<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001140361-24-049330.txt : 20241213
<SEC-HEADER>0001140361-24-049330.hdr.sgml : 20241213
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20241213085933
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001140361-24-049330
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		17
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20241213
ITEM INFORMATION:		Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20241213
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20241213

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			Turning Point Brands, Inc.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001290677
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	TOBACCO PRODUCTS [2100]
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	04 Manufacturing
		IRS NUMBER:				133961898
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	001-37763
		FILM NUMBER:		241546923

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		5201 INTERCHANGE WAY
		CITY:			LOUISVILLE
		STATE:			KY
		ZIP:			40229
		BUSINESS PHONE:		(502) 778-4421

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		5201 INTERCHANGE WAY
		CITY:			LOUISVILLE
		STATE:			KY
		ZIP:			40229

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	North Atlantic Holding Company, Inc.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20040517
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      <div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold;">UNITED STATES</div>

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      <div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">CURRENT REPORT</div>

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                  <div>Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions:</div>
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        <div style="text-align: left;"> <br/>
        </div>

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                  <div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)</span></span></div>
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                  <div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)</span></span></div>
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                  <div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))</span></span></div>
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        <div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <br/>
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                  <div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))</span></span></div>
                </td>

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        <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>

        <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:</div>

        <div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <br/>
          </span></div>

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                <div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;">Title of each class</div>
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    <td colspan="1" style="width: 1%; vertical-align: bottom; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2px;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 35%; vertical-align: bottom; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">
                <div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;">Trading Symbol(s)</div>
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    <td colspan="1" style="width: 1%; vertical-align: bottom; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2px;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 28%; vertical-align: bottom; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">
                <div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Name of each exchange on which registered</div>
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                <div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:Security12bTitle" id="Fact_b12ee70c2178419f905b8a0c2f4224ad" contextRef="c20241213to20241213">common stock $0.01 par value per share</ix:nonNumeric><br/>
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    <td colspan="1" style="width: 1%; vertical-align: top; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 35%; vertical-align: top; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">
                <div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:TradingSymbol" id="Fact_659fb6f266f149f4bd001880026632a7" contextRef="c20241213to20241213">TPB</ix:nonNumeric><br/>
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    <td colspan="1" style="width: 1%; vertical-align: top; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 28%; vertical-align: top; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">
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        <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>

        <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities
          Exchange Act of 1934.</div>

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        <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Emerging growth company <ix:nonNumeric name="dei:EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" id="Fact_d4b1c0b46b5b48eaa5000ca1eb6e58b0" contextRef="c20241213to20241213" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></div>

        <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>

        <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised
          financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. &#9744;</div>

        <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;"> <br/>
        </div>

        <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">
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                  <div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">ITEM<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> 1.01.</span> </span></div>
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    <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top; width: auto;">
                  <div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">ENTRY INTO A MATERIAL
                          DEFINITIVE AGREEMENT.</span></span>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </span></div>
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        </div>

        <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>

        <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">At the Market Offering</span></div>

        <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>

        <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">On December 13, 2024, Turning Point Brands, Inc. (the &#8220;<span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">Company</span>&#8221;) entered into an at-the-market sales
          agreement (the &#8220;<span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">sales agreement</span>&#8221;) with B. Riley Securities, Inc. and Barclays Capital Inc. (together, the &#8220;<span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">sales agents</span>&#8221;),
          relating to the issuance and sale from time to time by the Company (the &#8220;<span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">ATM Offering</span>&#8221;), through the sales agents, of shares of the Company&#8217;s common stock, par value $0.01 per share (the
          &#8220;<span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">Common Stock</span>&#8221;) having an aggregate gross sales price of up to $100,000,000 (the &#8220;<span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">Placement Shares</span>&#8221;). Sales of the Placement
          Shares, if any, under the sales agreement may be made in ordinary brokers&#8217; transactions, to or through a market maker, on or through the New York Stock Exchange (the &#8220;<span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">NYSE</span>&#8221;), the
          existing trading market for the Company&#8217;s Common Stock, or any other market venue where the Company&#8217;s Common Stock may be traded, in the over-the-counter market, in privately negotiated transactions, or through a combination of any such methods
          of sale. The sales agents may also sell the Placement Shares by any other method permitted by law.&#160; Under the terms of the sales agreement, the Company will pay the sales agents a commission of up to 3.0% of the gross sales price of any Placement
          Shares sold.</div>

        <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>

        <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">The Placement Shares to be sold under the sales agreement, if any, will be issued and sold pursuant to the prospectus forming a part of the Company&#8217;s shelf registration
          statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-274825), which was filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 2, 2023 and became effective on October 12, 2023, and a prospectus supplement dated December 13, 2024 related
          thereto. The Company plans to use the net proceeds from any sales of Placement Shares pursuant to the sales agreement for general corporate purposes, including accelerating the national roll-out and expanding manufacturing of our white nicotine
          pouch brand FRE and joint venture, ALP Supply Co, LLC.</div>

        <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>

        <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">The foregoing description of the sales agreement is not complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the sales agreement, a copy of which
          is filed as Exhibit 1.1 to this Current Report on Form 8-K and is incorporated in this Item 1.01 by reference. In connection with the ATM Offering, Milbank LLP provided the Company with the legal opinion attached to this Current Report on Form
          8-K as Exhibit 5.1.</div>

        <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>

        <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">The sales agents and their respective affiliates have engaged, and may in the future engage, in commercial and investment banking transactions with the Company in the
          ordinary course of their businesses. They have received, and expect to receive, customary compensation and expense reimbursement for these commercial and investment banking transactions.</div>

        <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>

        <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">This Current Report on Form 8-K shall not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy the Common Stock discussed herein, nor shall there be any
          offer, solicitation, or sale of common stock in any state in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful prior to registration or qualification under the securities laws of any such state.</div>

        <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>

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        <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements</div>

        <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>

        <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">This Current Report on Form 8-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. Forward-looking statements may generally be
          identified by the use of words such as "anticipate," "believe," "expect," "intend," "plan" and "will" or, in each case, their negative, or other variations or comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements include all matters that are
          not historical facts. By their nature, forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties because they relate to events and depend on circumstances that may or may not occur in the future. As a result, these statements are not guarantees
          of future performance and actual events may differ materially from those expressed in or suggested by the forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement made by the Company in this Current Report on Form 8-K, its reports filed with the
          Securities and Exchange Commission (the &#8220;SEC&#8221;) and other public statements made from time-to-time speak only as of the date made. New risks and uncertainties come up from time to time, and it is impossible for the Company to predict or identify
          all such events or how they may affect it. The Company has no obligation, and does not intend, to update any forward-looking statements after the date hereof, except as required by federal securities laws. Factors that could cause these
          differences include, but are not limited to those included it the Company&#8217;s Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and other reports filed by the Company with the SEC. These statements constitute the Company&#8217;s cautionary
          statements under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.</div>

        <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;"> <br/>
        </div>

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                  <div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Item 9.01</span></div>
                </td>

    <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top; width: auto;">
                  <div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Financial Statements and Exhibits</span></span></div>
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        <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>

        <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">(d) Exhibits.</div>

        <div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <br/>
          </span></div>

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                  <div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Exhibit </div>
                  <div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">No.</div>
                </td>

    <td style="width: 90%; vertical-align: bottom; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">&#160;Description</td>

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                  <div style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br/>
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                  <div style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br/>
                  </div>
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                  <div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><a href="ny20038703x2_ex1-1.htm">1.1</a></div>
                </td>

    <td style="width: 90%; vertical-align: top; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">
                  <div style="text-align: left;">At Market Issuance Sales Agreement, dated December 13, 2024, by and among Turning Point Brands, Inc., B. Riley Securities, Inc. and Barclays Capital Inc.<br/>
                  </div>
                </td>

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    <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">
                  <div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><a href="ny20038703x2_ex5-1.htm">5.1</a></div>
                </td>

    <td style="width: 90%; vertical-align: top; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">
                  <div style="text-align: left;">Opinion of Milbank LLP.</div>
                </td>

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                  <div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><a href="ny20038703x2_ex5-1.htm">23.1</a></div>
                </td>

    <td style="width: 90%; vertical-align: top; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">
                  <div style="text-align: left;">Consent of Milbank LLP (included in its opinion filed as Exhibit 5.1).</div>
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                  <div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">104.1</div>
                </td>

    <td style="width: 90%; vertical-align: top; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">
                  <div style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Cover page interactive data file (embedded within the Inline XBRL document).</div>
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        <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">SIGNATURES</div>

        <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>

        <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, Turning Point Brands, Inc. has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the
          undersigned hereunto duly authorized.</div>

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          </span></div>

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    <td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">
                <div style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;">TURNING POINT BRANDS, INC.</div>
              </td>

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    <td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">
                <div style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Date: December 13, 2024</div>
              </td>

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                <div style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">By:</div>
              </td>

    <td style="width: 47%; vertical-align: top; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">/s/ Brittani N. Cushman<br/>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-1.1
<SEQUENCE>2
<FILENAME>ny20038703x2_ex1-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 1.1
<TEXT>
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    <!-- Licensed to: Broadridge Financial Solutions
         Document created using Broadridge PROfile 24.11.1.5268
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    <div style="text-align: right; font-weight: bold;"><font style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">Exhibit 1.1</font></div>
    <div><br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">&#160;TURNING POINT BRANDS, INC.</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: center;">Common Stock</div>
    <div style="text-align: center;">(par value $0.01 per share)</div>
    <div style="text-align: center;"> <font style="font-weight: bold;"><br>
      </font></div>
    <div style="text-align: center;"><font style="font-weight: bold;">At Market Issuance Sales Agreement</font></div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: right;">December 13, 2024</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div>B. Riley Securities, Inc.</div>
    <div>299 Park Avenue, 21<sup style="vertical-align: text-top; line-height: 1; font-size: smaller;">st</sup> Floor</div>
    <div>New York, NY 10171</div>
    <div><br>
    </div>
    <div>Barclays Capital Inc.<br>
    </div>
    <div>745 Seventh Avenue<br>
    </div>
    <div>New York, New York 10019<br>
    </div>
    <div> <br>
    </div>
    <div>Ladies and Gentlemen:</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">Turning Point Brands, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the &#8220;<u>Company</u>&#8221;), confirms its agreement (this &#8220;<u>Agreement</u>&#8221;) with B. Riley Securities, Inc. (<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">&#8220;<u>B. Riley Securities</u>&#8221;) and Barclays Capital Inc. (&#8220;<u>Barclays</u>&#8221;; each of B. Riley Securities and Barclays individually an &#8220;<u>Agent</u>&#8221; and collectively, the &#8220;<u>Agents</u>&#8221;) as follows:</font></div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-indent: 45pt;">1.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 80pt;"><u>Issuance and Sale of Shares</u>. The Company agrees that, from time to time during the term of this Agreement, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth herein,
      it may issue and sell through or to the Agents, as sales agent or principal, shares (the &#8220;<u>Placement Shares</u>&#8221;)<font style="font-style: italic;">&#160;</font>of the Company&#8217;s common stock, par value $0.01 per share (the &#8220;<u>Common Stock</u>&#8221;); <font style="font-style: italic;">provided however, </font>in no event shall the Company issue or sell through the Agents the lower of such number of Placement Shares that (a) exceeds the number of shares or dollar amount of Common Stock registered on
      the effective Registration Statement (as defined below) pursuant to which the offering is being made or (b) exceeds the number of shares or dollar amount registered on the Prospectus (as defined below) (the lesser of (a) or (b) the &#8220;<u>Maximum Amount</u>&#8221;)









      and <font style="font-style: italic;">provided further, however,</font> that in no event shall the aggregate number of Placement Shares sold pursuant to this Agreement exceed the number of authorized but unissued shares of Common Stock.
      Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, the parties hereto agree that compliance with the limitations set forth in this <u>Section 1</u> on the number of Placement Shares issued and sold under this Agreement shall be the sole
      responsibility of the Company and that the Agents shall have no obligation in connection with such compliance. The issuance and sale of Placement Shares through the Agents will be effected pursuant to the Registration Statement (as defined below),
      although nothing in this Agreement shall be construed as requiring the Company to use the Registration Statement to issue any Placement Shares. </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br>
    </div>
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    <!--PROfilePageNumberReset%Num%2%%%-->
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">The Company has filed, in accordance with the provisions of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended and the rules and regulations thereunder (the &#8220;<u>Securities Act</u>&#8221;), with the Securities and
      Exchange Commission (the &#8220;<u>Commission</u>&#8221;), a registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-274825), including a base prospectus, relating to certain securities including the Placement Shares to be issued from time to time by the Company, and
      which incorporates by reference documents that the Company has filed or will file in accordance with the provisions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended and the rules and regulations thereunder (the &#8220;<u>Exchange Act</u>&#8221;). The Company
      has prepared a prospectus supplement to the base prospectus included as part of such registration statement specifically relating to the Placement Shares (the &#8220;Prospectus Supplement&#8221;). The Company will furnish to the Agents, for use by the Agents,
      copies of the base prospectus included as part of such registration statement, as supplemented by the Prospectus Supplement, relating to the Placement Shares. Except where the context otherwise requires, such registration statement, and any
      post-effective amendment thereto, including all documents filed as part thereof or incorporated by reference therein, and including any information contained in a Prospectus (as defined below) subsequently filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule
      424(b) under the Securities Act or deemed to be a part of such registration statement pursuant to Rule 430B of the Securities Act, or any subsequent registration statement on Form S-3 filed pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act by the Company
      to cover any Placement Shares, is herein called the &#8220;<u>Registration Statement</u>.&#8221; The base prospectus, including all documents incorporated or deemed incorporated therein by reference to the extent such information has not been superseded or
      modified in accordance with Rule 412 under the Securities Act (as qualified by Rule 430B(g) of the Securities Act), included in the Registration Statement, as it may be supplemented by the Prospectus Supplement, in the form in which such base
      prospectus and/or Prospectus Supplement have most recently been filed by the Company with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act is herein called the &#8220;Prospectus.&#8221; Any reference herein to the Registration Statement, the
      Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto shall be deemed to refer to and include the documents incorporated by reference therein, and any reference herein to the terms &#8220;amend,&#8221; &#8220;amendment&#8221; or &#8220;supplement&#8221; with respect to the Registration
      Statement or the Prospectus shall be deemed to refer to and include the filing after the execution hereof of any document with the Commission incorporated by reference therein (the &#8220;<u>Incorporated Documents</u>&#8221;).</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">For purposes of this Agreement, all references to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or to any amendment or supplement thereto shall be deemed to include the most recent copy filed with the
      Commission pursuant to its Electronic Data Gathering Analysis and Retrieval System, or if applicable, the Interactive Data Electronic Application system when used by the Commission (collectively, &#8220;<u>EDGAR</u>&#8221;).</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 45pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">2.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 80pt;"><u>Placements</u>. Each time that the Company wishes to issue and sell Placement Shares hereunder (each, a &#8220;<u>Placement</u>&#8221;), it will notify an Agent <font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">(the &#8220;<u>Designated Agent</u>&#8221;) </font>by electronic mail (or other method mutually agreed to in writing by the parties) of the number of Placement Shares to be issued, the time
      period during which sales are requested to be made, any limitation on the number of Placement Shares that may be sold in any one day and any minimum price below which sales may not be made (a &#8220;<u>Placement Notice</u>&#8221;), the form of which is attached
      hereto as <u>Schedule 1</u>. The Placement Notice shall originate from any of the individuals from the Company set forth on <u>Schedule 3</u> (with a copy to each of the other individuals from the Company listed on such schedule) and shall be
      addressed to each of the individuals from the Designated Agent set forth on <u>Schedule 3,</u> as such <u>Schedule 3</u> may be amended from time to time. The Placement Notice shall be effective unless and until (i) the Designated Agent declines in
      writing to accept the terms contained therein for any reason, in its sole discretion, which declination will be conveyed to the Company as promptly as practicable, (ii) the entire amount of the Placement Shares thereunder has been sold, (iii) the
      Company amends, supersedes, suspends or terminates the Placement Notice, which suspension and termination rights may be exercised by the Company in its sole discretion, or (iv) this Agreement has been terminated under the provisions of <u>Section 13</u>.
      The amount of any discount, commission or other compensation to be paid by the Company to the Designated Agent in connection with the Designated Agent&#8217;s sale of the Placement Shares shall be calculated in accordance with the terms set forth in <u>Schedule









        2</u>.&#160; It is expressly acknowledged and agreed that neither the Company nor the Designated Agent will have any obligation whatsoever with respect to a Placement or any Placement Shares unless and until the Company delivers a Placement Notice to
      the Designated Agent and the Designated Agent does not decline (and the Company does not suspend or terminate) such Placement Notice pursuant to the terms set forth above, and then only upon the terms specified therein and herein. In the event of a
      conflict between the terms of <u>Sections 2</u> or <u>3</u> of this Agreement and the terms of a Placement Notice, the terms of the Placement Notice will control.</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 39.6pt; margin-left: 0.9pt;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div style="text-align: center;" class="BRPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">2</font></div>
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    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">3.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 80pt;"><u>Sale of Placement Shares by the Agents</u>. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, for the period specified in a Placement Notice, the Designated Agent will
      use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices and applicable state and federal laws, rules and regulations and the rules of the New York Stock Exchange (the &#8220;<u>Exchange</u>&#8221;), to sell up to the amount
      of the Placement Shares specified in, and otherwise in accordance with the terms of, such Placement Notice. The Designated Agent will provide written confirmation to the Company no later than the opening of the Trading Day (as defined below)
      immediately following the Trading Day on which it has made sales of Placement Shares hereunder setting forth the number of Placement Shares sold on such day, the compensation payable by the Company to the Designated Agent pursuant to <u>Section 2</u>
      with respect to such sales, and the Net Proceeds (as defined below) payable to the Company, with an itemization of the deductions made by the Designated Agent (as set forth in <u>Section 5(b))</u> from the gross proceeds that it receives from such
      sales. Subject to the terms of a Placement Notice, the Designated Agent may sell Placement Shares by any method permitted by law deemed to be an &#8220;at the market offering&#8221; as defined in Rule 415 of the Securities Act or any other method permitted under
      applicable law. Notwithstanding the foregoing, no sale may be made in a privately negotiated transaction by the Designated Agent pursuant to this Agreement without the prior written consent of the Company. &#8220;<u>Trading Day</u>&#8221; means any day on which
      shares of Common Stock are purchased and sold on the Exchange.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 45pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">4.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 80pt;"><u>Suspension of Sales</u>. The Company or the Designated Agent may, upon notice to the other party in writing (including by email correspondence to each of the individuals of
      the other party set forth on <u>Schedule 3</u>, if receipt of such correspondence is actually acknowledged by any of the individuals to whom the notice is sent, other than via auto-reply) or by telephone (confirmed immediately by verifiable
      facsimile transmission or email correspondence to each of the individuals of the other party set forth on <u>Schedule </u>3), suspend any sale of Placement Shares (a &#8220;<u>Suspension</u>&#8221;); <font style="font-style: italic;">provided, however</font>,
      that such suspension shall not affect or impair any party&#8217;s obligations with respect to any Placement Shares sold hereunder prior to the receipt of such notice. While a Suspension is in effect, any obligation under <u>Sections 7(l)</u>, <u>7(m)</u>,
      and <u>7(n)</u> with respect to the delivery of certificates, opinions, or comfort letters to the Agents, shall be waived. Each of the parties agrees that no such notice under this <u>Section 4</u> shall be effective against any other party unless
      it is made to one of the individuals named on <u>Schedule 3</u> hereto, as such Schedule may be amended from time to time.</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.3pt; margin-left: 0.7pt;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div style="text-align: center;" class="BRPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">3</font></div>
      <div class="BRPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after: always;">
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    </div>
    <div style="text-indent: 45pt;">5.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 80pt;"><u>Sale and Delivery to the </u><u>Designated Agent; Settlement</u>.</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">a.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Sale of Placement Shares</u>. On the basis of the representations and warranties herein contained and subject to the terms and conditions herein set forth, upon the
      Designated Agent&#8217;s acceptance of the terms of a Placement Notice, and unless the sale of the Placement Shares described therein has been amended, supplemented, declined, suspended, or otherwise terminated in accordance with the terms of this
      Agreement, the Designated Agent, for the period specified in the Placement Notice, will use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices and applicable state and federal laws, rules and regulations and
      the rules of the Exchange to sell such Placement Shares up to the amount specified in, and otherwise in accordance with the terms of, such Placement Notice. The Company acknowledges and agrees that (i) there can be no assurance that the Designated
      Agent will be successful in selling Placement Shares, (ii) the Designated Agent will incur no liability or obligation to the Company or any other person or entity if it does not sell Placement Shares for any reason other than a failure by the
      Designated Agent to use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices and applicable state and federal laws, rules and regulations and the rules of the Exchange to sell such Placement Shares as required
      under this Agreement and (iii) the Designated Agent shall be under no obligation to purchase Placement Shares on a principal basis pursuant to this Agreement, except as otherwise agreed by the Designated Agent and the Company.</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">b.<u></u></div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Settlement of Placement Shares</u>. Unless otherwise specified in the applicable Placement Notice, settlement for sales of Placement Shares will occur on the first Trading
      Day following the date on which such sales are made (each, a &#8220;<u>Settlement Date</u>&#8221;). The Designated Agent shall notify the Company of each sale of Placement Shares no later than the opening of the Trading Day immediately following the Trading Day
      that the Designated Agent sold Placement Shares hereunder. The amount of proceeds to be delivered to the Company on a Settlement Date against receipt of the Placement Shares sold (the &#8220;<u>Net Proceeds</u>&#8221;) will be equal to the aggregate sales price
      received by the Designated Agent, after deduction for (i) the Designated Agent&#8217;s commission, discount or other compensation for such sales payable by the Company pursuant to Section 2 hereof, and (ii) any transaction fees imposed by any governmental
      or self-regulatory organization in respect of such sales.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">c.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Delivery of Placement Shares</u>. On or before each Settlement Date, the Company will, or will cause its transfer agent to, deliver the Placement Shares being sold by
      crediting the Designated Agent&#8217;s or its designee&#8217;s account (provided the Designated Agent shall have given the Company written notice of such designee and such designee&#8217;s account information at least one Trading Day prior to the Settlement Date) at
      The Depository Trust Company via DWAC and shall be freely tradeable, transferable, registered shares in good deliverable form. On each Settlement Date, the Designated Agent will deliver the related Net Proceeds in same day funds to an account
      designated by the Company on, or prior to, the Settlement Date. Upon request by the Company, the Designated Agent will provide DWAC instructions or other instructions for delivery by other means with respect to the transfer of the Placement Shares
      being sold. The Company agrees that if the Company, or its transfer agent (if applicable), defaults in its obligation to deliver Placement Shares on a Settlement Date through no fault of the Designated Agent, then in addition to and in no way
      limiting the rights and obligations set forth in <u>Section 11(a)</u> hereto, it will (i) hold the Designated Agent harmless against any loss, claim, damage, or reasonable, documented expense (including reasonable and documented legal fees and
      expenses), as incurred, arising out of or in connection with such default by the Company or its transfer agent (if applicable) and (ii) pay to the Designated Agent (without duplication) any commission, discount, or other compensation to which it
      would otherwise have been entitled absent such default.</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div style="text-align: center;" class="BRPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">4</font></div>
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    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">d.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Limitations on Offering Size</u>. Under no circumstances shall the Company cause or request the offer or sale of any Placement Shares if, after giving effect to the sale of
      such Placement Shares, the aggregate number of Placement Shares sold pursuant to this Agreement would exceed the lesser of (A) together with all sales of Placement Shares under this Agreement, the Maximum Amount, (B) the amount available and
      permitted to be offered and sold under the currently effective Registration Statement and (C) the amount authorized from time to time to be issued and sold under this Agreement by the Company&#8217;s board of directors, a duly authorized committee thereof
      or a duly authorized executive committee, and notified to the Designated Agent in writing. Under no circumstances shall the Company cause or request the offer or sale of any Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement at a price lower than the
      minimum price authorized from time to time by the Company&#8217;s board of directors, a duly authorized committee thereof or a duly authorized executive committee, and notified to the Designated Agent in writing.</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;"> e.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><u>Sales Through Agents</u></font>. The
        Company agrees that any offer to sell, any solicitation of an offer to buy, or any sales of Placement Shares or any other equity security of the Company shall only be effected by or through an Agent, and only a single Agent, on any single given
        date, and in no event shall the Company request that more than one Agent sell Placement Shares on the same day; provided however that (i) the foregoing limitation shall not apply to (A) exercise of any option, warrant, right or any conversion
        privilege set forth in the instruction governing such securities, (B) sales solely to employees, directors or security holders of the Company or its subsidiaries, or to a trustee or other person acquiring such securities for the accounts of such
        person and (ii) such limitation shall not apply (A) on any day during which no sales are made pursuant to this Agreement or (B) during a period in which the Company has notified the Agents that it will not sell Common Stock under this Agreement and
        (1) no Placement Notice is pending or (2) after a Placement Notice has been withdrawn.</font></div>
    <div> <br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">6.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 80pt;"><u>Representations and Warranties of the Company</u>. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement or Prospectus (including the Incorporated Documents), which shall not
      apply to Sections 6(hh), (oo), and (tt), the Company represents and warrants to, and agrees with each Agent that as of the date of this Agreement and as of each Applicable Time (as defined below), unless such representation, warranty or agreement
      specifies a different date or time:</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 9pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">a.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Registration Statement and Prospectus</u>. The transactions contemplated by this Agreement, assuming no act or omission on the part of the Agents that would make such
      statement untrue, meet the requirements for and comply with the conditions for the use of Form S&#8209;3 under the Securities Act. The Registration Statement has been filed with the Commission and declared effective by the Commission. The Prospectus
      Supplement will name the Agents as the agents in the section entitled &#8220;Plan of Distribution.&#8221; The Company has not received, and has no notice of, any order of the Commission preventing or suspending the use of the Registration Statement or
      threatening or instituting proceedings for that purpose. The Registration Statement and the offer and sale of Placement Shares as contemplated hereby meet the requirements of Rule 415 under the Securities Act and comply in all material respects with
      said Rule. Any statutes, regulations, contracts or other documents that are required to be described in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or to be filed as exhibits to the Registration Statement have been so described or filed, as
      applicable. Copies of the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, and any such amendments or supplements and all documents incorporated by reference therein that were filed with the Commission on or prior to the date of this Agreement have been
      delivered, or are available through EDGAR, to the Agents and their counsel. The Company has not distributed and, prior to the later to occur of each Settlement Date and completion of the distribution of the Placement Shares, will not distribute any
      offering material in connection with the offering or sale of the Placement Shares other than (i) the Registration Statement and the Prospectus and any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus (as defined below) to which the Agents have consented, which consent
      will not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed, or (ii) that is required by applicable law or the listing maintenance requirements of the Exchange. The Common Stock is registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act and is
      currently listed on the Exchange under the trading symbol &#8220;TPB.&#8221; The Company has not, in the 12 months preceding the date hereof, received notice from the Exchange to the effect that the Company is not in compliance with the listing or maintenance
      requirements of the Exchange. To the Company&#8217;s knowledge, it is in compliance with all applicable listing and maintenance requirements of the Exchange in all material respects.</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div style="text-align: center;" class="BRPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">5</font></div>
      <div class="BRPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after: always;">
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    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">b.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>No Misstatement or Omission</u>. At each Settlement Date, the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, as of such date, will conform in all material respects with the
      requirements of the Securities Act. The Registration Statement, when it became or becomes effective, did not, and will not, contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to
      make the statements therein not misleading. The Prospectus and any amendment and supplement thereto, on the date thereof and at each Applicable Time (defined below), did not or will not include an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state
      a material fact necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The documents incorporated by reference in the Prospectus or any Prospectus Supplement did not, and any further
      documents filed and incorporated by reference therein will not, when filed with the Commission, contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated in such document or necessary to make the statements
      in such document, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The foregoing shall not apply to statements in, or omissions from, any such document made in reliance upon, and in conformity with, information furnished to
      the Company by the Agents specifically for use in the preparation thereof.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">c.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Conformity with Securities Act and Exchange Act</u>. The Registration Statement, the Prospectus, any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto,
      and the Incorporated Documents, when such documents were or are filed with the Commission under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act or became or become effective under the Securities Act, as the case may be, conformed or will conform in all
      material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, as applicable.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">d.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Financial Information</u>. The consolidated financial statements of the Company included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus,
      together with the related notes and schedules, present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company and the Subsidiaries (as defined below) as of the dates indicated and the consolidated results of operations,
      cash flows and changes in stockholders&#8217; equity of the Company and the Subsidiaries for the periods specified (subject, in the case of unaudited financial statements, to normal year-end audit adjustments which will not be material, either individually
      or in the aggregate) and have been prepared in all material respects in compliance with the published requirements of the Securities Act and Exchange Act, as applicable, and in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United
      States (&#8220;<u>GAAP</u>&#8221;) applied on a consistent basis (except (i) for such adjustments to accounting standards and practices as are noted therein and (ii) in the case of unaudited interim statements, to the extent they may exclude footnotes or may be
      condensed or summary statements) during the periods involved; the other financial and statistical data with respect to the Company and the Subsidiaries contained or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, were
      prepared on a basis consistent with the financial statements and books and records of the Company; there are no financial statements (historical or pro forma) that are required to be included or incorporated by reference in the Registration
      Statement, or the Prospectus that are not included or incorporated by reference as required; the Company and the Subsidiaries do not have any material liabilities or obligations, direct or contingent (including any off-balance sheet obligations), not
      described in the Registration Statement, and the Prospectus which are required to be described in the Registration Statement or Prospectus; and all disclosures contained or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus,
      if any, regarding &#8220;non-GAAP financial measures&#8221; (as such term is defined by the rules and regulations of the Commission) comply in all material respects with Regulation G of the Exchange Act and Item 10 of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act, to
      the extent applicable.</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div style="text-align: center;" class="BRPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">6</font></div>
      <div class="BRPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after: always;">
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    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;"> e.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Conformity with EDGAR Filing</u>. The Prospectus delivered to the Agents for use in connection with the sale of the Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement will be
      identical to the versions of the Prospectus created to be transmitted to the Commission for filing via EDGAR, except to the extent permitted by Regulation S-T.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">f.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Organization</u>. The Company and any subsidiary that is a significant subsidiary (as such term is defined in Rule 1-02 of Regulation S-X promulgated by the Commission)
      (each, a &#8220;<u>Subsidiary</u>,&#8221; collectively, the &#8220;<u>Subsidiaries</u>&#8221;), are, and will be, duly organized, validly existing as a corporation or limited liability company, as applicable, and in good standing under the laws of their respective
      jurisdictions of organization. The Company and the Subsidiaries are duly licensed or qualified as a foreign corporation for transaction of business and in good standing under the laws of each other jurisdiction in which their respective ownership or
      lease of property or the conduct of their respective businesses requires such license or qualification, and have all corporate power and authority necessary to own or hold their respective properties and to conduct their respective businesses as
      described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, except where the failure to be so qualified or in good standing or have such power or authority would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect or would
      reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on the assets, business, operations, earnings, properties, condition (financial or otherwise), prospects, stockholders&#8217; equity or results of operations of the Company and the Subsidiaries taken
      as a whole, or prevent or materially interfere with the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby (a &#8220;<u>Material Adverse Effect</u>&#8221;).</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">g.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Subsidiaries</u>. The Company owns directly or indirectly, all of the equity interests of the Subsidiaries free and clear of any lien, charge, security interest,
      encumbrance, right of first refusal or other restriction, and all the equity interests of the Subsidiaries are validly issued and are fully paid, nonassessable and free of preemptive and similar rights. The Company does not own or control, directly
      or indirectly, any corporation, association or other entity other than the subsidiaries listed in Exhibit 21.1 to the Company&#8217;s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the most recently ended fiscal year and other than, (i) those subsidiaries not required to
      be listed on Exhibit 21.1 by Item 601 of Regulation S-K under the Exchange Act and (ii) those subsidiaries formed since the last day of the most recently ended fiscal year.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">h.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>No Violation or Default</u>. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary is (i) in violation of its charter or by-laws or similar organizational documents; (ii) in default, and
      no event has occurred that, with notice or lapse of time or both, would constitute such a default, in the due performance or observance of any term, covenant or condition contained in any indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, loan agreement or other
      similar agreement or instrument to which the Company or any Subsidiary is a party or by which the Company or any Subsidiary is bound or to which any of the property or assets of the Company or any Subsidiary is subject; or (iii) in violation of any
      law or statute or any judgment, order, rule or regulation of any court or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority, except, in the case of each of clauses (ii) and (iii) above, for any such violation or default that would not, individually
      or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect. To the Company&#8217;s knowledge, no other party under any material contract or other agreement to which it or any Subsidiary is a party is in default in any respect thereunder where such default would
      have a Material Adverse Effect.</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div style="text-align: center;" class="BRPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">7</font></div>
      <div class="BRPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after: always;">
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    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">i.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>No Material Adverse Effect</u>. Since the date of the most recent financial statements of the Company included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement
      and Prospectus, there has not been (i) any Material Adverse Effect, or the occurrence of any development that the Company reasonably expects would result in a Material Adverse Effect, (ii) any transaction which is material to the Company and the
      Subsidiaries taken as a whole, (iii) any obligation or liability, direct or contingent (including any off-balance sheet obligations), incurred by the Company or the Subsidiaries, which is material to the Company and the Subsidiaries taken as a whole,
      (iv) any material change in the capital stock (other than (A) the grant of additional options under the Company&#8217;s existing stock option plans, (B) changes in the number of outstanding Common Stock of the Company due to the issuance of shares upon the
      exercise or conversion of securities exercisable for, or convertible into, Common Stock outstanding on the date hereof, (C) as a result of the issuance of the Placement Shares, (D) any repurchases of capital stock of the Company, (E) as described in
      a proxy statement filed on Schedule 14A or a Registration Statement on Form S-4, or (F) otherwise publicly announced) or outstanding long-term indebtedness of the Company or the Subsidiaries or (v) any dividend or distribution of any kind declared,
      paid or made on the capital stock of the Company or any Subsidiary, other than in each case above in the ordinary course of business or as otherwise disclosed in the Registration Statement or Prospectus (including any document incorporated by
      reference therein).</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">j.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Capitalization</u>. The issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company have been validly issued, are fully paid and non-assessable and, other than as
      disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, are not subject to any preemptive rights, rights of first refusal or similar rights. The Company has an authorized, issued and outstanding capitalization as set forth in the Registration
      Statement and the Prospectus as of the dates referred to therein (other than (i) the grant of additional options under the Company&#8217;s existing stock option plans, (ii) changes in the number of outstanding Common Stock of the Company due to the
      issuance of shares upon the exercise or conversion of securities exercisable for, or convertible into, Common Stock outstanding on the date hereof, (iii) as a result of the issuance of the Placement Shares, or (iv) any repurchases of capital stock of
      the Company) and such authorized capital stock conforms to the description thereof set forth in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus in all material respects. Except as disclosed in or contemplated by the Registration Statement or the
      Prospectus, as of the date referred to therein, the Company has not issued any options to purchase, or any rights or warrants to subscribe for, or any securities or obligations convertible into, or exchangeable for, or any contracts or commitments to
      issue or sell, any shares of capital stock or other securities that remain outstanding.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">k.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>S-3 Eligibility</u>. At the time the Registration Statement was or will be declared effective, and at the time the Company&#8217;s most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K was
      filed with the Commission, the Company met or will meet the then applicable requirements for the use of Form S-3 under the Securities Act.</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div style="text-align: center;" class="BRPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">8</font></div>
      <div class="BRPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after: always;">
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    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">l.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Authorization; Enforceability</u>. The Company has full legal right, power and authority to enter into this Agreement and perform the transactions contemplated hereby. This
      Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company.<br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">m.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Authorization of Placement Shares</u>. The Placement Shares, when issued and delivered pursuant to the terms approved by the board of directors of the Company or a duly
      authorized committee thereof, or a duly authorized executive committee or officer of the Company, against payment therefor as provided herein, will be duly and validly authorized and issued and fully paid and nonassessable, free and clear of any
      pledge, lien, encumbrance, security interest or other claim (other than any pledge, lien, encumbrance, security interest or other claim arising from an act or omission of an Agent or a purchaser), including any statutory or contractual preemptive
      rights, resale rights, rights of first refusal or other similar rights, and will be registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">n.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>No Consents Required</u>. No consent, approval, authorization, order, registration or qualification of or with any court or arbitrator or any governmental or regulatory
      authority is required for the execution, delivery and performance by the Company of this Agreement, and the issuance and sale by the Company of the Placement Shares as contemplated hereby, except for such consents, approvals, authorizations, orders
      and registrations or qualifications (i) as may be required under applicable state securities laws or by the by-laws and rules of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (&#8220;<u>FINRA</u>&#8221;) or the Exchange, including any notices that may be required
      by the Exchange, in connection with the sale of the Placement Shares by the Agents, (ii) as may be required under the Securities Act, (iii) as have been previously obtained by the Company and (iv) to the extent the failure to obtain such consents,
      approvals, authorizations, orders, registrations, or qualifications would not be reasonably likely to have a Material Adverse Effect.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">o.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>No Preferential Rights</u>. (i) No person, as such term is defined in Rule 1-02 of Regulation S-X promulgated under the Securities Act (each, a &#8220;<u>Person</u>&#8221;), has the
      right, contractual or otherwise, to cause the Company to issue or sell to such Person any Common Stock or shares of any other capital stock or other securities of the Company (other than upon the exercise of options or warrants to purchase Common
      Stock or upon the exercise of options that may be granted from time to time under the Company&#8217;s stock option plan), (ii) no Person has any preemptive rights, rights of first refusal, or any other rights (whether pursuant to a &#8220;poison pill&#8221; provision
      or otherwise) to purchase any Common Stock or shares of any other capital stock or other securities of the Company from the Company which have not been duly waived with respect to the offering contemplated hereby, (iii) no Person has the right to act
      as an underwriter or as a financial advisor to the Company in connection with the offer and sale of the Common Stock, and (iv) no Person has the right, contractual or otherwise, to require the Company to register under the Securities Act any Common
      Stock or shares of any other capital stock or other securities of the Company, or to include any such shares or other securities in the Registration Statement or the offering contemplated thereby, whether as a result of the filing or effectiveness of
      the Registration Statement or the sale of the Placement Shares as contemplated thereby or otherwise, except in each case for such rights as have been waived on or prior to the date hereof.</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div style="text-align: center;" class="BRPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">9</font></div>
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    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">p.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Independent Public Accountant</u>. RSM US LLP (the &#8220;<u>Accountant</u>&#8221;), whose report on the consolidated financial statements of the Company is filed with the Commission
      as part of the Company&#8217;s most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission and incorporated by reference into the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, are and, during the periods covered by their report, were independent public
      accountants within the meaning of the Securities Act and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). To the Company&#8217;s knowledge, the Accountant is not in violation of the auditor independence requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
      of 2002 (the &#8220;<u>Sarbanes-Oxley Act</u>&#8221;) with respect to the Company.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">q.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Company Activities</u>. (i) None of the Company, any of the Subsidiaries or, to the Company&#8217;s knowledge, any person acting on behalf of the Company or any subsidiary has
      cultivated, produced, processed, imported or distributed, or has any current intention to cultivate, produce, process, import or distribute, any cannabis or cannabinoid product or has otherwise engaged, or has any current intention to otherwise
      engage, in any direct or indirect dealings or transactions in or to the United States of America, its territories and possessions, any state of the United States and the District of Columbia or any other federal, provincial, state, municipal, local
      or foreign jurisdiction where such activity is illegal, (ii) neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has operated in or exported any cannabis or cannabinoid product to any jurisdiction where such activities are not in compliance with all
      applicable federal, state or provincial laws; and (iii) the Company and its Subsidiaries have instituted and maintained and will continue to maintain policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure that the Company and its Subsidiaries do not
      carry on any activities in, or distribute any products to, any jurisdiction where such activities or products are not in compliance with all applicable federal, state or provincial laws, except in each instance as would not reasonably be expected,
      individually or in the aggregate, to have a Material Adverse Effect.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">r.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>No Litigation</u>. There are no legal or governmental proceedings pending or threatened to which the Company or any Subsidiary is a party or to which any of the properties
      of the Company or any Subsidiary is subject, other than proceedings accurately described in all material respects in the Prospectus and proceedings that would not have a Material Adverse Effect on the Company and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole,
      or on the power or ability of the Company to perform its obligations under this Agreement or to consummate the transactions contemplated by the Prospectus&#894; and there are no statutes, regulations, contracts or other documents that are required to be
      described in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or to be filed as exhibits to the Registration Statement that are not described or filed as required.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">s.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Licenses and Permits</u>. The Company and the Subsidiaries possess or have obtained, all licenses, certificates, consents, orders, approvals, permits and other
      authorizations issued by, and have made all declarations and filings with, the appropriate federal, state, local or foreign governmental or regulatory authorities that are necessary for the ownership or lease of their respective properties or the
      conduct of their respective businesses as currently conducted, as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus (the &#8220;<u>Permits</u>&#8221;), except where the failure to possess, obtain or make the same would not be expected to, individually
      or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has received written notice of any proceeding relating to revocation or modification of any such Permit or has any reason to believe that such Permit will not
      be renewed in the ordinary course, except where revocation, modification or the failure to obtain any such renewal would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect.</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div style="text-align: center;" class="BRPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">10</font></div>
      <div class="BRPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after: always;">
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    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">t.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>No Material Defaults</u>. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has defaulted on any installment on indebtedness for borrowed money or on any rental on one or more
      long-term leases, which defaults, individually or in the aggregate, would have a Material Adverse Effect. The Company has not filed a report pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act since the filing of its last Annual Report on Form
      10-K, indicating that it (i) has failed to pay any dividend or sinking fund installment on preferred stock or (ii) has defaulted on any installment on indebtedness for borrowed money or on any rental on one or more long-term leases, which defaults,
      individually or in the aggregate, would have a Material Adverse Effect.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">u.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Certain Market Activities</u>. Neither the Company, nor any Subsidiary, nor, to the knowledge of the Company, any of their respective directors, officers or controlling
      persons has taken, directly or indirectly, any action designed, or that has constituted or would reasonably be expected to cause or result in, under the Exchange Act or otherwise, the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the
      Company to facilitate the sale or resale of the Placement Shares.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">v.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Broker/Dealer Relationships</u>. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary or any related entities (i) is required to register as a &#8220;broker&#8221; or &#8220;dealer&#8221; in accordance with the
      provisions of the Exchange Act or (ii) directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls or is a &#8220;person associated with a member&#8221; or &#8220;associated person of a member&#8221; (within the meaning set forth in the FINRA Manual).</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">w.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>No Reliance</u>. The Company has not relied upon the Agents or legal counsel for the Agents for any legal, tax or accounting advice in connection with the offering and sale
      of the Placement Shares.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">x.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Taxes</u>. The Company and the Subsidiaries have filed all federal, state, local and foreign tax returns which have been required to be filed, or have properly requested
      extensions thereof, and paid all taxes shown thereon through the date hereof, to the extent that such taxes have become due and are not being contested in good faith, except where the failure to do so would not reasonably be expected to have a
      Material Adverse Effect. Except as otherwise disclosed in or contemplated by the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, no tax deficiency has been determined adversely to the Company or any Subsidiary which has had, or would have, individually or
      in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect. The Company has no knowledge of any federal, state or other governmental tax deficiency, penalty or assessment which has been or might be asserted or threatened against it which would reasonably be
      expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">y.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Title to Real and Personal Property.</u> The Company and the Subsidiaries have good and valid title in fee simple to all items of real property owned by them and good and
      valid title to all personal property described in the Registration Statement or Prospectus as being owned by them that are material to the businesses of the Company or such Subsidiary, in each case free and clear of all liens, encumbrances and
      claims, except those that (i) do not materially interfere with the use made and proposed to be made of such property by the Company and the Subsidiaries or (ii) would not reasonably be expected to, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material
      Adverse Effect. Any real property described in the Registration Statement or Prospectus as being leased by the Company and the Subsidiaries is held by them under valid, existing and enforceable leases, except those that (A) do not materially
      interfere with the use made or proposed to be made of such property by the Company or the Subsidiaries or (B) would not be reasonably expected to, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect.</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; margin-right: 3.6pt;"> <br>
    </div>
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      <div style="text-align: center;" class="BRPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">11</font></div>
      <div class="BRPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after: always;">
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    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">z.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Intellectual Property.</u>&#160;The Company and the Subsidiaries own or possess adequate enforceable rights to use all patents, patent applications, trademarks (both registered
      and unregistered), trade names, trademark registrations, service marks, service mark registrations, Internet domain name registrations, copyrights, copyright registrations, licenses and know-how (including trade secrets and other unpatented and/or
      unpatentable proprietary or confidential information, systems or procedures) (collectively, the &#8220;<u>Intellectual Property</u>&#8221;), necessary for the conduct of their respective businesses as conducted as of the date hereof, except to the extent that
      the failure to own or possess adequate rights to use such Intellectual Property would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. The Company and the Subsidiaries have not received any written
      notice of any claim of infringement or conflict which asserted Intellectual Property rights of others, which infringement or conflict would reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. There are no pending, or to the Company&#8217;s
      knowledge, threatened judicial proceedings or interference proceedings challenging the Company&#8217;s or any Subsidiary&#8217;s rights in or to or the validity of the scope of any of the Company&#8217;s or its Subsidiaries&#8217; patents, patent applications or proprietary
      information. No other entity or individual has any right or claim in any of the Company&#8217;s or any of its Subsidiary&#8217;s patents, patent applications or any patent to be issued therefrom by virtue of any contract, license or other agreement entered into
      between such entity or individual and the Company or any Subsidiary or by any non-contractual obligation, other than by written licenses granted by the Company or any Subsidiary. The Company has not received any written notice of any claim
      challenging the rights of the Company or its Subsidiaries in or to any Intellectual Property owned, licensed or optioned by the Company or any Subsidiary which claim, if the subject of an unfavorable decision, would reasonably be expected to result
      in a Material Adverse Effect.</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">aa.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Compliance with Applicable Laws</u>. The Company has not been advised, and has no reason to believe, that it and each of its subsidiaries are not conducting business in
      compliance with all applicable laws, rules and regulations of the jurisdictions in which it is conducting business, except where failure to be so in compliance would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">bb.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Environmental Laws</u>. The Company and the Subsidiaries (i) are in compliance with any and all applicable federal, state, local and foreign laws, rules, regulations,
      decisions and orders relating to the protection of human health and safety, the environment or hazardous or toxic substances or wastes, pollutants or contaminants (collectively, &#8220;<u>Environmental Laws</u>&#8221;); (ii) have received and are in compliance
      with all permits, licenses or other approvals required of them under applicable Environmental Laws to conduct their respective businesses as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus; and (iii) have not received notice of any actual
      or potential liability for the investigation or remediation of any disposal or release of hazardous or toxic substances or wastes, pollutants or contaminants, except, in the case of any of clauses (i), (ii) or (iii) above, for any such failure to
      comply or failure to receive required permits, licenses, other approvals or liability as would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect.</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div style="text-align: center;" class="BRPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">12</font></div>
      <div class="BRPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after: always;">
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    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">cc.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Disclosure Controls</u>. The Company has established and maintains effective disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15 and 15d-15 under
      the rules and regulations of the Exchange Act), (i) which are designed to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to the Company&#8217;s principal executive officer and its principal
      financial officer by others within those entities, particularly during the periods in which the periodic reports required under the Exchange Act are being prepared, and (ii) are effective in all material respects to perform the functions for which
      they were established. The Company has conducted evaluations of the effectiveness of their disclosure controls as required by Rule 13a-15 of the Exchange Act.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160; <br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">dd.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Accounting Controls</u>. The Company has established and maintains a system of &#8220;internal control over financial reporting&#8221; (as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the
      General Rules and Regulations (the &#8220;<u>Exchange Act Rules</u>&#8221;) under the Exchange Act) that complies with the requirements of the Exchange Act applicable to the Company and has been designed by the Company&#8217;s principal executive and principal
      financial officers, or under their supervision, to provide reasonable assurances that (i) transactions are executed in accordance with management&#8217;s general or specific authorization, (ii) transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation
      of financial statements in conformity with GAAP and to maintain accountability for assets, (iii) access to assets is permitted only in accordance with management&#8217;s general or specific authorization, (iv) the recorded accountability for assets is
      compared with the existing assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences and (v) the interactive data in eXtensible Business Reporting Language incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement
      and the Prospectus fairly presents the information called for in all material respects and is prepared in accordance with the SEC&#8217;s rules and guidelines applicable thereto.&#160; Except as set forth in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, since
      the end of the Company&#8217;s most recent reported period, there has been (i) no material weaknesses in the Company&#8217;s internal controls over financial reporting (whether or not remediated) and (ii) no material change in the Company&#8217;s internal controls
      over financial reporting; and the Company is not aware of any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company&#8217;s internal control over financial reporting.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">
      <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160; <br>
      </div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">ee.</div>
      <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Sarbanes-Oxley Act</u>. There is and has been no failure on the part of the Company or, to the knowledge of the Company, any of the Company&#8217;s directors or officers, in
        their capacities as such, to comply in all material respects with any applicable provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. Each of the principal executive officer and the principal financial officer
        of the Company (or each former principal executive officer of the Company and each former principal financial officer of the Company as applicable) has made all certifications required by Sections 302 and 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act with respect
        to all reports, schedules, forms, statements and other documents required to be filed by it or furnished by it to the Commission during the past 12 months. For purposes of the preceding sentence, &#8220;principal executive officer&#8221; and &#8220;principal
        financial officer&#8221; shall have the meanings given to such terms in the Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15.</div>
      <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160; </div>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">ff.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Finder&#8217;s Fees</u>. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has incurred any liability for any finder&#8217;s fees, brokerage commissions or similar payments in connection with the
      transactions herein contemplated, except as may otherwise exist with respect to the Agents pursuant to this Agreement.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">gg.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Labor Disputes</u>. No labor disturbance by or dispute with employees of the Company or any Subsidiary exists or, to the knowledge of the Company, is threatened which would
      result in a Material Adverse Effect.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">hh.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Investment Company Act</u>. The Company is not and after giving effect to the offering and sale of the Placement Shares, will not be required to register as an &#8220;investment
      company&#8221; or an entity &#8220;controlled&#8221; by an &#8220;investment company,&#8221; as such terms are defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the &#8220;<u>Investment Company Act</u>&#8221;).</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div style="text-align: center;" class="BRPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">13</font></div>
      <div class="BRPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after: always;">
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    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">ii.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Compliance with Money Laundering Laws</u>. The operations of the Company and the Subsidiaries and, to the Company&#8217;s knowledge, its affiliates are and have been conducted at
      all times in compliance with applicable financial recordkeeping and reporting requirements of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970, as amended, the Money Laundering Control Act of 1986, as amended, any other money laundering
      statutes and &#8220;know your customer&#8221; laws of all jurisdictions, the rules and regulations thereunder and any related or similar rules, regulations or guidelines, issued, administered or enforced by any governmental agency (collectively, the &#8220;<u>Money
        Laundering Laws</u>&#8221;), and no action, suit or proceeding by or before any Governmental Authority involving the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or, to the Company&#8217;s knowledge, any of its affiliates, with respect to the Money Laundering Laws is
      pending or, to the Company&#8217;s knowledge, threatened.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">jj.
      <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>U.S. Criminal Laws</u>. Neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiaries has engaged in, or will engage in, (i) any direct or indirect dealings or transactions in
        violation of U.S. federal or state criminal laws, including, without limitation, the Controlled Substances Act, the Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Practices Act, the Travel Act or any anti-money laundering statute, or (ii) any &#8220;aiding and
        abetting&#8221; in any violation of U.S. federal or state criminal laws. No action, suit or proceeding by or before any U.S. court or governmental agency, authority or body or any arbitrator involving the Company or any of the Subsidiaries with respect
        to U.S. federal or state criminal laws is pending or threatened.</div>
    </div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">kk.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Underwriter Agreements</u>. Other than with respect to this Agreement, the Company is not a party to any agreement with an agent or underwriter for any other &#8220;at the
      market&#8221; or continuous equity transaction.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">ll.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>ERISA</u>. To the knowledge of the Company, (i) each material employee benefit plan, within the meaning of Section 3(3) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of
      1974, as amended (&#8220;<u>ERISA</u>&#8221;) that is maintained, administered or contributed to by the Company or the Subsidiaries for employees or former employees of the Company and the Subsidiaries has been maintained in material compliance with its terms
      and the requirements of any applicable statutes, orders, rules and regulations, including but not limited to ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the &#8220;<u>Code</u>&#8221;); (ii) no prohibited transaction, within the meaning of Section
      406 of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Code, has occurred which would result in a material liability to the Company with respect to any such plan excluding transactions effected pursuant to a statutory or administrative exemption; (iii) for each such
      plan that is subject to the funding rules of Section 412 of the Code or Section 302 of ERISA, no &#8220;accumulated funding deficiency&#8221; as defined in Section 412 of the Code has been incurred, whether or not waived; and (iv) the fair market value of the
      assets of each such plan that is subject to the funding rules of Section 412 of the Code or Section 302 of ERISA (excluding for these purposes accrued but unpaid contributions) equals or exceeds the present value of all benefits accrued under such
      plan determined using reasonable actuarial assumptions, other than, in the case of (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) above, as would not have a Material Adverse Effect.</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div style="text-align: center;" class="BRPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">14</font></div>
      <div class="BRPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after: always;">
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    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">mm.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Forward-Looking Statements</u>. No forward-looking statement (within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act) (a &#8220;<u>Forward-Looking










        Statement</u>&#8221;) contained in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus has been made or reaffirmed without a reasonable basis or has been disclosed other than in good faith.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">nn.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Margin Rules</u>. Neither the issuance, sale and delivery of the Placement Shares nor the application of the proceeds thereof by the Company as described in the
      Registration Statement and the Prospectus will violate Regulation T, U or X of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">oo.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Insurance</u>. The Company and the Subsidiaries carry, or are covered by, insurance in such amounts and covering such risks as the Company and the Subsidiaries reasonably
      believe are adequate for the conduct of their business.</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">
        <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;<br>
        </div>
        <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">pp.</div>
        <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>No Unlawful Payments</u>. None of the Company nor any of the Subsidiaries or, to the knowledge of the Company, any director, officer, agent, employee or affiliate of
          such entities is aware of or has taken any action, directly or indirectly, that would result in a violation by such persons of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended (the &#8220;<u>FCPA</u>&#8221;), including, without limitation, making use of
          the mails or any means or instrumentality of interstate commerce corruptly in furtherance of an offer, payment, promise to pay or authorization of the payment of any money, or other property, gift, promise to give, or authorization of the giving
          of anything of value to any &#8220;foreign official&#8221; (as such term is defined in the FCPA) or any foreign political party or official thereof or any candidate for foreign political office, in contravention of the FCPA and (ii) the Bribery Act 2010 of
          the United Kingdom, as amended (the &#8220;<u>Bribery Act 2010</u>&#8221;), or any other applicable anti-corruption or anti-bribery statute or regulation.&#160; The Company and the Subsidiaries and, to the knowledge of the Company, their affiliates have conducted
          their businesses in compliance with the FCPA, the Bribery Act 2010 and all other applicable anti-corruption and anti-bribery statutes or regulations.&#160; The Company and its Subsidiaries have instituted and maintained and will continue to maintain
          policies and procedures reasonably designed to promote and achieve compliance with such laws and with the representations and warranties contained herein.</div>
        <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;">&#160; </div>
      </div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">qq.</div>
      <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>No Undisclosed Relationships</u>. No relationship, direct or indirect, exists between or among the Company or any of the Subsidiaries on the one hand, and the directors,
        officers, stockholders, customers or suppliers of the Company or any of the Subsidiaries on the other hand, which is required by the Securities Act to be described in the Prospectus, which is not so described.</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;">&#160; </div>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">rr.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Debt Securities</u>. (i) No &#8220;nationally recognized statistical rating organization&#8221; (as defined by the Commission in Section 3(a)(62) of the Exchange Act) has downgraded
      the public rating accorded the Company&#8217;s debt securities, and (ii) no such organization shall have publicly announced that it has under surveillance or review, with possible negative implications, its rating of any of the Company&#8217;s debt securities.</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;">&#160; <br>
    </div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div style="text-align: center;" class="BRPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">15</font></div>
      <div class="BRPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after: always;">
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    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">ss.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>No Misstatement or Omission in an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus</u>. Each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, as of its issue date and as of each Applicable Time (as defined
      in <u>Section 25</u> below), did not, does not and will not, through the completion of the Placement or Placements for which such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus is issued, include any information that conflicted, conflicts or will conflict with the
      information contained in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, including any incorporated document deemed to be a part thereof that has not been superseded or modified. The foregoing sentence does not apply to statements in or omissions from
      any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus based upon and in conformity with written information furnished to the Company by the Agents specifically for use therein.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">tt.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>No Conflicts</u>. Neither the execution of this Agreement, nor the issuance, offering or sale of the Placement Shares, nor the consummation of any of the transactions
      contemplated herein, nor the compliance by the Company with the terms and provisions hereof will conflict with, or will result in a breach of, any of the terms and provisions of, or has constituted or will constitute a default under, or has resulted
      in or will result in the creation or imposition of any lien, charge or encumbrance upon any property or assets of the Company pursuant to the terms of any contract or other agreement to which the Company may be bound or to which any of the property
      or assets of the Company is subject, except (i) such conflicts, breaches or defaults as may have been waived and (ii) such conflicts, breaches and defaults that would not have a Material Adverse Effect; nor will such action result (x) in any
      violation of the provisions of the organizational or governing documents of the Company, or (y) in any material violation of the provisions of any statute or any order, rule or regulation applicable to the Company or of any court or of any federal,
      state or other regulatory authority or other government body having jurisdiction over the Company, except where such violation would not have a Material Adverse Effect.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;uu.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Compliance with Sanctions</u>. Neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiaries, nor, to the knowledge of the Company, any director, officer, employee, agent, affiliate of,
      or other person associated with or acting on behalf of the Company or any of the Subsidiaries is currently the subject or the target of any sanctions administered or enforced by the U.S. government (including, without limitation, the Office of
      Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Department of the Treasury (&#8220;<u>OFAC</u>&#8221;) or the U.S. Department of State and including, without limitation, the designation as a &#8220;specially designated national&#8221; or &#8220;blocked person&#8221;), the United Nations Security
      Council (&#8220;<u>UNSC</u>&#8221;), the European Union, His Majesty&#8217;s Treasury (&#8220;<u>HMT</u>&#8221;) or other relevant sanctions authority (collectively, &#8220;<u>Sanctions</u>&#8221;), nor is the Company or any of the Subsidiaries located, organized or resident in a country or
      territory that is the subject or target of comprehensive Sanctions broadly prohibiting dealings in, with and involving such country or territory (each, a &#8220;<u>Sanctioned Country</u>&#8221;). For the past five years, the Company and the Subsidiaries have not
      knowingly engaged in and are not now knowingly engaged in any dealings or transactions with any person that at the time of the dealing or transaction is or was the subject or the target of Sanctions or with any Sanctioned Country.</div>
    &#160;
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div style="text-align: center;" class="BRPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">16</font></div>
      <div class="BRPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after: always;">
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    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">vv.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Stock Transfer Taxes</u>. On each Settlement Date, all material stock transfer or other taxes (other than income taxes) which are required to be paid in connection with the
      sale and transfer of the Placement Shares to be sold hereunder will be, or will have been, fully paid or provided for by the Company and all laws imposing such taxes will be or will have been fully complied with by the Company in all material
      respects.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">ww.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>IT Systems</u>. Except to the extent it would not cause a Material Adverse Effect, (i)(x) to the knowledge of Company, there has been no security breach or other compromise
      of any Company&#8217;s information technology and computer systems, networks, hardware, software, data (including the data of their respective customers, employees, suppliers, vendors and any third party data maintained by or on behalf of them), equipment
      or technology (collectively, &#8220;<u>IT Systems and Data</u>&#8221;) and (y) the Company has not been notified of, and have no knowledge of any event or condition that would reasonably be expected to result in, any security breach or other compromise to their
      IT Systems and Data; (ii) the Company is presently in material compliance with all applicable laws or statutes and all judgments, orders, rules and regulations of any court or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority, internal policies and
      contractual obligations relating to the privacy and security of IT Systems and Data and to the protection of such IT Systems and Data from unauthorized use, access, misappropriation or modification, except as would not, in the case of this clause
      (ii), individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect; and (iii) the Company has implemented backup and disaster recovery technology consistent with industry standards and practices.</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">xx.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;">Not an Ineligible Issuer.&#160; At the time of filing the Registration Statement and any post-effective amendments thereto, and at the date hereof, the Company was not, and the
      Company currently is not, an &#8220;ineligible issuer,&#8221; as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.&#160;&#160;&#160; <br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">yy.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;">Compliance with Reporting Obligations. The Company is subject to, and is in compliance in all material respects with, (A) the reporting requirements of Section 13 of the
      Exchange Act and (B) the policies, rules and regulations of the Exchange.<br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">zz.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;">Patriot Act. Neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiaries, nor, to the Company&#8217;s knowledge, any of the affiliates or any director, officer, agent or employee of, or other
      person associated with or acting on behalf of, the Company, has, violated any applicable provisions of the Bank Secrecy Act, as amended, the Uniting and Strengthening of America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct
      Terrorism Act (USA PATRIOT ACT) of 2001 or the rules and regulations promulgated under any such law or any successor law.<br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">aaa.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;">Transfer Agent. EQ Shareowner Services has been duly appointed as the registrar and transfer agent of the Company with respect to the Common Stock.<br>
    </div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">Any certificate signed by an officer of the Company and delivered to the Agents or to counsel for the Agents pursuant to or in connection with this Agreement shall be deemed to be a representation
      and warranty by the Company, as applicable, to the Agents as to the matters set forth therein.</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div style="text-align: center;" class="BRPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">17</font></div>
      <div class="BRPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after: always;">
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    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">7.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 80pt;"><u>Covenants of the Company</u>. The Company covenants and agrees with the Agents that:</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">a.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Registration Statement Amendments</u>. After the date of this Agreement and during any period in which a prospectus relating to any Placement Shares is required to be
      delivered by the Agents under the Securities Act (including in circumstances where such requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule 172 under the Securities Act) (the &#8220;<u>Prospectus Delivery Period</u>&#8221;) (i) the Company will notify the Agents
      promptly of the time when any subsequent amendment to the Registration Statement, other than documents incorporated by reference or amendments not related to any Placement, has been filed with the Commission and/or has become effective or any
      subsequent supplement to the Prospectus related to the Placement Shares has been filed and of any request by the Commission for any amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement or Prospectus related to the Placement or for additional
      information related to the Placement, (ii) the Company will prepare and file with the Commission, promptly upon the Agents&#8217; reasonable request, any amendments or supplements to the Registration Statement or Prospectus that, upon the advice of the
      Company&#8217;s legal counsel, may be necessary or advisable in connection with the distribution of the Placement Shares by the Agents (<font style="font-style: italic;">provided, however</font>, that the failure of the Agents to make such request shall
      not relieve the Company of any obligation or liability hereunder, or affect the Agents&#8217; right to rely on the representations and warranties made by the Company in this Agreement and provided, further, that the only remedy the Agents shall have with
      respect to the failure to make such filing shall be to cease making sales under this Agreement until such amendment or supplement is filed); (iii) the Company will not file any amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement or Prospectus
      relating to the Placement Shares or a security convertible into the Placement Shares (other than an Incorporated Document) unless a copy thereof has been submitted to the Agents within a reasonable period of time before the filing and the Agents have
      not reasonably objected thereto (<font style="font-style: italic;">provided, however</font>, that (A) the failure of the Agents to make such objection shall not relieve the Company of any obligation or liability hereunder, or affect the Agents&#8217; right
      to rely on the representations and warranties made by the Company in this Agreement and (B) the Company has no obligation to provide the Agents any advance copy of such filing or to provide the Agents an opportunity to object to such filing if the
      filing does not name the Agents or does not relate to the transaction herein provided; and provided, further, that the only remedy the Agents shall have with respect to the failure by the Company to obtain such consent shall be to cease making sales
      under this Agreement) and the Company will furnish to the Agents at the time of filing thereof a copy of any document that upon filing is deemed to be incorporated by reference into the Registration Statement or Prospectus, except for those documents
      available via EDGAR; and (iv) the Company will cause each amendment or supplement to the Prospectus to be filed with the Commission as required pursuant to the applicable paragraph of Rule 424(b) of the Securities Act or, in the case of any document
      to be incorporated therein by reference, to be filed with the Commission as required pursuant to the Exchange Act, within the time period prescribed (the determination to file or not file any amendment or supplement with the Commission under this <u>Section









        7(a)</u>, based on the Company&#8217;s reasonable opinion or reasonable objections, shall be made exclusively by the Company).</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">b.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Notice of Commission Stop Orders</u>. The Company will advise the Agents, promptly after it receives notice or obtains knowledge thereof, of the issuance or threatened
      issuance by the Commission of any stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement, of the suspension of the qualification of the Placement Shares for offering or sale in any jurisdiction, or of the initiation or threatening of
      any proceeding for any such purpose; and it will use its commercially reasonable efforts to prevent the issuance of any stop order or to obtain its withdrawal if such a stop order should be issued. The Company will advise the Agents promptly after it
      receives any request by the Commission for any amendments to the Registration Statement or any amendment or supplements to the Prospectus or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or for additional information related to the offering of the Placement
      Shares or for additional information related to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus other than any such request related to Exchange Act filings incorporated by reference into such document.</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div style="text-align: center;" class="BRPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">18</font></div>
      <div class="BRPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after: always;">
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    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">c.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Delivery of Prospectus; Subsequent Changes</u>. During the Prospectus Delivery Period, the Company will comply in all material respects with all requirements imposed upon
      it by the Securities Act, as from time to time in force, and to file on or before their respective due dates all reports and any definitive proxy or information statements required to be filed by the Company with the Commission pursuant to Sections
      13(a), 13(c), 14, 15(d) or any other provision of or under the Exchange Act. If the Company has omitted any information from the Registration Statement pursuant to Rule 430B under the Securities Act, it will use its commercially reasonable efforts to
      comply with the provisions of and make all requisite filings with the Commission pursuant to said Rule 430B and to notify the Agents promptly of all such filings. If during the Prospectus Delivery Period any event occurs as a result of which the
      Prospectus as then amended or supplemented would include an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances then existing, not misleading, or if during
      such Prospectus Delivery Period it is necessary to amend or supplement the Registration Statement or Prospectus to comply with the Securities Act, the Company will promptly notify the Designated Agent to suspend the offering of Placement Shares
      during such period and the Company will promptly amend or supplement the Registration Statement or Prospectus (at the expense of the Company) so as to correct such statement or omission or effect such compliance; <font style="font-style: italic;">provided,










        however</font>, that the Company may delay the filing of any amendment or supplement, if in the judgment of the Company, it is in the best interest of the Company to do so.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">d.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Listing of Placement Shares</u>. During the Prospectus Delivery Period, the Company will use its commercially reasonable efforts to cause the Placement Shares to be listed
      on the Exchange and to qualify the Placement Shares for sale under the securities laws of such jurisdictions in the United States as the Agents reasonably designate and to continue such qualifications in effect so long as required for the
      distribution of the Placement Shares; <font style="font-style: italic;">provided, however</font>, that the Company shall not be required in connection therewith to qualify as a foreign corporation or dealer in securities, file a general consent to
      service of process, or subject itself to taxation in any jurisdiction if it is not otherwise so subject.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">e.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Delivery of Registration Statement and Prospectus</u>. The Company will furnish to the Agents and their counsel (at the reasonable expense of the Company) copies of the
      Registration Statement, the Prospectus (including all documents incorporated by reference therein) and all amendments and supplements to the Registration Statement or Prospectus that are filed with the Commission during the Prospectus Delivery Period
      (including all documents filed with the Commission during such period that are deemed to be incorporated by reference therein), in each case as soon as reasonably practicable and in such quantities as the Agents may from time to time reasonably
      request and, at the Agents&#8217; request, will also furnish copies of the Prospectus to each exchange or market on which sales of the Placement Shares may be made; <font style="font-style: italic;">provided, however</font>, that the Company shall not be
      required to furnish any document (other than the Prospectus) to the Agents to the extent such document is available on EDGAR.</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div style="text-align: center;" class="BRPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">19</font></div>
      <div class="BRPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after: always;">
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    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">f.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Earnings Statement</u>. The Company will make generally available to its security holders as soon as practicable, but in any event not later than 15 months after the end of
      the Company&#8217;s current fiscal quarter, an earnings statement covering a 12-month period that satisfies the provisions of Section 11(a) and Rule 158 of the Securities Act.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">g.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Use of Proceeds</u>. The Company will use the Net Proceeds as described in the Prospectus in the section entitled &#8220;Use of Proceeds.&#8221;</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">h.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Notice of Other Sales</u>. Without the prior written consent of the Agents, the Company will not, directly or indirectly, offer to sell, sell, contract to sell, grant any
      option to sell or otherwise dispose of any Common Stock (other than the Placement Shares offered pursuant to this Agreement) or securities convertible into or exchangeable for Common Stock, warrants or any rights to purchase or acquire, Common Stock
      during the period beginning on the date on which any Placement Notice is delivered to the Agents hereunder and ending on the second (2nd) Trading Day immediately following the final Settlement Date with respect to Placement Shares sold pursuant to
      such Placement Notice (or, if the Placement Notice has been terminated or suspended prior to the sale of all Placement Shares covered by a Placement Notice, the date of such suspension or termination); and will not directly or indirectly in any other
      &#8220;at the market&#8221; or continuous equity transaction offer to sell, sell, contract to sell, grant any option to sell or otherwise dispose of any Common Stock (other than the Placement Shares offered pursuant to this Agreement) or securities convertible
      into or exchangeable for Common Stock, warrants or any rights to purchase or acquire, Common Stock prior to the termination of this Agreement; <font style="font-style: italic;">provided, however</font>, that such restrictions will not apply in
      connection with the Company&#8217;s issuance or sale of (i) Common Stock, options to purchase Common Stock or Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of options, pursuant to any stock option, or benefits plan, stock ownership plan or dividend reinvestment
      plan (but not Common Stock subject to a waiver to exceed plan limits in its dividend reinvestment plan) of the Company whether now in effect or hereafter implemented; (ii) Common Stock issuable upon conversion of securities or the exercise of
      warrants, options or other rights in effect or outstanding, and disclosed in filings by the Company available on EDGAR or otherwise in writing to the Agents, (iii) Common Stock, or securities convertible into or exercisable for Common Stock, offered
      and sold in a privately negotiated transaction to vendors, customers, strategic partners or potential strategic partners or other investors conducted in a manner so as not to be integrated with the offering of Placement Shares hereby and (iv) Common
      Stock in connection with any acquisition, strategic investment or other similar transaction (including any joint venture, strategic alliance or partnership).</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">i.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Change of Circumstances</u>. The Company will, at any time during the pendency of a Placement Notice advise the Agents promptly after it shall have received notice or
      obtained knowledge thereof, of any information or fact that would alter or affect in any material respect any opinion, certificate, letter or other document required to be provided to the Agents pursuant to this Agreement.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">j.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Due Diligence Cooperation</u>. During the term of this Agreement, the Company will cooperate with any reasonable and customary due diligence review conducted by the Agents
      or their respective representatives in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby, including, without limitation, providing information and making available documents and senior corporate officers, during regular business hours and at the
      Company&#8217;s principal offices, as the Agents may reasonably request.</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div style="text-align: center;" class="BRPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">20</font></div>
      <div class="BRPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after: always;">
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    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">k.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Required Filings Relating to Placement of Placement Shares</u>. The Company agrees that on such dates as the Securities Act shall require, the Company will (i) file a
      prospectus supplement with the Commission under the applicable paragraph of Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act (each and every date a filing under Rule 424(b) is made, a &#8220;<u>Filing Date</u>&#8221;), which prospectus supplement will set forth, within the
      relevant period, the amount of Placement Shares sold through the Agents, the Net Proceeds to the Company and the compensation payable by the Company to the Agents with respect to such Placement Shares (<font style="font-style: italic;">provided</font>
      that the Company may satisfy its obligations under this <u>Section 7(k)</u> by making a filing in accordance with the Exchange Act including such information), and (ii) deliver such number of copies of each such prospectus supplement to each
      exchange or market on which such sales were effected as may be required by the rules or regulations of such exchange or market.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">l.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Representation Dates; Certificate</u>. Each time during the term of this Agreement that the Company:</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 108pt;">(i)</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 144pt;">amends or supplements (other than a prospectus supplement relating solely to an offering of securities other than the Placement Shares) the Registration Statement or the
      Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares by means of a post-effective amendment, sticker, or supplement but not by means of incorporation of documents by reference into the Registration Statement or the Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares;</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 108pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 108pt;">(ii)</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 144pt;">files an annual report on Form 10-K under the Exchange Act (including any Form 10-K/A containing amended audited financial information or a material amendment to the
      previously filed Form 10-K);</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 108pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 108pt;">(iii)</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 144pt;">files its quarterly reports on Form 10-Q under the Exchange Act; or</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 108pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 108pt;">(iv)</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 144pt;">files a current report on Form 8-K containing amended financial information (other than information &#8220;furnished&#8221; pursuant to Items 2.02 or 7.01 of Form 8-K or to provide
      disclosure pursuant to Item 8.01 of Form 8-K relating to the reclassification of certain properties as discontinued operations in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 144) under the Exchange Act;</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 99pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify;">(Each date of filing of one or more of the documents referred to in clauses (i) through (iv) shall be a &#8220;<u>Representation Date</u>.&#8221;)</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify;">the Company shall furnish the Agents (but in the case of clause (iv) above only if any Agent reasonably determines that the information contained in such Form 8-K is material) with a certificate, in the form attached
      hereto as <u>Exhibit 7(1)</u>. The requirement to provide a certificate under this <u>Section 7(1)</u> shall be waived for any Representation Date occurring at a time at which no Placement Notice is pending, which waiver shall continue until the
      earlier to occur of the date the Company delivers a Placement Notice hereunder (which for such calendar quarter shall be considered a Representation Date) and the next occurring Representation Date on which the Company files its annual report on Form
      10-K. Notwithstanding the foregoing, (i) upon the delivery of the first Placement Notice hereunder and (ii) if the Company subsequently decides to sell Placement Shares following a Representation Date when the Company relied on such waiver and did
      not provide the Agents with a certificate under this <u>Section 7(1)</u>, then before the Agents sell any Placement Shares, the Company shall provide the Agents with a certificate, in the form attached hereto as <u>Exhibit 7(1)</u>, dated the date
      of the Placement Notice.</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div style="text-align: center;" class="BRPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">21</font></div>
      <div class="BRPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after: always;">
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    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">m.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Company Counsel Legal Opinion</u>. On or prior to the date of the first Placement Notice given hereunder the Company shall cause to be furnished to the Agents a written
      opinion and a negative assurance letter of Milbank LLP (&#8220;<u>Company Counsel</u>&#8221;), or other counsel reasonably satisfactory to the Agents, each in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Agents. Thereafter, within five (5) Trading Days of
      each Representation Date with respect to which the Company is obligated to deliver a certificate in the form attached hereto as Exhibit 7(l) for which no waiver is applicable, the Company shall cause to be furnished to the Agents a negative assurance
      letter of Company Counsel in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Agents; <font style="font-style: italic;">provided, </font>that, in lieu of such negative assurance letters for subsequent periodic filings under the Exchange Act,
      counsel may furnish the Agents with a letter (a &#8220;<u>Reliance Letter</u>&#8221;) to the effect that the Agents may rely on the negative assurance letter previously delivered under this Section 7(m) to the same extent as if it were dated the date of such
      letter (except that statements in such prior letter shall be deemed to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as amended or supplemented as of the date of the Reliance Letter).</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">n.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Comfort Letter</u>. On or prior to the date of the first Placement Notice given hereunder and within five (5) Trading Days after each subsequent Representation Date, the
      Company shall cause its independent accountants to furnish the Agents letters (the &#8220;<u>Comfort Letters</u>&#8221;), dated the date the Comfort Letter is delivered, which shall meet the requirements set forth in this <u>Section 7(n)</u>. The Comfort Letter
      from the Company&#8217;s independent accountants shall be in a form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Agents, (i) confirming that they are an independent public accounting firm within the meaning of the Securities Act and the Public Company
      Accounting Oversight Board (the &#8220;<u>PCAOB</u>&#8221;), (ii) stating, as of such date, the conclusions and findings of such firm with respect to the financial information and other matters ordinarily covered by accountants&#8217; &#8220;comfort letters&#8221; to underwriters
      in connection with registered public offerings (the first such letter, the &#8220;<u>Initial Comfort Letter</u>&#8221;) and (iii) updating the Initial Comfort Letter with any information that would have been included in the Initial Comfort Letter had it been
      given on such date and modified as necessary to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, as amended and supplemented to the date of such letter.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">o.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Market Activities</u>. The Company will not, directly or indirectly, (i) take any action designed to cause or result in, or that constitutes or would reasonably be expected
      to constitute, the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company to facilitate the sale or resale of Common Stock or (ii) sell, bid for, or purchase Common Stock in violation of Regulation M, or pay anyone any compensation
      for soliciting purchases of the Placement Shares other than the Agents.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">p.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Investment Company Act</u>. The Company will conduct its affairs in such a manner so as to reasonably ensure that neither it nor the Subsidiaries will be or become, at any
      time prior to the termination of this Agreement, an &#8220;investment company,&#8221; as such term is defined in the Investment Company Act.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">q.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>No Offer to Sell</u>. Other than the Prospectus and any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus approved in advance by the Company and the Agents in their capacity as agents
      hereunder pursuant to <u>Section 23</u>, neither of the Agents nor the Company (including its agents and representatives, other than the Agents in their capacity as such) will make, use, prepare, authorize, approve or refer to any written
      communication (as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act), required to be filed with the Commission, that constitutes an offer to sell or solicitation of an offer to buy Placement Shares hereunder.</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"> <br>
    </div>
  </div>
  <div style="text-indent: 27pt;">
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div style="text-align: center;" class="BRPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">22</font></div>
      <div class="BRPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after: always;">
        <hr noshade="noshade" style="margin-top: 4px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 4px; width: 100%; border-width: 0px; height: 2px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); clear: both;"></div>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">r.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Sarbanes-Oxley Act</u>. The Company will maintain and keep accurate books and records reflecting its assets and maintain internal accounting controls in a manner designed
      to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP and including those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance
      of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company, (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit the preparation of the
      Company&#8217;s consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP, (iii) that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with management&#8217;s and the Company&#8217;s directors&#8217; authorization, and (iv) provide reasonable
      assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company&#8217;s assets that could have a material effect on its financial statements. The Company will maintain disclosure controls and procedures
      that comply with the requirements of the Exchange Act.</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-indent: 45pt;">
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">s.</div>
      <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Regulation M</u>. If any Agent or the Company have reason to believe that the Common Stock is no longer an &#8220;actively-traded security&#8221; as defined under Rule 101(c)(1) of
        Regulation M under the Exchange Act, that party will promptly notify the other parties.</div>
      <div style="text-indent: 45pt;">&#160; </div>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">8.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 80pt;"><u>Representations and Covenants of the Agents</u>. Each Agent represents and warrants that it is duly registered as a broker-dealer under FINRA, the Exchange Act and the
      applicable statutes and regulations of each state in which the Placement Shares will be offered and sold, except such states in which such Agent is exempt from registration or such registration is not otherwise required.<br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-indent: 45pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">9.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 80pt;"><u>Payment of Expenses</u>. The Company will pay all expenses incident to the performance of its obligations under this Agreement, including (i) the preparation, filing,
      including any fees required by the Commission, and printing of the Registration Statement (including financial statements and exhibits) as originally filed and of each amendment and supplement thereto and each Free Writing Prospectus, in such number
      as the Agents shall deem reasonably necessary, (ii) the printing and delivery to the Agents of this Agreement and such other documents as may be required in connection with the offering, purchase, sale, issuance or delivery of the Placement Shares,
      (iii) the preparation, issuance and delivery of the certificates, if any, for the Placement Shares to the Agents, including any stock or other transfer taxes and any capital duties, stamp duties or other duties or taxes payable upon the sale,
      issuance or delivery of the Placement Shares to the Agents, (iv) the fees and disbursements of the counsel, accountants and other advisors to the Company, (v) the reasonable and documented out-of-pocket fees and disbursements of counsel to the Agents
      (x) not to exceed $85,000 in connection with the filing of this Agreement and (y) not to exceed $7,500 per calendar quarter thereafter in connection with updates at the time of Representation Dates; (vi) the fees and expenses of the transfer agent
      and registrar for the Common Stock, (vii) the filing fees incident to any review by FINRA of the terms of the sale of the Placement Shares including the fees of the Agents&#8217; counsel (subject to the cap, set forth in clause (v) above), and (viii) the
      fees and expenses incurred in connection with the listing of the Placement Shares on the Exchange.</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div style="text-align: center;" class="BRPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">23</font></div>
      <div class="BRPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after: always;">
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    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">10.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 80pt;"><u>Conditions to the Agents&#8217; Obligations</u>. The obligations of the Agents hereunder with respect to a Placement will be subject to the continuing accuracy and completeness of
      the representations and warranties made by the Company herein (other than those representations and warranties made as of a specified date or time), to the due performance in all material respects by the Company of its obligations hereunder, to the
      completion by the Agents of a due diligence review satisfactory to it in its reasonable judgment, and to the continuing reasonable satisfaction (or waiver by the Agents in their sole discretion) of the following additional conditions:</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">a.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Registration Statement Effective</u>. The Registration Statement shall remain effective and shall be available for the sale of all Placement Shares contemplated to be
      issued by any Placement Notice.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">b.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>No Material Notices</u>. None of the following events shall have occurred and be continuing: (i) receipt by the Company of any request for additional information from the
      Commission or any other federal or state governmental authority during the period of effectiveness of the Registration Statement, the response to which would require any post&#8209;effective amendments or supplements to the Registration Statement or the
      Prospectus (other than immaterial amendments or supplements to documents incorporated by reference therein) if such post-effective amendments or supplements have not been made and become effective; (ii) the issuance by the Commission or any other
      federal or state governmental authority of any stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or receipt by the Company of notification of the initiation of any proceedings for that purpose; (iii) receipt by the Company of any
      notification with respect to the suspension of the qualification or exemption from qualification of any of the Placement Shares for sale in any jurisdiction or receipt by the Company of notification of the initiation of, or a threat to initiate, any
      proceeding for such purpose; or (iv) the occurrence of any event that makes any material statement made in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or any material Incorporated Document untrue in any material respect or that requires the making
      of any changes in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any material Incorporated Document so that, in the case of the Registration Statement, it will not contain any materially untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any
      material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading and, that in the case of the Prospectus or any material Incorporated Document, it will not contain any materially untrue statement of a material
      fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">c.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>No Misstatement or Material Omission</u>. The Agents shall not have advised the Company that the Registration Statement or Prospectus, or any amendment or supplement
      thereto, contains an untrue statement of fact that in the Agents&#8217; reasonable opinion, in consultation with their counsel, is material, or omits to state a fact that in the Agents&#8217; reasonable opinion is material and is required to be stated therein or
      is necessary to make the statements therein not misleading.</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div style="text-align: center;" class="BRPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">24</font></div>
      <div class="BRPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after: always;">
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    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">d.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Material Changes</u>. Except as contemplated in the Prospectus, or disclosed in the Company&#8217;s reports filed with the Commission, there shall not have been any Material
      Adverse Effect, or any development that would cause a Material Adverse Effect, or a downgrading in or withdrawal of the rating assigned to any of the Company&#8217;s securities (other than asset backed securities) by any &#8220;nationally recognized statistical
      rating organization,&#8221; as such term is defined by the Commission for purposes of Rule 436(g)(2) under the Securities Act (a &#8220;<u>Rating Organization</u>&#8221;), or a public announcement by any Rating Organization that it has under surveillance or review its
      rating of any of the Company&#8217;s securities (other than asset backed securities), the effect of which, in the case of any such action by a Rating Organization described above, in the reasonable judgment of the Agents (without relieving the Company of
      any obligation or liability it may otherwise have), is so material as to make it impracticable or inadvisable to proceed with the offering of the Placement Shares on the terms and in the manner contemplated in the Prospectus.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">e.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Company Counsel Legal Opinion</u>. The Agents shall have received the opinion and negative assurance letter of Company Counsel required to be delivered pursuant to <u>Section









        7(m)</u> on or before the date on which such delivery of such opinion and negative assurance letter are required pursuant to <u>Section 7(m)</u>.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">f.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Agents Counsel Legal Opinion</u>. The Agents shall have received from Duane Morris LLP, counsel for the Agents, such opinion or opinions, on or before the date on which the
      delivery of the Company Counsel legal opinion is required pursuant to <u>Section 7(m)</u>, with respect to such matters as the Agents may reasonably require, and the Company shall have furnished to such counsel such documents as they request for
      enabling them to pass upon such matters.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">g.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Comfort Letter</u>. The Agents shall have received the Comfort Letter required to be delivered pursuant <u>Section 7(n)</u> on or before the date on which such delivery of
      such letter is required pursuant to <u>Section 7(n)</u>.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">h.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Representation Certificate</u>. The Agents shall have received the certificate required to be delivered pursuant to <u>Section 7(l)</u> on or before the date on which
      delivery of such certificate is required pursuant to <u>Section 7(l)</u>.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">i.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Secretary&#8217;s Certificate</u>. On or prior to the first Representation Date, the Agents shall have received a certificate, signed on behalf of the Company by its corporate
      Secretary, in form and substance satisfactory to the Agents and their counsel.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">j.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>No Suspension</u>. Trading in the Common Stock shall not have been suspended on the Exchange and the Common Stock shall not have been delisted from the Exchange.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">k.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Other Materials</u>. On each date on which the Company is required to deliver a certificate pursuant to <u>Section 7(1)</u>, the Company shall have furnished to the Agents
      such appropriate further information, certificates and documents as the Agents may reasonably request and which are usually and customarily furnished by an issuer of securities in connection with a securities offering of the type contemplated hereby.
      All such opinions, certificates, letters and other documents will be in compliance with the provisions hereof.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">l.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Securities Act Filings Made</u>. All filings with the Commission required by Rule 424 under the Securities Act to have been filed prior to the issuance of any Placement
      Notice hereunder shall have been made within the applicable time period prescribed for such filing by Rule 424.</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div style="text-align: center;" class="BRPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">25</font></div>
      <div class="BRPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after: always;">
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    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">m.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Approval for Listing</u>. The Placement Shares shall either have been approved for listing on the Exchange, subject only to notice of issuance, or the Company shall have
      filed an application for listing of the Placement Shares on the Exchange at, or prior to, the issuance of any Placement Notice.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">n.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>No Termination Event</u>. There shall not have occurred any event that would permit the Agents to terminate this Agreement pursuant to <u>Section 13(a)</u>.</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">11.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 80pt;"><u>Indemnification and Contribution</u>.</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">(a)</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Company Indemnification</u>. The Company agrees to indemnify and hold harmless each Agent, its partners, members, directors, officers, employees and agents and each person,
      if any, who controls each Agent within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act as follows:</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 108pt;">&#160;(i)</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 144pt;">against any and all loss, liability, claim, damage and expense whatsoever, as incurred, joint or several, arising out of or based upon any untrue statement or alleged untrue
      statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement (or any amendment thereto), or the omission or alleged omission therefrom of a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not
      misleading, or arising out of any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact included in any related Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto), or the omission or alleged omission
      therefrom of a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 108pt;">&#160; (ii)</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 144pt;">against any and all loss, liability, claim, damage and expense whatsoever, as incurred, joint or several, to the extent of the aggregate amount paid in settlement of any
      litigation, or any investigation or proceeding by any governmental agency or body, commenced or threatened, or of any claim whatsoever based upon any such untrue statement or omission, or any such alleged untrue statement or omission; provided that
      (subject to <u>Section 11(d)</u> below) any such settlement is effected with the written consent of the Company, which consent shall not unreasonably be delayed or withheld; and</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 108pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 108pt;">&#160;(iii)</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 144pt;">against any and all expense whatsoever, as incurred (including the reasonable and documented out-of-pocket fees and disbursements of counsel), reasonably incurred in
      investigating, preparing or defending against any litigation, or any investigation or proceeding by any governmental agency or body, commenced or threatened, or any claim whatsoever based upon any such untrue statement or omission, or any such
      alleged untrue statement or omission, to the extent that any such expense is not paid under (i) or (ii) above,</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: italic;">provided, however</font><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">, that this indemnity agreement shall not apply to any loss, liability, claim,
      damage or expense to the extent arising out of any untrue statement or omission or alleged untrue statement or omission made solely in reliance upon and in conformity with written information furnished to the Company by any Agent expressly for use in
      the Registration Statement (or any amendment thereto), or in any related Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto).</font>
    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;"> <br>
      </font></div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div style="text-align: center;" class="BRPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">26</font></div>
      <div class="BRPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after: always;">
        <hr noshade="noshade" style="margin-top: 4px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 4px; width: 100%; border-width: 0px; height: 2px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); clear: both;"></div>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">(b)</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Indemnification by the Agent</u>s. Each Agent agrees, severally and not jointly, to indemnify and hold harmless the Company and its directors and officers, and each person,
      if any, who (i) controls the Company within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act or (ii) is controlled by or is under common control with the Company against any and all loss, liability, claim, damage and
      expense described in the indemnity contained in <u>Section 11(a)</u>, as incurred, but only with respect to untrue statements or omissions, or alleged untrue statements or omissions, made in the Registration Statement (or any amendments thereto) or
      in any related Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto) in reliance upon and in conformity with information relating to such Agent and furnished to the Company in writing by such Agent expressly for
      use therein. The Company hereby acknowledges that the only information that the Agents have furnished to the Company expressly for use in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement
      thereto) are the statements set forth in the first two sentences of the ninth paragraph under the caption &#8220;Plan of Distribution&#8221; in the Prospectus (the &#8220;Agent Information&#8221;).</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">(c)</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Procedure</u>. Any party that proposes to assert the right to be indemnified under this <u>Section 11</u> will, promptly after receipt of notice of commencement of any
      action against such party in respect of which a claim is to be made against an indemnifying party or parties under this <u>Section 11</u>, notify each such indemnifying party of the commencement of such action, enclosing a copy of all papers served,
      but the omission so to notify such indemnifying party will not relieve the indemnifying party from (i) any liability that it might have to any indemnified party otherwise than under this <u>Section 11</u> and (ii) any liability that it may have to
      any indemnified party under the foregoing provisions of this <u>Section 11</u> unless, and only to the extent that, such omission results in the forfeiture of substantive rights or defenses by the indemnifying party. If any such action is brought
      against any indemnified party and it notifies the indemnifying party of its commencement, the indemnifying party will be entitled to participate in and, to the extent that it elects by delivering written notice to the indemnified party promptly after
      receiving notice of the commencement of the action from the indemnified party, jointly with any other indemnifying party similarly notified, to assume the defense of the action, with counsel reasonably satisfactory to the indemnified party, and after
      notice from the indemnifying party to the indemnified party of its election to assume the defense, the indemnifying party will not be liable to the indemnified party for any legal or other expenses except as provided below and except for the
      reasonable and documented costs of investigation subsequently incurred by the indemnified party in connection with the defense. The indemnified party will have the right to employ its own counsel in any such action, but the fees, expenses and other
      charges of such counsel will be at the expense of such indemnified party unless (1) the employment of counsel by the indemnified party has been authorized in writing by the indemnifying party, (2) the indemnified party has reasonably concluded (based
      on advice of counsel) that there may be legal defenses available to it or other indemnified parties that are different from or in addition to those available to the indemnifying party, (3) a conflict or potential conflict of interest exists (based on
      advice of counsel to the indemnified party) between the indemnified party and the indemnifying party (in which case the indemnifying party will not have the right to direct the defense of such action on behalf of the indemnified party) or (4) the
      indemnifying party has not in fact employed counsel to assume the defense of such action within a reasonable time after receiving notice of the commencement of the action, in each of which cases the reasonable and documented out-of-pocket fees,
      disbursements and other charges of counsel will be at the expense of the indemnifying party or parties. It is understood that the indemnifying party or parties shall not, in connection with any proceeding or related proceedings in the same
      jurisdiction, be liable for the reasonable and documented out-of-pocket fees, disbursements and other charges of more than one separate firm admitted to practice in such jurisdiction at any one time for all such indemnified party or parties. All such
      reasonable and documented out-of-pocket fees, disbursements and other charges will be reimbursed by the indemnifying party promptly after the indemnifying party receives a written invoice relating to fees, disbursements and other charges in
      reasonable detail. An indemnifying party will not, in any event, be liable for any settlement of any action or claim effected without its written consent. No indemnifying party shall, without the prior written consent of each indemnified party,
      settle or compromise or consent to the entry of any judgment in any pending or threatened claim, action or proceeding relating to the matters contemplated by this <u>Section 11</u> (whether or not any indemnified party is a party thereto), unless
      such settlement, compromise or consent (1) includes an express and unconditional release of each indemnified party, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to such indemnified party, from all liability arising out of such litigation,
      investigation, proceeding or claim and (2) does not include a statement as to or an admission of fault, culpability or a failure to act by or on behalf of any indemnified party.</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div style="text-align: center;" class="BRPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">27</font></div>
      <div class="BRPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after: always;">
        <hr noshade="noshade" style="margin-top: 4px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 4px; width: 100%; border-width: 0px; height: 2px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); clear: both;"></div>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">(e)</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;"><u>Contribution</u>. In order to provide for just and equitable contribution in circumstances in which the indemnification provided for in the foregoing paragraphs of this <u>Section









        11</u> is applicable in accordance with its terms but for any reason is held to be unavailable or insufficient from the Company or an Agent, the Company and such Agent will contribute to the total losses, claims, liabilities, expenses and damages
      (including any investigative, legal and other expenses reasonably incurred in connection with, and any amount paid in settlement of, any action, suit or proceeding or any claim asserted, but after deducting any contribution received by the Company
      from persons other than the Agents, such as persons who control the Company within the meaning of the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, officers of the Company who signed the Registration Statement and directors of the Company, who also may be
      liable for contribution) to which the Company and the Agents may be subject in such proportion as shall be appropriate to reflect the relative benefits received by the Company on the one hand and the Agents on the other hand. The relative benefits
      received by the Company on the one hand and the Agents on the other hand shall be deemed to be in the same proportion as the total Net Proceeds from the sale of the Placement Shares (before deducting expenses) received by the Company bear to the
      total compensation received by the Agents (before deducting expenses) from the sale of Placement Shares on behalf of the Company. If, but only if, the allocation provided by the foregoing sentence is not permitted by applicable law, the allocation of
      contribution shall be made in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect not only the relative benefits referred to in the foregoing sentence but also the relative fault of the Company, on the one hand, and an Agent, on the other hand, with respect
      to the statements or omission that resulted in such loss, claim, liability, expense or damage, or action in respect thereof, as well as any other relevant equitable considerations with respect to such offering. Such relative fault shall be determined
      by reference to, among other things, whether the untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact or omission or alleged omission to state a material fact relates to information supplied by the Company or such Agent, the intent of the parties
      and their relative knowledge, access to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement or omission. The Company and each Agent agree that it would not be just and equitable if contributions pursuant to this <u>Section 11(d)</u>
      were to be determined by pro rata allocation or by any other method of allocation that does not take into account the equitable considerations referred to herein. The amount paid or payable by an indemnified party as a result of the loss, claim,
      liability, expense, or damage, or action in respect thereof, referred to above in this <u>Section 11(d)</u> shall be deemed to include, for the purpose of this <u>Section 11(d)</u>, any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by such
      indemnified party in connection with investigating or defending any such action or claim to the extent consistent with <u>Section 11(c)</u> hereof. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this <u>Section 11(d)</u>, an Agent shall not be
      required to contribute any amount in excess of the commissions received by it under this Agreement and no person found guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section 11(f) of the Securities Act) will be entitled to contribution
      from any person who was not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation. For purposes of this <u>Section 11(d)</u>, any person who controls a party to this Agreement within the meaning of the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, and any officers,
      directors, partners, employees or agents of an Agent, will have the same rights to contribution as that party, and each officer who signed the Registration Statement and director of the Company will have the same rights to contribution as the
      Company, subject in each case to the provisions hereof. Any party entitled to contribution, promptly after receipt of notice of commencement of any action against such party in respect of which a claim for contribution may be made under this <u>Section












        11(d)</u>, will notify any such party or parties from whom contribution may be sought, but the omission to so notify will not relieve that party or parties from whom contribution may be sought from any other obligation it or they may have under
      this <u>Section 11(d)</u> except to the extent that the failure to so notify such other party materially prejudiced the substantive rights or defenses of the party from whom contribution is sought. Except for a settlement entered into pursuant to
      the last sentence of <u>Section 11(c)</u> hereof, no party will be liable for contribution with respect to any action or claim settled without its written consent if such consent is required pursuant to <u>Section 11(c)</u> hereof. The Agents&#8217;
      respective obligations to contribute pursuant to this Section 11(d) are several in proportion to the respective number of Placement Shares they have sold hereunder, and not joint.</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div style="text-align: center;" class="BRPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">28</font></div>
      <div class="BRPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after: always;">
        <hr noshade="noshade" style="margin-top: 4px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 4px; width: 100%; border-width: 0px; height: 2px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); clear: both;"></div>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">12.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 80pt;"><u>Representations and Agreements to Survive Delivery</u>. The indemnity and contribution agreements contained in Section 11 of this Agreement and all representations and
      warranties of the Company herein or in certificates delivered pursuant hereto shall survive, as of their respective dates, regardless of (i) any investigation made by or on behalf of the Agents, any controlling persons, or the Company (or any of
      their respective officers, directors or controlling persons), (ii) delivery and acceptance of the Placement Shares and payment therefor or (iii) any termination of this Agreement.</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 45pt;">13.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 80pt;"><u>Termination</u>.</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">a.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;">An Agent may terminate this Agreement with respect to itself, by notice to the Company, as hereinafter specified at any time (1) if there has been, since the time of execution
      of this Agreement or since the date as of which information is given in the Prospectus, any Material Adverse Effect, or any development that would have a Material Adverse Effect that, in the sole judgment of such Agent, is material and adverse and
      makes it impractical or inadvisable to market the Placement Shares or to enforce contracts for the sale of the Placement Shares, (2) if there has occurred any material adverse change in the financial markets in the United States or the international
      financial markets, any outbreak of hostilities or escalation thereof or other calamity or crisis or any change or development involving a prospective change in national or international political, financial or economic conditions, in each case the
      effect of which is such as to make it, in the judgment of such Agent, impracticable or inadvisable to market the Placement Shares or to enforce contracts for the sale of the Placement Shares, (3) if trading in the Common Stock has been suspended or
      limited by the Commission or the Exchange, or if trading generally on the Exchange has been suspended or limited, or minimum prices for trading have been fixed on the Exchange, (4) if any suspension of trading of any securities of the Company on any
      exchange or in the over-the-counter market shall have occurred and be continuing, (5) if a major disruption of securities settlements or clearance services in the United States shall have occurred and be continuing, or (6) if a banking moratorium has
      been declared by either U.S. Federal or New York authorities. Any such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party except that the provisions of <u>Section</u> 9 (Payment of Expenses), <u>Section 11</u> (Indemnification
      and Contribution), <u>Section 12</u> (Representations and Agreements to Survive Delivery), <u>Section 18</u> (Governing Law and Time; Waiver of Jury Trial) and <u>Section 19</u> (Consent to Jurisdiction) hereof shall remain in full force and
      effect notwithstanding such termination. If an Agent elects to terminate this Agreement as provided in this Section 13(a), such Agent shall provide the required notice as specified in Section 14 (Notices).</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div style="text-align: center;" class="BRPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">29</font></div>
      <div class="BRPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after: always;">
        <hr noshade="noshade" style="margin-top: 4px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 4px; width: 100%; border-width: 0px; height: 2px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); clear: both;"></div>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">b.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;">The Company shall have the right, by giving five (5) days&#8217; notice as hereinafter specified to terminate this Agreement in its entirety or with respect to any one or multiple
      of the Agents, in its sole discretion at any time after the date of this Agreement. Any such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party except that the provisions of <u>Section 9</u> (Payment of Expenses), <u>Section 11</u>
      (Indemnification and Contribution), <u>Section 12</u> (Representations and Agreements to Survive Delivery), <u>Section 18</u> (Governing Law and Time; Waiver of Jury Trial) and <u>Section 19</u> (Consent to Jurisdiction) hereof shall remain in
      full force and effect notwithstanding such termination.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">c.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;">Each Agent shall have the right by giving five (5) days&#8217; notice as hereinafter specified to terminate this Agreement with respect to itself in its sole discretion at any time
      after the date of this Agreement. Any such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party except that the provisions of <u>Section 9</u> (Payment of Expenses), <u>Section 11</u> (Indemnification and Contribution), <u>Section









        12</u> (Representations and Agreements to Survive Delivery), <u>Section 18</u> (Governing Law and Time; Waiver of Jury Trial) and <u>Section 19</u> (Consent to Jurisdiction) hereof shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such
      termination.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">d.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;">Unless earlier terminated pursuant to this <u>Section 13</u>, this Agreement shall automatically terminate upon the issuance and sale of all of the Placement Shares through
      the Agents on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth herein except that the provisions of <u>Section 9</u> (Payment of Expenses), <u>Section 11</u> (Indemnification and Contribution), <u>Section 12</u> (Representations and Agreements to
      Survive Delivery), <u>Section 18</u> (Governing Law and Time; Waiver of Jury Trial) and <u>Section 19</u> (Consent to Jurisdiction) hereof shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">e.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;">This Agreement shall remain in full force and effect unless terminated pursuant to <u>Sections 13(a)</u>, <u>(b</u>), <u>(c</u>), or <u>(d)</u> above or otherwise by
      mutual agreement of the parties; <font style="font-style: italic;">provided, however</font>, that any such termination by mutual agreement shall in all cases be deemed to provide that <u>Section 9</u> (Payment of Expenses), <u>Section 11</u>
      (Indemnification and Contribution), <u>Section 12</u> (Representations and Agreements to Survive Delivery), <u>Section 18</u> (Governing Law and Time; Waiver of Jury Trial) and <u>Section 19</u> (Consent to Jurisdiction) shall remain in full force
      and effect. Upon termination of this Agreement, the Company shall not have any liability to an Agent for any discount, commission or other compensation with respect to any Placement Shares not otherwise sold by an Agent under this Agreement. To the
      extent this Agreement is terminated by one Agent or by the Company with respect to one Agent pursuant to Sections 13(a) (b) or (c) above, this Agreement shall terminate only with respect to such Agent and shall remain in full force and effect with
      respect to the Company and the other Agents, unless and until terminated pursuant to Sections 13(a), (b), (c), or (d) above.</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div style="text-align: center;" class="BRPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">30</font></div>
      <div class="BRPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after: always;">
        <hr noshade="noshade" style="margin-top: 4px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 4px; width: 100%; border-width: 0px; height: 2px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); clear: both;"></div>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">f.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;">Any termination of this Agreement shall be effective on the date specified in such notice of termination; <font style="font-style: italic;">provided, however</font>, that
      such termination shall not be effective until the close of business on the date of receipt of such notice by an Agent or the Company, as the case may be. If such termination shall occur prior to the Settlement Date for any sale of Placement Shares,
      such Placement Shares shall settle in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement.</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-left: 9pt;">14.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 80pt;"><u>Notices</u>. All notices or other communications required or permitted to be given by any party to any other party pursuant to the terms of this Agreement shall be in
      writing, unless otherwise specified, and if sent to the Agents, shall be delivered to: </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br>
    </div>
    <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" id="z7eca29fcbbfe4bfc8081f5ff36176bef" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">

        <tr>
          <td style="width: 12%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" colspan="2">
            <div>B. Riley Securities, Inc.</div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 12%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" colspan="2">
            <div>299 Park Avenue, 21<sup style="vertical-align: text-top; line-height: 1; font-size: smaller;">st</sup> Floor</div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 12%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" colspan="2">
            <div>New York, NY 10171</div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 12%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 8%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div>Attention:</div>
          </td>
          <td style="width: 80%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div>General Counsel</div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 12%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 8%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div>Telephone:</div>
          </td>
          <td style="width: 80%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div>(212) 457-9947</div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 12%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 8%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div>Email:</div>
          </td>
          <td style="width: 80%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div>atmdesk@brileyfin.com</div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" colspan="3">&#160;</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" colspan="3" rowspan="1">And<br>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" colspan="3" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1" colspan="2">Barclays Capital Inc.<br>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1" colspan="2">745 Seventh Avenue<br>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1" colspan="2">New York, New York 10019<br>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">Attention:<br>
          </td>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">Syndicate Registration<br>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">Fax:<br>
          </td>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">(646) 834-8133<br>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" colspan="3" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" colspan="3">
            <div>with a copy to:</div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" colspan="3">&#160;</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 12%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 8%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 80%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 12%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" colspan="2">
            <div>Duane Morris LLP</div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 12%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" colspan="2">
            <div>1540 Broadway</div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 12%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" colspan="2">
            <div>New York, NY 10036</div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 12%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 8%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div>Attention:</div>
          </td>
          <td style="width: 80%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div>Dean M. Colucci</div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 12%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 8%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div>Telephone:</div>
          </td>
          <td style="width: 80%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div>(973) 424-2020</div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 12%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 8%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div>Email:</div>
          </td>
          <td style="width: 80%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div>dmcolucci@duanemorris.com</div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" colspan="3">&#160;</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" colspan="3">
            <div>and if to the Company, shall be delivered to:</div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 12%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 8%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 80%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 12%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" colspan="2">
            <div>Turning Point Brands, Inc.</div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 12%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" colspan="2">
            <div>5201 Interchange Way</div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 12%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" colspan="2">
            <div>Louisville, Kentucky 40229</div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 12%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 8%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div>Attention:</div>
          </td>
          <td style="width: 80%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div>Brittani Cushman</div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 12%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 8%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div>Telephone:</div>
          </td>
          <td style="width: 80%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div>(502) 778-4421</div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 12%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 8%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div>Email:</div>
          </td>
          <td style="width: 80%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div>BCushman@tpbi.com</div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 12%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 8%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 80%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" colspan="3">
            <div>with a copy to:</div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 12%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 8%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 80%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 12%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" colspan="2">
            <div>Milbank LLP</div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 12%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" colspan="2">
            <div>55 Hudson Yards</div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 12%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" colspan="2">
            <div>New York, NY 10001</div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 12%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 8%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div>Attention:</div>
          </td>
          <td style="width: 80%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div>Brett D. Nadritch</div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 12%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 8%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div>Telephone:</div>
          </td>
          <td style="width: 80%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div>(212)-530-5301</div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 12%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 8%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div>Email:</div>
          </td>
          <td style="width: 80%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div>BNadritch@milbank.com</div>
          </td>
        </tr>

    </table>
    <div> <br>
    </div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div style="text-align: center;" class="BRPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">31</font></div>
      <div class="BRPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after: always;">
        <hr noshade="noshade" style="margin-top: 4px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 4px; width: 100%; border-width: 0px; height: 2px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); clear: both;"></div>
    </div>
    Each party to this Agreement may change such address for notices by sending to the parties to this Agreement written notice of a new address for such purpose. Each such notice or other communication shall be deemed given (i) when delivered personally,
    by email, or by verifiable facsimile transmission (with an original to follow) on or before 4:30 p.m., New York City time, on a Business Day or, if such day is not a Business Day, on the next succeeding Business Day, (ii) on the next Business Day after
    timely delivery to a nationally-recognized overnight courier and (iii) on the Business Day actually received if deposited in the U.S. mail (certified or registered mail, return receipt requested, postage prepaid). For purposes of this Agreement, &#8220;<u>Business














      Day</u>&#8221; shall mean any day on which the Exchange and commercial banks in the City of New York are open for business.
    <div>&#160;</div>
    An electronic communication (&#8220;Electronic Notice&#8221;) shall be deemed written notice for purposes of this Section 14 if sent to the electronic mail address specified by the receiving party under separate cover. Electronic Notice shall be deemed received at
    the time the party sending Electronic Notice receives verification of receipt by the receiving party. Any party receiving Electronic Notice may request and shall be entitled to receive the notice on paper, in a nonelectronic form (&#8220;Nonelectronic
    Notice&#8221;) which shall be sent to the requesting party within ten (10) days of receipt of the written request for Nonelectronic Notice.
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">15.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 80pt;"><u>Successors and Assigns</u>. This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the Company and each Agent and their respective successors and the affiliates,
      controlling persons, officers and directors referred to in <u>Section 11</u> hereof. References to any of the parties contained in this Agreement shall be deemed to include the successors and permitted assigns of such party. Nothing in this
      Agreement, express or implied, is intended to confer upon any party other than the parties hereto or their respective successors and permitted assigns any rights, remedies, obligations or liabilities under or by reason of this Agreement, except as
      expressly provided in this Agreement. Neither the Company nor the Agents may assign its rights or obligations under this Agreement without the prior written consent of the other party.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 45pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">16.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 80pt;"><u>Adjustments for Stock Splits</u>. The parties acknowledge and agree that all share&#8209;related numbers contained in this Agreement shall be adjusted to take into account any
      share consolidation, stock split, stock dividend, corporate domestication or similar event effected with respect to the Placement Shares.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 45pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">17.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 80pt;"><u>Entire Agreement; Amendment; Severability</u>. This Agreement (including all schedules and exhibits attached hereto and Placement Notices issued pursuant hereto) constitutes
      the entire agreement and supersedes all other prior and contemporaneous agreements and undertakings, both written and oral, among the parties hereto with regard to the subject matter hereof. Neither this Agreement nor any term hereof may be amended
      except pursuant to a written instrument executed by the Company and the Agents. In the event that any one or more of the provisions contained herein, or the application thereof in any circumstance, is held invalid, illegal or unenforceable as written
      by a court of competent jurisdiction, then such provision shall be given full force and effect to the fullest possible extent that it is valid, legal and enforceable, and the remainder of the terms and provisions herein shall be construed as if such
      invalid, illegal or unenforceable term or provision was not contained herein, but only to the extent that giving effect to such provision and the remainder of the terms and provisions hereof shall be in accordance with the intent of the parties as
      reflected in this Agreement.</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div style="text-align: center;" class="BRPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">32</font></div>
      <div class="BRPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after: always;">
        <hr noshade="noshade" style="margin-top: 4px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 4px; width: 100%; border-width: 0px; height: 2px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); clear: both;"></div>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; margin-left: 9pt;">18.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 80pt;"><u>GOVERNING LAW AND TIME; WAIVER OF JURY TRIAL</u>. THIS AGREEMENT SHALL BE GOVERNED BY AND CONSTRUED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK WITHOUT REGARD TO
      THE PRINCIPLES OF CONFLICTS OF LAWS. SPECIFIED TIMES OF DAY REFER TO NEW YORK CITY TIME. THE COMPANY AND THE AGENTS EACH HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES, TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, ANY AND ALL RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY IN ANY LEGAL
      PROCEEDING ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THIS AGREEMENT OR THE TRANSACTIONS CONTEMPLATED HEREBY.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-left: 9pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; margin-left: 9pt;">19.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 80pt;"><u>CONSENT TO JURISDICTION</u>. EACH PARTY HEREBY IRREVOCABLY SUBMITS TO THE EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF THE STATE AND FEDERAL COURTS SITTING IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK, BOROUGH OF
      MANHATTAN, FOR THE ADJUDICATION OF ANY DISPUTE HEREUNDER OR IN CONNECTION WITH ANY TRANSACTION CONTEMPLATED HEREBY, AND HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES, AND AGREES NOT TO ASSERT IN ANY SUIT, ACTION OR PROCEEDING, ANY CLAIM THAT IT IS NOT PERSONALLY SUBJECT
      TO THE JURISDICTION OF ANY SUCH COURT, THAT SUCH SUIT, ACTION OR PROCEEDING IS BROUGHT IN AN INCONVENIENT FORUM OR THAT THE VENUE OF SUCH SUIT, ACTION OR PROCEEDING IS IMPROPER. EACH PARTY HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES PERSONAL SERVICE OF PROCESS AND
      CONSENTS TO PROCESS BEING SERVED IN ANY SUCH SUIT, ACTION OR PROCEEDING BY MAILING A COPY THEREOF (CERTIFIED OR REGISTERED MAIL, RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED) TO SUCH PARTY AT THE ADDRESS IN EFFECT FOR NOTICES TO IT UNDER THIS AGREEMENT AND AGREES THAT
      SUCH SERVICE SHALL CONSTITUTE GOOD AND SUFFICIENT SERVICE OF PROCESS AND NOTICE THEREOF. NOTHING CONTAINED HEREIN SHALL BE DEEMED TO LIMIT IN ANY WAY ANY RIGHT TO SERVE PROCESS IN ANY MANNER PERMITTED BY LAW.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-left: 9pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; margin-left: 9pt;">20.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 80pt;"><u>Use of Information</u>. The Agents may not use any information gained in connection with this Agreement and the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, including due
      diligence, to advise any party with respect to transactions not expressly approved by the Company.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-left: 9pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; margin-left: 9pt;">21.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 80pt;"><u>Counterparts</u>. This Agreement may be executed in two or more counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of which together shall constitute one and
      the same instrument. Delivery of an executed Agreement by one party to the other may be made by facsimile transmission or email of a .pdf attachment.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-left: 9pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; margin-left: 9pt;">22.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 80pt;"><u>Construction</u>. The section, Schedule and Exhibit headings herein are for convenience only and shall not affect the construction hereof. References herein to any law,
      statute, ordinance, code, regulation, rule or other requirement of any Governmental Authority shall be deemed to refer to such law, statute, ordinance, code, regulation, rule or other requirement of any Governmental Authority as amended, reenacted,
      supplemented or superseded in whole or in part and in effect from time to time and also to all rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 36pt; margin-left: 9pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; margin-left: 9pt;">23.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 80pt;"><u>Permitted Free Writing Prospectuses</u>. The Company represents, warrants and agrees that, unless it obtains the prior written consent of each Agent (which consent shall not
      be unreasonably withheld or delayed), and each Agent represents, warrants and agrees that, unless it obtains the prior written consent of the Company, it has not made and will not make any offer relating to the Placement Shares that would constitute
      an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, or that would otherwise constitute a &#8220;free writing prospectus,&#8221; as defined in Rule 405, required to be filed with the Commission. Any such free writing prospectus consented to by the Agents or by the Company, as the
      case may be, is hereinafter referred to as a &#8220;Permitted Free Writing Prospectus.&#8221; The Company represents and warrants that it has treated and agrees that it will treat each Permitted Free Writing Prospectus as an &#8220;issuer free writing prospectus,&#8221; as
      defined in Rule 433, and has complied and will comply with the requirements of Rule 433 applicable to any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus, including timely filing with the Commission where required, legending and record keeping. For the purposes of
      clarity, the parties hereto agree that all free writing prospectuses, if any, listed in <u>Exhibit 23</u> hereto are Permitted Free Writing Prospectuses.</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div style="text-align: center;" class="BRPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">33</font></div>
      <div class="BRPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after: always;">
        <hr noshade="noshade" style="margin-top: 4px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 4px; width: 100%; border-width: 0px; height: 2px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); clear: both;"></div>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">24.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 80pt;"><u>Absence of Fiduciary Relationship</u>. The Company acknowledges and agrees that:</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">a.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;">Each Agent is acting solely as agent in connection with the public offering of the Placement Shares and in connection with each transaction contemplated by this Agreement and
      the process leading to such transactions, and no fiduciary or advisory relationship between the Company or any of its respective affiliates, stockholders (or other equity holders), creditors or employees or any other party, on the one hand, and the
      Agents, on the other hand, has been or will be created in respect of any of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, irrespective of whether or not any Agent has advised or is advising the Company on other matters, and the Agents have no
      obligation to the Company with respect to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement except the obligations expressly set forth in this Agreement;</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">b.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;">it is capable of evaluating and understanding, and understands and accepts, the terms, risks and conditions of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement;</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">c.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;">the Agents have not provided any legal, accounting, regulatory or tax advice with respect to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and it has consulted its own
      legal, accounting, regulatory and tax advisors to the extent it has deemed appropriate;</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">d.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;">it is aware that the Agents and their respective affiliates are engaged in a broad range of transactions which may involve interests that differ from those of the Company and
      the Agents have no obligation to disclose such interests and transactions to the Company by virtue of any fiduciary, advisory or agency relationship or otherwise; and</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 81pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">e.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;">it waives, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any claims it may have against the Agents for breach of fiduciary duty or alleged breach of fiduciary duty in connection
      with the sale of Placement Shares under this Agreement and agrees that the Agents shall not have any liability (whether direct or indirect, in contract, tort or otherwise) to it in respect of such a fiduciary duty claim or to any person asserting a
      fiduciary duty claim on its behalf or in right of it or the Company, employees or creditors of Company, other than in respect of the Agents&#8217; obligations under this Agreement and to keep information provided by the Company to the Agents and their
      counsel confidential to the extent not otherwise publicly-available.</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"> 25.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"><u>Recognition of the U.S. Special Resolution Regimes</u><br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;">(i)</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;">In the event that the Underwriter that is a Covered Entity becomes subject to a proceeding under a U.S. Special Resolution Regime, the transfer from such Underwriter of this
      Agreement, and any interest and obligation in or under this Agreement, will be effective to the same extent as the transfer would be effective under the U.S. Special Resolution Regime if this Agreement, and any such interest and obligation, were
      governed by the laws of the United States or a state of the United States.<br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 81pt;"> (ii)<br>
    </div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 104pt;">In the event that any Underwriter that is a Covered Entity or a BHC Act Affiliate of such Underwriter becomes subject to a proceeding under a U.S. Special Resolution Regime,
      Default Rights under this Agreement that may be exercised against such Underwriter are permitted to be exercised to no greater extent than such Default Rights could be exercised under the U.S. Special Resolution Regime if this Agreement were governed
      by the laws of the United States or a state of the United States.<br>
      <br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div style="text-align: center;" class="BRPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">34</font></div>
      <div class="BRPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after: always;">
        <hr noshade="noshade" style="margin-top: 4px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 4px; width: 100%; border-width: 0px; height: 2px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); clear: both;"></div>
    </div>
    <div style="text-indent: 45pt;">26.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 80pt;"><u>Definitions</u>. As used in this Agreement, the following terms have the respective meanings set forth below:</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify;">&#160; &#160; &#160; &#8220;<u>Applicable Time</u>&#8221; means (i) each Representation Date, (ii) the time of each sale of any Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement and (iii) each Settlement Date.</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"> &#8220;<u>BHC Act Affiliate</u>&#8221; has the meaning assigned to the term &#8220;affiliate&#8221; in, and shall be interpreted in accordance with, 12 U.S.C. &#167; 1841(k).<br>
    </div>
    <div> <br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">&#8220;<u>Covered Entity</u>&#8221; means any of the following: (i) a &#8220;covered entity&#8221; as that term is defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. &#167; 252.82(b); (ii) a &#8220;covered bank&#8221; as that term is
      defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. &#167; 47.3(b); or (iii) a &#8220;covered FSI&#8221; as that term is defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. &#167; 382.2(b).<br>
    </div>
    <div> <br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">&#8220;<u>Default Right</u>&#8221; has the meaning assigned to that term in, and shall be interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. &#167;&#167; 252.81, 47.2 or 382.1, as applicable.<br>
    </div>
    <div> <br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">&#8220;<u>U.S. Special Resolution Regime</u>&#8221; means each of (i) the Federal Deposit Insurance Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder and (ii) Title II of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and
      Consumer Protection Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder.<br>
      <br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">&#8220;<u>Issuer Free Writing Prospectus</u>&#8221; means any &#8220;issuer free writing prospectus,&#8221; as defined in Rule 433, relating to the Placement Shares that (1) is required to be filed with the Commission by
      the Company, (2) is a &#8220;road show&#8221; that is a &#8220;written communication&#8221; within the meaning of Rule 433(d)(8)(i) whether or not required to be filed with the Commission, or (3) is exempt from filing pursuant to Rule 433(d)(5)(i) because it contains a
      description of the Placement Shares or of the offering that does not reflect the final terms, in each case in the form filed or required to be filed with the Commission or, if not required to be filed, in the form retained in the Company&#8217;s records
      pursuant to Rule 433(g) under the Securities Act.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 45pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">&#8220;<u>Rule 172</u>,&#8221; &#8220;<u>Rule 405</u>,&#8221; &#8220;<u>Rule 415</u>,&#8221; &#8220;<u>Rule 424</u>,&#8221; &#8220;<u>Rule 424(b)</u>,&#8221; &#8220;<u>Rule 430B</u>,&#8221; and &#8220;<u>Rule 433</u>&#8221; refer to such rules under the Securities Act.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 45pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">All references in this Agreement to financial statements and schedules and other information that is &#8220;contained,&#8221; &#8220;included&#8221; or &#8220;stated&#8221; in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus (and all other
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    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">All references in this Agreement to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement to any of the foregoing shall be deemed to include the copy filed with the Commission
      pursuant to EDGAR; all references in this Agreement to any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus (other than any Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses that, pursuant to Rule 433, are not required to be filed with the Commission) shall be deemed to include the
      copy thereof filed with the Commission pursuant to EDGAR; and all references in this Agreement to &#8220;supplements&#8221; to the Prospectus shall include, without limitation, any supplements, &#8220;wrappers&#8221; or similar materials prepared in connection with any
      offering, sale or private placement of any Placement Shares by the Agents outside of the United States.</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: center;">[Remainder of the page intentionally left blank]</div>
    <div style="text-align: center;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div style="text-align: center;" class="BRPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">35</font></div>
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    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify;">If the foregoing correctly sets forth the understanding between the Company and each Agent, please so indicate in the space provided below for that purpose, whereupon this letter shall constitute a binding agreement
      between the Company and each Agent.</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-indent: -9pt; margin-left: 9pt;">
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          <tr>
            <td style="width: 50%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
            <td colspan="3" rowspan="1">
              <div style="text-align: left;">Very truly yours,</div>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 50%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 2%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 4%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 44%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 50%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 2%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 4%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 44%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 50%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
            <td colspan="3" rowspan="1">
              <div>
                <div style="font-weight: bold;">TURNING POINT BRANDS, INC.</div>
              </div>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 50%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 2%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 4%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 44%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 50%; padding-bottom: 2px;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 2%; padding-bottom: 2px;">
              <div>
                <div>By:</div>
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            </td>
            <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">
              <div>/s/ Andrew Flynn</div>
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          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 50%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 2%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 4%;">Name:</td>
            <td style="width: 44%;">Andrew Flynn</td>
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          <tr>
            <td style="width: 50%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 2%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
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            <td style="width: 4%;">Title:</td>
            <td style="width: 44%;">
              <div>Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer</div>
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          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 50%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 2%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 4%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 44%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 50%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
            <td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="font-weight: bold;">ACCEPTED as of the date first-above written:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 50%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 2%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 4%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 44%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
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          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 50%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
            <td colspan="3" rowspan="1">
              <div style="font-weight: bold;">B. RILEY SECURITIES, INC.</div>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 50%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 2%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 4%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 44%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 50%; padding-bottom: 2px;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
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            <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">/s/ Matthew Feinberg</td>
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          <tr>
            <td style="width: 50%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 2%;"><br>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 4%;">Name:</td>
            <td style="width: 44%;">Matthew Feinberg</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 50%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 2%;"><br>
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            <td style="width: 4%;">Title:</td>
            <td style="width: 44%;">Sr. Managing Director</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 50%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 2%;"><br>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 4%;"><br>
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            <td style="width: 44%;"><br>
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          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 50%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
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            <td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="font-weight: bold;">BARCLAYS CAPITAL INC.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 50%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 2%;"><br>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 4%;"><br>
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            <td style="width: 44%;"><br>
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          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 50%; padding-bottom: 2px;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
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            <td style="width: 2%; padding-bottom: 2px;">By:</td>
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          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 50%;">
              <div>&#160;</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 2%;"><br>
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            <td style="width: 4%;">Name:</td>
            <td style="width: 44%;">Michaela Diverio </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td rowspan="1" style="width: 50%;">&#160;</td>
            <td rowspan="1" style="width: 2%;">&#160;</td>
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            <td rowspan="1" style="width: 44%;">Managing Director</td>
          </tr>

      </table>
    </div>
    <div> <br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: center;">[<font style="font-style: italic;">Signature Page to At Market Issuance Sales Agreement</font>]</div>
    <div style="text-align: center;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div class="BRPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after: always;">
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    <font style="font-weight: bold;">SCHEDULE 1 </font>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div>
      <hr noshade="noshade" align="center" style="background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; height: 2px; width: 30%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center;"></div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: center;">FORM OF PLACEMENT NOTICE</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div>
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        <tr>
          <td colspan="1" style="width: 5%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div>From:</div>
          </td>
          <td style="width: 85%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div>Turning Point Brands, Inc.</div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="width: 5%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td rowspan="1" style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td rowspan="1" style="width: 85%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td colspan="1" style="width: 5%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div>To:</div>
          </td>
          <td style="width: 85%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div>[B. Riley Securities, Inc.][Barclays Capital Inc.]</div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="width: 5%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td rowspan="1" style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td rowspan="1" style="width: 85%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td colspan="1" style="width: 5%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div>Attention:</div>
          </td>
          <td style="width: 85%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div>[&#8226;]</div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="width: 5%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td rowspan="1" style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td rowspan="1" style="width: 85%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td colspan="1" style="width: 5%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div>Subject:</div>
          </td>
          <td style="width: 85%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div>At Market Issuance--Placement Notice</div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td colspan="1" style="width: 5%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 85%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="vertical-align: top; width: 5%;" colspan="1">&#160;</td>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" colspan="2">
            <div>Ladies and Gentlemen:</div>
          </td>
        </tr>

    </table>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160; Pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions contained in the At Market Issuance Sales Agreement by and among Turning Point Brands, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the &#8220;<u>Company</u>&#8221;), B.
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    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div class="BRPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after: always;">
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    <font style="font-weight: bold;">SCHEDULE 2</font><br>
    <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">
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    <div style="text-align: center;"><font style="font-weight: bold;">Compensation </font></div>
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    <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">
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    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify;">The Company shall pay to the Designated Agent in cash, upon each sale of Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement, an amount up to 3.0% of the gross proceeds from each sale of Placement Shares.</div>
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    </div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div class="BRPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after: always;">
        <hr noshade="noshade" style="margin-top: 4px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 4px; width: 100%; border-width: 0px; height: 2px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); clear: both;"></div>
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    <font style="font-weight: bold;">SCHEDULE 3 </font>
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    <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">
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    <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"> <br>
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    <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Notice Parties</div>
    <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div>
      <hr noshade="noshade" align="center" style="background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: medium; border-style: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; height: 2px; width: 25%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center;"></div>
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        <tr>
          <td style="width: 18%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div><u>The Company</u></div>
          </td>
          <td style="width: 82%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 18%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 82%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 18%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: justify;">Brittani Cushman</div>
          </td>
          <td style="width: 82%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: justify; font-style: normal;"><u>BCushman@tpbi.com</u></div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 18%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 82%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 18%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: justify;">Andrew Flynn</div>
          </td>
          <td style="width: 82%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: justify; font-style: normal;"><u>AFlynn@tpbi.com</u></div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 18%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 82%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 18%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: justify;">David Glazek</div>
          </td>
          <td style="width: 82%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: justify; font-style: normal;"><u>DGlazek@tpbi.com</u></div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 18%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 82%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 18%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div><u>B. Riley Securities</u></div>
          </td>
          <td style="width: 82%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 18%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 82%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 18%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div>Seth Appel</div>
          </td>
          <td style="width: 82%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div><u>sappel@brileyfin.com</u></div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 18%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 82%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 18%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: justify;">Matt Feinberg</div>
          </td>
          <td style="width: 82%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: justify;"><u>mfeinberg@brileyfin.com</u></div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 18%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 82%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 18%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: justify;">Keith Pompliano</div>
          </td>
          <td style="width: 82%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: justify;"><u>kpompliano@brileyfin.com</u></div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 18%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 82%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 18%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: justify;">Scott Ammaturo</div>
          </td>
          <td style="width: 82%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: justify;"><u>sammaturo@brileyfin.com</u></div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 18%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 82%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1" colspan="2">
            <div style="text-align: justify;">with a copy to <u>atmdesk@brileyfin.com</u></div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1"><u>Barclays</u><br>
          </td>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">
            <div>Michaela Diverio<br>
            </div>
            <div> <br>
            </div>
            <div>Mahnoor Malik<br>
            </div>
            <div> <br>
            </div>
            <div>Natasha Lowitt<br>
            </div>
            <div> <br>
            </div>
            <div>Sarah Speegle<br>
            </div>
            <div> <br>
            </div>
            <div>Edward Byers<br>
            </div>
            <div> <br>
            </div>
            <div>Scott Kinloch<br>
            </div>
            <div> <br>
            </div>
            <div>Kevin Condon<br>
            </div>
            <div> <br>
            </div>
            <div>Craig Bergmann<br>
            </div>
            <div> <br>
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            <div>Luke Rankin<br>
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          </td>
          <td style="vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">
            <div><u>michaela.diverio@barclays.com<br>
              </u></div>
            <div> <u><br>
              </u></div>
            <div><u>mahnoor.malik@barclays.com<br>
              </u></div>
            <div> <u><br>
              </u></div>
            <div><u>natasha.lowitt@barclays.com<br>
              </u></div>
            <div> <u><br>
              </u></div>
            <div><u>sarah.speegle@barclays.com<br>
              </u></div>
            <div> <u><br>
              </u></div>
            <div><u>edward.byers@barclays.com<br>
              </u></div>
            <div> <u><br>
              </u></div>
            <div><u>scott.kinloch@barclays.com<br>
              </u></div>
            <div> <u><br>
              </u></div>
            <div><u>kevin.condon@barclays.com<br>
              </u></div>
            <div> <u><br>
              </u></div>
            <div><u>craig.bergmann@barclays.com<br>
              </u></div>
            <div> <u><br>
              </u></div>
            <div><u>luke.rankin@barclays.com</u><br>
            </div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
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            <div><br>
            </div>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">with a copy to <u>nyequitysyndicatemo@barclays.com</u><br>
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    <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"><u>EXHIBIT 7(1)</u></div>
    <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Form of Representation Date Certificate</div>
    <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">___________, 20___</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">This Representation Date Certificate (this &#8220;<u>Certificate</u>&#8221;) is executed and delivered in connection with <u>Section 7(1)</u> of the At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (the &#8220;<u>Agreement</u>&#8221;),
      dated December 13, 2024, and entered into by and among Turning Point Brands, Inc. (the &#8220;<u>Company</u>&#8221;), B. Riley Securities, Inc. and Barclays Capital Inc. (the &#8220;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><u>Agents</u></font>&#8221;).







      All capitalized terms used but not defined herein shall have the meanings given to such terms in the Agreement.</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">The Company hereby certifies as follows:</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">1.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 80pt;">As of the date of this Certificate (i) the Registration Statement, as of its most recent effective date as it applies to the Agents, did not contain any untrue statement of a
      material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein not misleading and (ii) the Prospectus Supplement does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to
      state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 45pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">2.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 80pt;">Each of the representations and warranties of the Company contained in the Agreement were, when originally made, and are, as of the date of this Certificate, true and correct
      in all material respects.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 45pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">3.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 80pt;">Except as waived by the Agents in writing, each of the covenants required to be performed by the Company in the Agreement on or prior to the date of the Agreement, this
      Representation Date, and each such other date prior to the date hereof as set forth in the Agreement, has been duly, timely and fully performed in all material respects and each condition required to be complied with by the Company on or prior to the
      date of the Agreement, this Representation Date, and each such other date prior to the date hereof as set forth in the Agreement has been duly, timely and fully complied with in all material respects.</div>
    <div style="text-indent: 45pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">4.</div>
    <div style="margin: -16px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 80pt;">No stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or of any part thereof has been issued, and no proceedings for that purpose have been instituted or are
      pending or threatened by any securities or other governmental authority (including, without limitation, the Commission).</div>
    <div><br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">The undersigned has executed this Representation Date Certificate as of the date first written above.</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
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          <td style="vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1" colspan="2"><font style="font-weight: bold;">TURNING POINT BRANDS, INC.</font></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          <td colspan="2" style="width: 3%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;&#160;</td>
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          <td style="width: 3%; vertical-align: top; padding-bottom: 2px;">
            <div>By:</div>
          </td>
          <td style="width: 47%; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">&#160;</td>
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          <td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; padding-bottom: 2px;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 5%; vertical-align: top; padding-bottom: 2px;">
            <div>Name:</div>
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          <td style="width: 45%; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">&#160;</td>
        </tr>
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          <td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; padding-bottom: 2px;">&#160;</td>
          <td style="width: 5%; vertical-align: top; padding-bottom: 2px;">
            <div>Title:</div>
          </td>
          <td style="width: 45%; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">&#160;</td>
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    <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"><u>EXHIBIT 23</u></div>
    <div><br>
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    <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Permitted Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses</div>
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    <div>None.</div>
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      <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: right;">Exhibit 5.1</div>
      <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;"><img src="ny20038703x2_ex5-1img2.jpg"></div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;"> <br>
      </div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;"> <br>
      </div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">
        <div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">55 Hudson Yards| New York, NY 10001-2163</div>
        <div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">T: 212.530.5100</div>
        <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">milbank.com</div>
      </div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;"> <br>
      </div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">December 13, 2024</div>
      <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;"> <br>
      </div>
      <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Turning Point Brands, Inc.</div>
      <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">5201 Interchange Way</div>
      <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Louisville, KY 40229</div>
      <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;"><br>
      </div>
      <div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 36pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Re: <u>Registration Statement on Form S-3</u></div>
      <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Ladies and Gentlemen:</div>
      <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: left; text-indent: 36pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">We refer to the Registration Statement on Form S-3, File No. 333-274825 (the &#8220;<u>Registration Statement</u>&#8221;), filed by Turning Point Brands, Inc., a
        Delaware corporation (the &#8220;<u>Company</u>&#8221;), with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &#8220;<u>Commission</u>&#8221;) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &#8220;<u>Securities Act</u>&#8221;), which Registration Statement first became effective on
        October 12, 2023. Pursuant to the Registration Statement, the Company is offering up to $100,000,000 of shares (the &#8220;<u>Shares</u>&#8221;) of its common stock, $0.01 par value per share (the &#8220;<u>Common Stock</u>&#8221;). The Shares are to be offered and sold,
        from time to time, by the Company pursuant to an at market issuance sales agreement dated December 13, 2024 (the &#8220;<u>Sales Agreement</u>&#8221;) between the Company and the agents named therein (the &#8220;<u>Agents</u>&#8221;).</div>
      <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: left; text-indent: 36pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">This opinion letter is being delivered in accordance with the requirements of Item 601(b)(5) of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act.</div>
      <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: left; text-indent: 36pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">We have examined the Registration Statement, the base prospectus dated October 13, 2023 included in the Registration Statement (the &#8220;<u>Base Prospectus</u>&#8221;),

        the prospectus supplement dated December 13, 2024 to be filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Act (together with the Base Prospectus, the &#8220;<u>Prospectus</u>&#8221;), the Sales Agreement, the Company&#8217;s second amended and restated
        certificate of incorporation and second amended and restated by-laws and the resolutions adopted by the board of directors of the Company (the &#8220;<u>Board of Directors</u>&#8221;) established by such board relating to the Registration Statement, the
        Prospectus and the issuance of the Shares by the Company. We have also examined originals, or copies of originals certified to our satisfaction, of such agreements, documents, certificates and statements of the Company and other corporate documents
        and instruments, and have examined such questions of law, as we have considered relevant and necessary as a basis for this opinion letter.</div>
      <div style="text-align: left; text-indent: 36pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;"> <br>
      </div>
      <div style="text-align: center; text-indent: 36pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;"> <img src="ny20038703x2_ex5-1img1.jpg"></div>
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                <div style="text-align: left;">Turning Point Brands, Inc.</div>
                <div style="text-align: left;">December 13, 2024</div>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: right;">
                <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Page 2</div>
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      <div style="text-align: left; text-indent: 36pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;"> <br>
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      <div style="text-align: left; text-indent: 36pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">We have assumed the authenticity of all documents submitted to or obtained by us as originals, the genuineness of all signatures, the legal capacity of
        all persons and the conformity with the original documents of any copies thereof submitted to or obtained by us for examination. As to facts relevant to the opinions expressed herein, we have relied without independent investigation or verification
        upon, and assumed the accuracy and completeness of, certificates, letters and oral and written statements and representations of public officials and officers and other representatives of the Company, including the representations and warranties
        made in the Sales Agreement.</div>
      <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: left; text-indent: 36pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Based on and subject to the foregoing and the other limitations, qualifications and assumptions set forth herein, we are of the opinion that the
        issuance and sale of the Shares pursuant to the Sales Agreement have been duly authorized by the Company and, when (A) the number of Shares to be offered, issued and sold by the Company from time to time and the respective purchase prices, Agents&#8217;
        discounts or commissions, and times and dates of offering, issuance and sale, and the offering, issuance and sale thereof, have been duly authorized and approved by duly authorized officers of the Company, all as provided in, and in compliance with
        the parameters, limitations and other terms set forth in resolutions duly adopted by the Company&#8217;s Board of Directors or any duly authorized committees thereof, and agreed upon by the Company, the Agents and the purchasers thereof and (B) such
        Shares are duly issued and delivered by the Company in accordance with the Sales Agreement against receipt by the Company of the agreed upon purchase price therefor), will be validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.</div>
      <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: left; text-indent: 36pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">In rendering the opinion set forth in the immediately preceding paragraph, we have assumed that the net proceeds received by the Company (after
        deduction of discounts and commissions) for each Share issued or sold pursuant to the Sales Agreement will equal or exceed the par value thereof and that, at the time of any issuance of Shares pursuant to the Sales Agreement, the number of such
        Shares will not exceed the number of authorized and unissued shares of Common Stock that have not been reserved for issuance for other purposes.</div>
      <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: left; text-indent: 36pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">This opinion letter is limited to the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware. We express no opinion as to any other laws, rules or
        regulations, including, without limitation, the federal laws of the United States of America or any state securities or blue sky laws.</div>
      <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: left; text-indent: 36pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">We hereby consent to the filing of this opinion letter as an Exhibit to the Registration Statement and to all references to our Firm included in or
        made a part of the Registration Statement. In giving such consent, we do not thereby admit that we are in the category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the Securities Act.</div>
      <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Very truly yours,</div>
      <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">/s/ Milbank LLP</div>
      <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
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</XBRL>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.LAB
<SEQUENCE>5
<FILENAME>tpb-20241213_lab.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION LABEL LINKBASE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="us-ascii"?>
<!--Generated by Broadridge PROfile 24.11.1.5268 Broadridge-->
<link:linkbase xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd" xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xbrli="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance">
  <link:roleRef roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/netLabel" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/net-2009-12-16.xsd#netLabel" />
  <link:roleRef roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedTotalLabel" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedTotalLabel" />
  <link:roleRef roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedNetLabel" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedNetLabel" />
  <link:roleRef roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedTerseLabel" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedTerseLabel" />
  <link:roleRef roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedPeriodEndLabel" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedPeriodEndLabel" />
  <link:roleRef roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedPeriodStartLabel" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedPeriodStartLabel" />
  <link:roleRef roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedLabel" />
  <link:labelLink xlink:type="extended" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/link">
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:label="CoverAbstract" xlink:title="CoverAbstract" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_CoverAbstract" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_CoverAbstract">Cover [Abstract]</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="CoverAbstract" xlink:to="dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:title="label: CoverAbstract to dei_CoverAbstract" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_DocumentType" xlink:label="DocumentType" xlink:title="DocumentType" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_DocumentType" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_DocumentType">Document Type</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="DocumentType" xlink:to="dei_DocumentType" xlink:title="label: DocumentType to dei_DocumentType" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:label="WrittenCommunications" xlink:title="WrittenCommunications" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_WrittenCommunications" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_WrittenCommunications">Written Communications</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="WrittenCommunications" xlink:to="dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:title="label: WrittenCommunications to dei_WrittenCommunications" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:label="SolicitingMaterial" xlink:title="SolicitingMaterial" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_SolicitingMaterial" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_SolicitingMaterial">Soliciting Material</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="SolicitingMaterial" xlink:to="dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:title="label: SolicitingMaterial to dei_SolicitingMaterial" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:label="PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:title="PreCommencementTenderOffer" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:title="label: PreCommencementTenderOffer to dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:label="PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:title="PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:title="label: PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer to dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:label="AmendmentFlag" xlink:title="AmendmentFlag" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_AmendmentFlag" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_AmendmentFlag">Amendment Flag</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="AmendmentFlag" xlink:to="dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:title="label: AmendmentFlag to dei_AmendmentFlag" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xlink:label="DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xlink:title="DocumentFiscalYearFocus" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus">Document Fiscal Year Focus</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xlink:to="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xlink:title="label: DocumentFiscalYearFocus to dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" xlink:label="DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" xlink:title="DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus">Document Fiscal Period Focus</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" xlink:to="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" xlink:title="label: DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus to dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:label="DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:title="DocumentPeriodEndDate" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">Document Period End Date</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:to="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:title="label: DocumentPeriodEndDate to dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:label="EntityRegistrantName" xlink:title="EntityRegistrantName" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityRegistrantName" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityRegistrantName">Entity Registrant Name</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityRegistrantName" xlink:to="dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:title="label: EntityRegistrantName to dei_EntityRegistrantName" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:label="EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:title="EntityCentralIndexKey" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">Entity Central Index Key</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:to="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:title="label: EntityCentralIndexKey to dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:label="EntityFileNumber" xlink:title="EntityFileNumber" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityFileNumber" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityFileNumber">Entity File Number</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityFileNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:title="label: EntityFileNumber to dei_EntityFileNumber" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:label="EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:title="EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">Entity Tax Identification Number</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:title="label: EntityTaxIdentificationNumber to dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:label="EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:title="EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:title="label: EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode to dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:label="EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:title="EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">Entity Emerging Growth Company</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:to="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:title="label: EntityEmergingGrowthCompany to dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:label="EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:title="EntityAddressAddressLine1" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">Entity Address, Address Line One</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:title="label: EntityAddressAddressLine1 to dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:label="EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:title="EntityAddressAddressLine2" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2">Entity Address, Address Line Two</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:title="label: EntityAddressAddressLine2 to dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:label="EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:title="EntityAddressAddressLine3" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3">Entity Address, Address Line Three</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:title="label: EntityAddressAddressLine3 to dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:label="EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:title="EntityAddressCityOrTown" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">Entity Address, City or Town</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:title="label: EntityAddressCityOrTown to dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:label="EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:title="EntityAddressStateOrProvince" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">Entity Address, State or Province</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:title="label: EntityAddressStateOrProvince to dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:label="EntityAddressCountry" xlink:title="EntityAddressCountry" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityAddressCountry" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityAddressCountry">Entity Address, Country</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityAddressCountry" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:title="label: EntityAddressCountry to dei_EntityAddressCountry" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:label="EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:title="EntityAddressPostalZipCode" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:title="label: EntityAddressPostalZipCode to dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:label="CityAreaCode" xlink:title="CityAreaCode" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_CityAreaCode" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_CityAreaCode">City Area Code</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="CityAreaCode" xlink:to="dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:title="label: CityAreaCode to dei_CityAreaCode" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:label="LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:title="LocalPhoneNumber" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_LocalPhoneNumber">Local Phone Number</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:to="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:title="label: LocalPhoneNumber to dei_LocalPhoneNumber" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:label="Security12bTitle" xlink:title="Security12bTitle" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_Security12bTitle" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_Security12bTitle">Title of 12(b) Security</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="Security12bTitle" xlink:to="dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:title="label: Security12bTitle to dei_Security12bTitle" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag" xlink:label="NoTradingSymbolFlag" xlink:title="NoTradingSymbolFlag" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag">No Trading Symbol Flag</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="NoTradingSymbolFlag" xlink:to="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag" xlink:title="label: NoTradingSymbolFlag to dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:label="TradingSymbol" xlink:title="TradingSymbol" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_TradingSymbol" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_TradingSymbol">Trading Symbol</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="TradingSymbol" xlink:to="dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:title="label: TradingSymbol to dei_TradingSymbol" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:label="SecurityExchangeName" xlink:title="SecurityExchangeName" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_SecurityExchangeName" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_SecurityExchangeName">Security Exchange Name</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="SecurityExchangeName" xlink:to="dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:title="label: SecurityExchangeName to dei_SecurityExchangeName" />
  </link:labelLink>
</link:linkbase>
</XBRL>
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<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>10
<FILENAME>R1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
							function toggleNextSibling (e) {
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<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.24.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm46095878747504">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Document and Entity Information<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 13, 2024</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CoverAbstract', window );"><strong>Cover [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Dec. 13,  2024<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">001-37763<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">Turning Point Brands, Inc.<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0001290677<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">DE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">20-0709285<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">5201 Interchange Way<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">Louisville<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">KY<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">40229<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">502<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">778-4421<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">common stock $0.01 par value per share<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">TPB<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NYSE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_WrittenCommunications', window );">Written Communications</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial', window );">Soliciting Material</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CoverAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cover page.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CoverAbstract</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For the EDGAR submission types of Form 8-K: the date of the report, the date of the earliest event reported; for the EDGAR submission types of Form N-1A: the filing date; for all other submission types: the end of the reporting or transition period. The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:employerIdItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_Security12bTitle">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Title of a 12(b) registered security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_Security12bTitle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:securityTitleItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SecurityExchangeName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14a<br> -Subsection 12<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 425<br></p></div>
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