteed by the Company. The Company also entered into an agreement as to expenses and liabilities with the trust pursuant to which it agreed, on a subordinated basis, to pay any cost, expenses or liabilities of the trust other than those arising under the trust preferred securities. The obligations of the Company under the junior subordinated debentures, the related indentures, the trust agreement establishing the trust and the guarantees, and the agreements as to expenses and liabilities, in the aggregate, constitute a full and unconditional guarantee by the Company of the trust’s obligations under the trust preferred securities. The trust preferred securities issued by the statutory business trust qualify as Tier 1 capital for the Company under current Federal Reserve Board guidelines. The subordinated debentures have a variable rate of interest equal to the three month LIBOR rate plus 1.83%.
Note H –Derivative Instruments
As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company primarily utilizes non-hedging derivative financial instruments with commercial banking customers to facilitate their interest rate management strategies. For these instruments, the Company acts as an intermediary for its customers and has offsetting contracts with financial institution counterparties. Changes in the fair value of these underlying derivative contracts generally offset each other and do not significantly impact the Company's results of operations.
The following table summarizes the notional and fair value of these derivative instruments (in thousands):

| March 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018
| Notional Amount | Fair Value | Notional Amount | Fair Value
Non-hedging interest rate derivatives: |  |  |  |
Customer counterparties: |  |  |  |
Loan interest rate swap - assets | $ | 235,217 |  | $ | 6,475 |  | $ | 132,146 |  | $ | 3,131 |
Loan interest rate swap - liabilities | 275,227 |  | 7,007 |  | 372,223 |  | 13,774 |
Non-hedging interest rate derivatives: |  |  |  |
Financial institution counterparties: |  |  |  |
Loan interest rate swap - assets | 280,823 |  | 7,077 |  | 403,500 |  | 13,902 |
Loan interest rate swap - liabilities | 235,217 |  | 6,475 |  | 132,146 |  | 3,131 |

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The following table summarizes the change in fair value of these derivative instruments (in thousands):

| Three months ended March 31,
2019 | 2018
Change in Fair Value Non-Hedging Interest Rate Derivatives: |  |
Other income - derivative assets | $ | (2,879 | ) | $ | 7,101 |
Other income - derivative liabilities | 2,879 |  | (7,101 | )
Other expense - derivative liabilities | 58 |  | 90 |

Certain financial instruments, including derivatives, may be eligible for offset in the consolidated balance sheet and/or subject to master netting arrangements. The Company's derivative transactions with financial institution counterparties are generally executed under International Swaps and Derivative Association ("ISDA") master agreements which include "right of setoff" provisions. In such cases there is generally a legally enforceable right to offset recognized amounts and there may be an intention to settle such amounts on a net basis. Nonetheless, the Company does not generally offset financial instruments for financial reporting purposes. Information about financial instruments that are eligible for offset in the consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2019 is presented in the following tables (in thousands):

|  |  |  | Gross Amounts |  |
|  |  |  | Not Offset in the |  |
|  |  |  | Balance Sheet |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | Total |
|  |  |  |  |  | of Gross |
|  |  |  |  |  | Amounts |
|  |  |  |  |  | Not Offset in |
|  |  |  |  |  | the Statement |
|  |  |  |  |  | of Financial |
|  |  |  |  |  | Position |
|  |  |  | Netting |  | Including |
| Gross | Gross | Net Amounts | Adjustment |  | Applicable |
| Amounts | Amounts | of Assets | per |  | Netting |
| Recognized in | Offset in the | Presented in | Applicable |  | Agreement |
| Statement of | Statement of | the Statement | Master | Fair Value | and Fair |
| Financial | Financial | of Financial | Netting | of Financial | Value of |
Description | Position | Position | Position | Arrangements | Collateral | Collateral | Net Amount
Non-hedging derivative assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap agreements - customer counterparties (1) | $ | 6,475 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 6,475 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 6,475 |  | $ | 6,475 |  | $ | — |
Interest rate swap agreements - financial institution counterparties (2) | 7,077 |  | — |  | 7,077 |  | 5,645 |  | — |  | 5,645 |  | 1,432 |

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Non-hedging derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap agreements - customer counterparties (1) | 7,007 |  | — |  | 7,007 |  | — |  | 7,007 |  | 7,007 |  | — |
Interest rate swap agreements - financial institution counterparties (3) | 6,475 |  | — |  | 6,475 |  | 5,645 |  | 830 |  | 6,475 |  | — |
* For instances where the fair value of financial collateral meets or exceeds the amounts presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, no value is displayed to represent full collateralization.
(1) The underlying collateral on the loan serves as collateral for the derivative financial instrument.
(2) The financial institution counterparty posts collateral to the Company.
(3) The Company posts collateral to the financial institution counterparty.

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Note I – Employee Benefit Plans
Stock Options
A summary of the Company’s stock option activity and related information is presented below:

| Three months ended March 31,
| 2019 | 2018
Options | Weighted-Average Exercise Price | Options | Weighted-Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at January 1 | 57,972 |  | $ | 51.15 |  | 87,605 |  | $ | 47.15 |
Exercised | (5,638 | ) | 44.74 |  | (7,387 | ) | 37.85 |
Outstanding at March 31 | 52,334 |  | $ | 51.84 |  | 80,218 |  | $ | 48.00 |
Exerciseable at March 31 | 14,146 |  | $ | 44.70 |  | 24,943 |  | $ | 40.38 |

Information regarding stock option exercises and stock-based compensation expense associated with stock options is provided in the following table (in thousands):

| Three months ended March 31,
| 2019 | 2018
Proceeds from stock option exercises | $ | 252 |  | $ | 280 |
Intrinsic value of stock options exercised | 177 |  | 220 |
Stock-based compensation expense associated with stock options | $ | 37 |  | $ | 54 |
At period-end: | March 31, 2019 |
Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense associated with stock options | $ | 167 |  |
Weighted average period (in years) in which the above amount is expected to be |  |
recognized | 1.9 |  |

Shares issued in connection with stock option exercises are issued from available treasury shares. If no treasury shares are available, new shares would be issued from available authorized shares. During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, all shares issued in connection with stock option exercises were issued from available treasury stock. For the stock options that have performance-based criteria, management has evaluated those criteria and has determined that, as of March 31, 2019, the criteria were probable of being met.
Additional information regarding stock options outstanding and exercisable at March 31, 2019 is provided in the following table:

Ranges of Exercise Prices | No. of Options Outstanding | Weighted-Average Exercise Price | Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands) | No. of Options Currently Exercisable | Weighted-Average Exercise Price of Options Currently Exercisable | Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) | Aggregate Intrinsic Value of Options Currently Exercisable (in thousands)
$35.00 - $39.99 | 38 |  | $ | 37.74 |  | 3.9 | $ | 1 |  | 38 |  | $ | 37.74 |  | 3.9 |  | 1 |
40.00 - 44.99 | 27,016 |  | 43.89 |  | 6.5 | 873 |  | 10,784 |  | 44.14 |  | 5.8 |  | 346 |
45.00 - 49.99 | 7,649 |  | 46.61 |  | 5.9 | 226 |  | 3,324 |  | 46.61 |  | 5.9 |  | 98 |
65.00 - 70.00 | 17,631 |  | 66.32 |  | 7.9 | 174 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
| 52,334 |  |  |  | $ | 1,274 |  | 14,146 |  |  |  | $ | 445 |

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Restricted Shares, Restricted Stock Units, Performance Share Units
The Company records compensation expense with respect to restricted shares, restricted stock units and performance share units in an amount equal to the fair value of the common stock covered by each award on the date of grant. These awards become fully vested after various periods of continued employment from the respective dates of grant. The Company is entitled to an income tax deduction in an amount equal to the taxable income reported by the holders of the restricted shares when the restrictions are released and the shares are issued. Compensation is being charged to expense over the respective vesting periods.
Restricted shares are forfeited if the awardee officer or employee terminates his employment with the Company prior to the lapsing of restrictions. The Company records forfeitures of restricted stock as treasury share repurchases and any compensation cost previously recognized is reversed in the period of forfeiture. Recipients of restricted shares do not pay any cash consideration to the Company for the shares, and have the right to vote all shares subject to such grant and receive all dividends with respect to such shares, whether or not the shares have vested. For restricted shares that have performance-based criteria, management has evaluated those criteria and has determined that, as of March 31, 2019, the criteria were probable of being met.
A summary of the Company’s restricted shares activity and related information is presented below:

| Three months ended March 31,
| 2019 | 2018
Restricted Awards | Average Market Price at Grant | Restricted Awards | Average Market Price at Grant
Outstanding at January 1 | 152,692 |  | $ | 51.85 |  | 170,033 |  | $ | 44.34 |
Granted | 13,531 |  | 79.46 |  | 23,163 |  | 68.63 |
Vested | (23,667 | ) | 45.60 |  | (20,864 | ) | 40.44 |
Outstanding at March 31 | 142,556 |  | $ | 55.51 |  | 172,332 |  | $ | 48.08 |

Information regarding stock-based compensation associated with restricted shares is provided in the following table (in thousands):

| Three months ended March 31,
| 2019 | 2018
Stock-based compensation expense associated with restricted shares | $ | 434 |  | $ | 379 |
At period-end: | March 31, 2019 |
Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense associated with restricted shares | $ | 4,403 |  |
Weighted average period (in years) in which the above amount is expected to be |  |
recognized | 3.1 |  |

Shares issued in conjunction with restricted stock awards are issued from available treasury shares. If no treasury shares are available, new shares would be issued from available authorized shares. During the three months ended March 31, 2019, and 2018, all shares issued in connection with restricted stock awards were issued from available treasury stock.
Benefit Plans
The Company provides retirement benefits to its employees through the City Holding Company 401(k) Plan and Trust (the “401(k) Plan”), which is intended to be compliant with Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) section 404(c). The Company also maintains a frozen defined benefit pension plan (the “Defined Benefit Plan”), which was inherited from the Company's acquisition of the plan sponsor (Horizon Bancorp, Inc.).
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The following table presents details of the Company's activities pursuant to these plans (in thousands):

| Three months ended March 31,
2019 | 2018
Components of net periodic cost: |  |
Interest cost | $ | 140 |  | $ | 147 |
Expected return on plan assets | (214 | ) | (270 | )
Net amortization and deferral | 229 |  | 218 |
Net Periodic Pension Cost | $ | 155 |  | $ | 95 |
401(k) Plan expense | $ | 259 |  | $ | 218 |

The components of net periodic benefit cost are included in the line item "Other Expenses" in the consolidated statements of income.

Note J – | Commitments and Contingencies

The Company is a party to certain financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. The Company has entered into agreements with certain customers to extend credit or provide a conditional commitment to provide payment on drafts presented in accordance with the terms of the underlying credit documents. The Company also provides overdraft protection to certain demand deposit customers that represent an unfunded commitment. Overdraft protection commitments, which are included with other commitments below, are uncollateralized and are paid at the Company’s discretion. Conditional commitments generally include standby and commercial letters of credit. Standby letters of credit represent an obligation of the Company to a designated third party contingent upon the failure of a customer of the Company to perform under the terms of the underlying contract between the customer and the third party. Commercial letters of credit are issued specifically to facilitate trade or commerce. Under the terms of a commercial letter of credit, drafts will be drawn when the underlying transaction is consummated, as intended, between the customer and a third party. The funded portion of these financial instruments is reflected in the Company’s balance sheet, while the unfunded portion of these commitments is not reflected in the balance sheet.
The table below presents a summary of the contractual obligations of the Company resulting from significant commitments (in thousands):

| March 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018
Commitments to extend credit: |  |
Home equity lines | $ | 209,455 |  | $ | 207,509 |
Commercial real estate | 76,922 |  | 68,649 |
Other commitments | 201,625 |  | 201,687 |
Standby letters of credit | 7,245 |  | 7,183 |
Commercial letters of credit | 811 |  | 811 |

Loan commitments and standby and commercial letters of credit have credit risks essentially the same as those involved in extending loans to customers and are subject to the Company’s standard credit policies. Collateral is obtained based on management’s credit assessment of the customer. Management does not anticipate any material losses as a result of these commitments.
In addition, the Company is engaged in various legal actions that it deems to be in the ordinary course of business. As these legal actions are resolved, the Company could realize positive and/or negative impact to its financial performance in the period in which these legal actions are ultimately resolved. There can be no assurance that current legal actions will have an immaterial impact on financial results, either positive or negative, or that no material legal actions may be presented in the future.
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The Company owns 86,605 shares of Class B common stock of Visa, Inc. ("Visa") which are convertible into Class A common stock at a conversion ratio of 1.6298 per Class B share. As of March 31, 2019, the value of the Class A shares was $156.19 per share. Utilizing the conversion ratio, the value of unredeemed Class A equivalent shares owned by the Company was $22.0 million, which has not been reflected in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. The shares of Visa Class B common stock are restricted. Visa Member Banks (as defined in Visa's organizational documents) are required to fund an escrow account to cover settlements, resolution of pending litigation and related claims. If the funds in the escrow account are insufficient to settle the covered litigation, Visa may sell additional Class A shares, use the proceeds to settle litigation and further reduce the conversion ratio. If funds remain in the escrow account after all litigation is settled, the Class B conversion ratio will be increased to reflect that surplus.

Note K – | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

The activity in accumulated other comprehensive loss is presented in the tables below (in thousands). All amounts are shown net of tax, which is calculated using a combined federal and state income tax rate approximating 23%.

| Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income
|  | Unrealized |
|  | Gains (Losses) on |
| Defined Benefit | Securities |
| Pension Plans | Available-for-Sale | Total
Balance at December 31, 2018 | $ | (5,871 | ) | $ | (8,611 | ) | $ | (14,482 | )
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications | — |  | 8,698 |  | 8,698 |
Amounts reclassified from other comprehensive loss | — |  | (67 | ) | (67 | )
| — |  | 8,631 |  | 8,631 |
Balance at March 31, 2019 | $ | (5,871 | ) | $ | 20 |  | $ | (5,851 | )
Balance at December 31, 2017 | $ | (5,033 | ) | $ | (611 | ) | $ | (5,644 | )
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications | — |  | (8,218 | ) | (8,218 | )
Amounts reclassified from other comprehensive loss | — |  | — |  | — |
| — |  | (8,218 | ) | (8,218 | )
Adoption of new accounting pronouncement | — |  | (2,657 | ) | (2,657 | )
Balance at March 31, 2018 | $ | (5,033 | ) | $ | (11,486 | ) | $ | (16,519 | )

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As a result of the adoption of ASU 2016-01, "Financial Instruments—Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities," the Company reclassified $2.7 million of unrealized gains and losses net of tax, relating to its equity and perpetual preferred securities, from other comprehensive income to retained earnings on January 1, 2018.

| Amount reclassified from Other Comprehensive Loss |
| Three months ended | Affected line item
| March 31, | in the Statements
| 2019 | 2018 | of Income
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |
Net securities gains reclassified into earnings | $ | 88 |  | $ | — |  | Gains on sale of investment securities
Related income tax expense | (21 | ) | — |  | Income tax expense
Net effect on accumulated other comprehensive loss | $ | 67 |  | $ | — |  |

Note L –Earnings per Share
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share using the two class method (in thousands, except per share data):

| Three months ended March 31,
2019 | 2018
Net income available to common shareholders | $ | 21,619 |  | $ | 17,616 |
Less: earnings allocated to participating securities | (186 | ) | (195 | )
Net earnings allocated to common shareholders | $ | 21,433 |  | $ | 17,421 |
Distributed earnings allocated to common stock | $ | 8,661 |  | $ | 7,023 |
Undistributed earnings allocated to common stock | 12,772 |  | 10,398 |
Net earnings allocated to common shareholders | $ | 21,433 |  | $ | 17,421 |
Average shares outstanding | 16,411 |  | 15,414 |
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |
Employee stock awards | 18 |  | 22 |
Shares for diluted earnings per share | 16,429 |  | 15,436 |
Basic earnings per share | $ | 1.31 |  | $ | 1.13 |
Diluted earnings per share | $ | 1.30 |  | $ | 1.13 |
Anti-dilutive options | — |  | 2 |

Anti-dilutive options are not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because the options’ exercise price was greater than the average market price of the common shares and therefore, the effect would have been anti-dilutive.
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Note M –Fair Value Measurements
Fair value of an asset or liability is the price that would be received to sell that asset or paid to transfer that liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. ASC Topic 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy for valuation inputs that gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs. The fair value hierarchy is as follows:
Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the Company has the ability to access as of the measurement date.
Level 2: Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, and other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.
Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a company’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.
The Company bases fair value of assets and liabilities on quoted market prices, prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, and other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data. If such information is not available, fair value is based upon internally developed models that primarily use, as inputs, observable market-based parameters. Valuation adjustments may be made to ensure that financial instruments are recorded at fair value. These adjustments may include amounts to reflect counterparty credit quality and the Company’s creditworthiness, among other things, as well as unobservable parameters. Any such valuation adjustments are applied consistently over time. The Company’s valuation methodologies may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. While management believes the Company’s valuation methodologies are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date. Furthermore, the reported fair value amounts have not been comprehensively revalued since the presentation dates, and therefore, estimates of fair value after the balance sheet date may differ significantly from the amount presented herein. A more detailed description of the valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy, is set forth below.
Financial Assets and Liabilities
The Company used the following methods and significant assumptions to estimate fair value for financial assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis.
Securities Available for Sale. Securities available for sale are reported at fair value utilizing Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 inputs. The fair value of securities available for sale is determined by utilizing a market approach by obtaining quoted prices on nationally recognized securities exchanges (other than forced or distressed transactions) that occur in sufficient volume or matrix pricing, which is a mathematical technique used widely in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted prices for the specific securities but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted securities. If such measurements are unavailable, the security is classified as Level 3. Significant judgment is required to make this determination.
The Company utilizes a third party pricing service provider to value its Level 1 and Level 2 investment securities. Annually, the Company obtains an independent auditor’s report from its third party pricing service provider regarding its controls over investment securities. On a quarterly basis, the Company reprices its debt securities with a third party that is independent of the primary pricing service provider to verify the reasonableness of the fair values.
Derivatives. Derivatives are reported at fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs. The Company utilizes a market approach by obtaining dealer quotations to value its customer interest rate swaps. The Company’s derivatives are included within Other Assets and Other Liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Derivative assets are typically secured through securities with financial counterparties or cross collateralization with a borrowing customer. Derivative liabilities are typically secured through the Company pledging securities to financial counterparties or, in the case of a borrowing customer, by the right of setoff. The Company considers factors such as the likelihood of default by itself and its counterparties, right of setoff, and remaining maturities in determining the appropriate fair value adjustments. All derivative counterparties approved by the Company's Asset and Liability Committee ("ALCO") are regularly reviewed, and appropriate business action is taken to adjust the exposure to
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certain counterparties, if necessary. Counterparty exposure is evaluated by netting positions that are subject to master netting agreements, as well as considering the amount of marketable collateral securing the position. This approach used to estimate impacted exposures to counterparties is also used by the Company to estimate its own credit risk in derivative liability positions. To date, no material losses have been incurred due to a counterparty's inability to pay any undercollateralized position. There was no significant change in the value of derivative assets and liabilities attributed to credit risk that would have resulted in a derivative credit risk valuation adjustment at March 31, 2019.
The Company may be required, from time to time, to measure certain financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. Financial assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis include impaired loans reported at the fair value of the underlying collateral if repayment is expected solely from the collateral. Collateral values are estimated using Level 2 inputs based on observable market data for real estate collateral or Level 3 inputs for non-real estate collateral. The following table presents assets and liabilities measured at fair value (in thousands):
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| Total | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total Gains (Losses)
March 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |
Recurring fair value measurements |  |  |  |  |
Financial Assets |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agencies | $ | 2,300 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,300 |  | $ | — |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | 125,640 |  | — |  | 125,640 |  | — |  |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agencies | 588,698 |  | — |  | 588,698 |  | — |  |
Private label | 12,115 |  | — |  | 12,115 |  | — |  |
Trust preferred securities | 4,238 |  | — |  | 3,977 |  | 261 |  |
Corporate securities | 16,879 |  | — |  | 16,879 |  | — |  |
Marketable equity securities | 10,388 |  | 6,050 |  | 4,338 |  | — |  |
Certificates of deposit held for investment | 3,735 |  |  | 3,735 |  |  |
Investment funds | 1,476 |  | 1,476 |  | — |  | — |  |
Derivative assets | 13,582 |  | — |  | 13,582 |  | — |  |
Financial Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative liabilities | 13,482 |  | — |  | 13,482 |  | — |  |
Nonrecurring fair value measurements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial Assets |  |  |  |  |
Impaired loans | $ | 9,468 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 9,468 |  | $ | (74 | )
Non-Financial Assets |  |  |  |  |
Other real estate owned | 3,186 |  | — |  | — |  | 3,186 |  | (213 | )
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Recurring fair value measurements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agencies | $ | 5,733 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 5,733 |  | $ | — |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | 128,070 |  | — |  | 128,070 |  | — |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agencies | 550,758 |  | — |  | 550,758 |  | — |  |  |
Private label | 12,043 |  | — |  | 12,043 |  | — |  |  |
Trust preferred securities | 4,799 |  | — |  | 4,538 |  | 261 |  |  |
Corporate securities | 16,658 |  | — |  | 16,658 |  | — |  |  |
Marketable equity securities | 10,313 |  | 5,907 |  | 4,406 |  | — |  |  |
Certificates of deposit held for investment | 3,735 |  |  | 3,735 |  |  |
Investment funds | 1,458 |  | 1,458 |  | — |  | — |  |  |
Derivative assets | 17,100 |  | — |  | 17,100 |  | — |  |  |
Financial Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative liabilities | 16,905 |  | — |  | 16,905 |  | — |  |  |
Nonrecurring fair value measurements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial Assets |  |  |  |  |
Impaired loans | $ | 10,078 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 10,078 |  | $ | (428 | )
Non-Financial Assets |  |  |  |  |
Other real estate owned | 4,608 |  | — |  | — |  | 4,608 |  | (838 | )
Other assets | 600 |  | — |  | — |  | 600 |  | (492 | )

The table below presents a reconcilement of the Company's financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3), which solely relates to impaired loans that were remeasured and reported at fair value through a specific valuation allowance allocation of the allowance for loan losses based upon the fair value of the underlying collateral (in thousands). The fair value of impaired loans is estimated using one of several methods, including collateral value, liquidation value and discounted cash flows. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value
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measurement of collateral for collateral-dependent impaired loans primarily relate to discounts applied to the customers’ reported amount of collateral. The amount of collateral discount depends upon the marketability of the underlying collateral. During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, collateral discounts ranged from 20% to 30%. During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company had no Level 2 financial assets and liabilities that were measured on a nonrecurring basis.

| Three months ended March 31,
2019 | 2018
Beginning balance | $ | 10,078 |  | $ | 9,020 |
Loans classified as impaired during the period | — |  | — |
Specific valuation allowance allocations | — |  | — |
Loans classified as impaired during the period, net of specific valuation allowances | — |  | — |
Reduction in (additional) specific valuation allowance allocations | 74 |  | (474 | )
Paydowns, payoffs, other activity | (684 | ) | 888 |
Ending balance | $ | 9,468 |  | $ | 9,434 |

Non-Financial Assets and Liabilities
The Company has no non-financial assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis. Certain non-financial assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis include other real estate owned (“OREO”), which is measured at the lower of cost or fair value, and goodwill and other intangible assets, which are measured at fair value for impairment assessments. The table below presents OREO that was remeasured and reported at fair value based on significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) (in thousands):

| Three months ended March 31,
| 2019 | 2018
Beginning balance | $ | 4,608 |  | $ | 3,585 |
OREO remeasured at initial recognition: |  |
Carrying value of foreclosed assets prior to remeasurement | 706 |  | 1,218 |
Charge-offs recognized in the allowance for loan losses | (401 | ) | (353 | )
Fair value | 305 |  | 865 |
OREO remeasured subsequent to initial recognition: |  |
Carrying value of foreclosed assets prior to remeasurement | 1,300 |  | 1,362 |
Fair value | 1,087 |  | 1,149 |
Write-downs included in other non-interest expense | (213 | ) | (213 | )
Disposed | (1,514 | ) | (325 | )
Ending balance | $ | 3,186 |  | $ | 3,912 |

ASC Topic 825 “Financial Instruments,” as amended, requires disclosure of fair value information about financial instruments, whether or not recognized in the balance sheet, for which it is practicable to estimate that value. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques. Those techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including discount rates and estimate of future cash flows. In that regard, the derived fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets and, in many cases, could not be realized in immediate settlement of the instrument. ASC Topic 825 excludes certain financial instruments and all nonfinancial instruments from its disclosure requirements. Accordingly, the aggregate fair value amounts presented do not represent the underlying value of the Company. The following methods and assumptions were used in estimating fair value for financial instruments:
Cash and cash equivalents: Due to their short-term nature, the carrying amounts reported in the consolidated balance sheets approximate fair value.
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Securities: The fair value of securities, both available-for-sale and held-to-maturity, are generally based on quoted market prices or matrix pricing, which is a mathematical technique used widely in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted prices for the specific securities but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted securities.
Other securities: The Company's other securities consist of marketable equity securities and non-marketable equity securities. The fair value of marketable equity securities is generally based on quoted market prices. The fair value of non-marketable equity securities, which consist of FRB and FHLB stock, is not practicable to determine due to restrictions placed on its transferability.
Net loans: The fair value of the loan portfolio is estimated by discounting the expected future cash flows using the current interest rates at which similar loans would be made to borrowers for the same remaining maturities, the credit risk associated with such loans and other market factors, including liquidity. Loans were first segregated by type such as commercial, real estate and consumer, and were then further segmented into fixed, adjustable and variable rate categories. Expected future cash flows were projected based on contractual cash flows, adjusted for estimated prepayments.
Accrued interest receivable: The carrying amount of accrued interest receivable approximates fair value.
Deposits: The fair values of demand deposits (i.e., interest and noninterest-bearing deposits, regular savings and other money market demand accounts) are, by definition, equal to their carrying values. The fair values of time deposits were estimated using discounted cash flow analyses. The discount rates used were based on rates currently offered for deposits with similar remaining maturities. The fair values of the time deposit liabilities do not take into consideration the value of the Company’s long-term relationships with depositors, which may have significant value.
Short-term debt: Securities sold under agreements to repurchase and Federal Home Loan Bank advances represent borrowings with original maturities of less than 90 days. The carrying amount of borrowings under purchase agreements approximate their fair value.
Long-term debt: The fair value of long-term borrowings is estimated using discounted cash flow analyses based on the Company’s current incremental borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements and market conditions of similar debt instruments.
Commitments and letters of credit: The fair values of commitments are estimated based on fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements, taking into consideration the remaining terms of the agreements and the counterparties’ credit standing. The fair value of letters of credit is based on fees currently charged for similar agreements or on the estimated cost to terminate them or otherwise settle the obligations with the counterparties at the reporting date. The amounts of fees currently charged on commitments and letters of credit are deemed insignificant, and therefore, the estimated fair values and carrying values have not been reflected in the table below.
The following table represents the estimates of fair value of financial instruments (in thousands). This table excludes financial instruments for which the carrying amount approximates fair value. For short-term financial assets such as cash and cash equivalents, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value due to the relatively short time between the origination of the instrument and its expected realization. For financial liabilities such as noninterest-bearing demand, interest-bearing demand and savings deposits, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value due to these products having no stated maturity.
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| Carrying Amount | Fair Value | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3
March 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 143,850 |  | $ | 143,850 |  | $ | 143,850 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Securities available-for-sale | 755,081 |  | 755,081 |  | 1,476 |  | 753,344 |  | 261 |
Securities held-to-maturity | 55,326 |  | 56,085 |  | — |  | 56,085 |  | — |
Other securities | 26,182 |  | 26,182 |  | 6,050 |  | 20,132 |  | — |
Net loans | 3,544,676 |  | 3,513,838 |  | — |  | — |  | 3,513,838 |
Accrued interest receivable | 13,657 |  | 13,657 |  | 13,657 |  | — |  | — |
Derivative assets | 13,582 |  | 13,582 |  | — |  | 13,582 |  | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | 4,043,007 |  | 4,057,776 |  | 2,661,094 |  | 1,396,682 |  | — |
Short-term debt | 194,683 |  | 194,683 |  | — |  | 194,683 |  | — |
Long-term debt | 4,053 |  | 4,115 |  | — |  | 4,115 |  | — |
Derivative liabilities | 13,482 |  | 13,482 |  | — |  | 13,482 |  | — |
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | 122,991 |  | 122,991 |  | 122,991 |  | — |  | — |
Securities available-for-sale | 723,254 |  | 723,254 |  | 1,458 |  | 721,535 |  | 261 |
Securities held-to-maturity | 60,827 |  | 60,706 |  | — |  | 60,706 |  | — |
Other securities | 28,810 |  | 28,810 |  | 5,907 |  | 22,903 |  | — |
Net loans | 3,571,642 |  | 3,516,557 |  | — |  | — |  | 3,516,557 |
Accrued interest receivable | 12,424 |  | 12,424 |  | 12,424 |  | — |  | — |
Derivative assets | 17,100 |  | 17,100 |  | — |  | 17,100 |  | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | 3,975,559 |  | 3,985,534 |  | 2,622,905 |  | 1,362,629 |  | — |
Short-term debt | 261,911 |  | 261,911 |  | — |  | 261,911 |  | — |
Long-term debt | 4,053 |  | 4,115 |  | — |  | 4,115 |  | — |
Derivative liabilities | 16,905 |  | 16,905 |  | — |  | 16,905 |  | — |

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Note N –Contracts with Customers
The Company's largest source of revenue is comprised of net interest income on financial assets and financial liabilities, which is explicitly excluded from the scope of ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC 606"), and non-interest income. The Company's significant sources of non-interest income are: service charges, bankcard revenue, trust and investment management fee income and bank owned life insurance (which is also excluded from the ASC 606).
The following table shows the Company's total non-interest income segregated between those within the scope of ASC 606 and those within the scope of other GAAP topics (in thousands):

| Three months ended March 31,
| 2019 | 2018
Non-interest income |  |
Non-interest income from contracts with customers | $ | 14,746 |  | $ | 13,465 |
Non-interest income within the scope of other GAAP topics | 1,179 |  | 1,027 |
Total non-interest income | $ | 15,925 |  | $ | 14,492 |

The Company's significant policies related to contracts with customers are discussed below.
Service Charges: Service charges consist of service charges on deposit accounts (monthly service fees, account analysis fees, non-sufficient funds ("NSF") fees and other deposit account related fees). For transaction based fees, the Company's performance obligation is generally satisfied, and the related revenue recognized, at a point in time. For nontransaction based fees, the Company's performance obligation is generally satisfied, and the related revenue recognized, over the period in which the service is provided (typically a month). Generally, payments are received immediately through a direct charge to the customer's account.
Bankcard Revenue: Bankcard revenue is primarily comprised of debit card income and ATM fees. Debit card income is primarily comprised of interchange fees earned whenever the Company's debit cards are processed through card payment networks such as Mastercard. ATM fees are primarily generated when a non-Company cardholder uses a Company ATM or when a Company cardholder uses a non-Company ATM. The Company's performance obligation for bankcard revenue is generally satisfied, and the related revenue recognized, when the services are rendered. Generally, payments are received immediately or in the following month.
Trust and Investment Management Fee Income: Trust and investment management fee income is primarily comprised of fees earned from the management and administration of customer assets. The Company's performance obligation is generally satisfied over time (typically a quarter), and the related revenue recognized, based upon the quarter-end market value of the assets under management and the applicable fee rate. Generally, payments are received a few days after quarter-end through a direct charge to the customer's account.
The following table illustrates the disaggregation by the Company's major revenue streams (in thousands):

| Point of Revenue | Three months ended March 31,
| Recognition | 2019 | 2018
Major revenue streams |  |  |
Service charges | At a point in time & over time | $ | 7,321 |  | $ | 6,862 |
Bankcard revenue | At a point in time | 4,969 |  | 4,334 |
Trust and investment management fee income | Over time | 1,642 |  | 1,568 |
Other income | At a point in time & over time | 814 |  | 701 |
Non-interest income from contracts with customers |  | 14,746 |  | 13,465 |
Non-interest income within the scope of other GAAP topics |  | 1,179 |  | 1,027 |
Total non-interest income |  | $ | 15,925 |  | $ | 14,492 |

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Item 2 - | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Critical Accounting Policies
The accounting policies of the Company conform with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and require management to make estimates and develop assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and related footnotes. These estimates and assumptions are based on information available to management as of the date of the financial statements. Actual results could differ significantly from management’s estimates. As this information changes, management’s estimates and assumptions used to prepare the Company’s financial statements and related disclosures may also change. The most significant accounting policies followed by the Company are presented in Note One to the audited financial statements included in the Company’s 2018 Annual Report to Shareholders. The information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including the Consolidated Financial Statements, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, and Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto included in the 2018 Annual Report of the Company. Based on the sensitivity of financial statement amounts to the methods, assumptions, and estimates underlying those amounts, management has identified the determination of the allowance for loan losses and income taxes to be the accounting areas that require the most subjective or complex judgments and, as such, could be most subject to revision as new information becomes available.
The section Allowance and Provision for Loan Losses provides management’s analysis of the Company’s allowance for loan losses and related provision. The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level that represents management’s best reasonable estimate of probable losses in the loan portfolio. Management’s determination of the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses is based upon an evaluation of individual credits in the loan portfolio, historical loan loss experience, current economic conditions, and other relevant factors. This determination is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates including the amounts and timing of future cash flows expected to be received on impaired loans that may be susceptible to significant change. The allowance for loan losses related to loans considered to be impaired is generally evaluated based on the discounted cash flows using the impaired loan’s initial effective interest rate or the fair value of the collateral for certain collateral dependent loans.
The Company is subject to federal and state income taxes in the jurisdictions in which it conducts business. In computing the provision for income taxes, management must make judgments regarding interpretation of laws in those jurisdictions. Because the application of tax laws and regulations for many types of transactions is susceptible to varying interpretations, amounts reported in the financial statements could be changed at a later date upon final determinations by taxing authorities. On a quarterly basis, the Company estimates its annual effective tax rate for the year and uses that rate to provide for income taxes on a year-to-date basis. The amount of unrecognized tax benefits could change over the next twelve months as a result of various factors. However, management cannot currently estimate the range of possible change. The Company is currently open to audit under the statute of limitations by the Internal Revenue Service and various state taxing authorities for the years ended December 31, 2015 and forward.
Financial Summary
Three months ended March 31, 2019 vs. 2018
The Company's financial performance is summarized in the following table:

| Three months ended March 31,
| 2019 | 2018
Net income available to common shareholders (in thousands) | $ | 21,619 |  | $ | 17,616 |
Earnings per common share, basic | $ | 1.31 |  | $ | 1.13 |
Earnings per common share, diluted | $ | 1.30 |  | $ | 1.13 |
Dividend payout ratio | 40.6 | % | 40.8 | %
ROA* | 1.76 | % | 1.69 | %
ROE* | 14.1 | % | 14.0 | %
ROATCE* | 17.7 | % | 16.7 | %
Average equity to average assets ratio | 12.5 | % | 12.0 | %

*ROA (Return on Average Assets) is a measure of the effectiveness of asset utilization. ROE (Return on Average Equity) is a measure of the return on shareholders' investment. ROATCE (Return on Average Tangible Common Equity) is a measure of the return on shareholders' equity, less intangible assets.
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Balance Sheet Analysis
Selected balance sheet fluctuations from the year ended December 31, 2018 are summarized in the following table (in millions):

| March 31, | December 31, |  |
| 2019 | 2018 | $ Change | % Change
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 143.9 |  | $ | 123.0 |  | $ | 20.9 |  | 17.0 | %
Investment securities | 836.6 |  | 812.9 |  | 23.7 |  | 2.9 | %
Gross loans | 3,559.3 |  | 3,587.6 |  | (28.3 | ) | (0.8 | )%
Total deposits | 4,043.0 |  | 3,975.6 |  | 67.4 |  | 1.7 | %
Federal Funds purchased | — |  | 40.0 |  | (40.0 | ) | (100.0 | )%

Cash and cash equivalents increased $20.9 million from December 31, 2018 to $143.9 million at March 31, 2019, as the Company's deposit growth outpaced the Company's loan and securities growth.
Investment securities increased $23.7 million (2.9%) from December 31, 2018 to $836.6 million at March 31, 2019, as the Company elected to grow investment balances to enhance net interest income, in conjunction with its interest rate risk management strategy.
Gross loans decreased $28.3 million (0.8%) from December 31, 2018 to $3.56 billion at March 31, 2019, primarily due to decreases in commercial real estate loans of $18.8 million (1.3%), residential real estate loans of $9.7 million (0.6%), and home equity loans of $1.2 million (0.8%). These decreases were partially offset by an increase in commercial and industrial loans of $3.0 million (1.1%).
Total deposits increased $67.4 million from December 31, 2018 to $4.04 billion at March 31, 2019 due to growth in savings deposits of $54.0 million, time deposits of $29.3 million, and non-interest bearing deposits of $4.5 million during the three months ended March 31, 2019. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in demand deposits of $20.3 million.
Federal Funds purchased decreased $40.0 million from December 31, 2018, as the Company's deposit growth outpaced the Company's loan and securities growth.
Net Interest Income
Three months ended March 31, 2019 vs. 2018
The Company's net interest income increased from $32.6 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2018 to $40.1 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2019. During the quarter ended March 31, 2019, the Company’s tax equivalent net interest income increased $7.4 million, or 22.7%, from $32.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 to $40.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019. As a result of the acquisitions of Poage and Farmers Deposit, net interest income increased $4.7 million. In addition, higher loan yields (49 basis points) increased net interest income by $4.1 million while interest income from securities increased $0.8 million due to both higher balances and improved yields. These increases were partially offset by an increase in rates paid on interest bearing deposits ($2.4 million). The Company’s reported net interest margin increased from 3.51% for the three months ended March 31, 2018 to 3.66% for the three months ended March 31, 2019. Excluding the favorable impact of accretion, the net interest margin for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 would have been 3.61% and 3.48%, respectively.
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Table One
Average Balance Sheets and Net Interest Income
(in thousands)

Assets | Three months ended March 31,
2019 | 2018
Average Balance | Interest | Yield/ Rate | Average Balance | Interest | Yield/ Rate
Loan portfolio(1):
Residential real estate(2) | $ | 1,806,233 |  | $ | 20,451 |  | 4.59 | % | $ | 1,603,911 |  | $ | 16,479 |  | 4.17 | %
Commercial, financial, and agriculture(2) | 1,715,524 |  | 20,845 |  | 4.93 |  | 1,496,817 |  | 15,608 |  | 4.23 |
Installment loans to individuals(2),(3) | 55,227 |  | 840 |  | 6.17 |  | 33,076 |  | 504 |  | 6.18 |
Previously securitized loans(4) | *** |  | 143 |  | *** | *** |  | 327 |  | ***
Total loans | 3,576,984 |  | 42,279 |  | 4.79 |  | 3,133,804 |  | 32,918 |  | 4.26 |
Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable | 714,413 |  | 5,689 |  | 3.23 |  | 536,714 |  | 3,981 |  | 3.01 |
Tax-exempt(5) | 102,375 |  | 987 |  | 3.91 |  | 91,722 |  | 890 |  | 3.94 |
Total securities | 816,788 |  | 6,676 |  | 3.31 |  | 628,436 |  | 4,871 |  | 3.14 |
Deposits in depository institutions | 72,723 |  | 186 |  | 1.04 |  | 29,648 |  | 42 |  | 0.57 |
Total interest-earning assets | 4,466,495 |  | 49,141 |  | 4.46 |  | 3,791,888 |  | 37,831 |  | 4.05 |
Cash and due from banks | 52,561 |  |  |  | 71,480 |  |  |
Bank premises and equipment | 78,220 |  |  |  | 72,716 |  |  |
Goodwill and intangible assets | 122,605 |  |  |  | 78,547 |  |  |
Other assets | 195,954 |  |  |  | 167,174 |  |  |
Less: allowance for loan losses | (16,182 | ) |  |  | (19,420 | ) |  |
Total assets | $ | 4,899,653 |  |  |  | $ | 4,162,385 |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand deposits | $ | 886,833 |  | $ | 933 |  | 0.43 | % | $ | 782,499 |  | $ | 357 |  | 0.19 | %
Savings deposits | 947,337 |  | 1,066 |  | 0.46 |  | 801,504 |  | 341 |  | 0.17 |
Time deposits(2) | 1,368,465 |  | 5,768 |  | 1.71 |  | 1,096,157 |  | 3,628 |  | 1.34 |
Short-term borrowings | 237,616 |  | 1,052 |  | 1.80 |  | 236,605 |  | 460 |  | 0.79 |
Long-term debt | 4,053 |  | 48 |  | 4.80 |  | 16,495 |  | 211 |  | 5.19 |
Total interest-bearing liabilities | 3,444,304 |  | 8,867 |  | 1.04 |  | 2,933,260 |  | 4,997 |  | 0.69 |
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits | 788,109 |  |  |  | 681,150 |  |  |
Other liabilities | 55,372 |  |  |  |  | 46,426 |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity | 611,868 |  |  |  | 501,549 |  |  |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | $ | 4,899,653 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,162,385 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  |  | $ | 40,274 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 32,834 |  |  |
Net yield on earning assets |  |  |  |  | 3.66 | % |  |  | 3.51 | %

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(1) | For purposes of this table, non-accruing loans have been included in average balances and the following amounts (in thousands) of loan fees have been included in interest income:
| Loan fees | $ | 96 |  |  | $ | 118 |  |
(2) | Included in the above table are the following amounts (in thousands) for the accretion of the fair value adjustments related to the Company's acquisitions:
|  | Three months ended March 31, |
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |
| Residential real estate | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 110 |  |
| Commercial, financial and agriculture | 190 |  |  | 150 |  |
| Installment loans to individuals | (6 | ) |  | 10 |  |
| Time deposits | 256 |  |  | — |  |
|  | $ | 472 |  |  | $ | 270 |  |
(3) | Includes the Company’s consumer and DDA overdrafts loan categories.
(4) | Effective January 1, 2012, the carrying value of the Company's previously securitized loans was reduced to $0.
(5) | Computed on a fully federal tax-equivalent basis assuming a tax rate of 21%.

Table Two
Rate/Volume Analysis of Changes in Interest Income and Interest Expense
(in thousands)

| Three months ended March 31, 2019 vs. 2018
Interest-earning assets: | Increase (Decrease) Due to Change In:
Volume | Rate | Net
Loan portfolio
Residential real estate | $ | 2,079 |  | $ | 1,893 |  | $ | 3,972 |
Commercial, financial, and agriculture | 2,281 |  | 2,956 |  | 5,237 |
Installment loans to individuals | 338 |  | (2 | ) | 336 |
Previously securitized loans | — |  | (184 | ) | (184 | )
Total loans | 4,698 |  | 4,663 |  | 9,361 |
Securities: |  |  |
Taxable | 1,318 |  | 390 |  | 1,708 |
Tax-exempt(1) | 103 |  | (6 | ) | 97 |
Total securities | 1,421 |  | 384 |  | 1,805 |
Deposits in depository institutions | 61 |  | 83 |  | 144 |
Total interest-earning assets | $ | 6,180 |  | $ | 5,130 |  | $ | 11,310 |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand deposits | $ | 48 |  | $ | 528 |  | $ | 576 |
Savings deposits | 62 |  | 663 |  | 725 |
Time deposits | 901 |  | 1,239 |  | 2,140 |
Short-term borrowings | 2 |  | 590 |  | 592 |
Long-term debt | (159 | ) | (4 | ) | (163 | )
Total interest-bearing liabilities | $ | 854 |  | $ | 3,016 |  | $ | 3,870 |
Net Interest Income | $ | 5,326 |  | $ | 2,114 |  | $ | 7,440 |

(1) Computed on a fully federal taxable equivalent using a tax rate of 21%.
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Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Management of the Company uses measures in its analysis of the Company's performance other than those in accordance with generally accepted accounting principals in the United States of America ("GAAP"). These measures are useful when evaluating the underlying performance of the Company's operations. The Company's management believes that these non-GAAP measures enhance comparability of results with prior periods and demonstrate the effects of significant gains and charges in the current period. The Company's management believes that investors may use these non-GAAP financial measures to evaluate the Company's financial performance without the impact of those items that may obscure trends in the Company's performance. These disclosures should not be viewed as a substitute for financial measures determined in accordance with GAAP, nor are they comparable to non-GAAP financial measures that may be presented by other companies. The following table reconciles fully taxable equivalent net interest income and fully taxable equivalent net interest income excluding accretion with net interest income as derived from the Company's financial statements, as well as other non-GAAP measures (in thousands):

| Three months ended March 31,
| 2019 | 2018
Net interest income (GAAP) | $ | 40,066 |  | $ | 32,647 |
Taxable equivalent adjustment | 208 |  | 187 |
Net interest income, fully taxable equivalent | $ | 40,274 |  | $ | 32,834 |
Average interest earning assets | $ | 4,466,495 |  | $ | 3,791,888 |
Net interest margin | 3.66 | % | 3.51 | %
Accretion related to fair value adjustments | (0.05 | ) | (0.03 | )
Net interest margin (excluding accretion) | 3.61 | % | 3.48 | %
Equity to assets (GAAP) | 12.59 | % | 11.71 | %
Effect of goodwill and other intangibles, net | (2.22 | ) | (1.68 | )
Tangible common equity to tangible assets | 10.37 | % | 10.03 | %
Return on tangible equity (GAAP) | 17.67 | % | 16.66 | %
Impact of merger related expenses | 0.16 |  | — |
Return on tangible equity, excluding the above item | 17.83 | % | 16.66 | %
Return on assets (GAAP) | 1.76 | % | 1.69 | %
Impact of merger related expenses | 0.02 |  | — |
Return on assets, excluding the above item | 1.78 | % | 1.69 | %

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Loans
Table Three
Loan Portfolio
The composition of the Company's loan portfolio as of the dates indicated follows (in thousands):

| March 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | March 31, 2018
Residential real estate | $ | 1,625,647 |  | $ | 1,635,338 |  | $ | 1,465,215 |
Home equity | 152,251 |  | 153,496 |  | 138,477 |
Commercial and industrial | 289,327 |  | 286,314 |  | 204,592 |
Commercial real estate | 1,436,190 |  | 1,454,942 |  | 1,296,304 |
Consumer | 52,483 |  | 51,190 |  | 29,570 |
DDA overdrafts | 3,424 |  | 6,328 |  | 3,523 |
Total loans | $ | 3,559,322 |  | $ | 3,587,608 |  | $ | 3,137,681 |

Loan balances decreased $28.3 million from December 31, 2018 to March 31, 2019.
Residential real estate loans decreased $9.7 million from December 31, 2018 to March 31, 2019. Residential real estate loans represent loans to consumers that are secured by a first lien on residential property. Residential real estate loans provide for the purchase or refinance of a residence and first-lien home equity loans allow consumers to borrow against the equity in their home. These loans primarily consist of single family 3 and 5 year adjustable rate mortgages with terms that amortize up to 30 years. The Company also offers fixed-rate residential real estate loans that are sold in the secondary market that are not included on the Company's balance sheet; the Company does not retain the servicing rights to these loans. Residential mortgage loans are generally underwritten to comply with Fannie Mae guidelines, while the home equity loans are underwritten with typically less documentation, but with lower loan-to-value ratios and shorter maturities. At March 31, 2019, $22.6 million of the residential real estate loans were for properties under construction.
Home equity loans decreased $1.2 million during the first three months of 2019. The Company's home equity loans represent loans to consumers that are secured by a second (or junior) lien on a residential property. Home equity loans allow consumers to borrow against the equity in their home without paying off an existing first lien. These loans consist of home equity lines of credit ("HELOC") and amortized home equity loans that require monthly installment payments. Home equity loans are underwritten with less documentation, lower loan-to-value ratios and for shorter terms than residential mortgage loans. The amount of credit extended is directly related to the value of the real estate at the time the loan is made.
The commercial and industrial ("C&I") loan portfolio consists of loans to corporate borrowers that are primarily in small to mid-size industrial and commercial companies. Collateral securing these loans includes equipment, machinery, inventory, receivables and vehicles. C&I loans are considered to contain a higher level of risk than other loan types, although care is taken to minimize these risks. Numerous risk factors impact this portfolio, including industry specific risks such as the economy, new technology, labor rates and cyclicality, as well as customer specific factors, such as cash flow, financial structure, operating controls and asset quality. C&I loans increased $3.0 million from December 31, 2018 to March 31, 2019.
Commercial real estate loans consist of commercial mortgages, which generally are secured by nonresidential and multi-family residential properties, including hotel/motel and apartment lending. Commercial real estate loans are to many of the same customers and carry similar industry risks as C&I loans. Commercial real estate loans decreased $18.8 million from December 31, 2018 to March 31, 2019. At March 31, 2019, $56.3 million of the commercial real estate loans were for commercial properties under construction.
Consumer loans may be secured by automobiles, boats, recreational vehicles and other personal property or they may be unsecured. The Company monitors the risk associated with these types of loans by monitoring such factors as portfolio growth, lending policies and economic conditions. Underwriting standards are continually evaluated and modified based upon these factors. Consumer loans increased $1.3 million during the first three months of 2019.
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Allowance and Provision for Loan Losses
Management systematically monitors the loan portfolio and the appropriateness of the allowance for loan losses (“ALLL”) on a quarterly basis to provide for probable losses incurred in the portfolio. Management assesses the risk in each loan type based on historical delinquency and loss trends, the general economic environment of its local markets, individual loan performance, and other relevant factors. Individual credits in excess of $1 million are selected at least annually for detailed loan reviews, which are utilized by management to assess the risk in the portfolio and the appropriateness of the allowance. Due to the nature of commercial lending, evaluation of the appropriateness of the allowance as it relates to these loan types is often based more upon specific credit review, with consideration given to the potential impairment of certain credits and historical loss rates, adjusted for general economic conditions and other inherent risk factors. Conversely, due to the homogeneous nature of the residential real estate and installment portfolios, the portions of the allowance allocated to those portfolios are primarily based on prior loss history of each portfolio, adjusted for general economic conditions and other inherent risk factors. Risk factors considered by the Company in completing this analysis include: (i) unemployment and economic trends in the Company’s markets; (ii) concentrations of credit, if any, among any industries; (iii) trends in loan growth, loan mix, delinquencies, losses or credit impairment; and (iv) adherence to lending policies and others. Each risk factor is designated as low, moderate/increasing, or high based on the Company’s assessment of the risk of loss associated with each factor. Each risk factor is then weighted to consider probability of occurrence.
The allowance not specifically allocated to individual credits is generally determined by analyzing potential exposure and other qualitative factors that could negatively impact the adequacy of the allowance. Loans not individually evaluated for impairment are grouped by pools with similar risk characteristics and the related historical loss rates are adjusted to reflect current inherent risk factors, such as unemployment, overall economic conditions, concentrations of credit, loan growth, classified and impaired loan trends, staffing, adherence to lending policies, and loss trends.
Determination of the ALLL is subjective in nature and requires management to periodically reassess the validity of its assumptions. Differences between actual losses and estimated losses are assessed such that management can timely modify its evaluation model to ensure that adequate provision has been made for risk in the total loan portfolio.
As a result of the Company’s quarterly analysis of the adequacy of the ALLL, the Company recorded a recovery of loan loss provision of $0.8 million in the first quarter of 2019, compared to a provision of $0.2 million for the comparable period in 2018 and a recovery of loan loss provision of $0.4 million for the fourth quarter of 2018. The recovery of loan loss provision recorded in the first quarter of 2019 reflects a general improvement in the Company’s historical loss rates used to compute the allowance not specifically allocated to individual credits and a modest decline in loans outstanding from December 31, 2018. Changes in the amount of the provision and related allowance are based on the Company’s detailed systematic methodology and are directionally consistent with changes in the composition and quality of the Company’s loan portfolio. The Company believes its methodology for determining the adequacy of its ALLL adequately provides for probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio and produces a provision and allowance for loan losses that is directionally consistent with changes in asset quality and loss experience.
The Company had net charge-offs of $0.5 million for the first three months of 2019 and $0.6 million for the first three months of 2018. Net charge-offs in the first three months of 2019 consisted primarily of net charge-offs of residential real estate loans ($0.3 million), DDA overdrafts ($0.2 million), and consumer loans ($0.1 million), which were partially offset by a net recovery on commercial and industrial loans ($0.1 million).
Based on the Company’s analysis of the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses and in consideration of the known factors utilized in computing the allowance, management believes that the allowance for loan losses as of March 31, 2019 is adequate to provide for probable losses inherent in the Company’s loan portfolio. Future provisions for loan losses will be dependent upon trends in loan balances including the composition of the loan portfolio, changes in loan quality and loss experience trends, and recoveries of previously charged-off loans, among other factors.
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Table Four
Analysis of the Allowance for Loan Losses
An analysis of changes in the Company's allowance for loan losses follows (dollars in thousands):

| Three months ended March 31, | Year ended December 31,
2019 | 2018 | 2018
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 15,966 |  | $ | 18,836 |  | $ | 18,836 |
Charge-offs: |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | — |  | (339 | ) | (733 | )
Commercial real estate | (45 | ) | (157 | ) | (369 | )
Residential real estate | (328 | ) | (131 | ) | (682 | )
Home equity | (46 | ) | (71 | ) | (219 | )
Consumer | (185 | ) | (99 | ) | (769 | )
DDA overdrafts | (625 | ) | (636 | ) | (2,701 | )
Total charge-offs | (1,229 | ) | (1,433 | ) | (5,473 | )
Recoveries: |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | 135 |  | 2 |  | 2,152 |
Commercial real estate | 32 |  | 223 |  | 732 |
Residential real estate | 75 |  | 106 |  | 367 |
Home equity | — |  | — |  | — |
Consumer | 97 |  | 46 |  | 166 |
DDA overdrafts | 419 |  | 420 |  | 1,496 |
Total recoveries | 758 |  | 797 |  | 4,913 |
Net charge-offs | (471 | ) | (636 | ) | (560 | )
(Recovery of) provision for loan losses | (849 | ) | 181 |  | (2,310 | )
Balance at end of period | $ | 14,646 |  | $ | 18,381 |  | $ | 15,966 |
As a Percent of Average Total Loans: |  |  |  |  |
Net charge-offs (annualized) | 0.05 | % | 0.08 | % | 0.02 | %
(Recovery of) provision for loan losses (annualized) | (0.09 | )% | 0.02 | % | (0.07 | )%
As a Percent of Non-Performing Loans: |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses | 119.86 | % | 189.87 | % | 107.82 | %
As a Percent of Total Loans: |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses | 0.41 | % | 0.59 | % | 0.45 | %

Table Five
Allocation of the Allowance for Loan Losses
The allocation of the allowance for loan losses is shown in the table below (in thousands). The allocation of a portion of the allowance in one portfolio loan classification does not preclude its availability to absorb losses in other portfolio segments.

| As of March 31, | As of December 31,
| 2019 | 2018 | 2018
Commercial and industrial | $ | 2,970 |  | $ | 4,763 |  | $ | 4,060 |
Commercial real estate | 4,640 |  | 5,769 |  | 4,495 |
Residential real estate | 3,820 |  | 4,943 |  | 4,116 |
Home equity | 1,248 |  | 1,200 |  | 1,268 |
Consumer | 468 |  | 212 |  | 319 |
DDA overdrafts | 1,500 |  | 1,494 |  | 1,708 |
Allowance for Loan Losses | $ | 14,646 |  | $ | 18,381 |  | $ | 15,966 |

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The ALLL decreased from $16.0 million at December 31, 2018 to $14.6 million at March 31, 2019. Below is a summary of the changes in the components of the ALLL from December 31, 2018 to March 31, 2019.
The allowance related to the commercial and industrial loan portfolio decreased from $4.1 million at December 31, 2018 to $3.0 million at March 31, 2019, primarily due to the consolidation of the coal and energy portfolio back into the commercial and industrial loan portfolio, which improved the overall average historical loss rate.
The allowance allocated to the residential real estate portfolio decreased from $4.1 million at December 31, 2018 to $3.8 million at March 31, 2019, primarily due to an improvement in historical loss rates.
Table Six
Non-Accrual and Past-Due Loans
The Company's nonperforming assets and past-due loans are shown below (dollars in thousands):

| As of March 31, | December 31,
2019 | 2018 | 2018
Non-accrual loans | $ | 12,113 |  | $ | 9,590 |  | $ | 14,551 |
Accruing loans past due 90 days or more | 106 |  | 91 |  | 257 |
Total non-performing loans | 12,219 |  | 9,681 |  | 14,808 |
Other real estate owned ("OREO") | 3,186 |  | 3,912 |  | 4,608 |
Total non-performing assets | $ | 15,405 |  | $ | 13,593 |  | $ | 19,416 |
Non-performing loans (as a percent of loans and OREO) | 0.43 | % | 0.43 | % | 0.54 | %
Past-due loans | $ | 11,006 |  | $ | 8,291 |  | $ | 13,131 |
Past-due loans (as a percentage of total loans) | 0.31 | % | 0.26 | % | 0.37 | %

The Company’s ratio of non-performing assets to total loans and other real estate owned decreased from 0.54% at December 31, 2018 to 0.43% at March 31, 2019. Excluded from this ratio are purchased credit-impaired loans in which the Company estimated cash flows and estimated a credit mark. These loans are considered performing loans provided that the loan is performing in accordance with the estimated expectations. Such loans would be considered non-performing loans if the loan's performance deteriorates below the initial expectations. Total past due loans decreased from $13.1 million, or 0.37% of total loans outstanding, at December 31, 2018 to $11.0 million, or 0.31% of total loans outstanding, at March 31, 2019.
Interest on loans is accrued and credited to operations based upon the principal amount outstanding. The accrual of interest income is generally discontinued when a loan becomes 90 days past due as to principal or interest, unless the loan is well collateralized and in the process of collection. When interest accruals are discontinued, interest credited to income in the current year that is unpaid and deemed uncollectible is charged to operations. Prior-year interest accruals that are unpaid and deemed uncollectible are charged to the allowance for loan losses, provided that such amounts were specifically reserved.
Table Seven
Impaired Loans
Information pertaining to the Company's impaired loans is included in the following table (in thousands):

| As of March 31, | As of December 31,
| 2019 | 2018 | 2018
Impaired loans with a valuation allowance | $ | 2,985 |  | $ | 2,975 |  | $ | 2,985 |
Impaired loans with no valuation allowance | 6,986 |  | 6,631 |  | 7,521 |
Total impaired loans | $ | 9,971 |  | $ | 9,606 |  | $ | 10,506 |
Allowance for loan losses allocated to impaired loans | $ | 503 |  | $ | 172 |  | $ | 428 |

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The average recorded investment in impaired loans during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018 was $10.1 million and $9.5 million, respectively. There were no commitments to provide additional funds on non-accrual, impaired, or other potential problem loans at March 31, 2019.
The Company recognized less than $0.1 million of interest income received in cash on non-accrual and impaired loans for both the three months ended March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018. Approximately $0.1 million of interest income would have been recognized during both the three months ended March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018, if such loans had been current in accordance with their original terms.
Table Eight
Troubled Debt Restructurings ("TDRs")
The following table sets forth the Company's troubled debt restructurings ("TDRs") (in thousands):

| As of March 31, | December 31,
| 2019 | 2018 | 2018
Accruing: |  |  |
Residential real estate | $ | 23,017 |  | $ | 20,786 |  | $ | 22,863 |
Home equity | 3,013 |  | 3,015 |  | 3,025 |
Commercial and industrial | 89 |  | 125 |  | 98 |
Commercial real estate | 8,164 |  | 8,324 |  | 8,205 |
Total accruing TDRs | 34,283 |  | 32,250 |  | 34,191 |
Non-Accruing: |  |  |
Residential real estate | 464 |  | 256 |  | 658 |
Home equity | 5 |  | 40 |  | 5 |
Total non-accruing TDRs | 469 |  | 296 |  | 663 |
Total TDRs | $ | 34,752 |  | $ | 32,546 |  | $ | 34,854 |

Regulatory guidance requires that loans be accounted for as collateral-dependent loans when borrowers have filed Chapter 7 bankruptcy, the debt has been discharged by the bankruptcy court and the borrower has not reaffirmed the debt. The filing of bankruptcy is deemed to be evidence that the borrower is in financial difficulty and the discharge of debt by the bankruptcy court is deemed to be a concession granted to the borrower.
The Company's troubled debt restructurings ("TDRs") related to its borrowers who had filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy protection make up 66% of the Company's total TDRs as of March 31, 2019. The average age of these TDRs was 11.9 years; the average current balance as a percentage of the original balance was 68.7%; and the average loan-to-value ratio was 64.9% as of March 31, 2019. Of the total 494 Chapter 7 related TDRs, 31 had an estimated loss exposure based on the current balance and appraised value at March 31, 2019.
Non-Interest Income and Non-Interest Expense
Three months ended March 31, 2019 vs. 2018
(in millions)

| Three months ended March 31, |  |
| 2019 | 2018 | $ Change | % Change
Net investment securities gains | $ | 0.2 |  | $ | 0.3 |  | $ | (0.1 | ) | (33.3 | )%
Non-interest income, excluding net investment securities gains | 15.8 |  | 14.2 |  | 1.6 |  | 11.3 | %
Merger related expenses | 0.3 |  | — |  | 0.3 |  | 100.0 | %
Non-interest expense, excluding merger related expenses | 29.2 |  | 24.9 |  | 4.3 |  | 17.3 | %

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Non-Interest Income: Non-interest income was $15.9 million for the first quarter of 2019 as compared to $14.5 million for the first quarter of 2018. During the first quarter of 2019, the Company realized a security gain of $0.1 million due to the call of a security and $0.1 million of unrealized fair value gains on the Company’s equity securities compared to $0.3 million of unrealized fair value gains on the Company’s equity securities in the first quarter of 2018. Exclusive of these gains, non-interest income increased from $14.2 million for the first quarter of 2018 to $15.8 million for the first quarter of 2019. This increase was largely attributable to an increase of $0.6 million, or 14.7%, in bankcard revenues and an increase of $0.5 million, or 6.7%, in service charges, with $0.4 million and $0.3 million, respectively, attributable to the acquisitions of Poage and Farmers Deposit. In addition, bank owned life insurance revenues increased $0.2 million due to death benefit proceeds received in the first quarter of 2019 and other income increased $0.2 million.
Non-Interest Expense: During the quarter ended March 31, 2019, the Company incurred an additional $0.3 million of acquisition and integration expenses associated with the acquisitions of Poage and Farmers Deposit. Excluding this expense, non-interest expenses increased $4.3 million (17.3% increase), from $24.9 million in the first quarter of 2018 to $29.2 million in the first quarter of 2019. This increase was primarily due to an increase in salaries and employee benefits of $2.0 million due primarily to the acquisitions of Poage and Farmers Deposit ($0.9 million) and annual salary adjustments ($0.7 million). In addition, other expenses increased $1.1 million, equipment and software related expenses increased $0.4 million and occupancy related expenses increased $0.3 million. These increases were primarily attributable to the acquisitions of Poage and Farmers Deposit.
Income Tax Expense: The Company's effective income tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2019 was 21.2% compared to 20.0% for the three months ended March 31, 2018.
Risk Management
Market risk is the risk of loss due to adverse changes in current and future cash flows, fair values, earnings or capital due to adverse movements in interest rates and other factors, including foreign exchange rates, underlying credit risk and commodity prices. Because the Company has no significant foreign exchange activities and holds no commodities, interest rate risk represents the primary risk factor affecting the Company’s balance sheet and net interest margin. Significant changes in interest rates by the Federal Reserve could result in similar changes in LIBOR interest rates, prime rates, and other benchmark interest rates that could affect the estimated fair value of the Company’s investment securities portfolio, interest paid on the Company’s short-term and long-term borrowings, interest earned on the Company’s loan portfolio and interest paid on its deposit accounts.
The Company’s Asset and Liability Committee (“ALCO”) has been delegated the responsibility of managing the Company’s interest-sensitive balance sheet accounts to maximize earnings while managing interest rate risk. ALCO, comprised of various members of executive and senior management, is also responsible for establishing policies to monitor and limit the Company’s exposure to interest rate risk and to manage the Company’s liquidity position. ALCO satisfies its responsibilities through quarterly meetings during which product pricing issues, liquidity measures, and interest sensitivity positions are monitored.
In order to measure and manage its interest rate risk, the Company uses an asset/liability management and simulation software model to periodically update the interest sensitivity position of the Company’s balance sheet. The model is also used to perform analyses that measure the impact on net interest income and capital as a result of various changes in the interest rate environment. Such analyses quantify the effects of various interest rate scenarios on projected net interest income.
The Company’s policy objective is to avoid negative fluctuations in net income or the economic value of equity of more than 15% within a 12-month period, assuming an immediate parallel increase of 300 points or decrease of 200 basis points. The Company measures the long-term risk associated with sustained increases and decreases in rates through analysis of the impact to changes in rates on the economic value of equity.
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The following table summarizes the sensitivity of the Company’s net income to various interest rate scenarios. The results of the sensitivity analyses presented below differ from the results used internally by ALCO in that, in the analyses below, interest rates are assumed to have an immediate and sustained parallel shock. The Company recognizes that rates are volatile, but rarely move with immediate and parallel effects. Internally, the Company considers a variety of interest rate scenarios that are deemed to be possible while considering the level of risk it is willing to assume in “worst-case” scenarios such as shown by the following:

Immediate Basis Point Change in Interest Rates | Implied Federal Funds Rate Associated with Change in Interest Rates | Estimated Increase (Decrease) in Net Income Over 12 Months
March 31, 2019 |  |  |
+300 |  | 5.50 | % | +2.5 | %
+200 |  | 4.50 |  | +3.9 |
+100 |  | 3.50 |  | +3.2 |
-50 |  | 2.00 |  | -3.0 |
-100 |  | 1.50 |  | -7.4 |
-200 |  | 0.50 |  | -17.1 |
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |
+300 |  | 5.50 | % | +1.6 | %
+200 |  | 4.50 |  | +2.6 |
+100 |  | 3.50 |  | +2.8 |
-50 |  | 2.00 |  | -3.1 |
-100 |  | 1.50 |  | -6.9 |
-200 |  | 0.50 |  | -16.3 |

These estimates are highly dependent upon assumptions made by management, including, but not limited to, assumptions regarding the manner in which interest-bearing demand deposit and saving deposit accounts reprice in different interest rate scenarios, changes in the composition of deposit balances, pricing behavior of competitors, prepayments of loans and deposits under alternative rate environments, and new business volumes and pricing. As a result, there can be no assurance that the estimates above will be achieved in the event that interest rates increase or decrease during the remainder of 2019 and beyond. The estimates above do not necessarily imply that the Company will experience increases in net income if market interest rates rise. The table above indicates how the Company’s net income behaves relative to an increase or decrease in rates compared to what would otherwise occur if rates remain stable.
Based upon the estimates above, the Company believes that its net income is positively correlated with increasing rates as compared to the level of net income the Company would expect if interest rates remain flat.
Liquidity
The Company evaluates the adequacy of liquidity at both the City Holding Company ("City Holding") level and at the banking subsidiary level. At the City Holding level, the principal source of cash is dividends from its banking subsidiary, City National Bank of West Virginia ("City National"). Dividends paid by City National to City Holding are subject to certain legal and regulatory limitations. Generally, any dividends in amounts that exceed the earnings retained by City National in the current year plus retained net profits for the preceding two years must be approved by regulatory authorities. At March 31, 2019, City National could pay dividends up to $65.9 million plus net profits for the remainder of 2019, as defined by statute, up to the dividend declaration date without prior regulatory permission.
On December 19, 2016, the Company announced that it had filed a prospectus supplement to its existing shelf registration statement on Form S-3 for the sale of its common stock having an aggregate value of up to $55 million through an "at-the-market" equity offering program. Through the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company sold approximately 548,000 common shares at a weighted average price of $64.82, net of broker fees. The Company has sold no shares since the first quarter of 2017. To date, the Company has received $36.4 million in gross proceeds. Under the program, the Company has the ability to receive an additional $18.6 million in gross proceeds from the sale of common shares.
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Over the next 12 months, City Holding has an obligation to remit interest payments approximating $0.2 million on the junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures held by Town Square Statutory Trust I. However, interest payments on the debentures can be deferred for up to five years under certain circumstances. During December 2018, City Holding repaid $16.5 million of junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures issued by the Company and held by City Holding Capital Trust III at a price of 100% of principal.
Additionally, City Holding anticipates continuing the payment of dividends on its common stock, which are expected to approximate $34.9 million on an annualized basis over the next 12 months based on common shareholders outstanding at March 31, 2019. However, dividends to shareholders can, if necessary, be suspended. In addition to these anticipated cash needs, City Holding has operating expenses and other contractual obligations, which are estimated to require $1.7 million of additional cash over the next 12 months. As of March 31, 2019, City Holding reported a cash balance of $10.8 million and management believes that City Holding’s available cash balance, together with cash dividends from City National, will be adequate to satisfy its funding and cash needs over the next 12 months.
Excluding the interest and dividend payments discussed above, City Holding has no significant commitments or obligations in years after 2019 other than the repayment of its $4.1 million obligation under the debentures held by Town Square Statutory Trust I. However, this obligation does not mature until June 2036, or earlier at the option of City Holding. It is expected that City Holding will be able to obtain the necessary cash, either through dividends obtained from City National or the issuance of other debt, to fully repay the debentures at their maturity.
City National manages its liquidity position in an effort to effectively and economically satisfy the funding needs of its customers and to accommodate the scheduled repayment of borrowings. Funds are available to City National from a number of sources, including depository relationships, sales and maturities within the investment securities portfolio, and borrowings from the Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") and other financial institutions. As of March 31, 2019, City National’s assets are significantly funded by deposits and capital. Additionally, City National maintains borrowing facilities with the FHLB and other financial institutions that are accessed as necessary to fund operations and to provide contingency funding mechanisms. During the quarter ended September 30, 2018, City National elected to improve its on-balance sheet liquidity by utilizing its short-term borrowings. As of March 31, 2019, City National has the capacity to borrow an additional $1.9 billion from the FHLB and other financial institutions under existing borrowing facilities. City National maintains a contingency funding plan, incorporating these borrowing facilities, to address liquidity needs in the event of an institution-specific or systemic financial industry crisis. Also, although it has no current intention to do so, City National could liquidate its unpledged securities, if necessary, to provide an additional funding source. City National also segregates certain mortgage loans, mortgage-backed securities, and other investment securities in a separate subsidiary so that it can separately monitor the asset quality of these primarily mortgage-related assets, which could be used to raise cash through securitization transactions or obtain additional equity or debt financing if necessary.
The Company manages its asset and liability mix to balance its desire to maximize net interest income against its desire to minimize risks associated with capitalization, interest rate volatility, and liquidity. With respect to liquidity, the Company has chosen a conservative posture and believes that its liquidity position is strong. The Company’s net loan to asset ratio is 72.1% as of March 31, 2019 and deposit balances fund 82.2% of total assets. The Company has obligations to extend credit, but these obligations are primarily associated with existing home equity loans that have predictable borrowing patterns across the portfolio. The Company has investment security balances with carrying values that totaled $836.6 million at March 31, 2019, and that exceeded the Company’s non-deposit sources of borrowing, which totaled $198.7 million. Further, the Company’s deposit mix has a high proportion of transaction and savings accounts that fund 54.1% of the Company’s total assets.
As illustrated in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, the Company generated $20.4 million of cash from operating activities during the first three months of 2019, primarily from interest income received on loans and investments, net of interest expense paid on deposits and borrowings. The Company generated $12.6 million of cash in investing activities during the first three months of 2019, primarily due to proceeds from sales and maturities of securities available-for-sale of $40.5 million, proceeds from sales of other investments of $11.7 million, and a net decrease in loans of $26.9 million. These increases were partially offset by purchases of securities available-for-sale of $61.4 million and purchases of other investments of $9.0 million. The Company used $12.1 million of cash in financing activities during the first three months of 2019, principally as a result of a decrease in short-term borrowings of $67.2 million, dividends paid of $8.8 million to the Company's common stockholders, and purchases of treasury stock of $4.1 million. These decreases were partially offset by increases in interest-bearing deposits of $63.2 million and non-interest bearing deposits of $4.5 million.
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Capital Resources
Shareholders' equity increased $18.5 million due to net income of $21.6 million, other comprehensive income of $8.6 million, and stock based related compensation expense of $0.8 million. These increases were partially offset by the repurchase of 54,740 common shares at a weighted average price of $74.69 per share ($4.1 million) as part of a one million share repurchase plan authorized by the Board of Directors in February 2019 and cash dividends declared of $8.7 million.
In July 2013, the Federal Reserve published the final rules that established a new comprehensive capital framework for banking organizations, commonly referred to as Basel III. These final rules substantially revised the risk-based capital requirements applicable to bank holding companies and depository institutions. The final rule became effective January 1, 2015 for smaller, non-complex banking organizations, with full implementation on January 1, 2019.
As of January 1, 2019, the Basel III Capital Rules require City Holding and City National to maintain minimum CET 1, Tier 1 and Total Capital ratios, along with a capital conservation buffer, effectively resulting in new minimum capital ratios (which are shown in the table below). The capital conservation buffer is designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. Banking institutions with a ratio of CET 1 capital to risk-weighted assets above the minimum but below the conservation buffer (or below the combined capital conservation buffer and countercyclical capital buffer, when the latter is applied) will face constraints on dividends, equity repurchases and compensation based on the amount of the shortfall. The Basel III Capital Rules also provide for a “countercyclical capital buffer” that is applicable to only certain covered institutions and does not have any current applicability to City Holding Company or City National Bank.
The Company’s regulatory capital ratios for both City Holding and City National are illustrated in the following tables
(in thousands):

March 31, 2019 | Actual | Minimum Required - Basel III | Required to be Considered Well Capitalized
Capital Amount | Ratio | Capital Amount | Ratio | Capital Amount | Ratio
CET I Capital |  |  |  |  |  |
City Holding Company | $ | 504,148 |  | 15.6 | % | $ | 226,947 |  | 7.0 | % | $ | 210,737 |  | 6.5 | %
City National Bank | 446,895 |  | 13.9 | % | 225,149 |  | 7.0 | % | 209,067 |  | 6.5 | %
Tier I Capital |  |  |  |  |  |
City Holding Company | 508,148 |  | 15.7 | % | 275,579 |  | 8.5 | % | 259,368 |  | 8.0 | %
City National Bank | 446,895 |  | 13.9 | % | 273,396 |  | 8.5 | % | 257,313 |  | 8.0 | %
Total Capital |  |  |  |  |  |
City Holding Company | 523,053 |  | 16.1 | % | 340,421 |  | 10.5 | % | 324,210 |  | 10.0 | %
City National Bank | 461,799 |  | 14.4 | % | 337,724 |  | 10.5 | % | 321,642 |  | 10.0 | %
Tier I Leverage Ratio |  |  |  |  |  |
City Holding Company | 508,148 |  | 10.6 | % | 191,396 |  | 4.0 | % | 239,245 |  | 5.0 | %
City National Bank | 446,895 |  | 9.5 | % | 189,080 |  | 4.0 | % | 236,349 |  | 5.0 | %

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December 31, 2018 | Actual | Minimum Required - Basel III Phase-In Schedule | Minimum Required - Basel III Fully Phased-In (*) | Required to be Considered Well Capitalized
Capital Amount | Ratio | Capital Amount | Ratio | Capital Amount | Ratio | Capital Amount | Ratio
CET I Capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
City Holding Company | $ | 492,526 |  | 15.1 | % | $ | 208,294 |  | 6.375 | % | $ | 228,715 |  | 7.0 | % | $ | 212,378 |  | 6.5 | %
City National Bank | 423,099 |  | 13.1 | % | 206,676 |  | 6.375 | % | 226,938 |  | 7.0 | % | 210,728 |  | 6.5 | %
Tier I Capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
City Holding Company | 496,526 |  | 15.2 | % | 257,304 |  | 7.875 | % | 277,725 |  | 8.5 | % | 261,389 |  | 8.0 | %
City National Bank | 423,099 |  | 13.1 | % | 255,306 |  | 7.875 | % | 275,568 |  | 8.5 | % | 259,358 |  | 8.0 | %
Total Capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
City Holding Company | 512,801 |  | 15.7 | % | 322,651 |  | 9.875 | % | 343,072 |  | 10.5 | % | 326,736 |  | 10.0 | %
City National Bank | 439,374 |  | 13.6 | % | 320,145 |  | 9.875 | % | 340,408 |  | 10.5 | % | 324,198 |  | 10.0 | %
Tier I Leverage Ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
City Holding Company | 496,526 |  | 11.4 | % | 174,833 |  | 4.000 | % | 174,833 |  | 4.0 | % | 218,542 |  | 5.0 | %
City National Bank | 423,099 |  | 9.8 | % | 172,594 |  | 4.000 | % | 172,594 |  | 4.0 | % | 215,742 |  | 5.0 | %
(*) Represents the minimum required capital levels as of January 1, 2019 when Basel III Capital Rules have been fully phased in.

As of March 31, 2019, management believes that City Holding Company and its banking subsidiary, City National, were “well capitalized.” City Holding is subject to regulatory capital requirements administered by the Federal Reserve, while City National is subject to regulatory capital requirements administered by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”) and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”). Regulatory agencies can initiate certain mandatory actions if either City Holding or City National fails to meet the minimum capital requirements, as shown above. As of March 31, 2019, management believes that City Holding and City National have met all capital adequacy requirements.
On May 24, 2018, the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act (the "Regulatory Relief Act") went into effect. The Regulatory Relief Act provides for a simplification of the minimum capital level requirements applicable to the Company. The federal bank regulatory agencies have not yet issued final rules regarding this change, but it is expected that a to–be–developed community bank leverage ratio requirement of tangible equity to average consolidated assets between eight to ten percent will replace the Basel III Capital Rules applicable to the Company. There can be no assurances, however, as to the substance of the final rule or its effect on the Company.

Item 3 - | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

The information called for by this item is provided under the caption “Risk Management” under Item 2 - Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Item 4 - | Controls and Procedures

Pursuant to Rule 13a-15(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Company carried out an evaluation, with the participation of the Company’s management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined under Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective in timely alerting them to material information relating to the Company required to be included in the Company’s periodic SEC filings. There has been no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended March 31, 2019 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
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Part II - | OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. | Legal Proceedings

The Company is engaged in various legal actions that it deems to be in the ordinary course of business. As these legal actions are resolved, the Company could realize positive and/or negative impact to its financial performance in the period in which these legal actions are ultimately resolved. There can be no assurance that current actions will have immaterial results, either positive or negative, or that no material actions may be presented in the future.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes to the factors disclosed in Item 1A. Risk Factors in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

On February 27, 2019, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized the Company to buy back up to 1,000,000 of its common shares (the "Program") in open market transactions, in block trades or otherwise at prices that are accretive to the earnings per share of continuing shareholders. The Program, which has no time limit on the duration, permits management to commence or suspend purchases at any time or from time-to-time based upon market and business conditions and without prior notice. The following table sets forth information regarding the Company's common stock repurchases transacted during the quarter ended March 31, 2019:

|  |  | Total Number | Maximum Number
|  |  | of Shares Purchased | of Shares that May
|  |  | as Part of Publicly | Yet Be Purchased
| Total Number of | Average Price | Announced Plans | Under the Plans
Period | Shares Purchased | Paid per Share | or Programs | or Programs
February 1 - February 28, 2019 | — |  | $ | — |  | — |  | 1,000,000 |
March 1 - March 31, 2019 | 54,740 |  | $ | 74.69 |  | 54,740 |  | 945,260 |

Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures

None.

Item 5. | Other Information

None.
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Item 6. | Exhibits

The exhibits required to be filed or furnished with this Form 10-Q are attached hereto or incorporated herein by reference as shown in the following "Exhibit Index."
Exhibit Index
The following exhibits are filed herewith or are incorporated herein by reference.

|  | 2(a) | Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated November 14, 2011, by and among Virginia Savings Bancorp, Inc., Virginia Savings Bank, F.S.B., City Holding Company and City National Bank of West Virginia (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company’s Form 8-K dated November 14, 2011, and filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 14, 2011).
|  | 2(b) | Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated August 2, 2012, by and among Community Financial Corporation, Community Bank, City Holding Company and City National Bank of West Virginia (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company’s Form 8-K dated August 7, 2012, and filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 7, 2012).
|  | 2(c) | Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated July 11, 2018, by and among Poage Bankshares, Inc., Town Square Bank, City Holding Company and City National Bank of West Virginia (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company’s Form 8-K dated July 11, 2018, and filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 12, 2018).
|  | 2(d) | Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated July 11, 2018, by and among Farmers Deposit Bancorp, Inc., Farmers Deposit Bank, City Holding Company and City National Bank of West Virginia (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company’s Form 8-K dated July 11, 2018, and filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 12, 2018).
|  | 3(a) | Articles of Incorporation of City Holding Company (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, Amendment No. 1 to City Holding Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-4, Registration No. 2-86250, filed November 4, 1983 with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
|  | 3(b) | Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of City Holding Company, dated March 6, 1984 (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company's Form 8-K Report dated March 7, 1984, and filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 22, 1984).
|  | 3(c) | Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of City Holding Company, dated March 4, 1986 (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company's Form 10-K Annual Report for the year ended December 31, 1986, filed March 31, 1987 with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
|  | 3(d) | Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of City Holding Company, dated September 29, 1987 (attached to and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company's Registration Statement on Form S-4, Registration No. 33-23295, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 3, 1988).
|  | 3(e) | Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of City Holding Company, dated May 6, 1991 (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company's Form 10-K Annual Report for the year ended December 31, 1991, filed March 17, 1992 with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
|  | 3(f) | Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of City Holding Company, dated May 7, 1991 (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company's Form 10-K Annual Report for the year ended December 31, 1991, filed March 17, 1992 with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
|  | 3(g) | Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of City Holding Company, dated August 1, 1994 (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company's Form 10-Q Quarterly Report for the quarter ended September 30, 1994, filed November 14, 1994 with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
|  | 3(h) | Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of City Holding Company, dated December 9, 1998 (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company’s Form 10-K Annual Report for the year ended December 31, 1998, filed March 31, 1999 with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
|  | 3(i) | Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of City Holding Company, dated June 13, 2001 (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A, filed June 22, 2001 with the Securities and Exchange Commission).

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|  | 3(j) | Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of City Holding Company, dated May 10, 2006 (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company’s Form 10-Q, Quarterly Report for the quarter ended June 30, 2006, filed August 9, 2006 with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
|  | 3(k) | Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of City Holding Company, dated April 19, 2017 (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company's Form 10-Q Quarterly Report for the quarter ended March 31, 2017, filed May 5, 2017 with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
|  | 3(l) | Amended and Restated Bylaws of City Holding Company, revised February 24, 2010 (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 1, 2010 with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
|  | 4(a) | Rights Agreement dated as of June 13, 2001 (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company's Form 8–A, filed June 22, 2001, with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
|  | 4(b) | Amendment No. 1 to the Rights Agreement dated as of November 30, 2005 (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company’s Amendment No. 1 on Form 8-A, filed December 21, 2005, with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
|  | 31(a) | Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for Charles R. Hageboeck
|  | 31(b) | Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for David L. Bumgarner
|  | 32(a) | Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for Charles R. Hageboeck
|  | 32(b) | Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for David L. Bumgarner
|  | 101.INS | XBRL Instance Document*
|  | 101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema*
|  | 101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase*
|  | 101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase*
|  | 101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase*
|  | 101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase*
* | Pursuant to Rule 406T of Regulation S-T, these interactive data files are deemed not filed or part of a registration statement or prospectus for purposes of Sections 11 or 12 of the Securities Act of 1933 or Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and otherwise are not subject to liability.

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| City Holding Company |
| (Registrant)
| /s/ Charles R. Hageboeck |
| Charles R. Hageboeck
| President and Chief Executive Officer
| (Principal Executive Officer)
| /s/ David L. Bumgarner |
| David L. Bumgarner
| Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer
| (Principal Financial Officer)

Date: May 3, 2019
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