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United States

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ Quarterly Report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the quarterly period ended:

March 31, 2023

or

☐ Transition Report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the transition period from: ______to______

Commission file number: 1-10686

MANPOWERGROUP INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

| Wisconsin | 39-1672779
| (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation) | (IRS Employer Identification No.)
| 100 Manpower Place |
| Milwaukee, Wisconsin | 53212
| (Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (414) 961-1000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $.01 par value |  | MAN |  | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐
Emerging growth company | ☐ |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

|  | Shares Outstanding
Class |  | at May 3, 2023
Common Stock, $.01 par value |  | 50,426,091

ManpowerGroup Inc.

INDEX

|  |  |  | Page Number
PART I |  | FINANCIAL INFORMATION |  |
Item 1 |  | Financial Statements (unaudited) |  |
|  | Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | 3-4
|  | Consolidated Statements of Operations |  | 5
|  | Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income |  | 5
|  | Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows |  | 6
|  | Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity |  | 7
|  | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |  | 8-21
Item 2 |  | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |  | 22-32
Item 3 |  | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk |  | 32
Item 4 |  | Controls and Procedures |  | 32
PART II |  | OTHER INFORMATION |  |
Item 1A |  | Risk Factors |  | 33
Item 2 |  | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds |  | 33
Item 5 |  | Other Information |  | 33
Item 6 |  | Exhibits |  | 34
SIGNATURES |  |  |  | 35

2

PART I - FINANC IAL INFORMATION

Item 1 – Financial St atements (unaudited)

ManpowerGroup Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)

(in millions)

ASSETS

|  | March 31, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 706.7 |  |  | $ | 639.0 |
Accounts receivable, less allowance for doubtful accounts of $108.5 and $109.3, respectively |  |  | 4,773.2 |  |  |  | 5,137.4 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets |  |  | 178.0 |  |  |  | 158.0 |
Total current assets |  |  | 5,657.9 |  |  |  | 5,934.4 |
Other Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill |  |  | 1,631.7 |  |  |  | 1,628.1 |
Intangible assets, less accumulated amortization of $478.4 and $468.3, respectively |  |  | 541.4 |  |  |  | 549.5 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  |  | 381.8 |  |  |  | 365.7 |
Other assets |  |  | 566.4 |  |  |  | 540.5 |
Total other assets |  |  | 3,121.3 |  |  |  | 3,083.8 |
Property and Equipment: |  |  |  |  |  |
Land, buildings, leasehold improvements and equipment |  |  | 595.1 |  |  |  | 584.9 |
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization |  |  | 484.7 |  |  |  | 472.7 |
Net property and equipment |  |  | 110.4 |  |  |  | 112.2 |
Total assets |  | $ | 8,889.6 |  |  | $ | 9,130.4 |

The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

3

ManpowerGroup Inc.

Conso lidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)

(in millions, except share and per share data)

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

|  | March 31, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Current Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 2,662.4 |  |  | $ | 2,831.4 |
Employee compensation payable |  |  | 200.0 |  |  |  | 271.7 |
Accrued liabilities |  |  | 576.7 |  |  |  | 572.6 |
Accrued payroll taxes and insurance |  |  | 694.8 |  |  |  | 746.7 |
Value added taxes payable |  |  | 429.1 |  |  |  | 462.7 |
Short-term borrowings and current maturities of long-term debt |  |  | 16.6 |  |  |  | 26.6 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 4,579.6 |  |  |  | 4,911.7 |
Other Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-term debt |  |  | 972.4 |  |  |  | 959.9 |
Long-term operating lease liability |  |  | 282.6 |  |  |  | 266.6 |
Other long-term liabilities |  |  | 545.6 |  |  |  | 534.1 |
Total other liabilities |  |  | 1,800.6 |  |  |  | 1,760.6 |
Shareholders’ Equity: |  |  |  |  |  |
ManpowerGroup shareholders' equity |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $.01 par value, authorized 25,000,000 shares, none issued |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Common stock, $.01 par value, authorized 125,000,000 shares, issued 118,364,088 and 118,028,009 shares, respectively |  |  | 1.2 |  |  |  | 1.2 |
Capital in excess of par value |  |  | 3,490.6 |  |  |  | 3,484.2 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 3,946.3 |  |  |  | 3,868.5 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | (451.6 | ) |  |  | (458.7 | )
Treasury stock at cost, 67,938,466 and 67,468,433 shares, respectively |  |  | (4,488.1 | ) |  |  | (4,447.9 | )
Total ManpowerGroup shareholders’ equity |  |  | 2,498.4 |  |  |  | 2,447.3 |
Noncontrolling interests |  |  | 11.0 |  |  |  | 10.8 |
Total shareholders’ equity |  |  | 2,509.4 |  |  |  | 2,458.1 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 8,889.6 |  |  | $ | 9,130.4 |

The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

4

ManpowerGroup Inc.

Consolidated Statements o f Operations (Unaudited)

(in millions, except per share data)

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Revenues from services |  | $ | 4,752.3 |  |  | $ | 5,143.3 |
Cost of services |  |  | 3,889.2 |  |  |  | 4,246.2 |
Gross profit |  |  | 863.1 |  |  |  | 897.1 |
Selling and administrative expenses |  |  | 745.2 |  |  |  | 758.4 |
Operating profit |  |  | 117.9 |  |  |  | 138.7 |
Interest and other expenses, net |  |  | 7.5 |  |  |  | 2.7 |
Earnings before income taxes |  |  | 110.4 |  |  |  | 136.0 |
Provision for income taxes |  |  | 32.6 |  |  |  | 44.4 |
Net earnings |  | $ | 77.8 |  |  | $ | 91.6 |
Net earnings per share – basic |  | $ | 1.53 |  |  | $ | 1.71 |
Net earnings per share – diluted |  | $ | 1.51 |  |  | $ | 1.68 |
Weighted average shares – basic |  |  | 50.9 |  |  |  | 53.6 |
Weighted average shares – diluted |  |  | 51.6 |  |  |  | 54.4 |

The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

ManpowerGroup Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Com prehensive Income (Unaudited)

(in millions)

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Net earnings |  | $ | 77.8 |  |  | $ | 91.6 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation |  |  | 47.0 |  |  |  | (35.9 | )
Translation adjustments of long-term intercompany loans |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  |  | 2.5 |
Adjustments on derivative instruments, net of income taxes of $(2.8) and $6.6, respectively |  |  | (38.7 | ) |  |  | 22.9 |
Unrealized adjustment on interest rate swap |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  |  | — |
Defined benefit pension plans and retiree health care plan, net of income taxes of $0.1 for both periods |  |  | (1.0 | ) |  |  | 0.3 |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | 7.1 |  |  |  | (10.2 | )
Comprehensive income |  | $ | 84.9 |  |  | $ | 81.4 |

The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

5

ManpowerGroup Inc.

Consolidated Statements o f Cash Flows (Unaudited)

(in millions)

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Cash Flows from Operating Activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net earnings |  | $ | 77.8 |  |  | $ | 91.6 |
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 21.0 |  |  |  | 21.3 |
Loss on sale of a subsidiary |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8.0 |
Deferred income taxes |  |  | 18.2 |  |  |  | 2.4 |
Provision for doubtful accounts |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 2.8 |
Share-based compensation |  |  | 5.1 |  |  |  | 10.6 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  |  | 398.0 |  |  |  | (96.9 | )
Other assets |  |  | (37.3 | ) |  |  | (17.1 | )
Other liabilities |  |  | (358.3 | ) |  |  | 47.9 |
Cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 124.6 |  |  |  | 70.6 |
Cash Flows from Investing Activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures |  |  | (13.2 | ) |  |  | (19.4 | )
Proceeds from the sales of subsidiaries and property and equipment |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.8 |
Cash used in investing activities |  |  | (13.2 | ) |  |  | (18.6 | )
Cash Flows from Financing Activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net change in short-term borrowings |  |  | (10.7 | ) |  |  | (3.7 | )
Repayments of revolving debt facility |  |  | — |  |  |  | (25.0 | )
Proceeds from long-term debt |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  | 0.7 |
Repayments of long-term debt |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  |  | — |
Proceeds from share-based awards |  |  | 1.7 |  |  |  | 0.3 |
Other share-based award transactions |  |  | (9.8 | ) |  |  | (8.2 | )
Repurchases of common stock |  |  | (30.0 | ) |  |  | (59.9 | )
Cash used in financing activities |  |  | (48.8 | ) |  |  | (95.8 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash |  |  | 5.1 |  |  |  | (26.7 | )
Change in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 67.7 |  |  |  | (70.5 | )
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period |  |  | 639.0 |  |  |  | 847.8 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period |  | $ | 706.7 |  |  | $ | 777.3 |
Supplemental Cash Flow Information: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Paid |  | $ | 10.7 |  |  | $ | 5.9 |
Income taxes paid, net |  | $ | 29.0 |  |  | $ | 14.0 |
Non-cash operating activity: Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 30.7 |  |  | $ | 9.5 |

The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

6

ManpowerGroup Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Sha reholders' Equity (Unaudited)

(in millions, except share and per share data)

|  | ManpowerGroup Shareholders |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Shares Issued |  |  | Par Value |  |  | Capital in Excess of Par Value |  |  | Retained Earnings |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  | Non- Controlling Interests |  |  | Total |
Balance, December 31, 2022 |  |  | 118,028,009 |  |  | $ | 1.2 |  |  | $ | 3,484.2 |  |  | $ | 3,868.5 |  |  | $ | (458.7 | ) |  | $ | (4,447.9 | ) |  | $ | 10.8 |  |  | $ | 2,458.1 |
Net earnings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 77.8 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 77.8 |
Other comprehensive gain |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7.1 |
Issuances under equity plans |  |  | 336,079 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (9.9 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (8.6 | )
Share-based compensation expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5.1 |
Repurchases of common stock, including excise tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (30.3 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (30.3 | )
Noncontrolling interest transactions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  | 0.2 |
Balance, March 31, 2023 |  |  | 118,364,088 |  |  | $ | 1.2 |  |  | $ | 3,490.6 |  |  | $ | 3,946.3 |  |  | $ | (451.6 | ) |  | $ | (4,488.1 | ) |  | $ | 11.0 |  |  | $ | 2,509.4 |

|  | ManpowerGroup Shareholders |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Shares Issued |  |  | Par Value |  |  | Capital in Excess of Par Value |  |  | Retained Earnings |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  | Non- Controlling Interests |  |  | Total |
Balance, December 31, 2021 |  |  | 117,762,065 |  |  | $ | 1.2 |  |  | $ | 3,444.7 |  |  | $ | 3,634.6 |  |  | $ | (389.4 | ) |  | $ | (4,169.4 | ) |  | $ | 10.0 |  |  | $ | 2,531.7 |
Net earnings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 91.6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 91.6 |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (10.2 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (10.2 | )
Issuances under equity plans |  |  | 246,804 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (8.2 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (8.3 | )
Share-based compensation expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10.6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10.6 |
Repurchases of common stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (59.9 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (59.9 | )
Noncontrolling interest transactions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.6 |  |  |  | 0.6 |
Balance, March 31, 2022 |  |  | 118,008,869 |  |  | $ | 1.2 |  |  | $ | 3,455.2 |  |  | $ | 3,726.2 |  |  | $ | (399.6 | ) |  | $ | (4,237.5 | ) |  | $ | 10.6 |  |  | $ | 2,556.1 |

The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

7

Notes to Consolidated Financ ial Statements (Unaudited)

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022

(in millions, except share and per share data)

(1) Basis of Presentation and Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the financial statements prepared in accordance with United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("GAAP") have been condensed or omitted pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, although we believe that the disclosures are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. These Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements included in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The information furnished reflects all adjustments that, in the opinion of management, were necessary for a fair statement of the Consolidated Financial Statements for the periods presented. Such adjustments were of a normal recurring nature, unless otherwise disclosed.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

We have an allowance for doubtful accounts recorded as an estimate of the accounts receivable that may not be collected. This allowance is calculated on an entity-by-entity basis with consideration of historical write-off experience, age of receivables, market conditions, and a specific review for potential bad debts. Items that affect this balance mainly include bad debt expense and the write-off of accounts receivable balances.

A rollforward of our allowance for doubtful accounts is shown below:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 |
Balance, December 31, 2022 |  | 109.3 |
Provisions charged to earnings |  |  | 0.1 |
Write-offs |  |  | (2.2 | )
Translation adjustments |  |  | 1.3 |
Balance, March 31, 2023 |  | $ | 108.5 |

Leases

We determine whether a contract is or contains a lease at contract inception. Right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and long-term lease liabilities are presented as separate line items on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Current operating lease liabilities are included in accrued expenses on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Lease liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of remaining lease payments over the lease term. As the rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable in most of our leases, we use our incremental borrowing rate. We determine our incremental borrowing rate at the commencement date using our unsecured borrowing rate, adjusted for collateralization, lease term, economic environment, currency and other factors. ROU assets are recognized at commencement date at the value of the related lease liabilities, adjusted for any prepayments, lease incentives received, and initial direct costs incurred. Our lease terms include options to renew or not terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option.

Lease expenses for operating leases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and recorded in selling and administrative expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

8

Goodwill Impairment

In accordance with the accounting guidance on goodwill, we perform an annual impairment test of goodwill at our reporting unit level during the third quarter, or more frequently if events or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of our reporting units below their carrying value.

We evaluate the recoverability of goodwill utilizing an income approach that estimates the fair value of the future discounted cash flows to which the goodwill relates. This approach reflects management’s internal outlook of the reporting units, which is believed to be the best determination of value due to management’s insight and experience with the reporting units. Significant assumptions used in our goodwill impairment tests include: expected future revenue growth rates, operating unit profit margins, working capital levels, discount rates, and a terminal value multiple.

During the fourth quarter of 2022, we identified several factors related to our Netherlands reporting unit that led us to conclude that it was more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit was below its carrying amount which triggered us to perform an interim impairment assessment. As a result, we wrote the carrying value of the Netherlands reporting unit down to its estimated fair value and recognized a non-cash impairment charge of $50.0.

Key assumptions included in the Netherlands discounted cash flow valuation performed during the fourth quarter of 2022 were a discount rate of 13.5%, revenue growth for the next 10 years ranging from 0.0% to 3.0%, a terminal value revenue growth rate of 2.0% and a terminal value OUP margin of 4.0%.

Management continues to closely monitor the results of the reporting unit and comparisons to the key assumptions used in our fair value estimate, in addition to operational initiatives and macroeconomic conditions, which may impact the results of the reporting unit. The performance of the Netherlands reporting unit and the potential for future developments in the global economic environment, including the prospect of higher interest rates, introduces a heightened risk for additional impairment in the Netherlands reporting unit. If the Netherlands reporting unit cannot improve from its current operating levels and meet its operating targets to achieve the growth and margin assumptions noted above, or if there is continued deterioration in the market due to macroeconomic conditions, some or all of the remaining recorded goodwill for the Netherlands reporting unit, which was $55.8 as of March 31, 2023, could be subject to further impairment.

While our other reporting units' fair values exceeded 20% or more of their respective carrying values, there could be significant further decreases in the operating results of our reporting units for a sustained period, which may result in a recognition of goodwill impairment that could be material to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

(2) Recent Accounting Standards

Accounting Standards Effective as of January 1, 2023

In November 2021, the FASB issued new guidance on business combinations. The guidance added the contract assets and contract liabilities to the list of exceptions to the recognition and measurement principles that apply to business combinations and requires that an acquirer recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with the revenue recognition standard. The new guidance was effective for us as of January 1, 2023. The adoption of this guidance had no impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

In March 2020, the FASB issued new guidance on accounting for contract modifications, including hedging relationships, due to the transition from LIBOR and other interbank offerings related to alternative reference interest rates. The guidance was effective upon issuance and can be applied to applicable contract modifications through December 31, 2024. The adoption of this guidance has not had any impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements, and we do not expect it to have a material impact going forward.

9

(3) Revenue Recognition

For certain client contracts where we recognize revenues over time, we recognize the amount that we have the right to invoice, which corresponds directly to the value provided to the client of our performance to date.

We do not disclose the amount of unsatisfied performance obligations for client contracts with an original expected length of one year or less and those client contracts for which we recognize revenues at the amount to which we have the right to invoice for services performed. We have other contracts with revenues expected to be recognized subsequent to March 31, 2023, related to remaining performance obligations, which are not material.

We record accounts receivable when our right to consideration becomes unconditional. Contract assets primarily relate to our rights to consideration for services provided that they are conditional on satisfaction of future performance obligations. We record contract liabilities (deferred revenue) when payments are made or due prior to the related performance obligations being satisfied. The current portion of our contract liabilities is included in accrued liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We do not have any material contract assets or long-term contract liabilities.

Our deferred revenue was $36.1 as of March 31, 2023 and $35.6 as of December 31, 2022.

In the following table, revenue is disaggregated by service types for each of our reportable segments. See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K for descriptions of revenue service types.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022(1) |
|  | Staffing and Interim |  |  | Outcome- Based Solutions and Consulting |  |  | Permanent Recruitment |  |  | Other |  |  | Total |  |  | Staffing and Interim |  |  | Outcome- Based Solutions and Consulting |  |  | Permanent Recruitment |  |  | Other |  |  | Total |
Americas: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  | $ | 687.1 |  |  | $ | 4.2 |  |  | $ | 37.8 |  |  | $ | 40.9 |  |  | $ | 770.0 |  |  | $ | 792.7 |  |  | $ | 4.3 |  |  | $ | 54.2 |  |  | $ | 38.2 |  |  | $ | 889.4 |
Other Americas |  |  | 335.6 |  |  |  | 11.1 |  |  |  | 11.7 |  |  |  | 1.8 |  |  |  | 360.2 |  |  |  | 336.9 |  |  |  | 12.0 |  |  |  | 11.2 |  |  |  | 1.7 |  |  |  | 361.8 |
|  |  | 1,022.7 |  |  |  | 15.3 |  |  |  | 49.5 |  |  |  | 42.7 |  |  |  | 1,130.2 |  |  |  | 1,129.6 |  |  |  | 16.3 |  |  |  | 65.4 |  |  |  | 39.9 |  |  |  | 1,251.2 |
Southern Europe: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
France |  |  | 1,061.7 |  |  |  | 73.2 |  |  |  | 16.5 |  |  |  | 17.9 |  |  |  | 1,169.3 |  |  |  | 1,101.5 |  |  |  | 70.3 |  |  |  | 16.5 |  |  |  | 4.1 |  |  |  | 1,192.4 |
Italy |  |  | 392.7 |  |  |  | 9.4 |  |  |  | 15.0 |  |  |  | 5.1 |  |  |  | 422.2 |  |  |  | 417.8 |  |  |  | 8.1 |  |  |  | 13.7 |  |  |  | 5.4 |  |  |  | 445.0 |
Other Southern Europe |  |  | 372.6 |  |  |  | 80.6 |  |  |  | 15.9 |  |  |  | 7.3 |  |  |  | 476.4 |  |  |  | 443.5 |  |  |  | 94.1 |  |  |  | 15.8 |  |  |  | 3.1 |  |  |  | 556.5 |
|  |  | 1,827.0 |  |  |  | 163.2 |  |  |  | 47.4 |  |  |  | 30.3 |  |  |  | 2,067.9 |  |  |  | 1,962.8 |  |  |  | 172.5 |  |  |  | 46.0 |  |  |  | 12.6 |  |  |  | 2,193.9 |
Northern Europe |  |  | 810.6 |  |  |  | 89.4 |  |  |  | 43.4 |  |  |  | 24.2 |  |  |  | 967.6 |  |  |  | 938.1 |  |  |  | 94.0 |  |  |  | 45.3 |  |  |  | 17.1 |  |  |  | 1,094.5 |
APME |  |  | 454.9 |  |  |  | 100.9 |  |  |  | 39.0 |  |  |  | 11.1 |  |  |  | 605.9 |  |  |  | 463.1 |  |  |  | 109.3 |  |  |  | 37.2 |  |  |  | 8.6 |  |  |  | 618.2 |
|  |  | 4,115.2 |  |  |  | 368.8 |  |  |  | 179.3 |  |  |  | 108.3 |  |  |  | 4,771.6 |  |  |  | 4,493.6 |  |  |  | 392.1 |  |  |  | 193.9 |  |  |  | 78.2 |  |  |  | 5,157.8 |
Intercompany Eliminations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (19.3 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (14.5 | )
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,752.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,143.3 |

(1) Certain service line revenues for the United States and Northern Europe were reclassified for the 2022 comparative period to align with the current period presentation. In the United States, $52.8 was reclassified from Outcome-Based Solutions and Consulting to Staffing and Interim. In Northern Europe, $39.0 was reclassified from Staffing and Interim to Outcome-Based Solutions and Consulting.

10

In the following table, revenue is disaggregated by timing of revenue recognition for each of our reportable segments:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
|  | Services transferred over time |  |  | Services transferred at a point in time |  |  | Total |  |  | Services transferred over time |  |  | Services transferred at a point in time |  |  | Total |
Americas: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  | $ | 748.4 |  |  | $ | 21.6 |  |  | $ | 770.0 |  |  | $ | 858.8 |  |  | $ | 30.6 |  |  | $ | 889.4 |
Other Americas |  |  | 352.9 |  |  |  | 7.3 |  |  |  | 360.2 |  |  |  | 355.0 |  |  |  | 6.8 |  |  |  | 361.8 |
|  |  | 1,101.3 |  |  |  | 28.9 |  |  |  | 1,130.2 |  |  |  | 1,213.8 |  |  |  | 37.4 |  |  |  | 1,251.2 |
Southern Europe: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
France |  |  | 1,154.1 |  |  |  | 15.2 |  |  |  | 1,169.3 |  |  |  | 1,177.0 |  |  |  | 15.4 |  |  |  | 1,192.4 |
Italy |  |  | 408.2 |  |  |  | 14.0 |  |  |  | 422.2 |  |  |  | 432.4 |  |  |  | 12.6 |  |  |  | 445.0 |
Other Southern Europe |  |  | 463.3 |  |  |  | 13.1 |  |  |  | 476.4 |  |  |  | 543.3 |  |  |  | 13.2 |  |  |  | 556.5 |
|  |  | 2,025.6 |  |  |  | 42.3 |  |  |  | 2,067.9 |  |  |  | 2,152.7 |  |  |  | 41.2 |  |  |  | 2,193.9 |
Northern Europe |  |  | 933.1 |  |  |  | 34.5 |  |  |  | 967.6 |  |  |  | 1,057.2 |  |  |  | 37.3 |  |  |  | 1,094.5 |
APME |  |  | 584.6 |  |  |  | 21.3 |  |  |  | 605.9 |  |  |  | 597.1 |  |  |  | 21.1 |  |  |  | 618.2 |
|  |  | 4,644.6 |  |  |  | 127.0 |  |  |  | 4,771.6 |  |  |  | 5,020.8 |  |  |  | 137.0 |  |  |  | 5,157.8 |
Intercompany Eliminations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (19.3 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (14.5 | )
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,752.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,143.3 |

(4) Share-Based Compensation Plans

During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, we recognized share-based compensation exp ense of $5.1 and $10.6, respectively. The expense relates to stock options, deferred stock units, restricted stock units and performance share units. Lower expense in the three months ended March 31, 2023 resulted primarily from lower estimated payouts related to performance share units. We recognize share-based compensation expense in selling and administrative expenses on a straight-line basis over the service period of each award. Consideration received from share-based awards was $1.7 and $0.3 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Our annual grant of share-based compensation generally takes place during the first quarter of each fiscal year. The number of shares subject to equity awards granted to employees and members of our Board of Directors, as well as the weighted-average fair value per share, for the 2023 and 2022 annual grants are presented in the table below:

|  | For the Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
|  | Shares Granted (thousands) |  |  | Wtd.-Avg. Per Share Fair Value |  |  | Shares Granted (thousands) |  |  | Wtd.-Avg. Per Share Fair Value |
Restricted Stock Units |  |  | 260 |  |  |  | 81.92 |  |  |  | 245 |  |  |  | 104.50 |
Performance Share Units |  |  | 133 |  |  |  | 86.48 |  |  |  | 134 |  |  |  | 106.40 |
Deferred Stock Units |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 83.21 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 97.33 |
Total Shares Granted |  |  | 408 |  |  | $ | 83.45 |  |  |  | 392 |  |  | $ | 104.91 |

(5) Acquisitions and Dispositions

From time to time, we acquire and invest in companies throughout the world, including franchises. No cash consideration was paid during the three months ended March 31, 2023 or 2022.

Occasionally, we dispose of parts of our operations based on risk considerations and to optimize our global strategic and geographic footprint and overall efficiency. On January 17, 2022, we disposed of our Russia business in our Northern Europe segment for cash proceeds of $3.2. In connection with the disposition, we recognized a one-time net loss on disposition of $8.0, of which $9.7 was included in selling and administrative expenses and a gain of $1.7 was included in interest and other expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations in the three months ended March 31, 2022.

11

(6) Restructuring Costs

We recorded $6.6 in restructuring costs during the three months ended March 31, 2023. We did not record any restructuring costs during the three months ended March 31, 2022. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we made payments of $5.6 out of our restructuring reserve, which is used for severance and office closures and consolidations in multiple countries and territories. We expect a majority of the remaining $14.2 reserve will be paid by the end of 2023.

Changes in the restructuring reserve by reportable segment and Corporate are shown below.

|  | Americas(1) |  |  | Southern Europe(2) |  |  | Northern Europe |  |  | APME |  |  | Corporate |  |  | Total |
Balance, December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 1.0 |  |  | $ | 1.0 |  |  | $ | 11.0 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13.2 |
Severance costs |  |  | 0.9 |  |  |  | 0.3 |  |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |  | 2.5 |  |  |  | 0.4 |  |  |  | 5.2 |
Other Costs |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1.4 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1.4 |
Costs paid |  |  | (1.1 | ) |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  |  | (4.1 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (0.3 | ) |  |  | (5.6 | )
Balance, March 31, 2023 |  | $ | 0.8 |  |  | $ | 1.2 |  |  | $ | 9.4 |  |  | $ | 2.7 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 14.2 |

(1) Balances related to the United States were $0.6 and $0.7 as of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023, respectively.

(2) Balances related to France were $0.9 as of both December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023.

(7) Income Taxes

We recorded income tax expense at an effective rate of 29.5% for the three months ended March 31, 2023, as compared to an effective rate of 32.6% for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The 2023 rate was favorably impacted by the scheduled reduction in the French business tax rate from 0.75% to 0.375% effective January 1, 2023. The 29.5% effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was higher than the United States Federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to the French business tax, tax losses in certain countries for which we did not recognize a corresponding tax benefit due to valuation allowances, and the overall mix of earnings.

As of March 31, 2023, we had gross unrecognized tax benefits related to various tax jurisdictions, including interest and penalties, of $80.9. If recognized, the entire amount would favorably affect the effective tax rate except for $6.0. As of December 31, 2022, we had gross unrecognized tax benefits related to various tax jurisdictions, including interest and penalties, of $81.6.

We conduct business globally in various countries and territories. We are routinely audited by the tax authorities of the various tax jurisdictions in which we operate. Generally, the tax years that could be subject to examination are 2016 through 2023 for our major operations in France, Italy, the United Kingdom and the United States. As of March 31, 2023, we were subject to tax audits in Austria, Germany, India, Israel, Korea, Spain and the United States. We believe that the resolution of these audits will not have a material impact on earnings.

(8) Net Earnings Per Share

The calculations of net earnings per share - basic and net earnings per share - diluted were as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Net earnings available to common shareholders |  | $ | 77.8 |  |  | $ | 91.6 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding (in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - basic |  |  | 50.9 |  |  |  | 53.6 |
Effect of dilutive securities - stock options |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 0.1 |
Effect of other share-based awards |  |  | 0.6 |  |  |  | 0.7 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - diluted |  |  | 51.6 |  |  |  | 54.4 |
Net earnings per share - basic |  | $ | 1.53 |  |  | $ | 1.71 |
Net earnings per share - diluted |  | $ | 1.51 |  |  | $ | 1.68 |

12

There were 0.5 million and 0.2 million share-based awards excluded from the calculation of net earnings per share - diluted for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, because their impact was anti-dilutive.

(9) Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

We have goodwill, finite-lived intangible assets and indefinite-lived intangible assets as follows:

|  | March 31, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
|  | Gross |  |  | Accumulated Amortization |  |  | Net |  |  | Gross |  |  | Accumulated Amortization |  |  | Net |
Goodwill(1) |  | $ | 1,631.7 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,631.7 |  |  | $ | 1,628.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,628.1 |
Intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Finite-lived: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer relationships |  | $ | 820.4 |  |  | $ | 457.7 |  |  | $ | 362.7 |  |  | $ | 818.9 |  |  | $ | 448.1 |  |  | $ | 370.8 |
Other |  |  | 21.5 |  |  |  | 20.7 |  |  |  | 0.8 |  |  |  | 21.3 |  |  |  | 20.2 |  |  |  | 1.1 |
|  |  | 841.9 |  |  |  | 478.4 |  |  |  | 363.5 |  |  |  | 840.2 |  |  |  | 468.3 |  |  |  | 371.9 |
Indefinite-lived: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tradenames(2) |  |  | 52.0 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 52.0 |  |  |  | 52.0 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 52.0 |
Reacquired franchise rights |  |  | 125.9 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 125.9 |  |  |  | 125.6 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 125.6 |
|  |  | 177.9 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 177.9 |  |  |  | 177.6 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 177.6 |
Total intangible assets |  | $ | 1,019.8 |  |  | $ | 478.4 |  |  | $ | 541.4 |  |  | $ | 1,017.8 |  |  | $ | 468.3 |  |  | $ | 549.5 |

(1) Balances were net of accumulated impairment loss of $694.2 as of both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

(2) Balances were net of accumulated impairment loss of $139.5 as of both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Total consolidated amortization expense related to intangible assets for the remainder of 2023 is expected to be $26.5 and in each of the next five years as follows: 2024 - $32.0, 2025 - $30.3, 2026 - $26.7, 2027 - $26.2 and 2028 - $26.2.

Changes in the carrying value of goodwill by reportable segment and Corporate were as follows:

|  | Americas(1) |  |  | Southern Europe(2) |  |  | Northern Europe |  |  | APME |  |  | Corporate(3) |  |  | Total |
Balance, December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 1,049.6 |  |  | $ | 148.2 |  |  | $ | 234.8 |  |  | $ | 69.5 |  |  | $ | 126.0 |  |  | $ | 1,628.1 |
Currency impact |  |  | 0.4 |  |  |  | 1.5 |  |  |  | 2.2 |  |  |  | (0.5 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3.6 |
Balance, March 31, 2023 |  | $ | 1,050.0 |  |  | $ | 149.7 |  |  | $ | 237.0 |  |  | $ | 69.0 |  |  | $ | 126.0 |  |  | $ | 1,631.7 |

(1) Balances related to the United States were $1,006.5 a s of both December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023.

(2) Balances related to France were $73.3 and $74.3 as of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023, respectively. Balances related to Italy were $3.7 as of both December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023.

(3) The majority of the Corporate balance relates to goodwill attributable to our acquisitions of Right Management ($62.1) and Jefferson Wells ($55.5). Jefferson Wells is part of the United States reporting unit. Right Management is allocated to the reporting units of the countries in which Right Management operates. For purposes of monitoring our total assets by segment, we do not allocate the Corporate balances to the respective reportable segments as this is commensurate with how we operate our business. We do, however, include these balances within the appropriate reporting units for our goodwill impairment testing. See table below for the breakout of goodwill balances by reporting unit.

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Goodwill balances by reporting unit were as follows:

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
United States |  | $ | 1,085.3 |  |  | $ | 1,085.3 |
United Kingdom |  |  | 101.9 |  |  |  | 100.2 |
France |  |  | 80.4 |  |  |  | 79.5 |
Netherlands |  |  | 55.8 |  |  |  | 55.1 |
Canada |  |  | 41.7 |  |  |  | 41.6 |
Other reporting units |  |  | 266.6 |  |  |  | 266.4 |
Total goodwill |  | $ | 1,631.7 |  |  | $ | 1,628.1 |

(10) Retirement Plans

The components of the net periodic benefit cost (credit) for our plans were as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | Defined Benefit Pension Plans |  |  | Retiree Health Care Plan |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Service cost |  | $ | 3.8 |  |  | $ | 5.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Interest cost |  |  | 5.2 |  |  |  | 2.3 |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 0.1 |
Expected return on assets |  |  | (4.6 | ) |  |  | (3.9 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Net (gain) loss |  |  | (0.9 | ) |  |  | 0.5 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Prior service cost (credit) |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  |  | (0.2 | )
Total benefit cost (credit) |  | $ | 3.7 |  |  | $ | 4.2 |  |  | $ | (0.1 | ) |  | $ | (0.1 | )

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, contributions made to our pension plans and retiree health care plan were $5.2 and $0.3, respectively. During 2023, we expect to make total contributions of approximately $21.0 to our pension plans and to fund our retiree health care payments as incurred.

(11) Shareholders’ Equity

The components of accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, were as follows:

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Foreign currency translation |  | $ | (322.7 | ) |  | $ | (369.7 | )
Translation loss on long-term intercompany loans, net of income taxes of $19.1 on both dates |  |  | (132.9 | ) |  |  | (132.8 | )
Gain on derivative instruments, net of income tax benefit of $(8.1) and $(5.3), respectively |  |  | 14.7 |  |  |  | 53.4 |
Gain on interest rate swap, net of income taxes of $0.4 on both dates |  |  | 1.3 |  |  |  | 1.4 |
Defined benefit pension plans, net of income tax benefit of $(20.3) and $(20.4), respectively |  |  | (13.0 | ) |  |  | (12.2 | )
Retiree health care plan, net of income taxes of $1.9 on both dates |  |  | 1.0 |  |  |  | 1.2 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | $ | (451.6 | ) |  | $ | (458.7 | )

Noncontrolling Interests

Noncontrolling interests, reported in total shareholders' equity in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, represent amounts related to majority-owned subsidiaries in which we have a controlling financial interest. Net earnings attributable to these noncontrolling interests are recorded in interest and other expenses, net in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. We recorded no amount for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and expenses of $0.5 for the three months ended March 31, 2022.

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The Board of Directors declared a semi-annual dividend of $1.47 and $1.36 per share on May 5, 2023 and May 6, 2022, respectively. The 2023 dividends are payable on June 15, 2023 to shareholders of record as of June 1, 2023. The 2022 dividends were paid on June 15, 2022 to shareholders of record as of June 1, 2022.

Share Repurchases

In August 2021, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of 4.0 million shares of our common stock, with terms consistent with the previous authorizations. This authorization was in addition to the August 2019 Board authorizations to repurchase 6.0 million shares of our common stock. Share repurchases may be made from time to time through a variety of methods, including open market purchases, block transactions, privately negotiated transactions or similar facilities. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we repurchased a total of 0.4 million shares under the 2021 authorization at a cost of $30.0. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, we repurchased 0.6 million shares under the 2019 authorization at a cost of $59.9. As of March 31, 2023, there were 1.6 million shares remaining authorized for repurchase under the 2021 authorization and no shares remaining authorized for repurchase under the 2019 authorization.

(12) Interest and Other Expenses, Net

Interest and other expenses, net consisted of the following:

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Interest expense |  | $ | 18.7 |  |  | $ | 10.4 |
Interest income |  |  | (8.1 | ) |  |  | (2.8 | )
Foreign exchange loss |  |  | 3.1 |  |  |  | 1.8 |
Miscellaneous income, net |  |  | (6.2 | ) |  |  | (6.7 | )
Interest and other expenses, net |  | $ | 7.5 |  |  | $ | 2.7 |

(13) Derivative Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements

Derivative Financial Instruments

We are exposed to various market risks relating to our ongoing business operations. The primary market risks, which are managed using derivative instruments, are foreign currency exchange rate risk and interest rate risk. In certain circumstances, we enter into foreign currency forward exchange contracts and cross-currency swaps to reduce the effects of fluctuating foreign currency exchange rates on our cash flows denominated in foreign currencies. Our exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to our long-term debt obligations. We have historically managed interest rate risk through the use of a combination of fixed and variable rate borrowings.

Net Investment Hedges

We use cross-currency swaps, forward contracts and a portion of our foreign currency denominated debt, a non-derivative financial instrument, to protect the value of our net investments in certain of our foreign subsidiaries. For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as hedges of our net investments in foreign operations, the changes in fair values of the derivative instruments are recognized in foreign currency translation, a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”), to offset the changes in the values of the net investments being hedged. For non-derivative financial instruments that are designated and qualify as hedges of net investments in foreign operations, the change in the carrying value of the designated portion of the non-derivative financial instrument due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates is recorded in foreign currency translation adjustments.

Our €500.0 ($539.7) notes due June 2026 and €400.0 ($429.6) notes due June 2027 were designated as a hedge of our net investment in our foreign subsidiaries with a Euro-functional currency as of March 31, 2023.

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In September 2019, we entered into a cross-currency swap agreement that net converts fixed-rate Swiss franc (“CHF”) payments to fixed-rate United States dollar payments which matured in September 2022. In September 2022, we entered into a new cross-currency swap agreement that net converts fixed-rate Swiss franc (“CHF”) payments to fixed-rate United States dollar payments. This swap was designated as a net investment hedge of our foreign subsidiary with CHF functional currency.

The effect of our net investment hedges on AOCI for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 was as follows:

|  | Gain (Loss) Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income |
|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
Instrument |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Euro Notes |  | $ | (12.3 | ) |  | $ | 27.3 |
Cross-currency swaps |  |  | (0.4 | ) |  |  | 2.9 |

Cash Flow Hedges

We use cross-currency swaps to hedge the changes in cash flows of certain of our foreign currency denominated debt due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. For our cross-currency swaps, we record the change in carrying value of the foreign currency denominated debt due to changes in exchange rates into earnings each period. The changes in fair value of the cross-currency swap derivatives are recorded in AOCI with an immediate reclassification into earnings for the change in fair value attributable to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.

In April 2019, we entered into a cross-currency swap agreement to convert our intercompany fixed-rate, CHF denominated note, including the annual interest payment and the payment of remaining principal at maturity, to a fixed-rate Euro denominated note. The economic effect of the swap agreement is to eliminate the uncertainty of cash flows in CHF associated with the note by fixing the principal at €202.3 with a fixed annual interest rate of 1.256%. This hedging arrangement has been designated as a cash flow hedge. The swap had an original maturity of April 2022, which aligned to the term of the intercompany note. On March 17, 2022, we settled the swap ahead of its maturity date, resulting in a net cash inflow of $19.2. We simultaneously entered into new cross-currency swaps, which we account for as fair value hedges, with maturity dates of April 2024. In September 2019, we entered into a cross-currency swap agreement to convert an additional intercompany fixed-rate CHF note, including the annual interest payment and the payment of remaining principal at maturity, to a fixed-rate Euro denominated note. The economic effect of the swap is identical to the original April 2019 swap, and fixes the principal of €55.4 with a fixed interest rate of 1.143%. The swap matured in September 2022 and we simultaneously entered into new cross-currency swaps, which we account for as fair value hedges, with maturity dates of September 2024. Refer to the "Fair Value Hedge" section below for additional detail.

We use forward currency exchange contracts to hedge the changes in cash flows of certain operational expenses denominated in foreign currency due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The changes in fair value of the forward currency exchange contracts derivatives are recorded in AOCI and reclassified into earnings when the underlying operating expense is recognized in earnings.

On June 9, 2022, we entered into a forward starting interest rate swap agreement with a notional amount of €300.0 and a fixed rate of 1.936%, which was accounted for as a cash flow hedge, to hedge the interest rate exposure related to our anticipated issuance of €400.0 notes to repay our existing €400.0 notes maturing in September 2022. Upon the issuance of the notes on June 30, 2022, we settled this forward starting interest rate swap, resulting in a gain of $2.0, which was recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income and will be amortized over the term of the notes as an offset to interest expense.

We assessed the hedging relationship at the inception of the hedges in order to determine whether the derivatives that are used in the transaction are highly effective in offsetting the cash flows of the hedged item and will continue to assess the relationship on an ongoing basis. We use the hypothetical derivative method in conjunction with regression analysis using a third-party valuation to measure effectiveness of our cross-currency swap agreements and our forward currency exchange contracts.

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The following tables present the impact that changes in the fair values of derivatives designated as cash flow hedges had on other comprehensive income (“OCI”), AOCI and earnings for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

|  | Gain (Loss) Recognized in OCI |  |  |  |  | Gain (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income |
|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  | Location of Gain (Loss) Reclassified |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
Instrument |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | from AOCI into Income |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Cross-currency swaps |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1.0 | ) |  | Interest and other expenses, net |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (0.9 | )
Forward starting interest swap |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | Interest and other expenses, net |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | — |

We expect the net amount of pre-tax derivative gains included in AOCI at March 31, 2023 to be reclassified into earnings within the next 12 months will not be significant. The actual amount that will be reclassified to earnings over the next 12 months will vary due to future currency exchange rates.

Fair Value Hedges

We account for derivatives as fair value hedges when the hedged item is a recognized asset, liability, or firm commitment. We use fair value hedges to hedge the changes in cash flows of certain of our foreign currency intercompany denominated notes due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We record the change in carrying value of the foreign currency denominated notes due to changes in exchange rates into earnings each period. Gains and losses on the fair value hedges are recorded in earnings, offsetting gains and losses on the hedged item.

In March 2022, we entered into a cross-currency swap agreement to hedge our intercompany fixed-rate, CHF denominated note. The economic effect of the swap agreement is to eliminate the uncertainty of cash flows in CHF associated with the note due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates against our Euro functional subsidiary entity. The cross-currency swap matures in April 2024, which aligns the term of the intercompany note and has a fixed interest rate of 1.05973%.

In September 2022, we entered into a cross-currency swap agreement to hedge our intercompany fixed-rate, CHF denominated note. The economic effect of the swap agreement is to eliminate the uncertainty of cash flows in CHF associated with the note due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates against our Euro functional subsidiary entity. The cross-currency swap matures in September 2024, which aligns with the term of the intercompany note and has a fixed interest rate of 1.7975%.

The cross-currency swaps are accounted for as fair value hedges. Impact of foreign exchange rate changes on the value of the note is offset by gains and losses from the hedges.

The following tables present the impact that the fair value hedges had on OCI and earnings for the three months ended March 2023 and 2022:

|  | Gain (Loss) Recognized in OCI |  |  |  |  | Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income |
|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  | Location of Gain (Loss) |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
Instrument |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Recognized in Income |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Intercompany CHF note |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | Interest and other expenses, net |  | $ | 0.7 |  |  | $ | (2.6 | )
Cross-currency swaps |  |  | (1.7 | ) |  |  | — |  |  | Interest and other expenses, net |  |  | (0.7 | ) |  |  | 2.6 |

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Non-designated instruments

We also use certain derivatives, which are not designated as hedging instruments, as economic hedges of foreign currency and interest rate exposure. For our forward contracts that are not designated as hedges, any gain or loss resulting from the change in fair value is recognized in current period earnings. These gains or losses are offset by the exposure related to receivables and payables with our foreign subsidiaries and to interest due on our Euro-denominated notes, which is paid annually in June and September. The effect of our forward contracts that are not designated as hedging instruments on the consolidated statements of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 was as follows:

|  |  |  | Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income |
|  | Location of Gain (Loss) |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
Instrument |  | Recognized in Income |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Foreign currency forward contracts |  | Interest and other expenses, net |  | $ | (0.6 | ) |  | $ | (4.8 | )

The following tables present the fair value of derivative and non-derivative assets and liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

|  | Assets |
|  |  |  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | Balance Sheet Location |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Instruments designated as fair value hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cross-currency swaps |  | Accounts Receivable, net |  |  | 11.6 |  |  |  | 13.8 |
Instruments not designated as hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forward contracts |  | Accounts Receivable, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.2 |
Total instruments |  |  |  | $ | 11.6 |  |  | $ | 14.0 |

|  | Liabilities |
|  |  |  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | Balance Sheet Location |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Instruments designated as net investment hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Euro Notes due in 2026 |  | Long-term debt |  |  | 539.7 |  |  |  | 532.7 |
Euro Notes due in 2027 |  | Long-term debt |  |  | 429.6 |  |  |  | 423.9 |
Cross-currency swaps |  | Accrued liabilities |  |  | 26.1 |  |  |  | 25.8 |
Instruments not designated as hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forward contracts |  | Accrued liabilities |  |  | 0.5 |  |  |  | — |
Total instruments |  |  |  | $ | 995.9 |  |  | $ | 982.4 |

Fair Value Measurements

The carrying value of the long-term debt approximates fair value, except for the Euro-denominated notes, because the interest rates are variable and reflect current market rates. The fair value of the Euro-denominated notes, as observable at commonly quoted intervals (Level 2 inputs), was $940.4 and $921.7 as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, compared to a carrying value of $969.3 and $956.6, respectively.

Our deferred compensation plan assets were $127.1 and $115.3 as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. We determine the fair value of these assets, comprised of publicly traded securities, by using market quotes as of the last day of the period (Level 1 inputs).

We measure the fair value of the foreign currency forward contracts and cross-currency swaps at the value based on either directly or indirectly observable inputs from third parties (Level 2 inputs).

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(14) Leases

The components of lease expense were as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Operating lease expense |  | $ | 34.7 |  |  | $ | 32.9 |
Short-term lease expense |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |  | 1.2 |
Other lease expense(1) |  |  | 4.1 |  |  |  | 4.7 |
Total lease expense |  | $ | 39.9 |  |  | $ | 38.8 |

(1)
Other lease expense includes variable lease expense and sublease income.

Other information related to leases was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
Supplemental Cash Flow Information |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 33.4 |  |  | $ | 33.3 |
Operating ROU assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations |  |  | 30.7 |  |  |  | 9.5 |

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
Supplemental Balance Sheet Information |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Operating Leases |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease ROU assets |  | $ | 381.8 |  |  | $ | 365.7 |
Operating lease liabilities - current(1) |  | $ | 104.7 |  |  | $ | 105.5 |
Operating lease liabilities - long-term |  |  | 282.6 |  |  |  | 266.6 |
Total operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 387.3 |  |  | $ | 372.1 |

(1) Operating lease liabilities - current are included in accrued expenses on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

|  | March 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  | 5.5 years |  |  | 5.1 years |
Weighted Average Discount Rate |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  |  | 3.2 | % |  |  | 2.4 | %

Maturities of operating lease liabilities as of March 31, 2023 were as follows:

Period Ending March 31, 2023 |  | Operating Leases |
2023 |  |  | 88.8 |
2024 |  |  | 90.2 |
2025 |  |  | 64.1 |
2026 |  |  | 47.7 |
2027 |  |  | 40.3 |
2028 |  |  | 31.6 |
Thereafter |  |  | 69.3 |
Total future undiscounted lease payments |  |  | 432.0 |
Less imputed interest |  |  | (44.7 | )
Total operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 387.3 |

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(15) Segment Data

We are organized and managed primarily on a geographic basis. Each country and business unit generally has its own distinct operations and management team, providing services under our global brands, and maintains its own financial reports. We have an executive sponsor for each global brand who is responsible for ensuring the integrity and consistency of delivery across the company. Each operation reports directly or indirectly through a regional manager, to a member of executive management. Given this reporting structure, we operate using the following reporting segments: Americas, which includes United States and Other Americas; Southern Europe, which includes France, Italy and Other Southern Europe; Northern Europe; and APME.

The segments derive a significant majority of their revenues from our staffing and interim services. The remaining revenues within these segments are derived from our outcome-based solutions and consulting services, permanent recruitment services, and other services. Segment revenues represent sales to external clients. We provide services to a wide variety of clients, none of which individually comprise a significant portion of revenues for us as a whole. Due to the nature of our business, we generally do not have export sales.

20

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Revenues from services: |  |  |  |  |  |
Americas: |  |  |  |  |  |
United States (a) |  | $ | 770.0 |  |  | $ | 889.4 |
Other Americas |  |  | 360.2 |  |  |  | 361.8 |
|  |  | 1,130.2 |  |  |  | 1,251.2 |
Southern Europe: |  |  |  |  |  |
France |  |  | 1,169.3 |  |  |  | 1,192.4 |
Italy |  |  | 422.2 |  |  |  | 445.0 |
Other Southern Europe |  |  | 476.4 |  |  |  | 556.5 |
|  |  | 2,067.9 |  |  |  | 2,193.9 |
Northern Europe |  |  | 967.6 |  |  |  | 1,094.5 |
APME |  |  | 605.9 |  |  |  | 618.2 |
|  |  | 4,771.6 |  |  |  | 5,157.8 |
Intercompany Eliminations |  |  | (19.3 | ) |  |  | (14.5 | )
Consolidated (b) |  | $ | 4,752.3 |  |  | $ | 5,143.3 |
Operating unit profit: (c) |  |  |  |  |  |
Americas: |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  | $ | 31.1 |  |  | $ | 58.3 |
Other Americas |  |  | 17.5 |  |  |  | 14.5 |
|  |  | 48.6 |  |  |  | 72.8 |
Southern Europe: |  |  |  |  |  |
France |  |  | 44.9 |  |  |  | 49.6 |
Italy |  |  | 30.7 |  |  |  | 29.0 |
Other Southern Europe |  |  | 14.3 |  |  |  | 16.6 |
|  |  | 89.9 |  |  |  | 95.2 |
Northern Europe |  |  | 5.0 |  |  |  | 3.3 |
APME |  |  | 21.1 |  |  |  | 19.0 |
|  |  | 164.6 |  |  |  | 190.3 |
Corporate expenses |  |  | (37.9 | ) |  |  | (42.0 | )
Intangible asset amortization expense |  |  | (8.8 | ) |  |  | (9.6 | )
Operating profit |  |  | 117.9 |  |  |  | 138.7 |
Interest and other expenses, net |  |  | (7.5 | ) |  |  | (2.7 | )
Earnings before income taxes |  | $ | 110.4 |  |  | $ | 136.0 |

(a) In the United States, revenues from services included fees received from the related franchise offices of $3.2 and $2.9 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. These fees are primarily based on revenues generated by the franchise offices, which were $99.3 and $110.8 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

(b) Our consolidated revenues from services include fees received from our franchise offices of $3.9 and $3.6 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. These fees are primarily based on revenues generated by the franchise offices, which were $250.2 and $265.2 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

(c) We evaluate segment performance based on operating unit profit (“OUP”), which is equal to segment revenues less cost of services and branch and national headquarters operating costs. This profit measure does not include goodwill and intangible asset impairment charges or amortization of intangibles related to acquisitions, corporate expenses, interest and other income and expense amounts or income taxes.

21

Item 2 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis o f Financial Condition and Results of Operations

See the financial measures section on page 29 for further information on the Non-GAAP financial measures of constant currency and organic constant currency.

Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (each a "forward-looking statement"). Statements made in this quarterly report that are not statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements. In addition, from time to time, we and our representatives may make statements that are forward-looking. Forward-looking statements are based on management’s current assumptions and expectations and are subject to risks and uncertainties that are beyond our control and may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements can be identified by words such as “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “plan,” “may,” “believe,” “seek,” “estimate,” and other similar expressions. Important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements include, among others, the risk factors discussed in Item 1A – Risk Factors in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year-ended December 31, 2022, which information is incorporated herein by reference. Such risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, volatile, negative or uncertain economic conditions, particularly in Europe, including inflation, impacts of the Russia-Ukraine War and its related supply-chain impact; other geopolitical risk and uncertainty; changes in labor and tax legislation in places we do business; failure to implement strategic technology investments; and other factors that may be disclosed from time to time in our SEC filings or otherwise. We caution that any forward-looking statement reflects only our belief at the time the statement is made. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect subsequent events or circumstances.

Business Overview

Our business is cyclical in nature and is sensitive to macroeconomic conditions generally. Client demand for workforce solutions and services is dependent on the overall strength of the labor market and secular trends toward greater workforce flexibility within each of the segments where we operate. Improving economic growth typically results in increasing demand for labor, resulting in greater demand for our staffing services while demand for our outplacement services typically declines. During periods of decreased demand, as we experienced in the first quarter of 2023, our operating profit is generally impacted unfavorably as we experience a deleveraging of selling and administrative expenses, which may not decline at the same pace as revenues. By contrast, during periods of increased demand we are generally able to improve our profitability and operating leverage as our cost base can support some increase in business without a similar increase in selling and administrative expenses.

As we concluded the first quarter of 2023, we observed softening demand for staffing services due to increased economic uncertainty. We believe that downside risks to the global economic outlook have continued to increase through the first quarter of 2023, and may worsen in future periods. These economic risks are particularly high in Europe, driven by elevated inflation, the Russia-Ukraine war and its related supply chain impacts, and higher interest rates. As Europe represents a significant portion of our operations, we continue to monitor economic conditions in our Southern Europe and Northern Europe regions. The Americas market is also experiencing heightened economic risk and uncertainty, driven primarily by elevated inflation, sensitivity to supply chain impacts, and the United States' sensitivity to rising interest rates, which could impact other countries given the importance of the United States economy. As a result of these factors, we expect the business environment will continue to be challenging for us, especially in the United States and Europe, with many companies delaying hiring decisions or reducing their demand for contingent labor.

During the first quarter of 2023, the strength of the dollar, particularly against the Euro, had a -5.4% unfavorable impact on revenues from services and an approximately $0.14 per share unfavorable impact on net earnings per share – diluted in the quarter. Substantially all of our subsidiaries derive revenues from services and incur expenses within the same currency and generally do not have cross-currency transactions, and therefore, changes in foreign currency exchange rates primarily impact the translation of reported earnings and not our actual cash flow unless earnings are repatriated. To understand the performance of our underlying business, we utilize constant currency or organic constant currency variances for our consolidated and segment results.

22

During the first quarter of 2023 compared to the first quarter of 2022, we experienced a -9.7% revenue decrease in the Americas, primarily driven by the decrease in demand for our Manpower and Experis staffing/interim business. During the first quarter of 2023 compared to the first quarter of 2022, revenues decreased -5.7% and -11.6% in Southern Europe and Northern Europe, respectively, primarily due to a decrease in our Manpower and Experis staffing/interim business and the unfavorable impact of currency exchange rates. We experienced a -2.0% revenue decrease in APME in the first quarter of 2023 compared to the first quarter of 2022 primarily due to the unfavorable currency exchange rate impact, partially offset by an increase in our Manpower staffing/interim business and increased demand for our outplacement services in our Talent Solutions business.

From a brand perspective, we experienced revenue decreases in Manpower, Experis and Talent Solutions in the first quarter of 2023 compared to the first quarter of 2022. In our Manpower brand, the revenue decrease was primarily due to decreased demand for staffing/interim services and an unfavorable currency exchange rate impact. The revenue decrease in our Experis brand was primarily due to decreased demand for staffing/interim services and the impact of unfavorable currency exchange rates. On an overall basis, the revenue decrease in our Talent Solutions brand, which includes Recruitment Process Outsourcing (RPO), TAPFIN - Managed Service Provider (MSP) and our Right Management offerings, was driven mostly by decreased demand for our RPO and MSP offerings relative to the prior year period, as the permanent recruitment environment was exceptionally strong during the first quarter of 2022. This decrease was partially offset by a significant increase in demand for our outplacement services under Right Management.

Our gross profit margin improved in the first quarter of 2023 compared to the first quarter of 2022 primarily due to a favorable change in business mix, particularly in our staffing/interim businesses, and growth in our higher margin outplacement offerings under Right Management. The increase in gross profit margin was also due to a higher percentage of revenue mix coming from our higher-margin professional staffing and Talent Solutions offerings.

Our operating profit decreased -15.0% in the first quarter of 2023 while our operating profit margin decreased 20 basis points compared to the first quarter of 2022. Excluding restructuring costs of $6.6 million incurred in the first quarter of 2023, the loss of $9.7 million in selling and administrative expenses from the disposition of our Russia business in the first quarter of 2022, and acquisition integration costs of $3.7 million incurred in the first quarter of 2022, our operating profit decreased 18.2% while operating profit margin decreased 40 basis points compared to the first quarter of 2022. The operating profit margin decreased primarily because we did not reduce selling and administrative expenses for the quarter as quickly as the decline in revenues that we experienced.

We continue to monitor expenses closely to ensure we maintain the benefit of our efforts to optimize our organizational and cost structures, while investing appropriately to support the ability of the business to grow in the future and enhance our productivity, technology and digital capabilities. We are focused on managing costs as efficiently as possible in the short-term while continuing to progress transformational actions aligned with our strategic priorities.

23

Operating Results - Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022

The following table presents selected consolidated financial data for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to 2022.

(in millions, except per share data) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Variance |  |  | Constant Currency Variance |
Revenues from services |  | $ | 4,752.3 |  |  | $ | 5,143.3 |  |  |  | (7.6 | )% |  |  | (2.2 | )%
Cost of services |  |  | 3,889.2 |  |  |  | 4,246.2 |  |  |  | (8.4 | )% |  |  | (2.9 | )%
Gross profit |  |  | 863.1 |  |  |  | 897.1 |  |  |  | (3.8 | )% |  |  | 1.3 | %
Gross profit margin |  |  | 18.2 | % |  |  | 17.4 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling and administrative expenses |  |  | 745.2 |  |  |  | 758.4 |  |  |  | (1.7 | )% |  |  | 2.9 | %
Operating profit |  |  | 117.9 |  |  |  | 138.7 |  |  |  | (15.0 | )% |  |  | (7.4 | )%
Operating profit margin |  |  | 2.5 | % |  |  | 2.7 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and other expenses, net |  |  | 7.5 |  |  |  | 2.7 |  |  |  | 180.4 | % |  |  |
Earnings before income taxes |  |  | 110.4 |  |  |  | 136.0 |  |  |  | (18.8 | )% |  |  | (11.5 | )%
Provision for income taxes |  |  | 32.6 |  |  |  | 44.4 |  |  |  | (26.5 | )% |  |  |
Effective income tax rate |  |  | 29.5 | % |  |  | 32.6 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Net earnings |  | $ | 77.8 |  |  | $ | 91.6 |  |  |  | (15.1 | )% |  |  | (7.4 | )%
Net earnings per share – diluted |  | $ | 1.51 |  |  | $ | 1.68 |  |  |  | (10.4 | )% |  |  | (2.3 | )%
Weighted average shares – diluted |  |  | 51.6 |  |  |  | 54.4 |  |  |  | (5.2 | )% |  |  |

The year-over-year decrease in revenues from services of -7.6% (-2.2% in constant currency and -2.3% in organic constant currency) was attributed to:

•
a revenue decrease in the Americas of -9.7% (-6.1% in constant currency) primarily due to the decreased demand for our Manpower and Experis staffing/interim business and a -24.2% decrease (-23.2% in constant currency) in our permanent recruitment business, partially offset by the significant increase in demand for our Talent Solutions outplacement services. The United States, our largest market in the Americas, experienced a revenue decrease of -13.4% primarily driven by decreased demand for our Manpower and Experis staffing/interim services and a decrease in our permanent recruitment business of -30.1%, partially offset by a significant increase in demand for our Talent Solutions outplacement services;
•
a revenue decrease in Southern Europe of -5.7% (-1.4% in constant currency and -1.8% in organic constant currency) which was primarily due to the unfavorable impact of change in currency exchange rates and a decrease in our Manpower staffing/interim business. France, the largest market in Southern Europe, experienced a revenue decrease of -1.9% (increase of 2.5% in constant currency and 1.5% in organic constant currency), which was primarily due to the unfavorable impact of change in currency exchange rates and decreased demand for our Manpower staffing services as supply chain constraints negatively impacted the demand for our services in certain sectors, primarily construction and logistics. The decrease in France was partially offset by a significant increase in demand for our Talent Solutions outplacement services. Italy, our second-largest market in Southern Europe, experienced a revenue decrease of -5.1% (-0.8% in constant currency), which was primarily due to the unfavorable impact of foreign currency exchange rates and the anniversary impact of significant revenue growth in the prior year period, partially offset by the 10.7% increase (15.7% in constant currency) in our permanent recruitment business;
•
a revenue decrease in Northern Europe of -11.6% (-3.9% in constant currency and -3.5% in organic constant currency), primarily due to decreased demand for our Manpower and Experis staffing/interim services and the unfavorable impact of foreign currency exchange rates, partially offset by the increased demand for our Talent Solutions permanent recruitment services. We experienced revenue decreases in the United Kingdom, Nordics, Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium of -18.9%, -9.2%, -2.3%, -9.9% and -6.0%, respectively (-10.5%, +2.6%, +2.1%, -5.8%, and -1.8%, respectively, in constant currency); and

24

•
a revenue decrease in APME of -2.0% (increase of 7.3% in constant currency) primarily due to the unfavorable impact of change in currency exchange rates, partially offset by increased demand for our Manpower staffing/interim services and our Talent Solutions outplacement services.

The year-over-year 80 basis point increase in gross profit margin was primarily attributed to:

•
a 40 basis point favorable impact from the improvement in the staffing/interim margins;
•
a 20 basis point favorable change in business mix as the higher-margin Right Management outplacement business represented a higher percentage of the revenue mix;
•
a 20 basis point favorable impact from the changes in currency exchange rates; and
•
a 10 basis point favorable impact due to adjustments made to direct costs related to provision true-ups; partially offset by
•
a 10 basis point unfavorable impact from the anniversary impact of significant revenue growth in our permanent recruitment business in the prior year period.

The -1.7% decrease in selling and administrative expenses in the first quarter of 2023 (increase of 2.9% in constant currency and 2.4% in organic constant currency) was primarily attributed to:

•
a -2.6% decrease (increase of 2.2% in constant currency and 3.1% in organic constant currency) in non-personnel costs in the first quarter of 2022, due to the favorable impact of currency exchange rates and a decrease in costs related to bad debt, partially offset by an increase in costs related to office leases and consulting services;
•
a -1.2% decrease (increase of 3.4% in constant currency and 3.6% in organic constant currency) in personnel costs due to the favorable impact of currency exchange rates and a decrease in costs related to bonuses and sales commissions, partially offset by an increase in salary-related costs due to inflation;
•
a -4.6% decrease due to the impact of changes in currency exchange rates;
•
$3.7 million in acquisition integration costs incurred in the first quarter of 2022; and
•
anniversary of a loss on the disposition of our Russia business of $9.7 million incurred in the first quarter of 2022; partially offset by
•
restructuring costs of $6.6 million incurred in the first quarter of 2023.

Selling and administrative expenses as a percent of revenues increased 100 basis points in the first quarter of 2023 compared to the first quarter of 2022 due primarily to:

•
a 90 basis point unfavorable impact as personnel costs increased, due to the investment in incremental recruiters and sales talent in certain markets where we see opportunities, without a similar rate of increase in revenues;
•
a 20 basis point unfavorable impact from changes in currency exchange rates;
•
a 10 basis point unfavorable impact as a result of the restructuring costs incurred in the first quarter of 2023; partially offset by
•
a 20 basis point favorable impact from the anniversary of acquisition integration costs and the disposition of our Russia business in the first quarter of 2022.

25

Interest and other expenses, net is comprised of interest, foreign exchange gains and losses and other miscellaneous non-operating income and expenses, including noncontrolling interests. Interest and other expenses, net was $7.5 million in the first quarter of 2023 compared to $2.7 million in the first quarter of 2022 primarily due to increased foreign exchange loss and increased interest expense due to the higher interest rate environment, partially offset by an increase in pension returns.

We recorded income tax expense at an effective rate of 29.5% in the first quarter of 2023, as compared to an effective rate of 32.6% for the first quarter of 2022. The 2023 rate was favorably impacted by the scheduled reduction in the French business tax rate from 0.75% to 0.375% effective January 1, 2023. The 29.5% effective tax rate in the first quarter of 2023 was higher than the United States Federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to the French business tax, tax losses in certain countries for which we did not recognize a corresponding tax benefit due to valuation allowances, and the overall mix of earnings.

Net earnings per share - diluted was $1.51 in the first quarter of 2023 compared to $1.68 in the first quarter of 2022. Foreign currency exchange rates unfavorably impacted net earnings per share - diluted by approximately $0.14 per share in the first quarter of 2023. Restructuring costs recorded in the first quarter of 2023 unfavorably impacted net earnings per share - diluted by approximately $0.10, net of tax, in the first quarter of 2023.

Weighted average shares - diluted decreased to 51.6 million in the first quarter of 2023 from 54.4 million in the first quarter of 2022. This decrease was due to the impact of share repurchases completed since the first quarter of 2022, partially offset by grants of share-based awards.

Segment Operating Results

Americas

In the Americas, revenues from services decreased -9.7% (-6.1% in constant currency) in the first quarter of 2023 compared to the first quarter of 2022. In the United States (which represents 68% of the America's revenues), revenues from services decreased -13.4% in the first quarter of 2023 compared to the first quarter of 2022, primarily driven by decreased demand for our Manpower and Experis staffing/interim services and a decrease in our permanent recruitment business of -30.1%, partially offset by increased demand for our Talent Solutions outplacement services. In Other Americas, revenues from services decreased -0.4% (increase of 11.8% in constant currency) in the first quarter of 2023 compared to the first quarter of 2022 primarily due to decreased demand for our Manpower and Experis staffing/interim services, partially offset by an increase in our permanent recruitment business of 4.7% (10.8% in constant currency). The decrease in Other Americas was driven by revenue decreases in Canada, Colombia, and Peru of -12.2%, -13.9%, and -10.7%, respectively (-6.2%, +4.7%, and -10.5%, respectively, in constant currency), partially offset by revenue increases in Mexico, Argentina and Brazil of 7.5%, 27.9% and 8.5%, respectively (-2.2%, +131.0% and +8.1%, respectively, in constant currency).

Gross profit margin increased in the first quarter of 2023 compared to the first quarter of 2022 primarily due to a higher percentage of the revenue mix coming from our higher-margin Talent Solutions outplacement business and increased margins in our staffing/interim business. The increase was partially offset by decreases in our permanent recruitment business.

Selling and administrative expenses decreased 1.7% (flat in constant currency) in the first quarter of 2023 compared to the first quarter of 2022, primarily due to a decrease in bonuses and sales commissions as a result of decreased profitability in certain markets and zero acquisition integration costs in the first quarter of 2023 compared to acquisition transaction costs of $3.7 million in the first quarter of 2022. The decreases were partially offset by $0.9 million of restructuring costs incurred in the first quarter of 2023 compared to zero in the first quarter of 2022, and an increase in salary-related costs.

Operating Unit Profit (“OUP”) margin in the Americas was 4.3% and 5.8% for the first quarter of 2023 and 2022, respectively. In the United States, OUP margin decreased to 4.0% in the first quarter of 2023 from 6.6% in the first quarter of 2022 primarily due to decreases in our permanent recruitment business, decreased operating leverage and a slight decrease in the gross profit margin due to an unfavorable business mix, partially offset by an increase in our higher-margin Talent Solutions outplacement business. Other Americas OUP margin increased to 4.9% in the first quarter of 2023 from 4.0% in the first quarter of 2022 primarily due to the gross profit margin improvement.

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Southern Europe

In Southern Europe, revenues from services decreased -5.7% (-1.4% in constant currency and -1.8% in organic constant currency) in the first quarter of 2023 compared to the first quarter of 2022. In France (which represents 57% of Southern Europe’s revenues), revenues from services decreased -1.9% (increase of 2.5% in constant currency and 1.5% in organic constant currency) in the first quarter of 2023. In Italy (which represents 20% of Southern Europe’s revenues), revenues from services decreased -5.1% (-0.8% in constant currency) in the first quarter of 2023. The decrease in France is primarily due to the unfavorable impact of currency exchange rates and decreased demand for our Manpower staffing services as supply chain constraints have negatively impacted the demand for our services in certain sectors, primarily construction and logistics, partially offset by a significant increase in demand for our Talent Solutions outplacement services. The decrease in Italy was primarily due to the unfavorable impact of foreign currency exchange rates and the anniversary impact of significant revenue growth in the prior year period, partially offset by an increase of 10.7% (15.7% in constant currency) in the permanent recruitment business. In Other Southern Europe, revenues from services decreased -14.4% (-10.3% in constant currency) during the first quarter of 2023 compared to the first quarter of 2022, primarily due to decreased demand for our Manpower staffing services and the unfavorable impact of currency exchange rates, partially offset by an increase in our permanent recruitment business of 1.9% (8.0% in constant currency).

Gross profit margin increased in the first quarter of 2023 compared to the first quarter of 2022. The increase was primarily due to the impact of a higher percentage of the revenue mix coming from our higher-margin Right Management Outplacement business and increased margins in our staffing/interim business.

Selling and administrative expenses increased 2.5% (increase of 7.3% in constant currency and 5.5% in organic constant currency) during the first quarter of 2023 compared to the first quarter of 2022 primarily due to the increase in salary-related costs and $0.3 million in restructuring costs incurred in the first quarter of 2023 compared to zero in the first quarter of 2022, partially offset by the favorable impact of currency exchange rates and a decrease in bonuses and sales commissions as a result of decreased profitability in certain markets.

OUP margin in Southern Europe was 4.3% for both the first quarter of 2023 and 2022. In France, the OUP margin was 3.8% for the first quarter of 2023 compared to 4.2% for the first quarter of 2022. The decrease in France was primarily due to the increase of selling and administrative expenses, which increased as revenues declined. In Italy, the OUP margin increased to 7.3% for the first quarter of 2023 from 6.5% for the first quarter of 2022 primarily due to the increase in the gross profit margin. Other Southern Europe’s OUP margin was 3.0% for both the first quarter of 2023 and 2022.

Northern Europe

In Northern Europe, the largest country operations include the United Kingdom, the Nordics, Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium (comprising 35%, 23%, 15%, 10%, and 7%, respectively, of Northern Europe’s revenues). In the Northern Europe region, revenues from services decreased -11.6% (-3.9% in constant currency and -3.5% in organic constant currency) in the first quarter of 2023 compared to the first quarter of 2022. We experienced revenue decreases in the United Kingdom, Nordics, Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium of -18.9%, -9.2%, -2.3%, -9.9% and -6.0%, respectively (-10.5%, +2.6%, +2.1%, -5.8%, and -1.8%, respectively, in constant currency). The revenue decrease in Northern Europe was primarily due to a decreased demand for our Manpower and Experis staffing/interim services and the unfavorable impact of foreign currency exchange rates. The decrease was partially offset by the increased demand for our RPO permanent recruitment services.

Gross profit margin increased in the first quarter of 2023 compared to the first quarter of 2022 primarily due to increases in our staffing/interim margins and the increases in our RPO permanent recruitment services.

Selling and administrative expenses decreased -5.8% (increase of 1.5% in constant currency and 1.7% in organic constant currency) in the first quarter of 2023 compared to the first quarter of 2022. The decrease is primarily due to the favorable impact of currency exchange rates and the anniversary of the loss on the sale of our Russia business, partially offset by $2.5 million in restructuring costs incurred in the first quarter of 2023 compared to zero in the first quarter of 2022 and an increase in salary-related costs.

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OUP margin for Northern Europe increased to 0.5% in the first quarter of 2023 from 0.3% in the first quarter of 2022. The increase was primarily due to the anniversary of the loss on the sale of our Russia business and the increase in gross profit margin.

APME

Revenues from services decreased -2.0% (increase of 7.3% in constant currency) in the first quarter of 2023 compared to the first quarter of 2022. In Japan (which represents 47% of APME’s revenues), revenues from services decreased -1.0% (increase of 12.7% in constant currency) due to the unfavorable impact of the change in currency exchange rates, partially offset by increased demand in our Talent Solutions outplacement services. In Australia (which represents 11% of APME’s revenues), revenues from services decreased -4.2% (increase of 1.5% in constant currency), primarily due to unfavorable impact of currency exchange rates and decreased demand for our Experis business, partially offset by the increased demand for our Talent Solutions outplacement services.

Gross profit margin increased in the first quarter of 2023 compared to the first quarter of 2022 primarily due to an increased business mix of our higher-margin Talent Solutions outplacement services and increases in the margin for our staffing/interim business.

Selling and administrative expenses increased 0.3% (9.2% in constant currency) in the first quarter of 2023 compared to the first quarter of 2022. The increase is primarily due to $2.5 million in restructuring costs incurred in the first quarter of 2023 compared to zero in the first quarter of 2022 and increases in various non-personnel costs related to an increase in recruiting and retention efforts as a result of increased profitability in certain markets, partially offset by the favorable impact of currency exchange rates.

OUP margin for APME increased to 3.5% in the first quarter of 2023 from 3.1% in the first quarter of 2022 due to the increase in the gross profit margin.

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Financ ial Measures

Constant Currency and Organic Constant Currency Reconciliation

Changes in our financial results include the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates, acquisitions, and dispositions. We provide “constant currency” and “organic constant currency” calculations in this report to remove the impact of these items. We express year-over-year variances that are calculated in constant currency and organic constant currency as a percentage.

When we use the term “constant currency,” it means that we have translated financial data for a period into United States dollars using the same foreign currency exchange rates that we used to translate financial data for the previous period. We believe that this calculation is a useful measure, indicating the actual growth or decline of our operations. We use constant currency results in our analysis of subsidiary or segment performance. We also use constant currency when analyzing our performance against that of our competitors. Substantially all of our subsidiaries derive revenues and incur expenses within a single country and, consequently, do not generally incur currency risks in connection with the conduct of their normal business operations. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates primarily impact reported earnings and not our actual cash flow unless earnings are repatriated.

When we use the term “organic constant currency,” it means that we have further removed the impact of acquisitions in the current period and dispositions from the prior period from our constant currency calculation. We believe that this calculation is useful because it allows us to show the actual growth or decline of our ongoing business.

The constant currency and organic constant currency financial measures are used to supplement those measures that are in accordance with United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”). These Non-GAAP financial measures may not provide information that is directly comparable to that provided by other companies in our industry, as other companies may calculate such financial results differently. These Non-GAAP financial measures are not measurements of financial performance under GAAP, and should not be considered as alternatives to measures presented in accordance with GAAP.

Constant currency and organic constant currency percent variances, along with a reconciliation of these amounts to certain of our reported results, are provided below:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 Compared to 2022 |
|  | Reported Amount(a) |  |  | Reported Variance |  |  | Impact of Currency |  |  | Constant Currency Variance |  |  | Impact of Acquisitions and Dispositions (In Constant Currency) |  |  | Organic Constant Currency Variance |
Revenues from services: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Americas: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  | $ | 770.0 |  |  |  | (13.4 | )% |  |  | — |  |  |  | (13.4 | )% |  |  | — |  |  |  | (13.4 | )%
Other Americas |  |  | 360.2 |  |  |  | (0.4 | )% |  |  | (12.2 | )% |  |  | 11.8 | % |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11.8 | %
|  |  | 1,130.2 |  |  |  | (9.7 | )% |  |  | (3.6 | )% |  |  | (6.1 | )% |  |  | — |  |  |  | (6.1 | )%
Southern Europe: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
France |  |  | 1,169.3 |  |  |  | (1.9 | )% |  |  | (4.4 | )% |  |  | 2.5 | % |  |  | 1.0 | % |  |  | 1.5 | %
Italy |  |  | 422.2 |  |  |  | (5.1 | )% |  |  | (4.3 | )% |  |  | (0.8 | )% |  |  | — |  |  |  | (0.8 | )%
Other Southern Europe |  |  | 476.4 |  |  |  | (14.4 | )% |  |  | (4.1 | )% |  |  | (10.3 | )% |  |  | (0.5 | )% |  |  | (9.8 | )%
|  |  | 2,067.9 |  |  |  | (5.7 | )% |  |  | (4.3 | )% |  |  | (1.4 | )% |  |  | 0.4 | % |  |  | (1.8 | )%
Northern Europe |  |  | 967.6 |  |  |  | (11.6 | )% |  |  | (7.7 | )% |  |  | (3.9 | )% |  |  | (0.4 | )% |  |  | (3.5 | )%
APME |  |  | 605.9 |  |  |  | (2.0 | )% |  |  | (9.3 | )% |  |  | 7.3 | % |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7.3 | %
|  |  | 4,771.6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Intercompany Eliminations |  |  | (19.3 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated |  | $ | 4,752.3 |  |  |  | (7.6 | )% |  |  | (5.4 | )% |  |  | (2.2 | )% |  |  | 0.1 | % |  |  | (2.3 | )%
Gross Profit |  | $ | 863.1 |  |  |  | (3.8 | )% |  |  | (5.1 | )% |  |  | 1.3 | % |  |  | 0.5 | % |  |  | 0.8 | %
Selling and Administrative Expenses |  | $ | 745.2 |  |  |  | (1.7 | )% |  |  | (4.6 | )% |  |  | 2.9 | % |  |  | 0.5 | % |  |  | 2.4 | %
Operating Profit |  | $ | 117.9 |  |  |  | (15.0 | )% |  |  | (7.6 | )% |  |  | (7.4 | )% |  |  | 0.9 | % |  |  | (8.3 | )%

(a)
In millions for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

29

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash used to fund our operations is primarily generated through operating activities and provided by our existing credit facilities. We believe our available cash and existing credit facilities are sufficient to cover our cash needs for the foreseeable future. We assess and monitor our liquidity and capital resources globally. We use a global cash pooling arrangement, intercompany borrowing, and some local credit lines to meet funding needs and allocate our capital resources among our various entities. As of March 31, 2023, we had $640.9 million of cash held by foreign subsidiaries. We have historically made and anticipate future cash repatriations to the United States from certain foreign subsidiaries to fund domestic operations.

Cash provided by operating activities was $124.6 million and $70.6 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Changes in operating assets and liabilities generated $2.4 million of cash during the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to $66.1 million utilized during the three months ended March 31, 2022. These changes were primarily attributable to the timing of collections and payments. Accounts receivable decreased to $4,773.2 million as of March 31, 2023 from $5,137.4 million as of December 31, 2022 primarily due to the revenue decline, partly offset by the impact of changes in currency exchange rates. Days Sales Outstanding ("DSO") approximated 56 days as of March 31, 2023, unchanged from December 31, 2022.

The nature of our operations is such that our most significant current asset is accounts receivable and our most significant current liabilities are payroll-related costs, which are generally paid either weekly or monthly. As the demand for our services increases, we generally experience an increase in our working capital needs, as we continue to pay our associates on a weekly or monthly basis while the related accounts receivable is outstanding for much longer, which may result in a decline in operating cash flows.

Conversely, as the demand for our services declines, as we experienced during the three months ended March 31, 2023, we generally experience a decrease in our working capital needs, as the existing accounts receivable are collected and not replaced at the same level, resulting in a decline of our accounts receivable balance, with less of an effect on current liabilities due to the shorter cycle time of the payroll related items. This may result in an increase in our operating cash flows; however, any such increase would not be expected to be sustained in the event that an economic downturn continued for an extended period.

Capital expenditures were $13.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to $19.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022. These expenditures were primarily comprised of purchases of computer equipment, office furniture and other costs related to office openings and refurbishments, as well as capitalized software costs. The lower expenditures in 2023 compared to 2022 are primarily due to the timing and nature of capital expenditures.

From time to time, we acquire and invest in companies throughout the world, including franchises. No cash consideration was paid during the three months ended March 31, 2023 or 2022.

Occasionally, we dispose of parts of our operations based on risk considerations and to optimize our global strategic and geographic footprint and overall efficiency. On January 17, 2022, we disposed of our Russia business in our Northern Europe segment for cash proceeds of $3.2 million. In connection with the disposition, we recognized a one-time net loss on disposition of $8.0 million.

Net debt repayments were $10.7 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023, as compared to $28.0 million in the three months ended March 31, 2022.

Our €500.0 million notes and €400.0 million notes are due June 2026 and June 2027, respectively. When those notes mature, we plan to either repay the amounts with available cash or borrowings under our $600.0 million revolving credit facility or a new borrowing. The credit terms, including interest rate and facility fees, of any replacement borrowings will be dependent upon the condition of the credit markets at that time. We currently do not anticipate any problems accessing the credit markets for replacement of those notes.

Our $600.0 million revolving credit agreement requires that we comply with a leverage ratio (Net Debt-to-Net Earnings before interest and other expenses, provision for income taxes, intangible asset amortization expense, depreciation and amortization expense ("EBITDA")) of not greater than 3.5 to 1 and a fixed charge coverage ratio of not less than 1.5 to 1. As defined in the agreement, we had a Net Debt-to-EBITDA ratio of 0.96 to 1 and a fixed charge coverage ratio of 5.44 to 1 as of March 31, 2023. Based on our current forecast, we expect to be in compliance with our financial covenants for the next 12 months.

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As of March 31, 2023, we had letters of credit of $0.4 million issued under our $600.0 million revolving credit facility. Additional borrowings of $599.6 million were available to us under the facility as of March 31, 2023.

In addition to the previously mentioned facilities, we maintain separate bank credit lines with financial institutions to meet working capital needs of our subsidiary operations. As of March 31, 2023, such uncommitted credit lines totaled $321.7 million, of which $302.0 million was unused. Under the Credit Agreement, total subsidiary borrowings cannot exceed $300.0 million in the first, second and fourth quarters, and $600.0 million in the third quarter of each year. Due to these limitations, additional borrowings of $280.3 million could have been made under these lines as of March 31, 2023.

We have assessed our liquidity position as of March 31, 2023 and for the near future. As of March 31, 2023, our cash and cash equivalents balance was $706.7 million. We also have access to the previously mentioned revolving credit facility that could have immediately provided us with up to $600.0 million of additional cash, less any outstanding borrowings and letters of credit, and we have an option to request an increase to the total availability under the revolving credit facility by an additional $300.0 million and each lender may participate in the requested increase at their discretion. In addition, we have access to the previously mentioned credit lines of up to $300.0 million ($600.0 million in the third quarter) to meet the working capital needs of our subsidiaries, of which $280.3 million was available to use as of March 31, 2023. Our €500.0 ($539.7) million notes mature in June 2026, and our €400.0 ($429.6) million notes mature in June 2027. Based on the above, we believe we have sufficient liquidity and capital resources to satisfy future requirements and meet our obligations currently and in the near future.

The Board of Directors declared a semi-annual dividend of $1.47 and $1.36 per share on May 5, 2023 and May 6, 2022, respectively. The 2023 dividends are payable on June 15, 2023 to shareholders of record as of June 1, 2023. The 2022 dividends were paid on June 15, 2022 to shareholders of record as of June 1, 2022.

Share Repurchases

In August 2021, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of 4.0 million shares of our common stock, with terms consistent with the previous authorizations. This authorization was in addition to the August 2019 Board authorizations to repurchase 6.0 million shares of our common stock. Share repurchases may be made from time to time through a variety of methods, including open market purchases, block transactions, privately negotiated transactions or similar facilities. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we repurchased a total of 0.4 million shares under the 2021 authorization at a cost of $30.0 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, we repurchased 0.6 million shares under the 2019 authorization at a cost of $59.9 million. As of March 31, 2023, there were 1.6 million shares remaining authorized for repurchase under the 2021 authorization and no shares remaining authorized for repurchase under the 2019 authorization.

We had aggregate commitments of $2,047.4 million as of March 31, 2023 related to debt, operating leases, severance and office closure costs, transition tax resulting from the Tax Act and certain other commitments compared to $2,020.3 million as of December 31, 2022.

We also have entered into guarantee contracts and stand-by letters of credit totaling $784.3 million and $840.2 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively ($736.1 million and $793.0 million for guarantees, respectively, and $48.2 million and $47.2 million for stand-by letters of credit as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively). The guarantees primarily relate to staffing license requirements, operating leases and indebtedness. The stand-by letters of credit mainly relate to workers’ compensation in the United States. If certain conditions were met under these arrangements, we would be required to satisfy our obligations in cash. Due to the nature of these arrangements and our historical experience, we do not expect any significant payments under these arrangements. Therefore, they have been excluded from our aggregate commitments. The cost of these guarantees and letters of credit was $0.0 million and $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

We recorded $6.6 million in restructuring costs during the three months ended March 31, 2023. We did not record any restructuring costs during the three months ended March 31, 2022. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we made payments of $5.6 million out of our restructuring reserve, which is used for severance and office closures and consolidations in multiple countries and territories. We expect a majority of the remaining $14.2 million reserve will be paid by the end of 2023.

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Recently Issued Accounting Standards

See Note 2 to the Consoli dated Financial Statements.

Item 3 – Quantitative and Qualitat ive Disclosures About Market Risk

Our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K contains certain disclosures about market risks affecting us. There have been no material changes to the information provided which would require additional disclosures as of the date of this filing.

Item 4 – Control s and Procedures

We maintain a set of disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports filed by us under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management of the company, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding timely disclosure. We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures at a reasonable assurance level pursuant to Rule 13a-15 of the Exchange Act. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this report, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation discussed above that occurred during our last fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II - OTH ER INFORMATION

Ite m 1A – Risk Factors

As of the date of this filing, the Company and its operations continue to be subject to the risk factors previously disclosed in the “Risk Factors” sections contained in the 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 2 – Unregistered Sales of Equi ty Securities and Use of Proceeds

In August 2021, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of 4.0 million shares of our common stock. We conduct share repurchases from time to time through a variety of methods, including open market purchases, block transactions, privately negotiated transactions or similar facilities. The following table shows the total number of shares repurchased during the first quarter of 2023. As of March 31, 2023, there were 1.6 million shares remaining authorized for repurchase under the 2021 authorization.

ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES |
|  | Total number of shares purchased |  |  | Average price paid per share |  |  | Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plan |  |  | Maximum number of shares that may yet be purchased |
January 1 - 31, 2023 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,984,318 |
February 1 - 28, 2023 |  |  | 118,279 |  | (1) | $ | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,984,318 |
March 1 - 31, 2023 |  |  | 368,594 |  |  | $ | 81.39 |  |  |  | 368,594 |  |  |  | 1,615,724 |
Total |  |  | 486,873 |  |  | $ | 81.39 |  |  |  | 368,594 |  |  |  | 1,615,724 |

(1) Represents shares of common stock withheld by ManpowerGroup to satisfy tax withholding obligations on shares acquired by certain officers in settlement of restricted stock.

Item 5 – Other Information

Audit Committee Approval of Audit-Related and Non-Audit Services

The Audit Committee of our Board of Directors has approved the following audit-related and non-audit services performed or to be performed for us by our independent registered public accounting firm, Deloitte & Touche LLP and affiliates, to date in 2023:

(a) preparation and/or review of tax returns, including sales and use tax, excise tax, income tax, local tax, property tax, and value added tax, consultation regarding appropriate handling of items on the United States and international tax returns;

(b) advice and assistance with respect to transfer pricing matters, as well as communicating with various taxing authorities regarding the requirements associated with royalties and inter-company pricing, and tax audits; and

(c) audit services with respect to certain procedures and certifications where required.

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Item 6 – Exhibits

31.1 |  | Certification of Jonas Prising, Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to Section 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
31.2 |  | Certification of John T. McGinnis, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to Section 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
32.1 |  | Statement of Jonas Prising, Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. ss. 1350.
32.2 |  | Statement of John T. McGinnis, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. ss. 1350.
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104 |  | The cover page from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 has been formatted in Inline XBRL (Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language) and contained in Exhibits 101.

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SIGNA TURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| ManpowerGroup Inc. |
| (Registrant) |
Date: May 5, 2023 |  |
| /s/ John T. McGinnis |
| John T. McGinnis |
| Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Signing on behalf of the Registrant and as the Principal Financial Officer) |
| /s/ Donald Mondano |
| Donald Mondano |
| Senior Vice President, Global Controller and Treasurer (Principal Accounting Officer) |

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