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INCOME TAXES (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Provision for Income Taxes | The Company and its subsidiaries file a consolidated federal income tax return on a fiscal year basis. The provision for income taxes were as follows:
| Fiscal Year Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Federal: |  |  |  |  |
Current | $ | 8,682 |  |  | $ | 5,657 |  |  | $ | 6,402 |
Deferred | (1,168) |  |  | 12,900 |  |  | (3,909) |
| 7,514 |  |  | 18,557 |  |  | 2,493 |
State: |  |  |  |  |
Current | 7,817 |  |  | 4,720 |  |  | 5,938 |
Deferred | 993 |  |  | 4,687 |  |  | 2,270 |
| 8,810 |  |  | 9,407 |  |  | 8,208 |
Income tax expense | $ | 16,324 |  |  | $ | 27,964 |  |  | $ | 10,701 |
Components of Net Deferred Tax Asset (Liability) | The tax effects of the Company's temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of its deferred tax assets and liabilities were:
| At September 30,
(Dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
Bad debts | $ | 11,606 |  |  | $ | 10,636 |
Deferred compensation | 3,739 |  |  | 2,652 |
Stock based compensation | 3,916 |  |  | 3,521 |
Valuation adjustments | 393 |  |  | 3,047 |
General business credits(1) | 59,783 |  |  | 52,684 |
Accrued expenses | 2,558 |  |  | 1,948 |
Lease liability | 7,210 |  |  | 8,074 |
Net unrealized loss on securities available for sale | 84,908 |  |  | 71,336 |
Other assets | 4,193 |  |  | 2,662 |
| 178,306 |  |  | 156,560 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
Premises and equipment | (2,016) |  |  | (3,148) |
Intangibles | (5,862) |  |  | (4,099) |
Leased assets | (66,877) |  |  | (58,592) |
Right-of-use assets | (6,877) |  |  | (7,758) |
Other liabilities | (1,349) |  |  | (1,170) |
| (82,981) |  |  | (74,767) |
Net deferred tax assets | $ | 95,325 |  |  | $ | 81,793 |
(1) The general business credits are investment tax credits generated from qualified solar energy property placed in service during the fiscal years ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. These credits will begin to expire on September 30, 2041.
Reconciliation of Total Income Tax Expense | The Company's effective tax rate is calculated by dividing income tax expense by income before income tax expense.
| Fiscal Year Ended September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
(Dollars in thousands) | Amount | Rate |  | Amount | Rate |  | Amount | Rate
Statutory federal income tax expense and rate | $ | 38,248 |  | 21.0 | % |  | $ | 38,714 |  | 21.0 | % |  | $ | 32,854 |  | 21.0 | %
Change in tax rate resulting from: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State income taxes net of federal benefits | 7,047 |  | 3.9 | % |  | 7,413 |  | 4.0 | % |  | 6,452 |  | 4.1 | %
162(m) disallowance | 919 |  | 0.5 | % |  | 1,125 |  | 0.4 | % |  | 686 |  | 0.4 | %
Tax exempt income | (783) |  | (0.4) | % |  | (743) |  | (0.4) | % |  | (835) |  | (0.5) | %
General business credits | (28,633) |  | (15.7) | % |  | (17,589) |  | (9.5) | % |  | (26,945) |  | (17.2) | %
Other, net | (474) |  | (0.3) | % |  | (956) |  | (0.3) | % |  | (1,511) |  | (1.0) | %
Income tax expense | $ | 16,324 |  | 9.0 | % |  | $ | 27,964 |  | 15.2 | % |  | $ | 10,701 |  | 6.8 | %
Reconciliation of Liabilities Associated with Unrecognized Tax Benefits | A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for liabilities associated with unrecognized tax benefits follows:
| At September 30,
(Dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022
Balance at beginning of fiscal year | $ | 645 |  |  | $ | 777 |
Additions (reductions) for tax positions related to prior years | (124) |  |  | (132) |
Balance at end of fiscal year | $ | 521 |  |  | $ | 645 |

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