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Revenue Recognition
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2023
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]  
Revenue Recognition Revenue Recognition
We primarily recognize revenue from the sale of our products and the operation of our venues. Revenue from product sales includes golf clubs, golf balls, lifestyle and outdoor apparel, gear and accessories, and golf apparel and accessories. We sell our products to customers, which include on- and off-course golf shops and national retail stores, as well as to consumers through our e-commerce business and at our apparel retail and venue locations. Our product revenue also includes royalty income from third parties from the licensing of certain soft goods products. Revenue from services primarily includes venue sales of food and beverage, fees charged for gameplay, the sale of game credits to guests, franchise fees, the sale of gift cards, sponsorship contracts, leasing revenue and non-refundable deposits received for venue reservations at Topgolf. In addition, we recognize service revenue through our online multiplayer WGT digital golf game.
Our contracts with customers for our products are generally in the form of a purchase order. In certain cases, we enter into sales agreements containing specific terms, discounts and allowances. We enter into licensing agreements with certain distributors and, with respect to our Toptracer operations, driving ranges and hospitality and entertainment venues.
The following table presents our revenue disaggregated by major category and operating and reportable segment (in millions):
Three Months Ended March 31,
20232022
Topgolf:
Venues$386.7 $306.5 
Other business lines16.8 15.5 
Total Topgolf$403.5 $322.0 
Golf Equipment:
Golf club$350.8 $370.4 
Golf ball92.9 97.6 
Total Golf Equipment$443.7 $468.0 
Active Lifestyle:
Apparel$176.1 $138.4 
Gear, accessories & other144.1 111.8 
Total Active Lifestyle$320.2 $250.2 
Total Consolidated$1,167.4 $1,040.2 
Venue product sales at our Topgolf operating segment include the sale of golf clubs, golf balls, apparel, gear and accessories. During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, venue product sales totaled $3.7 million and $4.2 million, respectively.
Product and Service Revenue
We sell our Golf Equipment products and Active Lifestyle products in the United States and internationally, with our principal international regions being Europe and Asia. Golf Equipment product sales are generally higher than Active Lifestyle sales in most regions except for Europe, which has a higher concentration of Active Lifestyle sales due to the Jack Wolfskin business. Revenue from venues is higher in the United States due to Topgolf having significantly more domestic venues than international venues. Revenue related to other business lines at Topgolf is predominantly in the United States and regions within Europe.
The following table summarizes our revenue by major geographic region (in millions):
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20232022
Revenue by Major Geographic Region:
United States$811.1 $709.4 
Europe153.6 134.9 
Asia160.2 158.6 
Rest of world42.5 37.3 
$1,167.4 $1,040.2 
Royalty Income
We receive royalty income at our Topgolf and Active Lifestyle operating segments primarily related to leasing agreements for Toptracer installations (see Note 3) and licensing agreements, respectively. The following table summarizes royalty income by operating segment (in millions):
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20232022
Royalty Income:
Topgolf$12.1 $9.7 
Active Lifestyle6.7 5.4 
Total$18.8 $15.1 
Deferred Revenue
Our deferred revenue balance includes short-term and long-term deferred revenue which consists primarily of revenue from the sale of gift cards, event deposits, loyalty points, memberships and prepaid sponsorships at Topgolf, virtual currency and game credits related to the WGT digital golf game, as well as upfront territory fees and upfront franchise fees received from international franchise partners.
Revenue from gift cards is deferred and recognized when the cards are redeemed, which generally occurs within a twelve-month period from the date of purchase. Revenue from the event deposits, loyalty points, memberships, prepaid sponsorships, game credits, and virtual currency related to the WGT digital golf game are recognized when redeemed or once the event or sponsorship occurs, over the estimated life of a customer’s membership, or based on historical currency or credit usage trends, as applicable, which generally occur within a one to thirty-six month period from the date of purchase. Revenue related to territory and franchise fees for each arrangement are allocated to each individual venue and recognized up to a 40-year term, including renewal options, per the respective franchise agreement.
The following table provides a reconciliation of activity related to our short-term deferred revenue balance for the periods presented (in millions):
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20232022
Beginning Balance$94.9 $93.9 
Deferral of revenue157.8 107.4 
Revenue recognized(142.8)(101.3)
Breakage(7.0)(4.9)
Foreign currency translation and other(0.1)4.2 
Ending Balance$102.8 $99.3 
As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, our long-term deferred revenue balance was $3.3 million and $3.2 million, respectively.
For each of the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, we recognized $29.5 million of revenue that was included in the deferred revenue balances at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Variable Consideration
We recognize revenue based on the amount of consideration we expect to receive from customers for our products and services. The consideration is based on the sales price of our products and services adjusted for estimates of variable consideration, including sales returns, discounts and allowances, sales promotions and sales programs, and price concessions that we offer. These estimates are based on the amounts earned or expected to be claimed by customers.
The following table provides a reconciliation of the activity related to our short-term sales program incentives for the periods presented (in millions):
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20232022
Beginning Balance$20.8 $23.3 
Additions 15.5 15.9 
Credits issued (10.7)(6.2)
Foreign currency translation and other(0.1)(0.7)
Ending Balance$25.5 $32.3 
We record an estimate for anticipated returns as a reduction of product revenues and cost of products, and accounts receivable, in the period that the related sales are recorded. Our provision for the sales return liability fluctuates with the seasonality of the business, while actual sales returns are generally more heavily weighted toward the second half of the year as the golf season comes to an end.
The following table provides a reconciliation of the activity related to our sales return reserve for the periods presented (in millions):
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20232022
Beginning Balance$55.4 $47.4 
Provision58.9 49.9 
Sales returns(41.6)(29.7)
Ending Balance$72.7 $67.6 
The cost recovery of inventory associated with the sales return liability is accounted for in other current assets on our condensed consolidated balance sheet. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, our balance for cost recovery was $34.0 million and $25.5 million, respectively.