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Stock Compensation Plans
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2022
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
STOCK COMPENSATION PLANS
8. STOCK COMPENSATION PLANS

As of March 31, 2022, the Company’s primary type of stock-based compensation was restricted stock units and stock options. Stock-based compensation expense for the following periods were:
In millionsThree months ended March 31
20222021
Restricted stock units$26 $36 
Stock options5
Employee stock purchase plan3
Stock-based compensation expense3444
Tax benefit(4)(5)
Stock-based compensation expense (net of tax)$30 $39 
Stock-based compensation expense is recognized in the financial statements based upon fair value.
On February 25, 2022, the Company granted market-based restricted stock units with 100% of the award vesting on December 31, 2024. The number of awards that vest are subject to the performance of the Company's stock price from the date of grant to December 31, 2024. The fair value was determined to be $57.67 based on using a Monte-Carlo simulation model and will be recognized over the requisite service period. The table below details the assumptions used in determining the fair value of the market-based restricted stock units.
Dividend yield %
Risk-free interest rate1.73 %
Expected volatility59.26 %

Expected volatility for the market-based restricted stock units is calculated as the historical volatility of the Company’s stock over a period of three years, as management believes this is the best representation of prospective trends. The risk-free interest rate was determined based on a three year U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of the grant.

As of March 31, 2022, the total unrecognized compensation cost of $228 million related to unvested restricted stock grants is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 1.2 years. As of March 31, 2022, the total unrecognized compensation cost of $15 million related to unvested stock option grants is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 0.5 years.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan The Company's Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) provides employees a 15% discount on stock purchases using a three-month look-back feature where the discount is applied to the stock price that represents the lower of NCR’s closing stock price on either the first day or the last day of each calendar quarter. Participants can contribute between 1% and 10% of their compensation.
For the three months ended March 31, 2022, employees purchased 0.3 million shares, at a discounted price of $34.16. For the three months ended March 31, 2021, employees purchased 0.2 million shares, at a discounted price of $30.82.