The following table summarizes the Company’s selling expenses, including sales commissions and marketing and other, which are recognized within Costs and Expenses Applicable to Revenues in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations, for three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023				2022
(In thousands of U.S. Dollars)	Sales Commissions		Marketing and Other		Sales Commissions		Marketing and Other
Technology sales(1)	$	200	$	16	$	—	$	162
Image enhancement and maintenance services(2)		—		6,772		—		2,915
Technology rentals(3)		73		260		45		465
Total	$	273	$	7,048	$	45	$	3,542

(1)

Sales commissions paid prior to the recognition of the related revenue are deferred and recognized upon the client acceptance of the IMAX System. Direct advertising and marketing costs for each IMAX System are expensed as incurred.

(2)

Film exploitation costs, including advertising and marketing costs, are expensed as incurred.

(3)

Sales commissions related to joint revenue sharing arrangements accounted for operating leases are recognized in the month they are earned by the salesperson, which is typically the month in which the IMAX System is installed. Direct advertising and marketing costs for each IMAX System are expensed as incurred.

Included in Selling, General and Administrative Expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 is a foreign currency net loss of $(0.1) million, (2022 — foreign currency net loss of $(0.1) million) resulting from changes in exchange rates related to foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities. (See Note 15(c) for additional information.)

The accounting policy for the Company’s joint revenue sharing arrangements is disclosed in Note 3(o) of the Company’s audited Consolidated Financial Statements in its 2022 Form 10-K.

Revenue attributable to transactions arising between the Company and its customers under joint revenue sharing arrangements are recorded within Revenues — Technology Sales (for hybrid joint revenue sharing arrangements) and Revenues — Technology Rentals (for traditional joint revenue sharing arrangements). For the three months ended March 31, 2023, such revenues totaled $20.1 million (2022 — $13.6 million).

In an IMAX film remastering and distribution (formerly known as “IMAX DMR”) arrangement, the Company receives a percentage of the box office receipts from a third party who owns the copyright to a film in exchange for converting the film into IMAX format and distributing it through the IMAX network. The fee earned by the Company in a typical IMAX film remastering and distribution arrangement averages approximately 12.5% of box office receipts (i.e. gross box office receipts less applicable sales taxes), except for within Greater China, where the Company receives a lower percentage of net box office receipts for certain Hollywood films. The accounting policy for the Company’s IMAX film remastering and distribution arrangements is disclosed in Note 3(o) of the Company’s audited Consolidated Financial Statements in its 2022 Form 10-K.

Revenue attributable to transactions arising between the Company and its customers under IMAX film remastering and distribution arrangements are included in Revenues – Image Enhancement and Maintenance Services. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, such revenues totaled $30.1 million (2022 — $19.6 million). (See Note 12(a) for a disaggregated presentation of the Company’s revenues.)

In certain film arrangements, the Company co-produces a film with a third party whereby the third party retains the copyright and certain other rights to the film. In some cases, the Company obtains exclusive theatrical distribution rights to the film. Under these arrangements, both parties contribute to the funding of the production, distribution and exploitation costs associated with the film.

As of March 31, 2023, the Company is party to one co-produced film arrangement, which represents the VIE total assets balance of $1.5 million and liabilities balance of $0.2 million, and four other co-produced film arrangements, the terms of which are similar. The accounting policies relating to co-produced film arrangements are disclosed in Notes 3(a) and 3(o) of the Company’s 2022 Form 10-K.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, an expense of $0.1 million (2022 — $0.1 million) attributable to transactions between the Company and other parties involved in the production of the films have been included in Costs and Expenses Applicable to Revenues ― Image Enhancement and Maintenance Services.