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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2020
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Use of Estimates | Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses for the reporting period. Actual results could differ from these estimates.
COVID-19 | COVID-19 The global spread of COVID-19, which was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020, has created significant volatility, uncertainty and global macroeconomic disruption. Our business, operations and consolidated financial statements for 2020 were significantly negatively impacted by the COVID-19 crisis. By the end of March, significant lockdown measures had been implemented in our main markets in Europe and North America, as well as in certain other countries. At the beginning of the third quarter, the impact of the COVID-19 crisis stabilized in many parts of the world, and economies slowly reopened. However, in late 2020, a number of countries started to see increased cases of COVID-19 that led to the implementation of new restrictions in an effort to mitigate the spread. Unlike the lockdowns and restrictions experienced earlier in the year, the same country-wide lockdowns did not occur, but more targeted and localized restrictions. Continued uncertainty remains as to the future impact of the pandemic on global and local economies. We are continuing to monitor and assess the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and we expect that our financial condition, liquidity and future results of operations will continue to be adversely affected. However, we cannot predict with certainty what the impact will be on future periods. For further information on the impacts of COVID-19 on our business, operations and financial results, see Part I, Item 2: Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Basis of Consolidation | Basis of Consolidation The Consolidated Financial Statements include our operating results and the operating results of all of our majority-owned subsidiaries and entities in which we have a controlling financial interest. We have a controlling financial interest if we own a majority of the outstanding voting common stock and the noncontrolling shareholders do not have substantive participating rights, or we have significant control over an entity through contractual or economic interests in which we are the primary beneficiary. We account for equity investments in companies over which we have the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, using the equity method of accounting. We recognize our ownership share of earnings of these equity method investments, amortization of basis differences, and related gains or losses in the Consolidated Financial Statements. These investments, as well as certain other relationships, are also evaluated for consolidation under the accounting guidance on consolidation of variable interest entities. These investments were $106.6 and $97.8 as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and are included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Included in shareholders’ equity as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 are $8.0 and $3.4, respectively, of unremitted earnings from investments accounted for using the equity method. The remaining amounts as of December 31, 2020 relate to accounting for our remaining interest in ManpowerGroup Greater China under the equity method subsequent to deconsolidation (see Note 4 for further information). All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. As described further in Note 14, effective in the first quarter of 2020 our segment reporting was realigned due to our Right Management business being combined with each of our respective country business units. Accordingly, our former reportable segment, Right Management, is now reported within each of our respective reportable segments. All previously reported results have been restated to conform to the current year presentation.
Revenues | Revenues As of January 1, 2018, we adopted the new accounting guidance on revenue recognition using the modified retrospective approach applied to those contracts that were not completed as of January 1, 2018. We determined that no cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings was necessary upon adoption as there were no significant revenue recognition differences identified between the new and previous accounting guidance. We recognize revenues when control of the promised services is transferred to our clients, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to receive in exchange for those services. Our revenues are recorded net of any sales, value added, or other taxes collected from our clients. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct service to the client, and it is the unit of account in the new accounting guidance for revenue recognition. The majority of our contracts have a single performance obligation as the promise to transfer the individual services is not separately identifiable from other promises in our contracts and, therefore, is not distinct. However, we have multiple performance obligations within our Recruitment Process Outsourcing (RPO) contracts as discussed below. For performance obligations that we satisfy over time, revenues are recognized by consistently applying a method of measuring progress toward satisfaction of that performance obligation. We generally utilize an input measure of time (e.g., hours, weeks, months) of service provided, which most accurately depicts the progress toward completion of each performance obligation. We generally determine standalone selling prices based on the prices included in the client contracts, using expected costs plus margin, or other observable prices. The price as specified in our client contracts is generally considered the standalone selling price as it is an observable input that depicts the price as if sold to a similar client in similar circumstances. Certain client contracts have variable consideration, including credits, sales allowances, rebates or other similar items that generally reduce the transaction price. We estimate variable consideration using whichever method, either the expected value method or most likely amount method, better predicts the amount of consideration to which we will become entitled based on the terms of the client contract and historical evidence. These amounts may be constrained and are only included in revenues to the extent we do not expect a significant reversal when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. Our variable consideration amounts are not material, and we do not believe that there will be significant changes to our estimates. Our client contracts generally include standard payment terms acceptable in each of the countries and territories in which we operate. The payment terms vary by the type and location of our clients and services offered. Client payments are typically due approximately 60 days after invoicing but may be a shorter or longer term depending on the contract. Our client contracts are generally short-term in nature with a term of one year or less. The timing between satisfaction of the performance obligation, invoicing and payment is not significant. For certain services and client types, we may require payment prior to delivery of services to the client, for which deferred revenue is recorded. In certain scenarios where a third-party vendor is involved in our revenue transactions with our clients, we evaluate whether we are the principal or the agent in the transaction. In situations where we act as principal in the transaction, we control the performance obligation prior to transfer to the client, and we report the related amounts as gross revenues and cost of services. When we act as agent in the transaction, we do not control the performance obligation prior to transfer to the client, and we report the related amounts as revenues on a net basis. A majority of these agent transactions occur within our TAPFIN - Managed Service Provider (MSP) programs where our performance obligation is to manage our client’s contingent workforce, and we earn a commission based on the amount of staffing services that are managed through the program. We are the agent in these transactions as we do not control the third-party providers' staffing services provided to the client through our MSP program prior to those services being transferred to the client. For certain client contracts where we recognize revenues over time, we recognize the amount that we have the right to invoice, which corresponds directly to the value provided to the client of our performance to date. As allowed under the new guidance, we do not disclose the amount of unsatisfied performance obligations for client contracts with an original expected length of one year or less and those client contracts for which we recognize revenues at the amount to which we have the right to invoice for services performed. We have other contracts with revenues expected to be recognized subsequent to December 31, 2020 related to remaining performance obligations, which are not material.
Accounts Receivable, Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities | Accounts Receivable, Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities We record accounts receivable when our right to consideration becomes unconditional. Contract assets primarily relate to our rights to consideration for services provided that they are conditional on satisfaction of future performance obligations. We record contract liabilities (deferred revenue) when payments are made or due prior to the related performance obligations being satisfied. The current portion of our contract liabilities is included in accrued liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We do not have any material contract assets or long-term contract liabilities. Our deferred revenue was $34.9 at December 31, 2020 and $44.5 at December 31, 2019. We recognized the entire amount of the deferred revenue balance as of December 31, 2019 as revenue during the year ended December 31, 2020. We expect to recognize the entire amount of deferred revenue balance as of December 31, 2020 as revenue during the year ended December 31, 2021.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts | Allowance for Doubtful Accounts We have an allowance for doubtful accounts recorded as an estimate of the accounts receivable balance that may not be collected. This allowance is calculated on an entity-by-entity basis with consideration for historical write-off experience, the current aging of receivables, market conditions and a specific review for potential bad debts. Items that affect this balance mainly include bad debt expense and the write-off of accounts receivable balances.
|  | Balance at Beginning of Year |  |  | Provisions Charged to Earnings |  |  | Write-Offs |  |  | Translation Adjustments |  |  | Reclassifications and Other |  |  | Balance at End of Year |
2020 |  | $ | 113.5 |  |  | $ | 20.3 |  |  | $ | (17.8 | ) |  | $ | 8.1 |  |  | $ | 4.0 |  |  | $ | 128.1 |
2019 |  |  | 115.7 |  |  |  | 21.8 |  |  |  | (19.1 | ) |  |  | (5.0 | ) |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 113.5 |
2018 |  |  | 110.8 |  |  |  | 23.0 |  |  |  | (12.0 | ) |  |  | (6.3 | ) |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  | 115.7 |
Bad debt expense is recorded as selling and administrative expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations and was $20.3, $21.8 and $23.0 in 2020, 2019 and, 2018 respectively. Factors that would cause this provision to increase primarily relate to increased bankruptcies by our clients and other difficulties collecting amounts billed. On the other hand, an improved write-off experience and aging of receivables would result in a decrease to the provision. Write-offs were $17.8, $19.1 and $12.0 for 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Advertising Costs | Advertising Costs We expense production costs of advertising as they are incurred. Advertising expenses were $22.2, $25.7 and $27.9 in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Restructuring Costs | Restructuring Costs We recorded net restructuring costs of $110.7, $42.0 and $39.3 in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, in selling and administrative expenses, primarily related to severances and office closures and consolidations in multiple countries and territories. As a result of the adoption of the new accounting guidance on leases as of January 1, 2019, the office closure costs of $27.3 during 2020 were recorded as an impairment to the operating lease right-of-use asset and, thus, are not included in the restructuring reserve balance as of December 31, 2020. The costs paid, utilized or transferred out of our restructuring reserve were $71.9 and $50.2 in 2020 and 2019, respectively. We expect a majority of the remaining $46.1 reserve will be paid by the end of 2021. As described further in Note 14, effective in the first quarter of 2020 our segment reporting was realigned due to our Right Management business being combined with each of our respective country business units. Accordingly, our former reportable segment, Right Management, is now reported within each of our respective reportable segments. All previously reported results have been restated to conform to the current year presentation. Changes in the restructuring reserve by reportable segment and Corporate are shown below:
|  | Americas(1) |  |  | Southern Europe(2) |  |  | Northern Europe |  |  | APME |  |  | Corporate |  |  | Total |
Balance, December 31, 2018 |  | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | 1.9 |  |  | $ | 13.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15.5 |
Severance costs |  |  | 3.8 |  |  |  | 5.2 |  |  |  | 17.6 |  |  |  | 3.5 |  |  |  | 2.3 |  |  |  | 32.4 |
Office closure costs |  |  | 5.8 |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 2.0 |  |  |  | 0.9 |  |  |  | 0.8 |  |  |  | 9.6 |
Costs paid or utilized |  |  | (9.7 | ) |  |  | (6.5 | ) |  |  | (26.5 | ) |  |  | (4.4 | ) |  |  | (3.1 | ) |  |  | (50.2 | )
Balance, December 31, 2019 |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | $ | 0.7 |  |  | $ | 6.2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7.3 |
Severance costs |  |  | 5.5 |  |  |  | 16.2 |  |  |  | 49.8 |  |  |  | 2.5 |  |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  | 74.2 |
Office closure costs |  |  | 19.6 |  |  |  | 5.1 |  |  |  | 2.1 |  |  |  | 0.5 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 27.3 |
Other costs |  |  | 4.4 |  |  |  | 3.2 |  |  |  | 0.5 |  |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9.2 |
Costs paid, utilized or transferred out |  |  | (28.0 | ) |  |  | (21.7 | ) |  |  | (17.9 | ) |  |  | (4.1 | ) |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  |  | (71.9 | )
Balance, December 31, 2020 |  | $ | 1.9 |  |  | $ | 3.5 |  |  | $ | 40.7 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 46.1 |
(1) Balance related to United States was $0.3 as of December 31, 2018. In 2019, United States incurred $1.3 for severance costs and $5.4 for office closure costs and paid/utilized $6.7, leaving a $0.3 liability as of December 31, 2019. In 2020, United States incurred $3.8 for severance costs, $17.8 for office closure costs and $4.2 for other costs and paid/utilized $24.7, leaving a $1.4 liability as of December 31, 2020. (2) Balance related to France was $1.1 as of December 31, 2018. In 2019, France paid/utilized $1.1, leaving no liability as of December 31, 2019. In 2020, France incurred $2.6 for office closure costs and $1.2 for other costs and paid/utilized $3.2, leaving a $0.6 liability as of December 31, 2020. Balance related to Italy was $0.5 as of December 31, 2018. In 2019, Italy incurred $2.3 for severance costs and paid/utilized $2.5, leaving a $0.3 liability as of December 31, 2019. In 2020, Italy incurred $1.9 for severance costs, $0.5 for office closure costs and $1.0 for other costs and paid/utilized $2.3, leaving a $1.4 liability as of December 31, 2020.
Income Taxes | Income Taxes We account for income taxes in accordance with the accounting guidance on income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis, and net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. We record a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets to reduce the assets to the amounts more likely than not to be realized.
Fair Value Measurements | Fair Value Measurements The assets and liabilities measured and recorded at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows:
|  | Fair Value Measurements Using |  |  | Fair Value Measurements Using |
|  | December 31, 2020 |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |  |  | December 31, 2019 |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred compensation plan assets |  | $ | 119.4 |  |  | $ | 119.4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 107.3 |  |  | $ | 107.3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Cross-currency swaps |  |  | 12.1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12.1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9.7 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9.7 |  |  |  | — |
Foreign currency forward contracts |  |  | 1.0 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1.0 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
|  | $ | 132.5 |  |  | $ | 119.4 |  |  | $ | 13.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 117.0 |  |  | $ | 107.3 |  |  | $ | 9.7 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cross-currency swaps |  | $ | 30.5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 30.5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6.0 |  |  | $ | — |
|  | $ | 30.5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 30.5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6.0 |  |  | $ | — |
We determine the fair value of our deferred compensation plan assets, comprised of publicly traded securities, by using market quotes as of the last day of the period. The fair value of the cross-currency swaps and foreign currency forward contracts are measured at the value based on a third party valuation model that performs a discounted cash flow analysis based on the terms of the contracts and market observable inputs such as current and forward interest rates and current and forward foreign exchange rates The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and other current assets and liabilities approximate their fair values because of the short-term nature of these instruments. The carrying value of our variable-rate long-term debt approximates fair value. The fair value of the Euro-denominated notes, as observable at commonly quoted intervals (Level 2 inputs), was $1,094.5 and $1,062.5 as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, compared to a carrying value of $1,159.1 and $1,002.9, respectively.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets | Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets We had goodwill, finite-lived intangible assets and indefinite-lived intangible assets as follows:
|  | December 31, 2020 |  |  | December 31, 2019 |
|  | Gross |  |  | Accumulated Amortization |  |  | Net |  |  | Gross |  |  | Accumulated Amortization |  |  | Net |
Goodwill(1) |  | $ | 1,225.8 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,225.8 |  |  | $ | 1,260.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,260.1 |
Intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Finite-lived: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer relationships |  | $ | 473.0 |  |  | $ | 403.8 |  |  | $ | 69.2 |  |  | $ | 460.5 |  |  | $ | 375.7 |  |  | $ | 84.8 |
Other |  |  | 21.9 |  |  |  | 21.6 |  |  |  | 0.3 |  |  |  | 20.9 |  |  |  | 13.7 |  |  |  | 7.2 |
|  |  | 494.9 |  |  |  | 425.4 |  |  |  | 69.5 |  |  |  | 481.4 |  |  |  | 389.4 |  |  |  | 92.0 |
Indefinite-lived: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tradenames(2) |  |  | 52.0 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 52.0 |  |  |  | 52.0 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 52.0 |
Reacquired franchise rights |  |  | 127.1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 127.1 |  |  |  | 124.6 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 124.6 |
|  |  | 179.1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 179.1 |  |  |  | 176.6 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 176.6 |
Total intangible assets |  | $ | 674.0 |  |  | $ | 425.4 |  |  | $ | 248.6 |  |  | $ | 658.0 |  |  | $ | 389.4 |  |  | $ | 268.6 |
(1) Balances were net of accumulated impairment loss of $644.2 and $577.4 as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. (2) Balances were net of accumulated impairment loss of $139.5 as of both December 31, 2020 and 2019. The consolidated amortization expense related to intangibles was $27.2, $29.8 and $35.1 in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Amortization expense expected in each of the next five years related to acquisitions completed as of December 31, 2020 is as follows: 2021 - $16.8, 2022 - $13.4, 2023 - $10.7, 2024 - $8.4 and 2025 - $6.3. The weighted-average useful lives of the customer relationships and other are approximately 12 and 3 years, respectively. The tradenames have been assigned an indefinite life based on our expectation of renewing the tradenames, as required, without material modifications and at a minimal cost, and our expectation of positive cash flows beyond the foreseeable future. Indefinite-lived reacquired franchise rights resulted from our franchise acquisitions in the United States, Switzerland and Canada. These rights entitled the franchisees with unilateral control to operate perpetually in particular territories, and have therefore been assigned an indefinite life. (See Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on our acquisition of the remaining controlling interest in Manpower Switzerland.) In accordance with the accounting guidance on goodwill and other intangible assets, we perform an annual impairment test of goodwill at our reporting unit level and indefinite-lived intangible assets at our unit of account level during the third quarter, or more frequently if events or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of our reporting units below their carrying value. We performed our annual impairment test of our goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets during the third quarter of 2020, 2019 and 2018, and determined that there was no impairment of our goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible as a result of our annual tests. The fair value of each reporting unit was at least 20% in excess of the respective reporting unit’s carrying value with the exception of the United Kingdom and Netherlands reporting units. The United Kingdom reporting unit had a fair value exceeding carrying value of approximately 12%. Key assumptions included in the United Kingdom (Northern Europe Segment) discounted cash flow valuation performed during the third quarter of 2020 were a discount rate of 11.5%, a terminal value revenue growth rate of 1.0%, and a terminal value OUP margin of 3.1%. The Netherlands reporting unit fair value exceeded its carrying value by less than 10%, approximating 3.3%. The Netherlands is part of the Northern Europe Segment. Key assumptions included in the Netherlands discounted cash flow valuation performed during the third quarter of 2020 included a discount rate of 10.9%, a terminal value revenue growth rate of 2.0%, and a terminal value OUP margin of 3.5%. Should the operations of the United Kingdom and Netherlands businesses incur further decreases in the operating results, including declines in profitability and cash flow due to continued deterioration in macroeconomic, industry and market conditions, including uncertainty of the financial impacts from COVID-19, some or all of the recorded goodwill for the Netherlands or United Kingdom reporting units, which were $119.3 and $100.2, respectively, as of December 31, 2020 could be subject to impairment. We determine the fair value of the reporting unit by utilizing an income approach derived from a discounted cash flow methodology. The income approach is developed from management’s forecasted cash flow data. Significant assumptions used in our annual goodwill impairment test during the third quarter of 2020 included: expected future revenue growth rates, operating unit profit (“OUP”) margins, working capital levels, discount rates ranging from 9.1% to 13.5%, and a terminal value multiple. The expected future revenue growth rates and OUP margins were determined after taking into consideration our historical revenue growth rates and OUP margins, our assessment of future market potential, and our expectations of future business performance. We would record a goodwill impairment charge by the amount for which a reporting unit's carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of the goodwill. We are also required to test our indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment by comparing the fair value of the intangible asset with its carrying value. If the intangible asset’s fair value is less than its carrying value, an impairment loss is recognized for the difference. For the second quarter of 2020, in connection with the preparation of our quarterly financial statements, we assessed the changes in circumstances that occurred during the quarter to determine if it was more likely than not that the fair value of any reporting unit was below its carrying amount. We identified several factors related to our Germany reporting unit that led us to conclude that it was more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit was below its carrying amount. These factors included sustained operating losses resulted from the ongoing decline and increased uncertainty in the outlook of the manufacturing sector, particularly the automotive sector in Germany, coupled with the significant implications of COVID-19. As we determined that it was more likely than not that the fair value of the Germany reporting unit was below its carrying amount, we performed an interim impairment test on this reporting unit as of June 30, 2020. As a result of our interim test, we recognized a non-cash impairment loss of $66.8, which resulted in full impairment of the remaining goodwill in the Germany reporting unit. The Germany reporting unit is included in the Northern Europe segment. The goodwill impairment charge resulted from reductions in the estimated fair value for our Germany reporting unit based on lower expectations for future revenue, profitability and cash flows as compared to the expectations of the 2019 annual goodwill impairment test and our quarterly assessments in the intervening periods due to the factors discussed above. During the second quarter of 2019, we determined that it was more likely than not that the fair value of the Germany reporting unit was below its carrying amount and performed an interim goodwill impairment test. As a result of the interim test, we wrote down the carrying value of the Germany reporting unit to its estimated fair value and recognized a non-cash impairment charge loss of $60.2 during the second quarter of 2019. In addition, during the second quarter of 2019, we recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $3.8 related to our New Zealand operations as a result of it not meeting profitability expectations. The New Zealand reporting unit is included in the APME segment.
Marketable Securities | Marketable Securities Prior to April 2019, when we acquired the remaining 51% controlling interest in our Swiss franchise to obtain full ownership of the entity, we accounted for our 49% interest in our Swiss franchise under the equity method of accounting. The Swiss franchise maintained an investment portfolio with a market value of $219.9 as of December 31, 2018. The portfolio was comprised of a wide variety of European and United States debt and equity securities and various professionally-managed funds, all of which were classified as available-for-sale, as well as cash and cash equivalents. Since January 1, 2018, upon adoption of the new accounting guidance on financial instruments, we recognized all the changes in fair value on the investment portfolio in the current period earnings. Our share of net unrealized gains and unrealized losses that were determined to be temporary related to these investments was included in accumulated other comprehensive loss, with the offsetting amount increasing or decreasing our investment in the franchise. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, realized gains totaled $0.0, $0.3 and $12.7, respectively, and realized losses totaled $0.0, $0.2 and $2.1, respectively. Other-than-temporary impairment amounts were insignificant for 2020, 2019 and 2018.
Capitalized Software for Internal Use | Capitalized Software for Internal Use We capitalize purchased software as well as internally developed software. Internal software development costs are capitalized from the time when the internal-use software is considered probable of completion until the software is ready for use. Business analysis, system evaluation, selection and software maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. Capitalized software costs are amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the software which ranges from 3 to 10 years. The net capitalized software balance of $19.2 and $7.5 as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, is included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Amortization expense related to the capitalized software costs was $1.8, $2.0 and $1.5 for 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Property and Equipment | Property and Equipment A summary of property and equipment as of December 31 is as follows:
|  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Land |  | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | 0.5 |
Buildings |  |  | 7.1 |  |  |  | 10.2 |
Furniture, fixtures, and autos |  |  | 167.1 |  |  |  | 164.8 |
Computer equipment |  |  | 133.8 |  |  |  | 130.3 |
Leasehold improvements |  |  | 306.2 |  |  |  | 299.7 |
Property and equipment |  | $ | 614.7 |  |  | $ | 605.5 |
Property and equipment are stated at cost and are depreciated using primarily the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives: buildings - up to 40 years; furniture, fixtures, autos and computer equipment - 2 to 15 years; leasehold improvements - lesser of life of asset or expected lease term. Expenditures for renewals and betterments are capitalized whereas expenditures for repairs and maintenance are charged to income as incurred. Upon sale or disposition of property and equipment, the difference between the unamortized cost and the proceeds is recorded as either a gain or a loss and is included in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. Long-lived assets are evaluated for impairment in accordance with the provisions of the accounting guidance on the impairment or disposal of long-lived assets.
Leases | Leases As of January 1, 2019, we adopted the new accounting guidance on leases, which requires a lessee to recognize right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities of the balance sheet for leases with lease terms longer than 12 months. The recognition, measurement and presentation of lease expenses and cash flows depend on the classification by the lessee as a finance or operating lease. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2019 are presented under the new guidance, while prior periods continue to be reported in accordance with previous accounting guidance. We determined that no cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings was necessary upon adoption. We have operating leases for real estate, vehicles, and equipment. Our leases have remaining lease terms of 1 month to 11 years. Our lease agreements may include renewal or termination options for varying periods that are generally at our discretion. In our lease term, we only include those periods related to renewal options we are reasonably certain to exercise. However, we generally do not include these renewal options as we are not reasonably certain to renew at the lease commencement date. This determination is based on our consideration of certain economic, strategic and other factors that we evaluate at lease commencement date and reevaluate throughout the lease term. Some leases also include options to terminate the leases and we only include those periods beyond the termination date if we are reasonably certain not to exercise the termination option. Some leasing arrangements require variable payments that are dependent on usage or may vary for other reasons, such as payments for insurance and tax payments. The variable portion of lease payments is not included in our ROU assets or lease liabilities. Rather, variable payments, other than those dependent upon an index or rate, are expensed when the obligation for those payments is incurred and are included in lease expenses recorded in selling and administrative expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. We have lease agreements with both lease and non-lease components that are treated as a single lease component for all underlying asset classes. Accordingly, all expenses associated with a lease contract are accounted for as lease expenses. We elected the package of three practical expedients which lessened the transitional burden of implementing the new guidance. Accordingly, we did not reassess: 1) whether any expired or existing contracts are or contain leases; 2) the lease classification for any expired or existing leases; or 3) the initial direct costs for any existing leases. We have also elected the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components. Lastly, we have elected to apply the short-term lease exception for all underlying asset classes. That is, leases with a term of 12 months or less are not recognized on the balance sheet, but rather expensed on a straight-line basis over the lease term. We do not include significant restrictions or covenants in our lease agreements, and residual value guarantees are generally not included within our operating leases. As of December 31, 2020, we did not have any material additional operating leases that have not yet commenced.
Derivative Financial Instruments | Derivative Financial Instruments We account for our derivative instruments in accordance with the accounting guidance on derivative instruments and hedging activities. Derivative instruments are recorded on the balance sheet as either an asset or liability measured at their fair value. If the derivative is designated as a fair value hedge, the changes in the fair value of the derivative and of the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in earnings. If the derivative is designated as a cash flow hedge, the effective portions of the changes in the fair value of the derivative are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss and recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations when the hedged item affects earnings. The ineffective portions of the changes in the fair value of cash flow hedges are recognized in earnings.
Foreign Currency Translation | Foreign Currency Translation The financial statements of our non-United States subsidiaries have been translated in accordance with the accounting guidance on foreign currency translation. Under the accounting guidance, asset and liability accounts are translated at the current exchange rates and income statement items are translated at the average exchange rates each month. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss, which is included in shareholders’ equity. As of July 1, 2018, the Argentina economy was designated as highly-inflationary and was treated as such for accounting purposes starting in the third quarter of 2018. A portion of our Euro-denominated notes is accounted for as a hedge of our net investment in our subsidiaries with a Euro-functional currency. For this portion of the Euro-denominated notes, since our net investment in these subsidiaries exceeds the amount of the related borrowings, net of tax, the related translation gains or losses are included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss.
Shareholders' Equity | Shareholders’ Equity The Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of 6.0 million shares of our common stock in each of August 2019, August 2018 and July 2016. Share repurchases may be made from time to time through a variety of methods, including open market purchases, block transactions, privately negotiated transactions or similar facilities. During 2020, we repurchased a total of 3.4 million shares comprised of 0.8 million shares under the 2018 authorization and 2.6 million shares under the 2019 authorization, at a total cost of $264.7. The repurchases in 2020 occurred within the first quarter and fourth quarter of 2020. In 2019, we repurchased a total of 2.4 million shares at a total cost of $203.0 under the 2018 authorization. In 2018, we repurchased a total of 5.7 million shares, comprised of 2.9 million shares under the 2018 authorization and 2.8 million shares under the 2016 authorization, at a total cost of $500.7. As of December 31, 2020, there were 3.4 million shares remaining authorized for repurchase under the 2019 authorization and no shares remaining authorized for repurchase under either the 2018 or 2016 authorization. During 2020, 2019 and 2018, the Board of Directors declared total cash dividends of $2.26, $2.18 and $2.02 per share, respectively, resulting in total dividend payments of $129.1, $129.3 and $127.3, respectively. Noncontrolling interests, included in total shareholders' equity in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, represent amounts related to majority-owned subsidiaries in which we have a controlling financial interest. Net earnings attributable to these noncontrolling interests are recorded in interest and other expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. We recorded income of $4.7 and $4.9 for 2020 and 2018, respectively, and expense of $1.8 for 2019. The income recorded in 2020 was due to losses in a joint venture in Germany. The income recorded in 2018 was due to a revision in one of our joint venture agreements.
Cash and Cash Equivalents | Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash on hand, term deposits with banks and short-term highly-liquid financial investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash which are subject to insignificant risk of changes in value; and have a maturity of three months or less from the date of acquisition.
Payroll Tax Credit | Payroll Tax Credit In January 2013, the French government passed legislation, Credit d’Impôt pour la Compétitivité et l’Emploi (“CICE”), that provided payroll tax credits based on a percentage of wages paid to employees receiving less than two-and-a-half times the French minimum wage. The payroll tax credit was equal to 4% of eligible wages in 2013, 6% of eligible wages in 2014 to 2016, 7% of eligible wages in 2017, and 6% of eligible wages in 2018. The CICE payroll tax credit was accounted for as a reduction of our cost of services in the period earned. In January 2019, the French government replaced the CICE program with a new subsidy program. The payroll tax credit was creditable against our current French income tax payable, with any remaining amount being paid after three years. Given the amount of our current income taxes payable, we would generally receive the vast majority of these payroll tax credits after the three-year period. In April 2019 and April 2018, we entered into agreements to sell the credits earned in 2018 and 2017, respectively, for net proceeds of $103.5 (€92.0) and $234.5 (€190.9),respectively, which represented approximately half of the credits earned in 2018 and substantially all the credits earned in 2017. We derecognized these receivables upon the sale as the terms of the agreement were such that the transaction qualified for sale treatment according to the accounting guidance on the transfer and servicing of assets. The discount on the sale of these receivables was recorded in cost of services as a reduction of the payroll tax credits earned in the respective year.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards | Accounting Standards Effective as of January 1, 2020 In June 2016, the FASB issued new accounting guidance on financial instruments. The new guidance requires application of an impairment model known as the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model to certain financial instruments. Using the CECL model, an entity recognizes an allowance for expected credit losses based on historical experience, current conditions, and forecasted information rather than the current methodology of delaying recognition of credit losses until it is probable loss has been incurred. The new guidance was effective for us as of January 1, 2020. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements. In August 2018, the FASB issued new guidance on disclosures related to fair value measurements. The guidance is intended to improve the effectiveness of the notes to financial statements by facilitating clearer communication, and it includes multiple new, eliminated and modified disclosure requirements. The guidance was effective for us as of January 1, 2020. The adoption of this guidance had no impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements. In August 2018, the FASB issued new guidance on the accounting for internal-use software. The guidance aligns the accounting for costs incurred to implement a cloud computing arrangement that is a service arrangement with the guidance on capitalizing costs associated with developing or obtaining internal-use software. The guidance was effective for us as of January 1, 2020. The adoption of this guidance had no impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements. In August 2018, the FASB issued new guidance on disclosures related to defined benefit plans. The guidance amends the current disclosure requirements to add, remove and clarify disclosure requirements for defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans. The guidance was effective for us as of January 1, 2020. The adoption of this guidance had no impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements. In March 2020, the FASB issued new guidance on accounting for contract modifications, including hedging relationships, due to the transition from LIBOR and other interbank offerings related to alternative reference interest rates. The guidance is effective upon issuance and can be applied to applicable contract modifications through December 31, 2022. We are currently assessing the impact of the transition from LIBOR to alternative reference interest rates. We do not expect a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements. Recently Issued Accounting Standards In December 2019, the FASB issued new guidance on income taxes. The guidance removes certain exceptions to the general income tax accounting principles and clarifies and amends existing guidance to facilitate consistent application of the accounting principles. The new guidance is effective for us as of January 1, 2021. We do not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements. In January 2020, the FASB issued new guidance on equity method investments. The guidance clarifies the interactions between the existing accounting standards on equity securities, equity method and joint ventures, and derivatives and hedging. The new guidance addresses accounting for the transition into and out of the equity method and measuring certain purchased options and forward contracts to acquire investments. The new guidance is effective for us as of January 1, 2021. We do not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

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