10-Q 1 ely-2016930x10q.htm 10-Q
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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q

ý | Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2016
OR

o | Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the transition period to
Commission file number 001-10962

Callaway Golf Company
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 95-3797580
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

2180 Rutherford Road, Carlsbad, CA 92008
(760) 931-1771
(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of principal executive offices)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Large accelerated filer |  | o |  | Accelerated filer |  | ý
Non-accelerated filer |  | o (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) |  | Smaller reporting company |  | o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No ý
As of September 30, 2016, the number of shares outstanding of the Registrant’s common stock outstanding was 94,112,834.

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Important Notice to Investors Regarding Forward-Looking Statements: This report contains "forward-looking statements" as defined under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements can be identified by words such as: "may," "should," "will," "could," "would," "anticipate," "plan," "believe," "project," "estimate," "expect," "strategy," "future," "likely," "on track," and similar references to future periods. Forward-looking statements include, among others, statements that relate to future plans, events, liquidity, financial results or performance including, but not limited to, statements relating to future stock repurchases, cash flows and liquidity, compliance with debt covenants, estimated unrecognized stock compensation expense, projected capital expenditures and depreciation and amortization expense, market conditions, future contractual obligations, the realization of deferred tax assets, including loss and credit carryforwards, the reversal of the deferred tax valuation allowance in future periods, future income tax expense and the future impact of new accounting standards. These statements are based upon current information and the Company's current beliefs, expectations and assumptions regarding the future of the Company's business, future plans and strategies, projections, anticipated events and trends, the economy and other future conditions. Because forward-looking statements relate to the future, they are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict and many of which are outside of the Company's control. As a result of these uncertainties and because the information on which these forward-looking statements is based may ultimately prove to be incorrect, actual results may differ materially from those anticipated. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ include, among others, the following:

• | certain risks and uncertainties, including changes in capital market or economic conditions;

• | delays, difficulties, changed strategies, or increased costs in implementing the Company’s turnaround plans;

• | consumer acceptance of and demand for the Company’s products;

• | future retailer purchasing activity, which can be significantly affected by adverse industry conditions and overall retail inventory levels;

• | the level of promotional activity in the marketplace;

• | future consumer discretionary purchasing activity, which can be significantly adversely affected by unfavorable economic or market conditions;

• | the ability of the Company to manage international business risks;

• | future changes in foreign currency exchange rates and the degree of effectiveness of the Company’s hedging programs;

• | adverse changes in the credit markets or continued compliance with the terms of the Company’s credit facilities;

• | delays, difficulties or increased costs in the supply of components needed to manufacture the Company’s products or in manufacturing the Company’s products, including the Company's dependence on a limited number of suppliers for some of its products;

• | adverse weather conditions and seasonality;

• | any rule changes or other actions taken by the USGA or other golf association that could have an adverse impact upon demand or supply of the Company’s products;

• | the ability of the Company to protect its intellectual property rights;

• | a decrease in participation levels in golf;

• | the effect of terrorist activity, armed conflict, natural disasters or pandemic diseases on the economy generally, on the level of demand for the Company’s products or on the Company’s ability to manage its supply and delivery logistics in such an environment; and

• | the general risks and uncertainties applicable to the Company and its business.

For details concerning these and other risks and uncertainties, see Part I, Item IA, “Risk Factors” contained in the Company’s most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, as well as the Company’s quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K subsequently filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission from time to time. Investors should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which are based on current information and speak only as of the date hereof. The Company undertakes no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect new information or events or circumstances after the date hereof or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. Investors should also be aware that while the Company from time to time does communicate with securities analysts, it is against the Company’s policy to disclose to them any material non-public information or other confidential commercial information. Furthermore, the Company has a policy against distributing or confirming financial forecasts or projections issued by analysts and any reports issued by such analysts are not the responsibility of the Company. Investors should not assume that the Company agrees with any report issued by any analyst or with any statements, projections, forecasts or opinions contained in any such report.
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Callaway Golf Company Trademarks: The following marks and phrases, among others, are trademarks of Callaway Golf Company: Apex-Apex Tour-APW-Aqua Dry-Arm Lock-Backstryke-Big Bertha-Big Bertha Alpha-Big T-Black Series-Callaway-Callaway Golf- Callaway Media Productions-Callaway Supersoft-CF16-C Grind-Chev-Chev 18-Chevron Device-Chrome Soft-Comfort Tech-CXR-D.A.R.T.-Dawn Patrol-Divine-Dual Softfast Core-Eagle-Engage-ERC-Exo-Cage-FTiZ-FT Optiforce-Fast Tech Mantle-FT Performance-FT Tour-Fusion-Fusion RX-Gems-Gravity Core-Great Big Bertha-Heavenwood-Hex Aerodynamics-Hex Chrome-Hex Soft-Hex Solaire-HX-Hyper Lite-Hyper Speed Face-IMIX-Innovate or Die design-Ion X-Jailbird- Jailbreak-Kings of Distance-Legacy-Longer From Everywhere-Mack Daddy-MarXman-MD3 Milled-MetalX-Number One Putter in Golf-Odyssey-Odyssey Works-OptiFit-Opti Flex-Opti Grip-Opti Shield-Opti Therm-ORG 14-ORG 15-ProType-·R·-Rossie-R Moto-RSX-S2H2-Sabertooth-SoftFast-Solaire-Speed Regime-Speed Step-SR1-SR2-SR3-Steelhead-Steelhead XR-Strata-Strata Jet-Stronomic-SubZero-Superhot-Sure Out-Tank-Tank Cruiser-Teron-Tech Series-TiHot-Toe Up-Tour Authentic-Trade In! Trade Up!-Trionomer Cover-Tru Bore-udesign-Uptown-Versa-Warbird-Weather Series-Wedgeducation-W Grind-White Hot-White Hot Tour-White Hot Pro-White Hot Pro Havok-White Hot RX-White Ice-World's Friendliest-X-12-X-14-X-16-X-18-X-20- X-22-X-24-X Act-X Hot-X Hot Pro-X² Hot-XR16-XR design-XROS-X Series-XSPANN-Xtra Traction Technology-XTT-Xtra Width Technology-2Ball-2BallFang-3Deep.
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CALLAWAY GOLF COMPANY
INDEX

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. | Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 5
| Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 | 5
| Consolidated Condensed Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 | 6
| Consolidated Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 | 7
| Consolidated Condensed Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 | 8
| Consolidated Condensed Statement of Shareholders’ Equity for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 | 9
| Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements | 10
Item 2. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 27
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 39
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 40
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 41
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 41
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 41
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 41
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 41
Item 5. | Other Information | 41
Item 6. | Exhibits | 42

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements (Unaudited)
CALLAWAY GOLF COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS
(Unaudited)
(In thousands, except share data)

| September 30, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
ASSETS |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 124,628 |  |  | $ | 49,801 |
Accounts receivable, net | 158,262 |  |  | 115,607 |
Inventories | 157,002 |  |  | 208,883 |
Income taxes receivable | 927 |  |  | 487 |
Other current assets | 11,136 |  |  | 16,709 |
Total current assets | 451,955 |  |  | 391,487 |
Property, plant and equipment, net | 55,775 |  |  | 55,808 |
Intangible assets, net | 88,743 |  |  | 88,782 |
Goodwill | 26,235 |  |  | 26,500 |
Deferred taxes, net | 7,267 |  |  | 6,962 |
Investment in golf-related ventures (Note 7) | 49,108 |  |  | 53,315 |
Other assets | 9,054 |  |  | 8,370 |
Total assets | $ | 688,137 |  |  | $ | 631,224 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | $ | 118,264 |  |  | $ | 122,620 |
Accrued employee compensation and benefits | 30,280 |  |  | 33,518 |
Asset-based credit facilities | — |  |  | 14,969 |
Accrued warranty expense | 5,515 |  |  | 5,706 |
Income tax liability | 1,747 |  |  | 1,823 |
Total current liabilities | 155,806 |  |  | 178,636 |
Long-term liabilities: |  |  |
Income tax payable | 3,383 |  |  | 3,476 |
Deferred taxes, net | 34,844 |  |  | 35,093 |
Long-term incentive compensation and other | 1,212 |  |  | 1,074 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 10) |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 3,000,000 shares authorized, none issued and outstanding at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 240,000,000 shares authorized, 94,214,295 and 93,769,199 shares issued at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively | 942 |  |  | 938 |
Additional paid-in capital | 327,716 |  |  | 322,793 |
Retained earnings | 164,800 |  |  | 101,047 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (9,219 | ) |  | (11,813 | )
Less: Common stock held in treasury, at cost, 101,461 and 2,075 shares at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively | (936 | ) |  | (20 | )
Total Callaway Golf Company shareholders’ equity | 483,303 |  |  | 412,945 |
Non-controlling interest in consolidated entity (Note 6) | 9,589 |  |  | — |
Total shareholders’ equity | 492,892 |  |  | 412,945 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | $ | 688,137 |  |  | $ | 631,224 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
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CALLAWAY GOLF COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Unaudited)
(In thousands, except per share data)

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Net sales | $ | 187,850 |  |  | $ | 175,780 |  |  | $ | 707,497 |  |  | $ | 690,463 |
Cost of sales | 108,975 |  |  | 98,178 |  |  | 385,597 |  |  | 383,898 |
Gross profit | 78,875 |  |  | 77,602 |  |  | 321,900 |  |  | 306,565 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling expense | 55,869 |  |  | 52,390 |  |  | 183,543 |  |  | 178,675 |
General and administrative expense | 19,851 |  |  | 15,772 |  |  | 52,484 |  |  | 47,407 |
Research and development expense | 8,420 |  |  | 8,673 |  |  | 24,942 |  |  | 24,192 |
Total operating expenses | 84,140 |  |  | 76,835 |  |  | 260,969 |  |  | 250,274 |
Income (loss) from operations | (5,265 | ) |  | 767 |  |  | 60,931 |  |  | 56,291 |
Interest income | 56 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 550 |  |  | 372 |
Interest expense | (487 | ) |  | (3,545 | ) |  | (1,949 | ) |  | (7,849 | )
Gain on sale of golf-related ventures (Note 7) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,662 |  |  | — |
Other income (expense), net | 1,251 |  |  | 683 |  |  | (5,806 | ) |  | 1,208 |
Income (loss) before income taxes | (4,445 | ) |  | (2,070 | ) |  | 71,388 |  |  | 50,022 |
Income tax provision | 1,294 |  |  | 1,547 |  |  | 4,632 |  |  | 5,002 |
Net income (loss) | (5,739 | ) |  | (3,617 | ) |  | 66,756 |  |  | 45,020 |
Less: Net income attributable to non-controlling interests | 127 |  |  | — |  |  | 127 |  |  | — |
Net income (loss) attributable to Callaway Golf Company | $ | (5,866 | ) |  | $ | (3,617 | ) |  | $ | 66,629 |  |  | $ | 45,020 |
Earnings (loss) per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | (0.06 | ) |  | $ | (0.04 | ) |  | $ | 0.71 |  |  | $ | 0.56 |
Diluted | $ | (0.06 | ) |  | $ | (0.04 | ) |  | $ | 0.70 |  |  | $ | 0.53 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 94,081 |  |  | 83,875 |  |  | 94,021 |  |  | 80,030 |
Diluted | 94,081 |  |  | 83,875 |  |  | 95,687 |  |  | 94,614 |
Dividends declared per common share | $ | 0.01 |  |  | $ | 0.01 |  |  | $ | 0.03 |  |  | $ | 0.03 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
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CALLAWAY GOLF COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(Unaudited)
(In thousands)

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Net income (loss) | $ | (5,866 | ) |  | $ | (3,617 | ) |  | $ | 66,629 |  |  | $ | 45,020 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value of derivative instruments | 515 |  |  | (1,174 | ) |  | (1,708 | ) |  | 869 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | 577 |  |  | (5,861 | ) |  | 4,195 |  |  | (10,146 | )
Comprehensive income (loss), before tax | (4,774 | ) |  | (10,652 | ) |  | 69,116 |  |  | 35,743 |
Income tax (expense) benefit related to items of other comprehensive income | (31 | ) |  | — |  |  | 31 |  |  | — |
Comprehensive income (loss) | (4,805 | ) |  | (10,652 | ) |  | 69,147 |  |  | 35,743 |
Less: Comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interest | (76 | ) |  | — |  |  | (76 | ) |  | — |
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Callaway Golf Company | $ | (4,729 | ) |  | $ | (10,652 | ) |  | $ | 69,223 |  |  | $ | 35,743 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
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CALLAWAY GOLF COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)
(In thousands)

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2016 |  | 2015
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 66,629 |  |  | $ | 45,020 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 12,541 |  |  | 13,350 |
Deferred taxes | (370 | ) |  | (184 | )
Share-based compensation | 6,465 |  |  | 5,535 |
Gain on disposal of long-lived assets and deferred gain amortization | (117 | ) |  | (772 | )
Gain on sale of golf-related investments | (17,662 | ) |  | — |
Unrealized losses on foreign currency forward contracts | 2,880 |  |  | — |
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests | 127 |  |  | — |
Discount amortization on convertible notes | — |  |  | 515 |
Change in assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net | (38,740 | ) |  | (48,099 | )
Inventories | 64,842 |  |  | 19,417 |
Other assets | 3,859 |  |  | 5,609 |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | (10,490 | ) |  | (4,845 | )
Accrued employee compensation and benefits | (3,342 | ) |  | (7,264 | )
Accrued warranty expense | (191 | ) |  | 408 |
Income taxes receivable/payable | (639 | ) |  | 42 |
Other liabilities | (171 | ) |  | (342 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities | 85,621 |  |  | 28,390 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Proceeds from sale of investments in golf-related ventures | 23,429 |  |  | — |
Collection of note receivable | 3,104 |  |  | — |
Capital expenditures | (12,163 | ) |  | (8,513 | )
Investment in golf-related ventures | (1,560 | ) |  | — |
Proceeds from sales of property and equipment | 20 |  |  | 2 |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 12,830 |  |  | (8,511 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Repayments of asset-based credit facilities, net | (14,969 | ) |  | (15,235 | )
Acquisition of treasury stock | (5,133 | ) |  | (1,942 | )
Dividends paid | (2,822 | ) |  | (2,454 | )
Exercise of stock options | 2,625 |  |  | 5,330 |
Net cash used in financing activities | (20,299 | ) |  | (14,301 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | (3,325 | ) |  | (1,621 | )
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents | 74,827 |  |  | 3,957 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 49,801 |  |  | 37,635 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 124,628 |  |  | $ | 41,592 |
Supplemental disclosures: |  |  |
Cash paid for income taxes, net | $ | 5,750 |  |  | $ | 4,858 |
Cash paid for interest and fees | $ | 1,399 |  |  | $ | 6,339 |
Noncash investing and financing activities: |  |  |
Issuance of treasury stock for compensatory stock awards released from restriction | $ | 893 |  |  | $ | 3,763 |
Accrued capital expenditures at period-end | $ | 1,272 |  |  | $ | 1,603 |
Conversion of convertible notes to common stock, net of discount (Note 2) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 82,388 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
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CALLAWAY GOLF COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED CONDENSED STATEMENT OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(Unaudited)
(In thousands)

| Shareholders' Equity Callaway Golf Company |  |  |  |  |  |
| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Treasury Stock |  | Non- Controlling Interests |  |  |
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  | Total
Balance at December 31, 2015 | 93,769 |  |  | $ | 938 |  |  | $ | 322,793 |  |  | $ | 101,047 |  |  |  | $ | (11,813 | ) |  |  | (2 | ) |  | $ | (20 | ) |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | 412,945 |
Acquisition of treasury stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (572 | ) |  | (5,133 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (5,133 | )
Exercise of stock options | — |  |  | — |  |  | (690 | ) |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 373 |  |  | 3,315 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,625 |
Compensatory awards released from restriction | 440 |  |  | 4 |  |  | (897 | ) |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 99 |  |  | 893 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Share-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,465 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,465 |
Stock dividends | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 45 |  |  | (54 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Cash dividends | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,822 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,822 | )
Equity adjustment from foreign currency translation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,271 |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (76 | ) |  |  | 4,195 |
Change in fair value of derivative instruments | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,677 | ) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,677 | )
Non-controlling interests (Note 6) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,538 |  |  |  | 9,538 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 66,629 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 127 |  |  |  | 66,756 |
Balance at September 30, 2016 | 94,214 |  |  | $ | 942 |  |  | $ | 327,716 |  |  | $ | 164,800 |  |  |  | $ | (9,219 | ) |  |  | (101 | ) |  | $ | (936 | ) |  |  | $ | 9,589 |  |  |  | $ | 492,892 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
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CALLAWAY GOLF COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
Note 1. Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited consolidated condensed financial statements have been prepared by Callaway Golf Company (the “Company” or “Callaway Golf”) pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”). Accordingly, certain information and disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted. These consolidated condensed financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 filed with the Commission. These consolidated condensed financial statements, in the opinion of management, include all the normal and recurring adjustments necessary for the fair presentation of the financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods and dates presented. Interim operating results are not necessarily indicative of operating results for the full year.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates and assumptions.
Recent Accounting Standards
In March 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2016-09, "Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting." This amendment is intended to simplify several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and classification on the statement of cash flows. The amendment is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods therein. Early application is permitted. The Company does not expect that the adoption of this amendment will have a material impact on the Company's consolidated condensed financial statements.
In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-04, "Liabilities—Extinguishment of Liabilities (Subtopic 405-20): Recognition of Breakage for Certain Prepaid Stored-Value Products." The amendment clarifies when it is acceptable to recognize the unredeemed portion of prepaid gift cards into income, and is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on its consolidated condensed financial statements and disclosures. As of September 30, 2016, the Company had $1,206,000 of deferred revenue related to unredeemed gift cards.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, "Leases (Topic 842)." Under the new guidance, lessees will be required to recognize the following for all leases (with the exception of short-term leases) at the commencement date: (i) a lease liability, which is a lessee's obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease, measured on a discounted basis; and (ii) a right-of-use asset, which is an asset that represents the lessee’s right to use, or control the use of, a specified asset for the lease term. Under the new guidance, lessor accounting is largely unchanged and lessees will no longer be provided with a source of off-balance sheet financing. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. Lessees (for capital and operating leases) and lessors (for sales-type, direct financing, and operating leases) must apply a modified retrospective transition approach for leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements. The modified retrospective approach would not require any transition accounting for leases that expired before the earliest comparative period presented. Lessees and lessors may not apply a full retrospective transition approach. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this ASU will have on its consolidated condensed financial statements and disclosures.
In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, "Financial Instruments─Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities." The amendment requires (i) equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting, or those that result in consolidation of the investee) to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income, (ii) public business entities to use the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes and (iii) separate presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial asset (i.e., securities or loans and receivables). This amendment eliminates the
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requirement for public business entities to disclose the method(s) and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value that is required to be disclosed for financial instruments measured at amortized cost. This amendment is effective for public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this ASU will have on its consolidated condensed financial statements and disclosures.
In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-11, "Inventory (Topic 330): Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory." Topic 330, Inventory, currently requires an entity to measure inventory at the lower of cost or market. Market could be replacement cost, net realizable value, or net realizable value less an approximately normal profit margin. The amendments apply to inventory that is measured using first-in, first-out (FIFO) or average cost. An entity should measure in-scope inventory at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Net realizable value is the estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal, and transportation. The amendments in this update more closely align the measurement of inventory in GAAP with the measurement of inventory in International Financial Reporting Standards. For public business entities, the amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The amendments should be applied prospectively with earlier application permitted as of the beginning of an interim or annual reporting period. The Company does not expect that the adoption of this amendment will have a material impact on its consolidated condensed financial statements.
In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-15, "Presentation of Financial Statements—Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40): Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern." This ASU is intended to define management’s responsibility to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about an organization’s ability to continue as a going concern and to provide related footnote disclosures, and provides guidance to an organization’s management, with principles and definitions that are intended to reduce diversity in the timing and content of disclosures that are commonly provided by organizations today in the financial statement footnotes. Until the issuance of this ASU, U.S. GAAP lacked guidance about management’s responsibility to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about the organization’s ability to continue as a going concern or to provide related footnote disclosures. The amendments are effective for annual periods ending after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016. Early application is permitted for annual or interim reporting periods for which the financial statements have not previously been issued. The Company does not expect that the adoption of this amendment will have a material impact on its consolidated condensed financial statements and disclosures.
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers: (Topic 606)." This ASU affects any entity that either enters into contracts with customers to transfer goods or services or enters into contracts for the transfer of nonfinancial assets unless those contracts are within the scope of other standards (e.g., insurance contracts or lease contracts). This ASU will supersede the revenue recognition requirements in Topic 605, "Revenue Recognition," and most industry-specific guidance. In addition, the existing requirements for the recognition of a gain or loss on the transfer of nonfinancial assets that are not in a contract with a customer (e.g., assets within the scope of Topic 360, "Property, Plant, and Equipment," and intangible assets within the scope of Topic 350, "Intangibles-Goodwill and Other") are amended to be consistent with the guidance on recognition and measurement (including the constraint on revenue) in this ASU. The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The amendments in this ASU are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period. Early adoption is permitted only for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period. The Company does not intend to early adopt the new guidance, and is currently evaluating the adoption method and the impact the adoption will have on its consolidated condensed financial statements and disclosures.
Note 2. Financing Arrangements
In addition to cash on hand, as well as cash generated from operations, the Company relies on its primary and Japan asset-based revolving credit facilities to manage seasonal fluctuations in liquidity and to provide additional liquidity when the Company’s operating cash flows are not sufficient to fund the Company’s requirements. As of September 30, 2016, the Company had no borrowings outstanding under either facility, $933,000 in outstanding letters of credit, and $124,628,000 in cash and cash equivalents. At September 30, 2015, the Company had no borrowings outstanding under either facility, $1,117,000 in outstanding letters of credit, and $41,592,000 in cash and cash equivalents. The combined maximum amount that could have been outstanding under both facilities on September 30, 2016, after letters of credit, was $97,215,000, resulting in total available liquidity including cash on hand of $221,843,000 compared to the maximum amount that could have been outstanding under both facilities on September 30, 2015, after letters of credit, of $106,187,000, resulting in total available liquidity including cash on hand of $147,779,000.
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Primary Asset-Based Revolving Credit Facility
The Company's primary credit facility is a Loan and Security Agreement with Bank of America N.A. and other lenders (as amended, the “ABL Facility”), which provides a senior secured asset-based revolving credit facility of up to $230,000,000, comprised of a $160,000,000 U.S. facility, a $25,000,000 Canadian facility and a $45,000,000 United Kingdom facility, in each case subject to borrowing base availability under the applicable facility. The amounts outstanding under the ABL Facility are secured by certain assets, including cash (to the extent pledged by the Company), inventory and accounts receivable of the Company’s subsidiaries in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom.
As of September 30, 2016, the Company had no borrowings outstanding under the ABL Facility and $933,000 in outstanding letters of credit. The maximum amount of additional indebtedness (as defined by the ABL Facility) that could have been outstanding on September 30, 2016, after outstanding borrowings and letters of credit, was approximately $83,060,000. The maximum availability under the ABL Facility fluctuates with the general seasonality of the business and increases and decreases with changes in the Company’s inventory and accounts receivable balances. The maximum availability is at its highest during the first half of the year when the Company’s inventory and accounts receivable balances are higher and is lower during the second half of the year when the Company's inventory levels decrease and its accounts receivable decrease as a result of cash collections and lower sales. Average outstanding borrowings during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 were $25,105,000, and the average amount available under the ABL Facility during the nine months ended September 30, 2016, after outstanding borrowings and letters of credit, was approximately $104,896,000. Amounts borrowed under the ABL Facility may be repaid and borrowed as needed. The entire outstanding principal amount (if any) is due and payable on June 23, 2019.
The ABL Facility includes certain restrictions including, among other things, restrictions on the incurrence of additional debt, liens, stock repurchases and other restricted payments, asset sales, investments, mergers, acquisitions and affiliate transactions. In addition, the ABL Facility imposes restrictions on the amount the Company could pay in annual cash dividends. These restrictions do not materially limit the Company's ability to pay future dividends at the current dividend rate. As of September 30, 2016, the maximum amount that the Company could have paid out in dividends was $48,560,000. As of September 30, 2016, the Company was in compliance with all financial covenants of the ABL Facility. Additionally, the Company is subject to compliance with a fixed charge coverage ratio covenant during, and continuing 30 days after, any period in which the Company’s borrowing base availability, as amended, falls below $23,000,000. The Company’s borrowing base availability was above $23,000,000 during the nine months ended September 30, 2016, and the Company was in compliance with the fixed charge coverage ratio as of September 30, 2016. Had the Company not been in compliance with the fixed charge coverage ratio as of September 30, 2016, the Company's maximum amount of additional indebtedness that could have been outstanding on September 30, 2016 would have been reduced by $23,000,000.
The interest rate applicable to outstanding loans under the ABL Facility fluctuates depending on the Company’s “availability ratio," which is expressed as a percentage of (i) the average daily availability under the ABL Facility to (ii) the sum of the Canadian, the U.K. and the U.S. borrowing bases, as adjusted. The applicable margin for any month could be reduced by 0.25% if the Company’s availability ratio is greater than or equal to 67% and the Company’s “leverage ratio” (as defined below) is less than 4.0 to 1.0 as of the last day of the month for which financial statements have been delivered, so long as no default or event of default exists. The Company’s “leverage ratio” is the ratio of the amount of debt for borrowed money to the twelve-month trailing EBITDA (as defined in the ABL Facility), each determined on a consolidated basis. At September 30, 2016, the Company’s trailing 12 month average interest rate applicable to its outstanding loans under the ABL Facility, including the fees described below, was 2.59%.
The ABL Facility provides for monthly fees ranging from 0.25% to 0.375% of the unused portion of the ABL Facility, depending on the prior month’s average daily balance of revolver loans and stated amount of letters of credit relative to lenders’ commitments.
The fees incurred in connection with the origination and amendment of the ABL Facility totaled $4,987,000, which are amortized into interest expense over the term of the ABL Facility agreement. Unamortized fees at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 totaled $1,422,000 and $1,781,000, respectively, of which $517,000 and $509,000 were included in other current assets, respectively, and $905,000 and $1,272,000 were included in other assets, respectively, in the accompanying consolidated condensed balance sheets.
Japan ABL Facility
The Company has a separate asset-based loan and guarantee agreement between its subsidiary in Japan and The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFG, Ltd and The Development Bank of Japan (as amended, the "Japan ABL Facility"), which provides a credit
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facility of up to 2,000,000,000 Yen (or U.S. $19,736,000, using the exchange rate in effect as of September 30, 2016) over a two-year term, subject to borrowing base availability under the facility. The amounts outstanding are secured by certain assets, including eligible inventory. There were no borrowings outstanding under this facility as of September 30, 2016. The maximum amount that could have been outstanding at September 30, 2016 was 1,434,640,000 Yen (or U.S. $14,155,000).
The Japan ABL Facility is subject to an effective interest rate equal to TIBOR plus 0.25%. At September 30, 2016, the trailing 12 month average interest rate applicable to the Company's outstanding loans under the Japan ABL Facility together with fees was 0.35% and includes certain restrictions including covenants related to certain pledged assets and financial performance metrics. As of September 30, 2016, the Company was in compliance with these covenants.
Convertible Senior Notes
In 2012, the Company issued $112,500,000 of 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes (the “convertible notes”). The convertible notes were convertible at the option of the note holder at any time on or prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding August 15, 2019, into shares of common stock at an initial conversion rate of 133.3333 shares per $1,000 principal amount of convertible notes, which is equal to an aggregate of 15,000,000 shares of common stock at a conversion price of approximately $7.50 per share, subject to customary anti-dilution adjustments. In connection with these convertible notes, the Company incurred transactional fees of $3,537,000.
During the second half of 2015, the convertible notes were retired pursuant to certain exchange transactions and shareholder conversions, which resulted, among other things, in the issuance of 15,000,000 shares of the Company's common stock to the note holders. In connection with the retirement of the convertible notes, the Company recorded $108,955,000 in shareholders' equity as of December 31, 2015, net of the outstanding discount of $3,395,000. There were no convertible notes outstanding as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015.
In connection with the elimination of the convertible notes, the Company accelerated the amortization of transaction fees during the second half of 2015. As a result, there were no transaction fees amortized during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016. Total interest and amortization expense recognized in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 was $767,000 and $3,273,000, respectively.
Note 3. Earnings (Loss) per Common Share
Basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period.
Diluted earnings per common share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if convertible securities, or other contracts to issue common stock, were exercised or converted into common stock. Dilutive securities are included in the calculation of diluted earnings per common share using the treasury stock method and the if-converted method in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 260, “Earnings per Share.” Dilutive securities include convertible notes, options granted pursuant to the Company’s stock option plans and outstanding restricted stock units and performance share units granted to employees and non-employee directors (see Note 11).
Weighted-average common shares outstanding—diluted is the same as weighted-average common shares outstanding—basic in periods when a net loss is reported or in periods when anti-dilution occurs.
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The following table summarizes the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share (in thousands, except per share data):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Earnings (loss) per common share—basic |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) attributable to Callaway Golf Company | $ | (5,866 | ) |  | $ | (3,617 | ) |  | $ | 66,629 |  |  | $ | 45,020 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding—basic | 94,081 |  |  | 83,875 |  |  | 94,021 |  |  | 80,030 |
Basic earnings (loss) per common share | $ | (0.06 | ) |  | $ | (0.04 | ) |  | $ | 0.71 |  |  | $ | 0.56 |
Earnings (loss) per common share—diluted |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) attributable to Callaway Golf Company | $ | (5,866 | ) |  | $ | (3,617 | ) |  | $ | 66,629 |  |  | $ | 45,020 |
Interest on convertible debt | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,329 |
Net income (loss) including assumed conversions | $ | (5,866 | ) |  | $ | (3,617 | ) |  | $ | 66,629 |  |  | $ | 50,349 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding—basic | 94,081 |  |  | 83,875 |  |  | 94,021 |  |  | 80,030 |
Convertible notes weighted-average shares outstanding | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,217 |
Options and restricted stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,666 |  |  | 1,367 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding—diluted | 94,081 |  |  | 83,875 |  |  | 95,687 |  |  | 94,614 |
Dilutive earnings (loss) per common share | $ | (0.06 | ) |  | $ | (0.04 | ) |  | $ | 0.70 |  |  | $ | 0.53 |

For the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, securities outstanding totaling approximately 269,000 shares (comprised of stock options and restricted stock units), and 11,676,000 shares (comprised of stock options and common shares underlying convertible senior notes of 9,711,000), respectively, have been excluded from the calculation of earnings per common share—diluted as their effect would be antidilutive. For the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, securities outstanding totaling approximately 330,000 and 579,000 shares, respectively, comprised of stock options and restricted stock units, have been excluded from the calculation of earnings per common share—diluted as their effect would be antidilutive.
Note 4. Inventories
Inventories are summarized below (in thousands):

| September 30, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
Inventories: |  |  |
Raw materials | $ | 43,877 |  |  | $ | 53,876 |
Work-in-process | 1,005 |  |  | 703 |
Finished goods | 112,120 |  |  | 154,304 |
| $ | 157,002 |  |  | $ | 208,883 |

Note 5. Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill and intangible assets, which consist of trade names, trademarks, trade dress, patents and other intangible assets, were acquired in connection with the acquisition of Odyssey Sports, Inc. in 1997, FrogTrader, Inc. in 2004, and certain foreign distributors. Internally developed intangible assets are expensed as incurred.
The Company’s goodwill and acquired intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized, but are subject to an annual impairment test. The Company performs an impairment analysis on its goodwill and intangible assets at least annually and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of such assets may not be fully recoverable. Acquired intangible assets with definite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives and are tested for impairment only when impairment indicators are present.
Goodwill at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 was $26,235,000 and $26,500,000, respectively. The decrease in goodwill during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 of $265,000 was due to foreign currency fluctuations.
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The following sets forth the intangible assets by major asset class (dollars in thousands):

| Useful Life (Years) |  | September 30, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
| Gross |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Book Value |  | Gross |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Book Value
Non-Amortizing: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade name, trademark and trade dress and other | NA |  | $ | 88,590 |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | 88,590 |  |  | $ | 88,590 |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | 88,590 |
Amortizing: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Patents | 2-16 |  | 31,581 |  |  |  | 31,428 |  |  |  | 153 |  |  | 31,581 |  |  |  | 31,389 |  |  |  | 192 |
Developed technology and other | 1-9 |  | 7,981 |  |  |  | 7,981 |  |  |  | — |  |  | 7,961 |  |  |  | 7,961 |  |  |  | — |
Total intangible assets |  |  | $ | 128,152 |  |  |  | $ | 39,409 |  |  |  | $ | 88,743 |  |  | $ | 128,132 |  |  |  | $ | 39,350 |  |  |  | $ | 88,782 |

Aggregate amortization expense on intangible assets was approximately $59,000 and $38,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
Amortization expense related to intangible assets at September 30, 2016 in each of the next five fiscal years and beyond is expected to be incurred as follows (in thousands):

Remainder of 2016 | $ | 13 |
2017 | 51 |
2018 | 51 |
2019 | 38 |
| $ | 153 |

Note 6. Joint Venture
Effective July 1, 2016, the Company completed the previously announced joint venture with its long-time apparel licensee, TSI Groove & Sports Co, Ltd., ("TSI"), a premier apparel manufacturer in Japan. The new venture is named Callaway Apparel K.K. and includes the design, manufacture and distribution of Callaway-branded apparel, footwear and headwear in Japan. The Company contributed $10,333,000, primarily in cash, for a 52% ownership of the joint venture, and TSI contributed $9,538,000, primarily in inventory, for the remaining 48%. The valuation of contributed assets is preliminary and subject to change upon completion of this process. Changes in final values are not expected to be material to the consolidated condensed financial statements. The Company has a majority voting percentage on matters pertaining to the business operations and significant management decisions of the joint venture, and as such, the Company is required to consolidate the financial results of the joint venture with the financial results of the Company. The joint venture was consolidated one month in arrears.
As a result of the consolidation, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company recognized $11,452,000 in net sales from the joint venture and recorded net income attributable to the non-controlling interest of $127,000 in its consolidated condensed statement of operations. At September 30, 2016, the Company recognized a non-controlling interest of $9,589,000 in its consolidated condensed balance sheet and consolidated condensed statement of shareholders' equity.
Note 7. Investments
Investment in Topgolf International, Inc.
The Company owns a minority interest in Topgolf International, Inc., doing business as the Topgolf Entertainment Group (“Topgolf”), the owner and operator of Topgolf entertainment centers, which ownership consists of common stock and various classes of preferred stock. In connection with this investment, the Company has a preferred partner agreement with Topgolf in which the Company has preferred signage rights, rights as the preferred supplier of golf products used or offered for use at Topgolf facilities at prices no less than those paid by the Company’s customers, preferred retail positioning in the Topgolf retail stores, access to consumer information obtained by Topgolf, and other rights incidental to those listed above.
In January 2016, the Company invested an additional $1,260,000 in preferred shares of Topgolf. In February 2016, Topgolf announced that Providence Equity Partners L.L.C. (“Providence Equity”) made a significant minority preferred stock investment in Topgolf (the “Providence Equity Investment”). As required by the terms of the Providence Equity Investment, Topgolf used a
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portion of the proceeds it received to repurchase shares from its existing shareholders, other than Providence Equity (the “Topgolf Repurchase Program”). In April 2016, the Company sold approximately 10.0% or $5,767,000 (on a cost basis) of its preferred shares in Topgolf under the Topgolf Repurchase Program for $23,429,000, which reduced the Company's total investment to $48,808,000, and the Company's ownership percentage to approximately 15.0%. In connection with this sale, during the second quarter of 2016, the Company recognized a gain of approximately $17,662,000 in other income (expense).
Following the completion of the Providence Equity Investment and the Topgolf Repurchase Program, the Company estimated that the fair value of its Topgolf shares was within the range of $207,000,000 to $217,000,000. This fair value estimate was based solely upon the valuations and pricing in the Providence Equity Investment and related Topgolf Repurchase Program. No discount was attributed to this fair value estimate for any preferred terms, including any shareholder, governance or other rights provided to Providence Equity that may differ from those held by the Company, and no premium was attributed to this fair value estimate for any incremental value that might otherwise apply in the case of a change in control transaction (e.g. an initial public offering or sale of Topgolf). The Company’s Topgolf shares are illiquid and there is no assurance that the Company could sell its shares for the estimated fair value, or at all. Further, this estimate represents the fair value as of a point in time immediately after the Providence Equity Investment and the Topgolf Repurchase Program. Since that time, Topgolf has continued with its new site development plans, including the opening of its flagship site in Las Vegas, Nevada. The value of the Company’s shares is significantly affected by the number of sites opened by Topgolf and, as a result, the range in fair value of the Company's Topgolf shares discussed above may not be indicative of the current fair value of the Company's investment in Topgolf. The current or future value of the Company’s shares may differ materially from the previously estimated fair value. In addition to the number of new Topgolf sites opened, the current or future fair value will be affected by many factors, including the availability of interested and willing buyers, the future performance of the Topgolf business, Topgolf’s future capital structure, potential future dilution, and private and public equity market valuations and market conditions. In the absence of the Providence Equity Investment, it would not have been practicable for the Company to estimate the fair value of its Topgolf shares. In the absence of another transaction indicative of fair market value, the Company does not anticipate that it will be practicable on a cost-benefit basis to estimate the fair value of its Topgolf shares in the future. As the fair value range was derived from the private placement transaction described above, it is categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy (see Note 12).
In addition, in December 2015, the Company and Topgolf entered into a shareholder loan agreement, which resulted in a note receivable from Topgolf for $3,200,000. The loan was subject to an annual interest rate of 10.0%, and was due and payable on March 30, 2016. The loan was paid in full in February 2016.
The Company’s total ownership interest in Topgolf, including the Company's voting rights in the preferred shares of Topgolf, remains at less than 20.0% of the outstanding equity securities of Topgolf. As of September 30, 2016, the Company did not have the ability to significantly influence the operating and financing activities and policies of Topgolf, and accordingly, the Company’s investment in Topgolf is accounted for at cost in accordance with ASC Topic 325, “Investments—Other.”
Note 8. Product Warranty
The Company has a stated two-year warranty policy for its golf clubs. The Company’s policy is to accrue the estimated cost of satisfying future warranty claims at the time the sale is recorded. In estimating its future warranty obligations, the Company considers various relevant factors, including the Company’s stated warranty policies and practices, the historical frequency of claims, and the cost to replace or repair its products under warranty.
The following table provides a reconciliation of the activity related to the Company’s reserve for accrued warranty expense (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Beginning balance | $ | 6,172 |  |  | $ | 6,447 |  |  | $ | 5,706 |  |  | $ | 5,607 |
Provision | 1,163 |  |  | 1,052 |  |  | 4,403 |  |  | 4,321 |
Claims paid/costs incurred | (1,820 | ) |  | (1,484 | ) |  | (4,594 | ) |  | (3,913 | )
Ending balance | $ | 5,515 |  |  | $ | 6,015 |  |  | $ | 5,515 |  |  | $ | 6,015 |

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Note 9. Income Taxes
The Company calculates its interim income tax provision in accordance with ASC 270, “Interim Reporting,” and ASC 740 “Accounting for Income Taxes” (together, “ASC 740”). At the end of each interim period, the Company estimates the annual effective tax rate for foreign operations and applies that rate to its ordinary foreign quarterly earnings. For the Company's U.S. operations, the Company uses the discrete method to calculate the U.S. interim tax expense as the annual effective rate is not considered a reliable estimate of year-to-date income tax expense. Under the discrete method, the Company determines its U.S. tax expense based upon actual results as if the interim period were an annual period. The Company's full U.S. valuation allowance position and the seasonality of the Company's business create results with significant variations in the customary relationship between income tax expense and pre-tax income for the interim periods. As a result, the Company believes that using the discrete method is more appropriate than the annual effective tax rate method to calculate the income tax provision related to its U.S. operations.
The realization of deferred tax assets, including loss and credit carry forwards, is subject to the Company generating sufficient taxable income during the periods in which the deferred tax assets become realizable. Due to the Company's cumulative pre-tax operating losses generated in the United States from 2009 to 2014, the Company recorded a valuation allowance against its U.S. deferred tax assets. As of September 30, 2016, the valuation allowance against the U.S. deferred tax assets was $164,616,000. So long as the valuation allowance exists, U.S. income tax expense related to deferred tax assets will be offset by the associated valuation allowance, resulting in an effective U.S. income tax rate substantially different than statutory rates. In evaluating its ability to realize the net deferred tax assets, the Company considered all available positive and negative evidence, including the U.S. business losses in periods prior to 2015, the U.S. business profits in 2015 and for the first nine months in 2016, and future projections of profitability which are subject to uncertainty. As of September 30, 2016, current evidence does not support the realization of these deferred tax assets. During the fourth quarter of 2016, the Company will conduct its 2017 planning and forecasting process as well as its periodic evaluation of deferred tax assets. As part of this process, the Company will evaluate all available evidence in determining the likelihood that it will be able to realize all or some portion of its deferred tax assets. If, upon completing this evaluation, the Company concludes that it is more likely than not that the Company will be able to realize its deferred tax assets, all or a significant portion of the valuation allowance may be reversed at or before the end of the current year. If the Company were to reverse all or a significant portion of the valuation allowance, the Company would realize a significant one-time, non-cash tax benefit in the period of reversal and the Company would then expect to report an effective U.S. income tax rate that is closer to its statutory rates.
The provision for income taxes is primarily comprised of taxes related to the Company's foreign operations. The income tax provision for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 was $1,294,000 and $1,547,000, respectively. The income tax provision for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 was $4,632,000 and $5,002,000, respectively. The decrease in the income tax provision in the third quarter and the first nine months of 2016 was primarily due to a decrease in income from foreign jurisdictions compared to the same periods in the prior year.
At September 30, 2016, the gross liability for income taxes associated with uncertain tax positions was $7,660,000. Of this amount, $920,000 would benefit the Company’s consolidated condensed financial statements and effective income tax rate, if favorably settled. The unrecognized tax benefit liabilities are expected to decrease by approximately $181,000 during the next 12 months. The gross liability for uncertain tax positions increased by $338,000 and $570,000 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively. The increases were primarily due to increases in tax positions taken in the current year.
The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. For the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, the Company's provision for income taxes includes expenses of $54,000 and $35,000 related to the recognition of interest and penalties, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, the Company's provision for income taxes includes expenses of $83,000 and $1,000 related to the recognition of interest and penalties, respectively. As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the gross amount of accrued interest and penalties included in income taxes payable in the accompanying consolidated condensed balance sheets was $1,143,000 and $1,060,000, respectively.
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The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state and foreign jurisdictions. The Company is generally no longer subject to income tax examinations by tax authorities in the following major jurisdictions:

Tax Jurisdiction |  | Years No Longer Subject to Audit
U.S. federal |  | 2010 and prior
California (United States) |  | 2008 and prior
Canada |  | 2009 and prior
Japan |  | 2009 and prior
South Korea |  | 2011 and prior
United Kingdom |  | 2011 and prior

Pursuant to Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code, use of the Company's net operating losses and credit carry-forwards may be limited significantly if the Company were to experience a cumulative change in ownership of the Company's stock by “5-percent shareholders” that exceeds 50% over a rolling three-year period. The Company does not believe there has been a cumulative change in ownership in excess of 50% during that period. The Company continues to monitor changes in ownership. If such a cumulative change did occur in any three-year period and the Company were limited in the amount of losses it could use to offset taxable income, the Company's results of operations and cash flows could be adversely impacted.
Note 10. Commitments & Contingencies
Legal Matters
The Company is subject to routine legal claims, proceedings and investigations incident to its business activities, including claims, proceedings, and investigations relating to commercial disputes and employment matters. The Company also receives information from time to time claiming that products sold by the Company infringe or may infringe patent, trademark or other intellectual property rights of third parties. One or more such claims of potential infringement could lead to litigation, the need to obtain licenses, the need to alter a product to avoid infringement, a settlement or judgment or some other action or material loss by the Company, which also could adversely affect the Company’s overall ability to protect its product designs and ultimately limit its future success in the marketplace. In addition, the Company is occasionally subject to non-routine claims, proceedings or investigations.
The Company regularly assesses such matters to determine the degree of probability that the Company will incur a material loss as a result of such matters as well as the range of possible loss. An estimated loss contingency is accrued in the Company’s financial statements if it is probable the Company will incur a loss and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. The Company reviews all claims, proceedings and investigations at least quarterly and establishes or adjusts any accruals for such matters to reflect the impact of negotiations, settlements, advice of legal counsel and other information and events pertaining to a particular matter. All legal costs associated with such matters are expensed as incurred.
Historically, the claims, proceedings and investigations brought against the Company, individually and in the aggregate, have not had a material adverse effect upon the consolidated results of operations or financial position of the Company. The Company believes that it has valid legal defenses to the matters currently pending against the Company and the Company intends to vigorously defend itself in such matters. The Company has accrued estimated amounts of liability, if any, where required, appropriate and determinable. Any such accruals may be revised as further information becomes available. The results of any such matters are inherently unpredictable and the resolutions of these matters are subject to many uncertainties and the outcomes are not predictable. Consequently, management is unable to estimate the ultimate aggregate amount of monetary loss, amounts covered by insurance or the financial impact that will result from such matters. In addition, the Company cannot assure that it will be able to successfully defend itself in those matters or that any amounts accrued are sufficient. The Company does not believe that the matters currently pending against the Company will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated business, financial condition, cash flows or results of operations on an annual basis.
Unconditional Purchase Obligations
During the normal course of its business, the Company enters into agreements to purchase goods and services, including purchase commitments for production materials, as well as endorsement agreements with professional golfers and other endorsers, employment and consulting agreements, and intellectual property licensing agreements pursuant to which the Company is required to pay royalty fees. It is not possible to determine the amounts the Company will ultimately be required to pay under these agreements
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as they are subject to many variables including performance-based bonuses, severance arrangements, the Company’s sales levels, and reductions in payment obligations if designated minimum performance criteria are not achieved. As of September 30, 2016, the Company has entered into many of these contractual agreements with terms ranging from one to six years. The minimum obligation that the Company is required to pay under these agreements is $62,085,000 over the next six years. In addition, the Company also enters into unconditional purchase obligations with various vendors and suppliers of goods and services in the normal course of operations through purchase orders or other documentation or that are undocumented except for an invoice. Such unconditional purchase obligations are generally outstanding for periods less than a year and are settled by cash payments upon delivery of goods and services and are not reflected in this total. Future minimum commitments as of September 30, 2016, are as follows (in thousands):

Remainder of 2016 | $ | 35,867 |
2017 | 17,817 |
2018 | 5,223 |
2019 | 2,691 |
2020 | 459 |
Thereafter | 28 |
| $ | 62,085 |

Other Contingent Contractual Obligations
During its normal course of business, the Company has made certain indemnities, commitments and guarantees under which it may be required to make payments in relation to certain transactions. These include (i) intellectual property indemnities to the Company’s customers and licensees in connection with the use, sale and/or license of Company product or trademarks, (ii) indemnities to various lessors in connection with facility leases for certain claims arising from such facilities or leases, (iii) indemnities to vendors and service providers pertaining to the goods and services provided to the Company or based on the negligence or willful misconduct of the Company and (iv) indemnities involving the accuracy of representations and warranties in certain contracts. In addition, the Company has consulting agreements that provide for payment of nominal fees upon the issuance of patents and/or the commercialization of research results. The Company has also issued guarantees in the form of standby letters of credit of $933,000 as of September 30, 2016.
The duration of these indemnities, commitments and guarantees varies, and in certain cases, may be indefinite. The majority of these indemnities, commitments and guarantees do not provide for any limitation on the maximum amount of future payments the Company could be obligated to make. Historically, costs incurred to settle claims related to indemnities have not been material to the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In addition, the Company believes the likelihood is remote that payments under the commitments and guarantees described above will have a material effect on the Company’s financial condition. The fair value of indemnities, commitments and guarantees that the Company issued during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was not material to the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Employment Contracts
In addition, the Company has made contractual commitments to each of its officers and certain other employees providing for severance payments, including salary continuation, upon the termination of employment by the Company without substantial cause or by the officer for good reason or non-renewal. In addition, in order to assure that the officers would continue to provide independent leadership consistent with the Company’s best interest, the contracts also generally provide for certain protections in the event of a change in control of the Company. These protections include the payment of certain severance benefits, such as monetary payments and health benefits, upon the termination of employment following a change in control.
Note 11. Share-Based Employee Compensation
As of September 30, 2016, the Company had two shareholder approved stock plans under which shares were available for equity-based awards: the Callaway Golf Company Amended and Restated 2004 Incentive Plan (the "2004 Incentive Plan") and the 2013 Non-Employee Directors Stock Incentive Plan (the "2013 Directors Plan"). From time to time, the Company grants stock options, restricted stock units, phantom stock units, stock appreciation rights and other awards under these plans.
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The table below summarizes the amounts recognized in the financial statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 for share-based compensation, including expense for stock options, restricted stock units, phantom stock units, cash settled stock appreciation rights and performance share units.

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
| (In thousands)
Cost of sales | $ | 198 |  |  | $ | 120 |  |  | $ | 520 |  |  | $ | 563 |
Operating expenses | 2,067 |  |  | 1,350 |  |  | 6,280 |  |  | 7,574 |
Total cost of share-based compensation included in income, before income tax | $ | 2,265 |  |  | $ | 1,470 |  |  | $ | 6,800 |  |  | $ | 8,137 |

Stock Options
Stock options granted under the 2004 Incentive Plan are valued using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model on the date of grant. The model uses various assumptions, including a risk-free interest rate, the estimated term of the options, the estimated stock price volatility, and the estimated dividend yield. Compensation expense for stock options is recognized over the vesting period and is reduced by an estimate for forfeitures, which is based on the Company’s historical forfeitures of unvested options and awards.
There were no stock options granted during the first nine months of 2016 or 2015. Total compensation expense recognized for stock options during the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 was $8,000 and $320,000, respectively. Total compensation expense recognized for stock options during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 was $137,000 and $1,064,000, respectively. At September 30, 2016, the total amount of unamortized expense related to stock options was $56,000, which will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.7 years.
Restricted Stock Units
Restricted stock units granted under the 2004 Incentive Plan and 2013 Directors Plan are valued at the Company’s closing stock price on the date of grant and generally vest within a one- to three-year period. Compensation expense for restricted stock units is recognized over the vesting period and is reduced by an estimate for forfeitures. During the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, the Company granted 126,000 and 8,000 shares underlying restricted stock units, respectively, at a weighted average grant-date fair value of $11.49 and $9.10, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, the Company granted 665,000 and 556,000 shares underlying restricted stock units, respectively, at a weighted average grant-date fair value of $9.20 and $8.30, respectively.
Total compensation expense, net of estimated forfeitures, recognized for restricted stock units during the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 was $1,055,000 and $865,000, respectively, and $3,157,000 and $2,626,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. At September 30, 2016, the Company had $7,466,000 of total unamortized compensation expense related to non-vested restricted stock units under the Company’s share-based payment plans. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.1 years.
Performance Share Units
Performance share units granted under the 2004 Incentive Plan are stock-based awards in which the number of shares ultimately received depends on the Company's performance against specified metrics over a one- to three-year performance period from the date of grant. These performance metrics are established by the Company at the beginning of the performance period. At the end of the performance period, the number of shares of stock that could be issued is fixed based upon the degree of achievement of the performance goals. The number of shares that could be issued can range from 0% to 200% of the participant's target award. Performance share units are initially valued at the Company's closing stock price on the date of grant. Compensation expense, net of estimated forfeitures, is recognized over the vesting period and will vary based on remeasurements during the performance period. If the performance metrics are not probable of achievement during the performance period, compensation expense would be reversed. The awards are forfeited if the threshold performance metrics are not achieved as of the end of the performance period. The performance units cliff-vest in full on the third anniversary of the date of grant.
The Company granted 420,000 and 509,000 shares underlying performance units during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively, at a weighted average grant-date fair value of $8.61 and $7.96 per share, respectively. There were no shares underlying performance units granted during the three months ended September 30, 2016 or 2015.
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During the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, the Company recognized total compensation expense, net of estimated forfeitures, for performance share units of $1,073,000 and $790,000, respectively, and $3,170,000 and $1,846,000 during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. At September 30, 2016, unamortized compensation expense related to these awards was $5,938,000, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.4 years.
Phantom Stock Units
Phantom stock units granted under the 2004 Incentive Plan are a form of share-based awards that are indexed to the Company’s stock and are settled in cash. Because phantom stock units are settled in cash, compensation expense recognized over the vesting period will vary based on changes in fair value. Fair value is remeasured at the end of each interim reporting period based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock.
There were no phantom stock units granted during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 or 2015. The Company did not recognize expense related to phantom stock units as of September 30, 2016. The Company recognized $0 and $390,000 of compensation expense related to previously granted phantom stock units during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, respectively. All of the previously granted phantom stock units were fully vested and paid-out as of June 30, 2015.
Stock Appreciation Rights
Cash settled stock appreciation rights ("SARs") granted under the 2004 Incentive Plan are valued using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model on the date of grant. SARs are subsequently remeasured at each interim reporting period based on a revised Black-Scholes value until they are exercised. SARs vest over a three-year period. As of September 30, 2016, all outstanding SARs were fully vested.
There were no SARs granted during the first nine months of 2016 or 2015. The Company recognized $129,000 and reversed $505,000 of compensation expense related to previously granted SARs during the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and recognized $336,000 and $2,211,000 of compensation expense related to previously granted SARs during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Accrued compensation expense for these awards was $427,000 and $1,460,000 at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively, which was recorded in accrued employee compensation and benefits in the accompanying consolidated condensed balance sheets.
Note 12. Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Certain of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or the price paid to transfer a liability (the exit price) in the principal and most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. Assets and liabilities carried at fair value are classified using the following three-tier hierarchy:
Level 1: Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
Level 2: Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets; and
Level 3: Fair value measurements derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable.
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The following table summarizes the valuation of the Company’s foreign currency forward contracts (see Note 13) that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis by the above pricing levels at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 (in thousands):

| Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
September 30, 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forward contracts—asset position | $ | 1,408 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,408 |  |  | $ | — |
Foreign currency forward contracts—liability position | (5,132 | ) |  | — |  |  | (5,132 | ) |  | — |
| $ | (3,724 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (3,724 | ) |  | $ | — |
December 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forward contracts—asset position | $ | 680 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 680 |  |  | $ | — |
Foreign currency forward contracts—liability position | (342 | ) |  | — |  |  | (342 | ) |  | — |
| $ | 338 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 338 |  |  | $ | — |

The fair value of the Company’s foreign currency forward contracts is based on observable inputs that are corroborated by market data. Observable inputs include broker quotes, daily market foreign currency rates and forward pricing curves. Remeasurement gains and losses on foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges are recorded in other comprehensive income, and in other income (expense) for non-designated foreign currency forward contracts (see Note 12) .
Disclosures about the Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 are categorized within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy due to the short-term nature of these balances. The table below illustrates information about fair value relating to the Company’s financial assets and liabilities that are recognized in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, as well as the fair value of contingent contracts that represent financial instruments (in thousands).

| September 30, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
| Carrying Value |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Value |  | Fair Value
Money market funds(1) | $ | 73,229 |  |  | $ | 73,229 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Japan ABL Facility(2) | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14,969 |  |  | $ | 14,969 |
Standby letters of credit(3) | $ | 933 |  |  | $ | 933 |  |  | $ | 1,030 |  |  | $ | 1,030 |

(1) | The carrying value of the money market funds approximates fair value as the funds are highly liquid and short-term in nature. The funds seek to maintain a stable net asset value of $1.00 per share, and the market value per share of these funds are available in active markets. As such, they are categorized within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. The money market funds accrue dividends, which are reinvested and reflected in the carrying value as of September 30, 2016.

(2) | The carrying value of the amount outstanding under the Japan ABL Facility approximates the fair value due to the short-term nature of this obligation. The fair value of this debt is categorized within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. See Note 2 for information on the Company's credit facilities, including certain risks and uncertainties related thereto.

(3) | The carrying value of the Company's standby letters of credit approximates the fair value as they represent the Company’s contingent obligation to perform in accordance with the underlying contracts. There were no amounts outstanding under these letters of credit as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015. The fair value of this contingent obligation is categorized within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements
The Company measures certain assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at least annually or when certain indicators are present. These assets include long-lived assets, goodwill and non-amortizing intangible assets that are written down to fair value when they are held for sale or determined to be impaired. During each of the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, the Company did not have any significant assets or liabilities that were measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in periods subsequent to initial recognition.
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Note 13. Derivatives and Hedging
In the normal course of business, the Company is exposed to gains and losses resulting from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates relating to transactions of its international subsidiaries. As part of its strategy to manage the level of exposure to the risk of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, the Company uses designated cash flow hedges and non-designated hedges in the form of foreign currency forward contracts to mitigate the impact of foreign currency translation on transactions that are denominated primarily in Japanese Yen, British Pounds, Euros, Canadian Dollars, Australian Dollars and Korean Won.
The Company accounts for its foreign currency forward contracts in accordance with ASC Topic 815, “Derivatives and Hedging” (“ASC Topic 815”). ASC Topic 815 requires the recognition of all derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheet, the measurement of those instruments at fair value and the recognition of changes in the fair value of derivatives in earnings in the period of change, unless the derivative qualifies as a designated cash flow hedge that offsets certain exposures. Certain criteria must be satisfied in order for derivative financial instruments to be classified and accounted for as a cash flow hedge. Gains and losses from the remeasurement of qualifying cash flow hedges are recorded as a component of other comprehensive income and released into earnings as a component of cost of goods sold or net sales during the period in which the hedged transaction takes place. Gains and losses on the ineffective portion of hedges (hedges that do not meet accounting requirements due to ineffectiveness) and derivatives that are not elected for hedge accounting treatment are immediately recorded in earnings as a component of other income (expense).
Foreign currency forward contracts are used only to meet the Company’s objectives of minimizing variability in the Company’s operating results arising from foreign exchange rate movements. The Company does not enter into foreign currency forward contracts for speculative purposes. The Company utilizes counterparties for its derivative instruments that it believes are credit-worthy at the time the transactions are entered into and the Company closely monitors the credit ratings of these counterparties.
The following table summarizes the fair value of the Company's foreign currency forward contracts as well as the location of the asset and/or liability on the consolidated condensed balance sheets at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 (in thousands):

| Asset Derivatives
September 30, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
Balance Sheet Location |  | Fair Value |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | Fair Value
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forward contracts | Other current assets |  | $ | 215 |  |  | Other current assets |  | $ | 520 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forward contracts | Other current assets |  | $ | 1,193 |  |  | Other current assets |  | $ | 160 |

| Liability Derivatives
September 30, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
Balance Sheet Location |  | Fair Value |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | Fair Value
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forward contracts | Accounts payable and accrued expenses |  | $ | 1,172 |  |  | Accounts payable and accrued expenses |  | $ | 296 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forward contracts | Accounts payable and accrued expenses |  | $ | 3,960 |  |  | Accounts payable and accrued expenses |  | $ | 46 |

The Company's foreign currency forward contracts are subject to a master netting agreement with each respective counterparty bank and are therefore net settled at their maturity date. Although the Company has the legal right of offset under the master netting agreements, the Company elected not to present these contracts on a net settlement amount basis, and are therefore presented on a gross basis on the accompanying consolidated condensed balance sheets at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015.
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Cash Flow Hedging Instruments
Beginning in January 2015, the Company entered into foreign currency forward contracts designated as qualifying cash flow hedges to help mitigate the Company's foreign currency exposure on intercompany sales of inventory to its foreign subsidiaries. These contracts generally mature within 12 to 15 months from their inception. At September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the notional amounts of the Company's foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedge instruments were approximately $34,278,000 and $55,938,000, respectively. The reporting of gains and losses on these cash flow hedging instruments depends on whether the gains or losses are effective at offsetting changes in the cash flows of the underlying hedged items. The Company uses the hypothetical derivative method to measure the effectiveness of the foreign currency forward contracts and evaluates the effectiveness on a quarterly basis. The effective portion of the gains and losses on the hedging instruments are recorded in other comprehensive income until recognized in earnings during the period that the hedged transactions take place. Any ineffective portion of the gains and losses from the hedging instruments is recognized in earnings immediately. The Company would discontinue hedge accounting prospectively if (i) it is determined that the derivative is no longer effective in offsetting changes in the cash flows of a hedged item, (ii) when the derivative expires or is sold, terminated, or exercised, (iii) if it becomes probable that the forecasted transaction being hedged by the derivative will not occur, (iv) if a hedged firm commitment no longer meets the definition of a firm commitment, or (v) if it is determined that designation of the derivative as a hedge instrument is no longer appropriate. The Company estimates the fair value of its foreign currency forward contracts based on pricing models using current market rates. These contracts are classified under Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy (see Note 12).
As of September 30, 2016, the Company recorded a net loss of $3,345,000 in other comprehensive income (loss) related to its hedging activities. Of this amount, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, net losses of $607,000 and $879,000, respectively, were relieved from other comprehensive income and recognized in cost of goods sold for the underlying intercompany sales that were recognized, and net losses of $202,000 and $758,000, respectively, were relieved from other comprehensive income and recognized in net sales for the underlying third party sales. There were no ineffective gains or losses recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2016. Forward points of $118,000 were expensed as incurred for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. Based on the current valuation, the Company expects to reclassify net losses of $1,152,000 from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into net earnings during the next 12 months.
The Company recognized net gains of $1,018,000 and $1,130,000 in cost of goods sold for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, respectively, and $62,000 and $683,000 in other income (expense) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, respectively, as a result of hedge ineffectiveness.
The following tables summarize the net effect of all cash flow hedges on the consolidated condensed financial statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 (in thousands):

|  | Gain (Loss) Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Effective Portion)
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedging instruments |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Foreign currency forward contracts |  | $ | 331 |  |  | $ | (156 | ) |  | $ | (3,345 | ) |  | $ | 1,999 |

|  | Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Other Comprehensive Income into Earnings (Effective Portion)
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedging instruments |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Foreign currency forward contracts |  | $ | (809 | ) |  | $ | 1,018 |  |  | $ | (1,637 | ) |  | $ | 1,130 |

|  | Gain Recognized in Other Income (Expense) (Ineffective Portion)
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedging instruments |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Foreign currency forward contracts |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 590 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,211 |

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The following table details the amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss to cost of goods sold, as well as changes in foreign currency translation for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. Amounts are in thousands.

Accumulated other comprehensive loss, December 31, 2015 |  | $ | (11,813 | )
Change in fair value of derivative instruments |  | (3,345 | )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to cost of goods sold |  | 879 |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to net sales |  | 758 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  | 4,195 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, September 30, 2016, before tax |  | (9,326 | )
Income tax expense related to items of other comprehensive income |  | 31 |
Less: Comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interest |  | 76 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, September 30, 2016, after tax and non-controlling interest |  | $ | (9,219 | )

Foreign Currency Forward Contracts Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
The Company uses foreign currency forward contracts that are not designated as qualified hedging instruments to mitigate certain balance sheet exposures (payables and receivables denominated in foreign currencies), as well as gains and losses resulting from the translation of the operating results of the Company’s international subsidiaries into U.S. dollars for financial reporting purposes. These contracts generally mature within 12 months from their inception. At September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the notional amounts of the Company’s foreign currency forward contracts not designated as hedging instruments used to help mitigate the exposures discussed above were approximately $78,078,000 and $43,098,000, respectively. The increase in foreign currency forward contracts reflects the general timing of when the Company enters into these contracts. The Company estimates the fair values of foreign currency forward contracts based on pricing models using current market rates, and records all derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in the statement of operations. The foreign currency contracts are classified under Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy (see Note 12).
The following table summarizes the location of net gains and losses in the consolidated condensed statements of operations that were recognized during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively (in thousands):

|  | Location of Net Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivative Instruments |  | Amount of Net Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivative Instruments
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Foreign currency forward contracts |  | Other income (expense), net |  | $ | (50 | ) |  | $ | 637 |  |  | $ | (9,908 | ) |  | $ | 978 |

In addition, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company recognized net foreign currency gains related to transactions with its foreign subsidiaries of $1,244,000 and $3,909,000, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, the Company recognized net foreign currency losses related to transactions with its foreign subsidiaries of $527,000 and $1,254,000, respectively.
Note 14. Segment Information
The Company has two operating segments that are organized on the basis of products, namely the golf clubs segment and golf balls segment. The golf clubs segment consists of Callaway Golf woods, hybrids, irons and wedges and Odyssey putters. This segment also includes golf apparel and footwear, golf bags, golf gloves, travel gear, headwear and other golf-related accessories, in addition to royalties from licensing of the Company’s trademarks and service marks and sales of pre-owned golf clubs. The golf balls segment consists of Callaway Golf and Strata balls that are designed, manufactured and sold by the Company. There are no significant intersegment transactions.
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The table below contains information utilized by management to evaluate its operating segments for the interim periods presented (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Net sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Golf Clubs | $ | 155,210 |  |  | $ | 146,522 |  |  | $ | 586,445 |  |  | $ | 577,294 |
Golf Balls | 32,640 |  |  | 29,258 |  |  | 121,052 |  |  | 113,169 |
| $ | 187,850 |  |  | $ | 175,780 |  |  | $ | 707,497 |  |  | $ | 690,463 |
Income before income taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Golf Clubs | $ | 2,818 |  |  | $ | 6,564 |  |  | $ | 71,166 |  |  | $ | 69,555 |
Golf Balls | 3,846 |  |  | 3,511 |  |  | 23,210 |  |  | 17,559 |
Reconciling items(1) | (11,109 | ) |  | (12,145 | ) |  | (22,988 | ) |  | (37,092 | )
| $ | (4,445 | ) |  | $ | (2,070 | ) |  | $ | 71,388 |  |  | $ | 50,022 |
Additions to long-lived assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Golf Clubs | $ | 5,675 |  |  | $ | 3,087 |  |  | $ | 9,587 |  |  | $ | 7,906 |
Golf Balls | 1,043 |  |  | 565 |  |  | 3,169 |  |  | 1,876 |
| $ | 6,718 |  |  | $ | 3,652 |  |  | $ | 12,756 |  |  | $ | 9,782 |

(1) | Reconciling items represent corporate general and administrative expenses and other income (expense) not included by management in determining segment profitability. The reconciling items for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 include a $17,662,000 gain that was recognized in the second quarter of 2016 in connection with the sale of approximately 10.0% of the Company's investment in Topgolf (see Note 7), combined with decreases in interest expense and corporate stock compensation, partially offset by an increase in foreign currency exchange losses.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements and the related notes that appear elsewhere in this report. See also “Important Notice to Investors Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” on page 2 of this report.
Results of Operations
Overview of Business and Seasonality
Products. The Company designs, manufactures and sells high quality golf clubs, golf balls, golf bags and other golf-related accessories. The Company designs its products to be technologically advanced and in this regard invests a considerable amount in research and development each year. The Company designs golf products for golfers of all skill levels, both amateur and professional.
Operating Segments. The Company has two reportable operating segments that are organized on the basis of products, namely the golf clubs segment and golf balls segment. The golf clubs segment consists of Callaway Golf woods, hybrids, irons and wedges and Odyssey putters. This segment also includes other golf-related accessories described above and royalties from licensing of the Company’s trademarks and service marks as well as sales of pre-owned golf clubs. The golf balls segment consists of Callaway Golf and Strata balls that are designed, manufactured and sold by the Company. As discussed in Note 14 “Segment Information” to the Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q, the Company’s operating segments exclude a significant amount of corporate general administrative expenses and other income (expense) not utilized by management in determining segment profitability.
Cost of Sales. The Company’s cost of sales is comprised primarily of material and component costs, distribution and warehousing costs, and overhead. As a result of the actions taken to improve manufacturing efficiencies, a greater percentage of the Company's manufacturing costs became variable in nature and will fluctuate with sales volumes. With respect to the Company's operating segments, variable costs for golf clubs represent approximately 85% to 95% of cost of sales, and for golf balls, approximately 75% to 85%. Of these variable costs, material and component costs represent approximately 85% to 95% for golf clubs and approximately 75% to 85% for golf balls. On a consolidated basis, over 85% of total cost of sales is variable in nature, and of this amount, over 85% is comprised of material and component costs. Generally, the relative significance of the components of cost of sales does not vary materially from these percentages from period to period. See "Golf Clubs and Golf Balls Segments Results for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2016 and 2015—Segment Profitability," and "Golf Clubs and Golf Balls Segments Results for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016 and 2015—Segment Profitability" below for further discussion of gross margins.
Seasonality. In most of the regions where the Company does business, the game of golf is played primarily on a seasonal basis. Weather conditions generally restrict golf from being played year-round, except in a few markets, with many of the Company’s on-course customers closing for the cold weather months. The Company’s business is therefore subject to seasonal fluctuations. In general, during the first quarter, the Company begins selling its products into the golf retail channel for the new golf season. This initial sell-in generally continues into the second quarter. The Company’s second-quarter sales are significantly affected by the amount of reorder business of the products sold during the first quarter. The Company’s third-quarter sales are generally dependent on reorder business but can also include smaller new product launches, typically resulting in lower sales than the second quarter as many retailers begin decreasing their inventory levels in anticipation of the end of the golf season. The Company’s fourth-quarter sales are generally less than the other quarters due to the end of the golf season in many of the Company’s key regions. However, fourth-quarter sales can be affected from time to time by the early launch of product introductions related to the new golf season of the subsequent year. This seasonality, and therefore quarter-to-quarter fluctuations, can be affected by many factors, including the timing of new product introductions as well as weather conditions. In general, because of this seasonality, a majority of the Company’s sales and most, if not all, of its profitability occurs during the first half of the year.
Foreign Currency. A significant portion of the Company’s business is conducted outside of the United States in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. As a result, changes in foreign currency rates can have a significant effect on the Company’s financial results. The Company enters into foreign currency forward contracts to mitigate the effects of changes in foreign currency rates. While these foreign currency forward contracts can mitigate the effects of changes in foreign currency rates, they do not eliminate those effects, which can be significant. These effects include (i) the translation of results denominated in foreign currency into U.S. dollars for reporting purposes, (ii) the mark-to-market adjustments of certain intercompany balance sheet accounts denominated in foreign currencies and (iii) the mark-to-market adjustments of the Company’s foreign currency forward contracts. In general,
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the Company’s overall financial results are affected positively by a weaker U.S. dollar and are affected negatively by a stronger U.S. dollar as compared to the foreign currencies in which the Company conducts its business. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company’s reported net sales in regions outside the United States were positively affected by the translation of foreign currency sales into U.S. dollars based on 2015 exchange rates.
Executive Summary
The strength of the Company’s 2016 product line and its continuing brand momentum resulted in improved hard goods market share, which allowed the Company to overcome softer than anticipated market conditions during the third quarter and first nine months of 2016. As a result, the Company's net sales for the third quarter of 2016 increased $12.1 million (6.9%) to $187.9 million from $175.8 million in the third quarter of 2015. Net sales for the first nine months of 2016 increased $17.0 million (2.5%) to $707.5 million compared to $690.5 million for the same period in 2015. The increases in net sales for the third quarter and first nine months were led by an increase in golf apparel sales due to the formation and consolidation of the Company’s new apparel joint venture in Japan during the third quarter of 2016, combined with an increase in sales in the irons and golf ball categories, as well as an overall net positive impact from changes in foreign currency rates.
The Company’s gross margin declined by 210 basis points to 42.0% for the third quarter of 2016 compared to the same quarter of 2015 primarily due to the timing of sales of higher margin products in 2015 compared to 2016 as a result of a shift in product launch timing combined with an increase in promotional activity. Gross margin for the first nine months of 2016 improved by 110 basis points to 45.5% compared to the first nine months of 2015, primarily due to operational efficiencies related to the Company's continuous efforts to improve its manufacturing and supply chain functions, combined with more favorable product pricing. This was offset by an increase in promotional activity compared to the same period in 2015.
Third quarter 2016 operating expenses increased $7.3 million or 9.5% and were slightly higher by 110 basis points as a percentage of net sales in the third quarter of 2016 compared to the third quarter of 2015. Operating expenses increased $10.7 million or 4.3% and were up slightly as a percentage of net sales for the first nine months of 2016 compared to the same period in 2015. The increases for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2016 was primarily related to a planned increase in marketing expense, an increase in bad debt expense, and incremental expense related to the Japan joint venture.
Interest expense decreased $3.0 million to $0.5 million for the third quarter of 2016 compared to the third quarter of 2015, and decreased $5.9 million to $1.9 million for the first nine months of 2016 compared to the same period in 2015, both due to the retirement of the Company's convertible senior notes during the second half of 2015.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company completed the sale of a small portion of its preferred shares of Topgolf International, Inc. doing business as the Topgolf Entertainment Group ("Topgolf") for total proceeds of $23.4 million, and recognized a gain of $17.7 million. Immediately after the sale, the Company retained a 15% ownership interest in Topgolf.
Other income/expense for the third quarter of 2016 increased by $0.6 million to other income of $1.3 million compared to the third quarter of 2015, and decreased $7.0 million to other expense of $5.8 million for the first nine months of 2016 compared to the same period in 2015. The decrease during the first nine months of 2016 was primarily due to an increase in net losses from the Company's foreign currency hedging contracts.
The Company’s provision for income taxes decreased slightly to $1.3 million in the third quarter of 2016, compared to the third quarter of 2015, and decreased by $0.4 million to $4.6 million in the first nine months of 2016, compared to the same period in 2015.
Net loss increased $2.3 million to $5.9 million in the third quarter of 2016, and diluted loss per share increased by $0.02 to $0.06. Net income increased $21.6 million or 48.0% to $66.6 million during the first nine months of 2016, and diluted earnings per share increased $0.17 (or 32.1%) to $0.70. Net income for the first nine months of 2016 includes a gain of $17.7 million ($0.18 per share) from the sale of the Company’s investment in Topgolf as discussed above. Including the $23.4 million in proceeds from the sale of a portion of the Company’s Topgolf investment, total cash and cash equivalents increased by $74.8 million to $124.6 million for the first nine months of 2016 and as of September 30, 2016 the Company did not have any debt.
Three-Month Periods Ended September 30, 2016 and 2015
Net sales for the third quarter of 2016 increased by $12.1 million (6.9%) to $187.9 million compared to $175.8 million in the third quarter of 2015. This improvement was primarily due to an increase in apparel sales in Japan due to the Company's new joint venture, which was established during the third quarter of 2016, combined with the continued strength of the Company's
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brand and additional hard goods market share gains, resulting in increased sales in both the Company's golf club and golf ball reporting segments. The Company’s sales for the third quarter of 2016 were also favorably impacted by the effect of changes in foreign currency rates compared to the same period in the prior year.
The Company’s net sales by operating segment are presented below (dollars in millions):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Growth
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | Dollars |  | Percent
Net sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Golf clubs | $ | 155.2 |  |  | $ | 146.5 |  |  | $ | 8.7 |  |  | 5.9 | %
Golf balls | 32.7 |  |  | 29.3 |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | 11.6 | %
| $ | 187.9 |  |  | $ | 175.8 |  |  | $ | 12.1 |  |  | 6.9 | %

For further discussion of each operating segment’s results, see "Golf Clubs and Golf Balls Segments Results for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2016 and 2015" below.
Net sales information by region is summarized as follows (dollars in millions):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Growth/(Decline)
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | Dollars |  | Percent
Net sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States | $ | 92.9 |  |  | $ | 87.0 |  |  | $ | 5.9 |  |  | 6.8 | %
Europe | 26.4 |  |  | 26.6 |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  | (0.8 | )%
Japan | 41.4 |  |  | 33.7 |  |  | 7.7 |  |  | 22.8 | %
Rest of Asia | 15.9 |  |  | 16.8 |  |  | (0.9 | ) |  | (5.4 | )%
Other countries | 11.3 |  |  | 11.7 |  |  | (0.4 | ) |  | (3.4 | )%
| $ | 187.9 |  |  | $ | 175.8 |  |  | $ | 12.1 |  |  | 6.9 | %

Net sales in the United States increased $5.9 million (6.8%) to $92.9 million during the third quarter of 2016 compared to $87.0 million in the third quarter of 2015 primarily due to an increase in sales of irons due to the launch of the Company's Steelhead irons during the third quarter of 2016 combined with an increase in sales of golf balls due to the continued success of the Company's Chrome Soft golf balls. The Company’s sales in regions outside of the United States increased $6.2 million (7.0%) to $95.0 million for the third quarter of 2016 compared to $88.8 million in the third quarter of 2015. The increase in sales in foreign regions was primarily due to a $7.7 million increase in Japan, primarily due to an $11.5 million increase in apparel sales due to the Company's new joint venture established during the third quarter of 2016, partially offset by an increase in promotional activity period over period, combined with a shift in the timing of product launches as discussed below (see Golf Clubs and Golf Balls Segments Results for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2016 and 2015). Additionally, the Company's sales in its foreign regions were favorably impacted by $5.6 million due to fluctuations in foreign currency rates relative to the same period in the prior year.
Gross profit increased $1.3 million (1.7%) to $78.9 million in the third quarter of 2016 compared to $77.6 million in the third quarter of 2015. However, gross profit as a percentage of net sales (“gross margin”) decreased to 42.0% in the third quarter of 2016 compared to 44.1% in the third quarter of 2015. The decrease in gross margin was primarily due to a decrease of approximately 400 basis points in price and mix as a result of an unfavorable shift in product mix within the woods category, partially offset by an increase in average selling prices within the irons category. This decrease was pa rtially offset by an increase of approximately 200 basis points as a result of favorable changes in foreign currency exchange rates. See "Results of Operations—Overview of Business and Seasonality—Cost of Sales" above and "Golf Clubs and Golf Balls Segments Results for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2016 and 2015—Segment Profitability" below for further discussion of gross margin.
Selling expenses increased by $3.5 million to $55.9 million (29.6% of net sales) in the third quarter of 2016 compared to $52.4 million (29.8% of net sales) in the third quarter of 2015. This increase was primarily due to an additional $2.5 million of selling costs resulting from the formation and consolidation of the Company's new joint venture in Japan, combined with an $0.8 million increase in marketing and tour expenses primarily due to the timing of promotional activity period over period.
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General and administrative expenses increased by $4.1 million to $19.9 million (10.6% of net sales) in the third quarter of 2016 compared to $15.8 million (9.0% of net sales) in the third quarter of 2015. This increase resulted primarily from a $1.0 million increase in bad debt expense as a result of additional reserves taken related to a specific account, a $0.9 million increase in legal and professional fees, combined with a $0.7 million increase in stock compensation expense, which was due to the reversal of expense in the third quarter of 2015 for awards subject to mark-to-market adjustments.
Research and development expenses decreased by $0.3 million to $8.4 million (4.5% of net sales) in the third quarter of 2016 compared to $8.7 million (4.9% of net sales) in the third quarter of 2015.
Interest expense decreased by $3.0 million to $0.5 million in the third quarter of 2016 compared to $3.5 million in the third quarter of 2015 primarily due to the savings realized in connection with the retirement of the Company's convertible notes into shares of common stock during the second half of 2015 (see Note 2 "Financing Arrangements" to the Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements in Part 1, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q).
Other income/expense, net increased to other income of $1.3 million in the third quarter of 2016 compared to other income of $0.7 million in the third quarter of 2015. This increase was primarily due to an increase in net foreign currency gains in the third quarter of 2016 compared to the third quarter of 2015.
The Company’s provision for income taxes decreased slightly to $1.3 million in the third quarter of 2016, compared to $1.5 million in the third quarter of 2015. Due to the impact of the Company’s valuation allowance against its U.S. deferred tax assets, the Company’s income tax provision for the third quarter of 2016 and 2015 was primarily correlated to the pre-tax income of the Company's foreign subsidiaries. In evaluating its ability to realize the net deferred tax assets, the Company considered all available positive and negative evidence, including the U.S. business losses in periods prior to 2015, the U.S. business profits in the first nine months in 2016 and in 2015, and future projections of profitability which are subject to uncertainty. As of September 30, 2016, current evidence does not support the realization of these deferred tax assets. During the fourth quarter of 2016, the Company will conduct its 2017 planning and forecasting process as well as its annual review of deferred tax assets. As part of this process, the Company will evaluate all available evidence in determining the likelihood that it will be able to realize all or some portion of its deferred tax assets prior to their expiration. If, upon completing this evaluation, the Company concludes that it is more likely than not that the Company will be able to realize its deferred tax assets, all or a significant portion of the valuation allowance may be reversed at or before the end of the current year. If the Company were to reverse all or a significant portion of the valuation allowance, the Company would realize a significant one-time, non-cash tax benefit in the period of reversal. Prospectively, the Company would then expect to report an effective U.S. income tax rate that is closer to its statutory rates. For further discussion see Note 9 “Income Taxes” to the Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.
Net loss for the third quarter of 2016 increased $2.3 million to $5.9 million compared to $3.6 million in the third quarter of 2015. Diluted loss per share increased to $0.06 in the third quarter of 2016 compared to $0.04 in the third quarter of 2015.
Golf Clubs and Golf Balls Segments Results for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2016 and 2015
Golf Clubs Segment
Golf club sales increased $8.7 million (5.9%) to $155.2 million in the third quarter of 2016 compared to $146.5 million in the third quarter of 2015. This increase was primarily due to the formation and consolidation of the Company's new joint venture in Japan established during the third quarter of 2016, combined with an increase in irons sales due to the launch of the Company's Steelhead irons during the third quarter of 2016. Net sales by product category is summarized as follows (dollars in millions):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Growth/(Decline)
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | Dollars |  | Percent |
Net sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Woods | $ | 35.8 |  |  | $ | 48.4 |  |  | $ | (12.6 | ) |  | (26.0 | )%
Irons | 50.3 |  |  | 42.4 |  |  | 7.9 |  |  | 18.6 | %
Putters | 17.2 |  |  | 17.3 |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  | (0.6 | )%
Accessories and other | 51.9 |  |  | 38.4 |  |  | 13.5 |  |  | 35.2 | %
| $ | 155.2 |  |  | $ | 146.5 |  |  | $ | 8.7 |  |  | 5.9 | %

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The $12.6 million (26.0%) decrease in net sales of woods to $35.8 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2016 compared to $48.4 million in the comparable period in 2015 was primarily due to a 14.9% decline in sales volumes combined with a 13.3% decrease in average selling prices. The decline in both sales volumes and average selling prices was primarily due to a shift in launch timing with the launch of the Great Big Bertha drivers and fairway woods during the third quarter of 2015 and only a limited woods launch during the third quarter of 2016. This resulted in an unfavorable shift in sales mix with fewer sales of full priced products during the third quarter of 2016 compared to the same period in the prior year. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in hybrid sales due to the launch of the Company's new Steelhead hybrids during the third quarter of 2016 with no new hybrid launch during the third quarter in the prior year.
Net sales of irons increased $7.9 million (18.6%) to $50.3 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2016 compared to $42.4 million in the same period in the prior year. This was due to an improvement in both sales volumes as well as average selling prices. The 12.7% increase in sales volumes was primarily due to the year over year improvement in market share within the irons category combined with the launch of the Company's new Steelhead irons in the third quarter of 2016. The 5.1% increase in average selling prices was due to the continued success of the Company's more premium APEX irons combined with the launch of the Company's Steelhead irons at a higher price than the XR irons in the prior year.
Net sales of putters remained flat at $17.2 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period in the prior year. However sales volumes increased 1.1% due to the launch of the Company's Stroke Lab putters in the third quarter of 2016, offset by a 0.7% decline in average selling prices resulting from increased promotional activity during the third quarter of 2016 compared to the same period in the prior year.
Net sales of accessories and other increased $13.5 million (35.2%) to $51.9 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2016 compared to $38.4 million in the same period in the prior year, primarily driven by an $11.5 million increase in apparel sales from the Company's new Callaway apparel Company joint venture in Japan during the current quarter. The Company also experienced an increase in sales of packaged sets and other accessories partially offset by a decline in footwear sales.
Golf Balls Segment
Net sales information for the golf balls segment is summarized as follows (dollars in millions):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Growth
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | Dollars |  | Percent
Net sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Golf balls | $ | 32.7 |  |  | $ | 29.3 |  |  | $ | 3.4 |  |  | 11.6 | %

Net sales of golf balls increased $3.4 million (11.6%) to $32.7 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2016 compared to $29.3 million in the same period in the prior year primarily due to a 12.6% increase in average selling prices partially offset by a 0.9% decline in sales volumes. The increase in average selling prices was primarily due to an increase in the sales price of the Company's 2016 Chrome Soft golf balls during the third quarter of 2016 compared to the same period in the prior year. The decline in sales volume was primarily due to a decline in sales of the Company's lower priced special market golf balls during the third quarter of 2016 compared to the same period in 2015.
Segment Profitability
Profitability by operating segment is summarized as follows (dollars in millions):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Growth/(Decline)
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | Dollars |  | Percent
Income before income taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Golf clubs | $ | 2.8 |  |  | $ | 6.6 |  |  | $ | (3.8 | ) |  | (57.6 | )%
Golf balls | 3.8 |  |  | 3.5 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 8.6 | %
Reconciling items(1) | (11.0 | ) |  | (12.2 | ) |  | 1.2 |  |  | 9.8 | %
| $ | (4.4 | ) |  | $ | (2.1 | ) |  | $ | (2.3 | ) |  | 109.5 | %

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(1) | Reconciling items represent corporate general and administrative expenses and other income (expense) not included by management in determining segment profitability.

Pre-tax income in the Company’s golf clubs operating segment decreased to $2.8 million in the third quarter of 2016 from $6.6 million in the third quarter of 2015. This decrease was primarily due to a $2.6 million increase in operating expenses, combined with a $1.1 million decline in gross profit (or approximately 280 basis point decline in gross margins). The increase in operating expenses was primarily due to an increase in employee costs as a result of the Company's new joint venture in Japan established during the third quarter of 2016, in addition to increases in bad debt expense and marketing and tour expenses. The decrease in gross margin was primarily due to a decrease of 431 basis points in price and mix primarily due to an unfavorable shift in sales mix within the woods category combined with an increase in promotional activity during the third quarter of 2016 compared to the third quarter of 2015, partially offset by an increase in average selling prices within the irons category driven primarily by the launch of the Steelhead XR and XR OS extension line of irons in the third quarter of 2016 with no comparable launch in the prior year combined with the continued strength of the more premium APEX irons. These decreases were partially offset by favorable changes in foreign currency exchange rates, which resulted in an increase of 171 basis points.
Pre-tax income in the Company’s golf balls operating segment increased to $3.8 million in the third quarter of 2016 from $3.5 million in the third quarter of 2015. This increase was primarily due to a $3.4 million increase in net sales (as discussed above), combined with a $2.4 million increase in gross profit (or 64 basis points in gross margin). This improvement was offset by an increase of $2.1 million in operating expenses. The increase in gross margin was primarily due to favorable changes in foreign currency exchange rates, which resulted in an increase of 34 basis points, combined with an increase of 26 basis points in price and mix due to the Chrome Soft golf balls launched in the current year at higher average selling prices compared to the Chrome Soft golf balls launched in the prior year. The increase in operating expenses was primarily due to increases in employee costs, bad debt expense and marketing and tour expenses.
Nine-Month Periods Ended September 30, 2016 and 2015
Net sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 increased $17.0 million to $707.5 million compared to $690.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015. Despite softer than anticipated market conditions, the Company improved its market share due to the continued strength of its brand, resulting in increased sales in both the Company's golf clubs and golf balls operating segments. Additionally, the Company's net sales of Accessories and Other products were favorably impacted by the completion of its joint venture in Japan, resulting in the formation of Callaway Apparel KK, which has been consolidated with the Company's results since July 1, 2016.
The Company’s net sales by operating segment are presented below (dollars in millions):

| Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Growth
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | Dollars |  | Percent
Net sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Golf clubs | $ | 586.4 |  |  | $ | 577.3 |  |  | $ | 9.1 |  |  | 1.6 | %
Golf balls | 121.1 |  |  | 113.2 |  |  | 7.9 |  |  | 7.0 | %
| $ | 707.5 |  |  | $ | 690.5 |  |  | $ | 17.0 |  |  | 2.5 | %

For further discussion of each operating segment’s results, see “Golf Clubs and Golf Balls Segments Results for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016 and 2015” below.
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Net sales information by region is summarized as follows (dollars in millions):

| Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Growth/(Decline)
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | Dollars |  | Percent
Net sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States | $ | 380.2 |  |  | $ | 377.6 |  |  | $ | 2.6 |  |  | 0.7 | %
Europe | 101.2 |  |  | 103.6 |  |  | (2.4 | ) |  | (2.3 | )%
Japan | 121.2 |  |  | 103.3 |  |  | 17.9 |  |  | 17.3 | %
Rest of Asia | 51.8 |  |  | 52.3 |  |  | (0.5 | ) |  | (1.0 | )%
Other countries | 53.1 |  |  | 53.7 |  |  | (0.6 | ) |  | (1.1 | )%
| $ | 707.5 |  |  | $ | 690.5 |  |  | $ | 17.0 |  |  | 2.5 | %

Net sales in the United States increased $2.6 million (0.7%) to $380.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to $377.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 primarily due to an increase in average selling prices across most product categories. The Company’s sales in regions outside of the United States increased $14.4 million (4.6%) to $327.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to $312.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015. This increase was primarily due to an $11.5 million increase in apparel sales in Japan due to the Company's new joint venture established during the third quarter of 2016. Additionally, the Company's sales in foreign regions were favorably impacted by $5.6 million due to fluctuations in foreign currency rates.
Gross profit increased $15.3 million (5.0%) to $321.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to $306.6 million in the same period of 2015, and gross margin increased to 45.5% in the first nine months of 2016 compared to 44.4% for the same period in 2015. The increase in gross margin was primarily due to (i) an increase of 170 basis points due to improved operational efficiencies; and (ii) an increase of 60 basis points in price and product mix as a result of an increase in average selling prices within the golf balls, irons and woods product categories, partially offset by an increase in promotional activity period over period. These increases were partially offset by the impact of unfavorable changes in foreign currency exchange rates on inventory held in foreign locations, which resulted in a decrease of 94 basis points. See "Results of Operations—Overview of Business and Seasonality—Cost of Sales" above and "Golf Clubs and Golf Balls Segments Results for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016 and 2015—Segment Profitability" below for further discussion of gross margin.
Selling expenses increased by $4.8 million to $183.5 million (25.9% of net sales) during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to $178.7 million (25.9% of net sales) in the comparable period of 2015. This increase was primarily due to $2.5 million of additional selling costs resulting from the formation and consolidation of the Company's Callaway Apparel K.K. joint venture in Japan, a $0.8 million increase in accrued employee incentive compensation, and a $1.2 million increase in marketing and tour expenses primarily due to a planned increase in marketing spend period over period.
General and administrative expenses increased by $5.1 million to $52.5 million (7.4% of net sales) during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to $47.4 million (6.9% of net sales) in the comparable period of 2015. This increase was primarily due to an increase of $1.8 million in legal expenses, a $1.7 million increase in bad debt expense as a result of additional reserves taken related to a specific account in 2016 combined with a bad debt recovery recognized in the first quarter of 2015, and an increase of $1.0 million in banking and professional fees. These increases were partially offset by a $1.0 million decrease in stock compensation expense as a result of the payout of cash-settled stock awards period over period.
Research and development expenses increased by $0.7 million to $24.9 million (3.5% of net sales) during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to $24.2 million (3.5% of net sales) in the comparable period of 2015.
Interest expense decreased by $5.9 million to $1.9 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to $7.8 million in the comparable period of 2015 primarily due to the savings realized in connection with the retirement of the Company's convertible notes into shares of common stock during the second half of 2015 (see Note 7 "Investments" to the Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements in Part 1, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q).
During the second quarter of 2016, the Company sold approximately 10.0% of its preferred shares in Topgolf for $23.4 million and recognized a $17.7 million gain in other income. See Note 7 “Investments” to the Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1, of this Form 10-Q.
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Other income/expense, net decreased to other expense of $5.8 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to other income of $1.2 million in the comparable period of 2015. This $7.0 million decrease was due to an increase in net foreign currency losses from non-designated foreign currency hedging contracts.
The Company’s provision for income taxes decreased to $4.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016, compared to $5.0 million in the comparable period of 2015. Due to the effects of the Company’s valuation allowance against its U.S. deferred tax assets, the Company’s income tax provision for 2016 and 2015 is correlated to the pre-tax income of the Company's foreign subsidiaries. In evaluating its ability to realize the net deferred tax assets, the Company considered all available positive and negative evidence, including the U.S. business losses in periods prior to 2015, the U.S. business profits in the first nine months in 2016 and in 2015, and future projections of profitability which are subject to uncertainty. As of September 30, 2016, current evidence does not support the realization of these deferred tax assets. During the fourth quarter of 2016, the Company will conduct its 2017 planning and forecasting process as well as its annual review of deferred tax assets. As part of this process, the Company will evaluate all available evidence in determining the likelihood that it will be able to realize all or some portion of its deferred tax assets prior to their expiration. If, upon completing this evaluation, the Company concludes that it is more likely than not that the Company will be able to realize its deferred tax assets, all or a significant portion of the valuation allowance may be reversed at or before the end of the current year. If the Company were to reverse all or a significant portion of the valuation allowance, the Company would realize a significant one-time, non-cash tax benefit in the period of reversal. Prospectively, the Company would then expect to report an effective U.S. income tax rate that is closer to its statutory rates. For further discussion see Note 9 “Income Taxes” to the Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.
Net income for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 increased by $21.6 million to $66.6 million compared to $45.0 million in the comparable period of 2015. Diluted earnings per share increased to $0.70 in the first nine months of 2016 compared to $0.53 in the same period in 2015. Net income in the first nine months of 2016 includes a $17.7 million ($0.18 per share) gain, as discussed above, from the sale of approximately 10% of the Company's investment in Topgolf.
Golf Clubs and Golf Balls Segments Results for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016 and 2015
Golf Clubs Segment
Golf clubs sales increased $9.1 million to $586.4 million in the first nine months of 2016 compared to the same period in 2015 primarily due to an increase in sales of accessories and other sales in Japan due to the Company's new joint venture established during the third year of 2016, combined with an increased average selling prices across all product categories, partially offset by a decline in sales volumes in the woods and putters product categories.
Net sales information by product category is summarized as follows (dollars in millions):

| Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Growth/(Decline)
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | Dollars |  | Percent
Net sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Woods | $ | 172.3 |  |  | $ | 187.3 |  |  | $ | (15.0 | ) |  | (8.0 | )%
Irons | 172.9 |  |  | 163.3 |  |  | 9.6 |  |  | 5.9 | %
Putters | 72.0 |  |  | 72.6 |  |  | (0.6 | ) |  | (0.8 | )%
Accessories and other | 169.2 |  |  | 154.1 |  |  | 15.1 |  |  | 9.8 | %
| $ | 586.4 |  |  | $ | 577.3 |  |  | $ | 9.1 |  |  | 1.6 | %

Net sales of woods decreased $15.0 million (8.0%) to $172.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period in the prior year. This decrease resulted from a 9.7% decline in sales volume partially offset by a 1.8% increase in average selling prices. The decrease in sales volumes was primarily due to a shift in launch timing resulting in fewer woods products launched during the first nine months of 2016 compared to the same period in the prior year. The increase in average selling prices was primarily due to the success of the current year XR 16 drivers, which were launched at a higher selling price than their predecessor XR drivers, combined with the continued success of the Great Big Bertha drivers resulting in a favorable shift in sales mix within the woods product category.
Net sales of irons increased $9.6 million (5.9%) to $172.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period in the prior year. This was due to a 4.8% increase in average selling prices combined with a 1.0% increase in
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sales volumes. The increase in average selling prices was primarily due to the success of the more premium APEX irons with no comparable launch during the first nine months of 2015. This was partially offset by an increase in promotional activity related to reduced prices on the Company's XR irons which were in the second year of their product lifecycle. The slight increase in sales volumes resulted from the timing of product launches with the launch of the Steelhead irons during the third quarter of 2016, compared to the APEX irons launched in the fourth quarter of 2015.
Net sales of putters decreased $0.6 million (0.8%) to $72.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period in the prior year due to a 1.4% decline in sales volumes partially offset by a 0.7% increase in average selling prices. The decline in sales volume was primarily due to the 2016 launch of the Company's White Hot RX putters, which was a smaller launch compared to the full line of Odyssey Works putters launched in the prior year. The increase in average selling prices was primarily due to the limited offerings of the Company's Toe Up putters, which had a higher average selling price than the Company's core putters offered in the prior year, combined with the launch of more premium putters during the current year.
Net sales of accessories and other products increased $15.1 million (9.8%) to $169.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period in the prior year. This increase was primarily driven by an $11.5 million increase in apparel sales due to the Company's new joint venture in Japan established during the third quarter of 2016. Additionally, the Company experienced an increase in sales of packaged sets and other accessories compared to the same period in 2015.
Golf Balls Segment
Net sales information for the golf balls segment is summarized as follows (dollars in millions):

| Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Growth
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | Dollars |  | Percent
Net sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Golf balls | $ | 121.1 |  |  | $ | 113.2 |  |  | $ | 7.9 |  |  | 7.0 | %

Net sales of golf balls increased $7.9 million (7.0%) to $121.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to $113.2 million in the same period in the prior year due to a 9.4% increase in average selling prices partially offset by a 2.2% decline in sales volumes. The increase in average selling prices was primarily due to an increase in the sales price of the Company's 2016 Chrome Soft golf balls during the current year. The decline in sales volume was primarily due to a decline in sales of the Company's SMU balls during the first nine months of 2016 compared to the same period in 2015.
Segment Profitability
Profitability by operating segment is summarized as follows (dollars in millions):

| Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Growth
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | Dollars |  | Percent
Income before income taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Golf clubs | $ | 71.2 |  |  | $ | 69.5 |  |  | $ | 1.7 |  |  | 2.4 | %
Golf balls | 23.2 |  |  | 17.6 |  |  | 5.6 |  |  | 31.8 | %
Reconciling items(1) | (23.0 | ) |  | (37.1 | ) |  | 14.1 |  |  | 38.0 | %
| $ | 71.4 |  |  | $ | 50.0 |  |  | $ | 21.4 |  |  | 42.8 | %

(1) | Reconciling items represent corporate general and administrative expenses and other income (expense) not included by management in determining segment profitability. The increase in reconciling items in the first nine months of 2016 compared to the same period in the prior year was primarily due to a $17.7 million gain recognized in the second quarter of 2016 in connection with the sale of approximately 10.0% of the Company's investment in Topgolf, combined with decreases in interest expense and corporate stock compensation, partially offset by an increase in foreign currency exchange losses.

Pre-tax income in the Company’s golf clubs operating segment increased to $71.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 from $69.5 million for the comparable period in the prior year. This increase was primarily due to a $9.2 million increase in net sales (as discussed above) combined with a $7.3 million increase in gross profit (or increase of 37 basis points in gross
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margin), partially offset by an increase of $5.7 million in operating expenses. The improvement in gross margin was primarily due to an increase of 150 basis points due to a reduction in costs, driven primarily by the favorable sourcing of raw materials, combined with improved operational efficiencies resulting from the favorable absorption of fixed charges. Price and mix was flat in 2016 compared to the prior year as a result of an increase in average selling prices within the irons product category partially offset by an increase in promotional activity year over year. Foreign currency translation on inventory held in foreign locations had a negative impact to gross margin within the golf clubs segment of 93 basis points. The increase in operating expenses was primarily due to an increase in employee costs as a result of the Company's new joint venture in Japan established during the third quarter of 2016, in addition to increases in bad debt expense and marketing and tour expenses.
Pre-tax income in the Company’s golf balls operating segment increased to $23.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 from $17.6 million for the comparable period in the prior year. This increase was primarily due to a $7.9 million increase in net sales (as discussed above) combined with a $8.1 million increase in gross profit (or a 72 basis points improvement in gross margin), partially offset by an increase of $2.4 million in operating expenses. The improvement in gross margin was attributable to an increase in price and mix of 57 basis points due to the Chrome Soft golf balls launched in the current year at higher average selling prices compared to the Chrome Soft golf balls launched in the prior year. The increase in operating expenses was primarily due to increases in employee costs, bad debt expense and marketing and tour expenses.
Financial Condition
The Company’s cash and cash equivalents increased $74.8 million to $124.6 million at September 30, 2016 from $49.8 million at December 31, 2015. Cash provided by operating activities improved to $85.6 million during the first nine months of 2016 compared to $28.4 million during the comparable period of 2015. This improvement was primarily due to the timing of inventory purchases year over year as a result of a shift in product launch timing, improved inventory management year over year and an overall improvement in the Company's cash conversion cycle. During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company used its cash and cash equivalents and proceeds of $23.4 million from the sale of approximately 10.0% of its preferred shares in its Topgolf investment, in addition to cash from operating activities, to pay down its credit facilities as well as to fund $12.2 million in capital expenditures and $1.6 million in golf-related ventures. Management expects to fund the Company’s future operations from current cash balances and cash provided by its operating activities combined with borrowings under its credit facilities, as deemed necessary. See Note 2 "Financing Arrangements" to the Note to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 and "Liquidity and Capital Resources" in Part I, Item 2 of this Form 10-Q for further information on the ABL Facility.
The Company’s accounts receivable balance fluctuates throughout the year as a result of the general seasonality of the Company’s business. The Company’s accounts receivable balance will generally be at its highest during the first and second quarters due to the seasonal peak in the golf season, and it will generally decline significantly during the third and fourth quarters as a result of an increase in cash collections and lower sales. As of September 30, 2016, the Company’s net accounts receivable increased to $158.3 million from $115.6 million as of December 31, 2015. The increase in accounts receivable reflects the general seasonality of the business and was primarily attributable to net sales of $187.9 million during the third quarter of 2016 compared to net sales of $153.3 million during the fourth quarter of 2015. The Company’s net accounts receivable as of September 30, 2016 increased by $5.2 million compared to the Company’s net accounts receivable as of September 30, 2015. This increase was primarily attributable to a $12.1 million increase in net sales in the third quarter of 2016 compared to the third quarter of 2015, offset by an overall improvement in payment terms.
The Company’s inventory balance fluctuates throughout the year as a result of the general seasonality of the Company’s business and is also affected by the timing of new product launches. Generally, the Company’s buildup of inventory levels begins during the fourth quarter and continues heavily into the first quarter as well as into the beginning of the second quarter in order to meet demand during the height of the golf season. Inventory levels start to decline toward the end of the second quarter and are at their lowest during the third quarter. Inventory levels are also impacted by the timing of new product launches. The Company’s inventory decreased to $157.0 million as of September 30, 2016 compared to $208.9 million as of December 31, 2015. This decrease was primarily due to improved inventory management combined with the general seasonality of the Company's business. The Company’s inventory as of September 30, 2016 decreased by $27.8 million compared to the Company's inventory as of September 30, 2015 primarily due to the earlier timing of product launches in 2016 compared to 2015 combined with improved inventory management period over period.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
The information set forth in Note 2 “Financing Arrangements” to the Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1, of this Form 10-Q is incorporated herein by this reference.
Liquidity
The Company’s principal sources of liquidity consist of its existing cash balances, funds expected to be generated from operations and its credit facilities. Based upon the Company’s current cash balances, its estimates of funds expected to be generated from operations in 2016, and current and projected availability under its credit facilities, the Company believes that it will be able to finance current and planned operating requirements, capital expenditures, contractual obligations and commercial commitments for at least the next 12 months.
The Company’s ability to generate sufficient positive cash flows from operations is subject to many risks and uncertainties, including future economic trends and conditions, demand for the Company’s products, foreign currency exchange rates, and other risks and uncertainties applicable to the Company and its business (see “Risk Factors” contained in Part I, Item 1A of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015). If the Company is unable to generate sufficient cash flows to fund its business due to a decline in sales or otherwise and is unable to reduce its manufacturing costs and operating expenses to offset such decline, the Company will need to increase its reliance on its credit facilities for needed liquidity. If the credit facilities are not then available or sufficient and the Company could not secure alternative financing arrangements, the Company’s future operations would be materially adversely affected.
To further enhance its liquidity position and make strategic investments, the Company may obtain additional financing, which could consist of equity or debt financing from public and/or private credit and capital markets. In 2014, the Company filed a universal shelf registration statement with the Commission for the future sale of up to $200.0 million of debt securities, common stock, preferred stock, depositary shares, warrants, rights, stock purchase contracts, stock purchase units and units. The securities may be offered from time to time, separately or together, directly by the Company or through underwriters, dealers or agents at amounts, prices, interest rates and other terms to be determined at the time of the offering.
In connection with the Company's investment in Topgolf in April 2016, Topgolf repurchased shares from its existing shareholders. The Company sold $5.8 million of its preferred shares in Topgolf in connection with this repurchase program, and received cash proceeds of $23.4 million. For further discussion, see Note 6 "Investments" in the Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements in Part 1, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.
As of September 30, 2016, approximately 37% of the Company’s total cash is held in regions outside of the United States. If the Company were to repatriate such cash, outside of settling intercompany balances during the normal course of operations, it would need to accrue and pay incremental U.S. federal and state income taxes, reduced by the current amount of available U.S. federal and state net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. The Company has not, nor does it intend to, repatriate funds to the United States to satisfy domestic liquidity needs arising in the ordinary course of business, including liquidity needs associated with its domestic debt service requirements. In 2015 and 2014, the Company ceased its business operations in Thailand and Malaysia, respectively, and accordingly, the Company no longer maintains a permanent reinvestment assertion with respect to these two entities. The Company intends to repatriate the undistributed earnings from these two entities to the United States at the time that the winding-down process has been completed. Accordingly, the Company has accrued for the estimated incremental U.S. income taxes related to reversing its permanent indefinite reinvestment assertion. However, these incremental U.S. income taxes are expected to be offset by the utilization of the Company's cumulative U.S. net operating losses. Except for the Company's foreign subsidiaries in Thailand and Malaysia, the Company considers the undistributed earnings of its foreign subsidiaries to be permanently reinvested and, accordingly, no U.S. income taxes have been provided thereon.
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Other Significant Cash and Contractual Obligations
The table set forth below summarizes certain significant cash obligations as of September 30, 2016 that could affect the Company’s future liquidity.

| Payments Due By Period
| Total |  | Less than 1 Year |  | 1-3 Years |  | 4-5 Years |  | More than 5 Years
| (in millions)
Capital leases (1) | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Operating leases(2) | 25.8 |  |  | 6.7 |  |  | 7.5 |  |  | 4.2 |  |  | 7.4 |
Unconditional purchase obligations(3) | 62.1 |  |  | 35.9 |  |  | 23.0 |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | — |
Uncertain tax contingencies(4) | 3.4 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 2.2 |
Total | $ | 91.8 |  |  | $ | 43.1 |  |  | $ | 31.6 |  |  | $ | 7.5 |  |  | $ | 9.6 |

(1) | Amounts represent future minimum lease payments. Capital lease obligations are included in accounts payable and accrued expenses and other long-term liabilities in the accompanying consolidated condensed balance sheets.

(2) | The Company leases certain warehouse, distribution and office facilities, vehicles and office equipment under operating leases. The amounts presented in this line item represent commitments for minimum lease payments under non-cancelable operating leases.

(3) | During the normal course of its business, the Company enters into agreements to purchase goods and services, including purchase commitments for production materials, endorsement agreements with professional golfers and other endorsers, employment and consulting agreements, and intellectual property licensing agreements pursuant to which the Company is required to pay royalty fees. It is not possible to determine the amounts the Company will ultimately be required to pay under these agreements as they are subject to many variables including performance-based bonuses, severance arrangements, the Company’s sales levels, and reductions in payment obligations if designated minimum performance criteria are not achieved. The amounts listed approximate minimum purchase obligations, base compensation, and guaranteed minimum royalty payments the Company is obligated to pay under these agreements. The actual amounts paid under some of these agreements may be higher or lower than the amounts included. In the aggregate, the actual amount paid under these obligations is likely to be higher than the amounts listed as a result of the variable nature of these obligations. In addition, the Company also enters into unconditional purchase obligations with various vendors and suppliers of goods and services in the normal course of operations through purchase orders or other documentation or that are undocumented except for an invoice. Such unconditional purchase obligations are generally outstanding for periods less than a year and are settled by cash payments upon delivery of goods and services and are not reflected in this line item.

(4) | Amount represents the current and non-current portions of uncertain income tax positions as recorded on the Company's consolidated condensed balance sheet as of September 30, 2016. Amounts exclude uncertain income tax positions that the Company would be able to offset against deferred taxes. For further discussion see Note 9 “Income Taxes” to the Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.

During its normal course of business, the Company has made certain indemnities, commitments and guarantees under which it may be required to make payments in relation to certain transactions. These include (i) intellectual property indemnities to the Company’s customers and licensees in connection with the use, sale and/or license of Company products or trademarks, (ii) indemnities to various lessors in connection with facility leases for certain claims arising from such facilities or leases, (iii) indemnities to vendors and service providers pertaining to the goods or services provided to the Company or based on the negligence or willful misconduct of the Company, and (iv) indemnities involving the accuracy of representations and warranties in certain contracts. In addition, the Company has made contractual commitments to each of its officers and certain other employees providing for severance payments upon the termination of employment. The Company also has consulting agreements that provide for payment of nominal fees upon the issuance of patents and/or the commercialization of research results. The Company has also issued guarantees in the form of a standby letter of credit in the amount of $0.9 million as security for contingent liabilities under certain workers’ compensation insurance policies.
The duration of these indemnities, commitments and guarantees varies, and in certain cases may be indefinite. The majority of these indemnities, commitments and guarantees do not provide for any limitation on the maximum amount of future payments the Company could be obligated to make. Historically, costs incurred to settle claims related to indemnities have not been material to the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In addition, the Company believes the likelihood is remote
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that payments under the commitments and guarantees described above will have a material effect on the Company’s financial condition. The fair value of indemnities, commitments and guarantees that the Company issued during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was not material to the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
In addition to the contractual obligations listed above, the Company’s liquidity could also be adversely affected by an unfavorable outcome with respect to claims and litigation that the Company is subject to from time to time (see Note 10 “Commitments & Contingencies” to the Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 and “Legal Proceedings” in Part II, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q).
Capital Expenditures
The Company does not currently have any material commitments for capital expenditures. The Company expects to have capital expenditures of approximately $18.4 million for the year ending December 31, 2016.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
The company has no material off-balance sheet arrangements as defined in Regulation S-K Item 303(a)(4)(ii).
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
There have been no material changes to the Company's critical accounting policies and estimates from the information provided in Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” included in the Company's Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
The Company uses derivative financial instruments to mitigate its exposure to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Transactions involving these financial instruments are with creditworthy banks, including the bank that is party to the Company’s ABL Facility (see Note 2 "Financing Arrangements" to the Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements in Part 1, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q). The use of these instruments exposes the Company to market and credit risk which may at times be concentrated with certain counterparties, although counterparty nonperformance is not anticipated. The Company is also exposed to interest rate risk from its credit facilities.
Foreign Currency Fluctuations
Information about the Company's foreign currency hedging activities is set forth in Note 13 “Derivatives and Hedging,” to the Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1, of this Form 10-Q, which is incorporated herein by this reference.
As part of the Company’s risk management procedure, a sensitivity analysis model is used to measure the potential loss in future earnings of market-sensitive instruments resulting from one or more selected hypothetical changes in interest rates or foreign currency values. The sensitivity analysis model quantifies the estimated potential effect of unfavorable movements of 10% in foreign currencies to which the Company was exposed at September 30, 2016 through its foreign currency forward contracts.
The estimated maximum one-day loss from the Company’s foreign currency forward contracts, calculated using the sensitivity analysis model described above, is $21.8 million at September 30, 2016. The Company believes that such a hypothetical loss from its foreign currency forward contracts would be partially offset by increases in the value of the underlying transactions being hedged.
The sensitivity analysis model is a risk analysis tool and does not purport to represent actual losses in earnings that will be incurred by the Company, nor does it consider the potential effect of favorable changes in market rates. It also does not represent the maximum possible loss that may occur. Actual future gains and losses will differ from those estimated because of changes or differences in market rates and interrelationships, hedging instruments and hedge percentages, timing and other factors.
Interest Rate Fluctuations
The Company is exposed to interest rate risk from its credit facilities. Outstanding borrowings under these credit facilities accrue interest as described in Note 2 "Financing Arrangements" to the Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1, and in “Liquidity and Capital Resources” in Part I, Item 2 of this Form 10-Q. As part of the Company’s risk management procedures, a sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the impact of unfavorable changes in interest rates on
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the Company’s cash flows. The sensitivity analysis quantified that the incremental expense incurred by a 10% increase in interest rates would be $0.1 million over a 12-month period ending on September 30, 2016.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures. The Company carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness, as of September 30, 2016, of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended). Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2016.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. During the quarter ended September 30, 2016, there were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Because of the inherent limitations of internal control over financial reporting, including the possibility of collusion or improper management override of controls, material misstatements due to error or fraud may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Also, projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risk that the controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
The information set forth in Note 10 “Commitments & Contingencies,” to the Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1, of this Form 10-Q, is incorporated herein by this reference.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Certain Factors Affecting Callaway Golf Company
The Company has included in Part I, Item 1A of its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, a description of certain risks and uncertainties that could affect the Company’s business, future performance or financial condition (the “Risk Factors”). There are no material changes from the disclosure provided in the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 with respect to the Risk Factors. Investors should consider the Risk Factors prior to making an investment decision with respect to the Company’s stock.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Stock Purchases
In August 2014, the Company's Board of Directors authorized a $50.0 million share repurchase program under which the Company is authorized to repurchase shares of its common stock in the open market or in private transactions, subject to the Company’s assessment of market conditions and buying opportunities. The repurchases will be made consistent with the terms of the Company's credit facility which defines the amount of stock that can be repurchased. The repurchase program will remain in effect until completed or until terminated by the Board of Directors. During the three months ended September 30, 2016, the Company did not repurchase any shares of its common stock under this program.

Item 3. Defaults upon Senior Securities
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
None
Item 5. Other Information
None.
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Item 6. Exhibits

3.1 |  |  | Certificate of Incorporation, incorporated herein by this reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the Commission on July 1, 1999 (file no. 1-10962).
3.2 |  |  | Fifth Amended and Restated Bylaws, as amended and restated as of November 18, 2008, incorporated herein by this reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the Commission on November 21, 2008 (file no. 1-10962).
4.1 |  |  | Form of Specimen Stock Certificate for Common Stock, incorporated herein by this reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the Commission on June 15, 2009 (file no. 1-10962).
31.1 |  |  | Certification of Oliver G. Brewer III pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.†
31.2 |  |  | Certification of Robert K. Julian pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.†
32.1 |  |  | Certification of Oliver G. Brewer III and Robert K. Julian pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.†
101.1 |  |  | XBRL Instance Document †
101.2 |  |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document †
101.3 |  |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document †
101.4 |  |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document †
101.5 |  |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document †
101.6 |  |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document †

(†) Included with this Report.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

CALLAWAY GOLF COMPANY
By: | /s/ Jennifer Thomas
| Jennifer Thomas
| Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer

Date: November 4, 2016
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EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit |  | Description
31.1 |  |  | Certification of Oliver G. Brewer III pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 |  |  | Certification of Robert K. Julian pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1 |  |  | Certification of Oliver G. Brewer III and Robert K. Julian pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.1 |  |  | XBRL Instance Document
101.2 |  |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.3 |  |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.4 |  |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.5 |  |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.6 |  |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

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