For all of our United States defined benefit and retiree health care plans, we adopted the Society of Actuaries’ Pri-2012 Mortality Table with MP-2019 Mortality Improvement Scale in determining the plans’ benefit obligations as of December 31, 2019.

We sponsor several qualified and nonqualified pension plans covering permanent employees. In 2019, a new pension plan was added as a result of our acquisition of the remaining controlling interest in Manpower Switzerland. (See Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.)

The reconciliation of the changes in the plans’ benefit obligations and the fair value of plan assets and the funded status of the plans are as follows:

	United States Plans						Non-United States Plans
Year Ended December 31	2019			2018			2019			2018
Change in Benefit Obligation
Benefit obligation, beginning of year	$	48.9		$	53.7		$	450.0		$	489.5
Service cost		—			—			15.1			10.9
Interest cost		1.8			1.6			10.9			10.0
Acquisitions		—			—			201.2			—
Settlements		—			—			(40.9	)		—
Transfers		—			—			52.7			1.2
Actuarial loss (gain)		6.3			(2.0	)		100.1			(28.0	)
Plan participant contributions		—			—			9.0			0.2
Benefits paid		(4.2	)		(4.4	)		(11.3	)		(10.5	)
Currency exchange rate changes		—			—			8.0			(23.3	)
Benefit obligation, end of year	$	52.8		$	48.9		$	794.8		$	450.0

	United States Plans						Non-United States Plans
Year Ended December 31	2019			2018			2019			2018
Change in Plan Assets
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year	$	36.1		$	38.7		$	354.1		$	376.7
Actual return on plan assets		4.4			(0.7	)		69.5			(2.4	)
Acquisitions		—			—			196.8			—
Settlements		—			—			(40.9	)		—
Transfers		—			—			51.6			(0.3	)
Plan participant contributions		—			—			9.0			0.2
Company contributions		2.5			2.5			15.4			9.2
Benefits paid		(4.2	)		(4.4	)		(11.3	)		(10.5	)
Currency exchange rate changes		—			—			11.2			(18.8	)
Fair value of plan assets, end of year	$	38.8		$	36.1		$	655.4		$	354.1
Funded Status at End of Year
Funded status, end of year	$	(14.0	)	$	(12.8	)	$	(139.4	)	$	(95.9	)
Amounts Recognized
Noncurrent assets	$	15.0		$	15.0		$	41.4		$	46.9
Current liabilities		(2.5	)		(2.5	)		(0.7	)		(0.5	)
Noncurrent liabilities		(26.5	)		(25.3	)		(180.1	)		(142.3	)
Net amount recognized	$	(14.0	)	$	(12.8	)	$	(139.4	)	$	(95.9	)

Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, consisted of:

The accumulated benefit obligation for our plans that have plan assets was $717.2 and $390.4 as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The accumulated benefit obligation for some of our plans exceeded the fair value of plan assets as follows:

The projected benefit obligation for some of our plans exceeded the fair value of plan assets as follows:

The Swiss plan that we acquired during 2019 was underfunded, resulting in the significant increase in the amounts above.

By their nature, certain of our plans do not have plan assets. The accumulated benefit obligation for these plans was $100.4 and $86.0 as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

The components of the net periodic benefit cost and other amounts recognized in other comprehensive loss for all plans were as follows:

Year Ended December 31	2019			2018			2017
Net Periodic Benefit Cost
Service cost	$	15.1		$	10.9		$	10.1
Interest cost		12.7			11.6			10.6
Expected return on assets		(12.9	)		(10.6	)		(10.8	)
Settlements		0.4			—			—
Net loss		1.2			1.4			0.9
Prior service cost		0.7			0.6			0.4
Net periodic benefit cost		17.2			13.9			11.2
Other Changes in Plan Assets and Benefit Obligation Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income/Loss
Net loss (gain)		45.5			(16.6	)		(1.5	)
Prior service cost		1.0			1.4			2.9
Amortization of net loss		(1.6	)		(1.4	)		(0.9	)
Amortization of prior service cost		(0.7	)		(0.6	)		(0.4	)
Total recognized in other comprehensive income/loss		44.2			(17.2	)		0.1
Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost and other comprehensive income/loss	$	61.4		$	(3.3	)	$	11.3

The estimated net loss and prior service cost for the defined benefit pension plans that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive loss into net periodic benefit cost during 2020 are $3.1 and $0.7, respectively.

The weighted-average assumptions used in the measurement of the benefit obligation were as follows:

The weighted-average assumptions used in the measurement of the net periodic benefit cost were as follows:

	United States Plans									Non-United States Plans
Year Ended December 31	2019			2018			2017			2019			2018			2017
Discount rate - service cost		4.2	%		3.6	%		4.1	%		1.8	%		2.1	%		2.2	%
Discount rate - interest cost		4.2	%		3.2	%		3.3	%		1.8	%		2.1	%		2.2	%
Expected long-term return on plan assets		4.3	%		4.5	%		4.8	%		2.7	%		2.7	%		2.8	%
Rate of compensation increase		3.0	%		3.0	%		3.0	%		1.7	%		1.8	%		1.7	%

We determine our assumption for the discount rate based on an index of high-quality corporate bond yields and matched-funding yield curve analysis as of the end of each fiscal year.

Our overall expected long-term rate of return used in the measurement of the 2019 net periodic benefit cost on United States plan assets was 4.3%, while the rates of return on our non-United States plans varied by country and ranged from 1.4% to 3.5%. For a majority of our plans, a building block approach has been employed to establish this return. Historical markets are studied and long-term historical relationships between equity securities and fixed income instruments are preserved consistent with the widely accepted capital market principle that assets with higher volatility generate a greater return over time. Current market factors such as inflation and interest rates are evaluated before long-term capital market assumptions are determined. The long-term portfolio return is established with proper consideration of diversification and rebalancing. We also use guaranteed insurance contracts for four of our foreign plans. Peer data and historical returns are reviewed to check for reasonableness and appropriateness of our expected rate of return.

Projected salary levels utilized in the determination of the projected benefit obligation for the pension plans are based upon historical experience and the future expectations for each respective country.

Our plans’ investment policies are to optimize the long-term return on plan assets at an acceptable level of risk and to maintain careful control of the risk level within each asset class. Our long-term objective is to minimize plan expenses and contributions by outperforming plan liabilities. We have historically used a balanced portfolio strategy based primarily on a target allocation of equity securities and fixed-income instruments, which vary by location. These target allocations, which are similar to the 2019 allocations, are determined based on the favorable risk tolerance characteristics of the plan and, at times, may be adjusted within a specified range to advance our overall objective.

The fair values of our Level 1 and Leve 2 pension plan assets are primarily determined by using market quotes and other relevant information that is generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets. Insurance contracts and annuity contracts are measured at the present value of expected future benefit payments primarily using associated interest curves. Hedge funds consist of a number of diversified funds including those investing in international securities, equity and private partnership interests valued using market available data and various models and assumptions.

	United States Plans								Non-United States Plans
	Fair Value Measurements Using								Fair Value Measurements Using
	December 31, 2019		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		December 31, 2019		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Asset Category
Cash and cash equivalents⁽¹⁾	$	5.8	$	—	$	5.8	$	—	$	5.5	$	5.5	$	—	$	—
Equity securities:
Mutual funds		7.8		7.8		—		—		98.0		98.0		—		—
Common stock		—		—		—		—		22.3		22.3		—		—
Fixed income instruments:
Fixed income funds		25.2		—		25.2		—		160.0		—		160.0		—
Annuity contract		—		—		—		—		52.5		—		—		52.5
Bonds		—		—		—		—		37.0		—		37.0		—
Guaranteed insurance contracts		—		—		—		—		18.5		—		18.5		—
Other types of investments:
Insurance contracts		—		—		—		—		130.6		—		—		130.6
Real estate funds		—		—		—		—		93.3		—		87.3		6.0
Hedge funds		—		—		—		—		29.3		—		9.6		19.7
Other		—		—		—		—		8.4		—		2.4		6.0
	$	38.8	$	7.8	$	31.0	$	—	$	655.4	$	125.8	$	314.8	$	214.8

	United States Plans								Non-United States Plans
	Fair Value Measurements Using								Fair Value Measurements Using
	December 31, 2018		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		December 31, 2018		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Asset Category
Cash and cash equivalents⁽¹⁾	$	5.1	$	—	$	5.1	$	—	$	35.5	$	35.5	$	—	$	—
Equity securities:
Mutual funds		6.3		6.3		—		—		30.5		30.5		—		—
Fixed income instruments:
Fixed income funds		24.7		—		24.7		—		99.4		—		99.4		—
Annuity contract		—		—		—		—		46.2		—		—		46.2
Guaranteed insurance contracts		—		—		—		—		17.7		—		17.7		—
Bank loans		—		—		—		—		8.9		—		8.9		—
Other types of investments:
Insurance contracts		—		—		—		—		107.7		—		—		107.7
Real estate funds		—		—		—		—		8.2		—		8.2		—
	$	36.1	$	6.3	$	29.8	$	—	$	354.1	$	66.0	$	134.2	$	153.9

Certain asset categories in the prior year have been reclassified in order to consolidate for presentation purposes and to conform to current year presentation.

The following table summarizes the changes in fair value of the pension assets that are measured using Level 3 inputs. We determined that transfers between fair-value-measurement levels occurred on the date of the event that caused the transfer.

We provide medical and dental benefits to certain eligible retired employees in the United States. Due to the nature of the plan, there are no plan assets. The reconciliation of the changes in the plan’s benefit obligation and the statement of the funded status of the plan were as follows:

Year Ended December 31	2019			2018
Change in Benefit Obligation
Benefit obligation, beginning of year	$	13.7		$	14.9
Interest cost		0.5			0.5
Actuarial loss (gain)		0.8			(0.5	)
Benefits paid		(0.9	)		(1.2	)
Benefit obligation, end of year	$	14.1		$	13.7
Funded Status at End of Year
Funded status, end of year	$	(14.1	)	$	(13.7	)
Amounts Recognized
Current liabilities	$	(1.1	)	$	(1.1	)
Noncurrent liabilities		(13.0	)		(12.6	)
Net amount recognized	$	(14.1	)	$	(13.7	)

The amount recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, consists of a net loss of $1.5 and $0.9 as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and a prior service credit of $3.5 and $4.1 as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

The discount rate used in the measurement of the benefit obligation was 3.0% and 4.2% in 2019 and 2018, respectively. The discount rate used in the measurement of net periodic benefit cost was 4.2%, 3.2% and 4.0% in 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively.

The components of net periodic benefit cost and other amounts recognized in other comprehensive loss for this plan were as follows:

Year Ended December 31	2019			2018			2017
Net Periodic Benefit Credit
Interest cost	$	0.5		$	0.5		$	0.6
Net loss		—			0.1			0.1
Prior service credit		(0.8	)		(0.8	)		(0.8	)
Net periodic benefit credit	$	(0.3	)	$	(0.2	)	$	(0.1	)
Other Changes in Plan Assets and Benefit Obligations Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income/Loss
Net loss (gain)	$	0.8		$	(0.5	)	$	(0.3	)
Amortization of net loss		—			(0.1	)		(0.1	)
Amortization of prior service credit		0.8			0.8			0.8
Total recognized in other comprehensive income/loss		1.6			0.2			0.4
Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost and other comprehensive income/loss	$	1.3		$	—		$	0.3

The estimated net loss and prior service credit for the retiree health care plan that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive loss into net periodic benefit cost during 2020 are $0.1 and $0.8, respectively.

The health care cost trend rate is assumed to be 6.8% for 2020, decreasing gradually to an ultimate rate of 4.5% in 2027. Assumed health care cost trend rates are not expected to have a material effect on the amounts reported.

During 2020, we plan to contribute approximately $16.0 to our pension plans and to fund our retiree health care payments as incurred. Projected benefit payments from the plans as of December 31, 2019 were estimated as follows:

We have defined contribution plans covering substantially all permanent United States employees and various other employees throughout the world. With our company-sponsored plans, employees may elect to contribute a portion of their salary to the plans and we match a portion of their contributions up to a maximum percentage of the employee’s salary. In addition, profit sharing contributions are made if a targeted earnings level is reached at management’s discretion. The total expense for our match and any profit sharing contributions was $16.9, $17.7 and $17.6 for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. In certain countries with statutory defined contribution plans, we pay a percentage of the employees' salary in pension premiums. The total expense for the statutory defined contribution plans was $32.1, $37.4 and $35.6 for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

We also have deferred compensation plans in the United States. One of the plans had an asset and liability of $106.2 and $88.5 as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, with the remaining plans holding immaterial amounts of assets and liabilities.