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Income Taxes | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Income Taxes | (5) Income Taxes The provision for income taxes was as follows:
Year Ended December 31 |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Current |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | $ | (2.9 | ) |  | $ | 17.6 |  |  | $ | 20.2 |
State |  |  | 7.3 |  |  |  | 6.8 |  |  |  | 3.3 |
Non-United States |  |  | 133.3 |  |  |  | 154.1 |  |  |  | 163.5 |
Total current |  |  | 137.7 |  |  |  | 178.5 |  |  |  | 187.0 |
Deferred |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  |  | (8.6 | ) |  |  | 11.2 |  |  |  | 5.8 |
State |  |  | (4.0 | ) |  |  | 0.9 |  |  |  | 2.4 |
Non-United States |  |  | (8.0 | ) |  |  | (7.3 | ) |  |  | (9.5 | )
Total deferred |  |  | (20.6 | ) |  |  | 4.8 |  |  |  | (1.3 | )
Total provision |  | $ | 117.1 |  |  | $ | 183.3 |  |  | $ | 185.7 |
A tax reconciliation between taxes computed at the United States federal statutory rate of 21% and the consolidated effective tax rate is as follows:
Year Ended December 31 |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Income tax based on statutory rate |  | $ | 43.2 |  |  | $ | 117.0 |  |  | $ | 119.3 |
Increase (decrease) resulting from: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-United States tax rate difference: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
French business tax(1) |  |  | 13.0 |  |  |  | 24.6 |  |  |  | 26.7 |
Other(2) |  |  | 10.4 |  |  |  | 15.2 |  |  |  | 22.2 |
Repatriation of non-United States earnings |  |  | 4.6 |  |  |  | 10.7 |  |  |  | 5.7 |
State income taxes, net of federal benefit |  |  | 2.0 |  |  |  | 5.5 |  |  |  | 5.0 |
Change in valuation allowance(3) |  |  | 53.5 |  |  |  | 13.7 |  |  |  | 22.0 |
Work Opportunity Tax Credit(4) |  |  | (5.6 | ) |  |  | (14.4 | ) |  |  | (12.1 | )
Foreign-Derived Intangible Income deduction |  |  | (7.2 | ) |  |  | (9.6 | ) |  |  | (10.7 | )
Goodwill impairment(5) |  |  | 10.9 |  |  |  | 8.9 |  |  |  | — |
Change in unrecognized tax benefits(6) |  |  | (14.4 | ) |  |  | 4.2 |  |  |  | 1.6 |
Other, net |  |  | 6.7 |  |  |  | 7.5 |  |  |  | 6.0 |
Tax provision |  | $ | 117.1 |  |  | $ | 183.3 |  |  | $ | 185.7 |
(1) The French business tax is allowed as a deduction for French income tax purposes. The gross amount of the French business tax was $16.4, $31.2 and $33.7 for 2023, 2022, and 2021 respectively. The amounts in the table above of $13.0, $24.6 and $26.7 for 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, represent the French business tax expense net of the French tax benefit using the United States federal rate of 21%. In December 2023, the French Parliament approved the Finance Bill for 2024 which reversed the scheduled elimination of the business tax in 2024 and replaced it with a gradual reduction of the tax rate (i.e., 0.28% in 2024, 0.19% in 2025, 0.09% in 2026) before eliminating altogether in 2027. (2) Included in Other Non-United States tax rate differences is the impact of all No n-United States pre-tax earnings and permanent tax differences at the local statutory tax rate versus the United States federal rate of 21%. This includes benefits of $0.8, $1.5 and $2.5 for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to the difference between the United States federal rate and the French tax rate applied to the respective gross amounts of the French business tax deduction previously mentioned. (3) Losses incurred in 2023, 2022 and 2021 in Germany resulted in an increase in valuation allowance of $46.3, $13.5 and $20.1, respectively. (4) The Work Opportunity Tax Credit is currently authorized until December 31, 2025. (5) Non-deductible portion of the goodwill impairment charges recorded in the Netherlands in 2023 and 2022. (6) Effective settlement of an audit during the third quarter of 2023 resulted in the recognition of a tax benefit of $10.8. For 2022 and 2021, the Work Opportunity Tax Credit and Other, net categories were updated to separately reflect the Change in unrecognized tax benefits. Deferred income taxes are recorded based on temporary differences at the tax rate expected to be in effect when the temporary differences reverse. Temporary differences, which give rise to the deferred taxes, are as follows:
December 31 |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Future Income Tax Benefits (Expense) |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrued payroll taxes and insurance |  | $ | 11.2 |  |  | $ | 8.8 |
Employee compensation payable |  |  | 40.8 |  |  |  | 37.7 |
Pension and postretirement benefits |  |  | 71.8 |  |  |  | 65.0 |
Intangible assets |  |  | (129.3 | ) |  |  | (140.4 | )
Repatriation of non-United States earnings |  |  | (20.4 | ) |  |  | (18.4 | )
Loans denominated in foreign currencies |  |  | 16.8 |  |  |  | (0.7 | )
Operating lease ROU assets |  |  | (104.5 | ) |  |  | (92.9 | )
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | 107.0 |  |  |  | 94.6 |
Net operating losses |  |  | 187.7 |  |  |  | 128.9 |
Other |  |  | 166.3 |  |  |  | 179.7 |
Valuation allowance |  |  | (219.8 | ) |  |  | (161.1 | )
Total future tax benefits |  | $ | 127.6 |  |  | $ | 101.2 |
Deferred tax asset |  | $ | 138.3 |  |  | $ | 126.7 |
Deferred tax liability |  |  | (10.7 | ) |  |  | (25.5 | )
Total future tax benefits |  | $ | 127.6 |  |  | $ | 101.2 |
Pre-tax earnings of non-United States operations were $165.2, $380.9 and $433.6 in 2023, 2022, and 2021, r espectively. We have not provided deferred taxes on $391.5 of accumulated unremitted earnings of non-United States subsidiaries that are considered indefinitely reinvested. We have not estimated the deferred tax liability on these earnings as such estimation is not practicable to determine or immaterial to the financial statements. As of December 31, 2023, deferred taxes for non-United States withholding and other taxes were provided on $1,519.8 of accumulated unremitted earnings of non-United States subsidiaries that may be remitted to the United States. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we have recorded a deferred tax liability of $23.1 and $18.4, respectively, related to these non-United States earnings that may be remitted. We had United States federal and non-United States net operating loss carryforwards and United States state net operating loss carryforwards totaling $1,010.3 and $124.2, respectively, as of December 31, 2023. The net operating loss carryforwards expire as follows:
|  | United States Federal and Non-United States |  |  | United States State |
2024 |  |  | 4.2 |  |  |  | 33.7 |
2025 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  |  | 5.0 |
2026 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  |  | 6.7 |
2027 |  |  | 3.2 |  |  |  | 5.6 |
2028 |  | 1.1 |  |  | 0.1 |
Thereafter |  |  | 18.4 |  |  |  | 49.9 |
No expirations |  |  | 979.8 |  |  |  | 23.2 |
Total net operating loss carryforwards |  | $ | 1,010.3 |  |  | $ | 124.2 |
We have recorded a deferred tax asset of $187.7 as of December 31, 2023, for the benefit of these net operating losses. Realization of this asset is dependent on generating sufficient taxable income prior to the expiration of the loss carryforwards. A related valuation allowance of $165.4 was recorded as of December 31, 2023, as management believes that realization of certain net operating loss carryforwards is unlikely. We had gross unrecognized tax benefits related to various tax jurisdictions, including interest and penalties, of $32.8, $81.6 and $71.8 in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. If recognized, the entire amount would favorably affect the effective tax rate except for $6.0. Our unrecognized tax benefits decreased by $48.8 during 2023 primarily due to the effective settlement of an audit during the third quarter, which resulted in the recognition of a tax benefit of $10.8. We do not expect our unrecognized tax benefits to change significantly over the next 12 months. We recognize accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. We accrued net interest and penalties of $0.6, $0.8 and $0.9 in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We reduced our accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits by $4.2 p rimarily due to the effectively settled income tax audit in the third quarter of 2023. The following table summarizes the activity related to our unrecognized tax benefits during 2023, 2022, and 2021:
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Gross unrecognized tax benefits, beginning of year |  | $ | 76.3 |  |  | $ | 67.3 |  |  | $ | 60.9 |
Increases in prior year tax positions |  |  | 4.6 |  |  |  | 10.5 |  |  |  | 4.6 |
Decreases in prior year tax positions |  |  | (1.2 | ) |  |  | (1.2 | ) |  |  | (0.4 | )
Increases for current year tax positions |  |  | 2.6 |  |  |  | 2.3 |  |  |  | 9.0 |
Expiration of statute of limitations and audit settlements |  |  | (51.2 | ) |  |  | (2.6 | ) |  |  | (6.8 | )
Gross unrecognized tax benefits, end of year |  | $ | 31.1 |  |  | $ | 76.3 |  |  | $ | 67.3 |
Potential interest and penalties |  |  | 1.7 |  |  |  | 5.3 |  |  |  | 4.5 |
Balance, end of year |  | $ | 32.8 |  |  | $ | 81.6 |  |  | $ | 71.8 |
We conduct business globally in various countries and territories. We are routinely audited by the tax authorities of the various tax jurisdictions in which we operate. Generally, the tax years that could be subject to examination are 2016 through 2023 for our major operations in France, Italy, the United Kingdom and the United States. As of December 31, 2023, we were subject to tax audits in Australia, Austria, Germany, India, Israel, Spain and the United States. We believe that the resolution of these audits will not have a material adverse impact on earnings.

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