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Income Taxes
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes

(7) Income Taxes

We recorded income tax expense at an effective rate of 29.5% for the three months ended March 31, 2023, as compared to an effective rate of 32.6% for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The 2023 rate was favorably impacted by the scheduled reduction in the French business tax rate from 0.75% to 0.375% effective January 1, 2023. The 29.5% effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was higher than the United States Federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to the French business tax, tax losses in certain countries for which we did not recognize a corresponding tax benefit due to valuation allowances, and the overall mix of earnings.

As of March 31, 2023, we had gross unrecognized tax benefits related to various tax jurisdictions, including interest and penalties, of $80.9. If recognized, the entire amount would favorably affect the effective tax rate except for $6.0. As of December 31, 2022, we had gross unrecognized tax benefits related to various tax jurisdictions, including interest and penalties, of $81.6.

We conduct business globally in various countries and territories. We are routinely audited by the tax authorities of the various tax jurisdictions in which we operate. Generally, the tax years that could be subject to examination are 2016 through 2023 for our major operations in France, Italy, the United Kingdom and the United States. As of March 31, 2023, we were subject to tax audits in Austria, Germany, India, Israel, Korea, Spain and the United States. We believe that the resolution of these audits will not have a material impact on earnings.