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SECURITIES
 12 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2023
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]  
SECURITIES SECURITIES
 
The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and estimated fair values of AFS and HTM debt securities are presented below.
(Dollars in thousands)Amortized CostGross Unrealized GainsGross Unrealized (Losses)Fair
Value
Debt Securities AFS
At September 30, 2023
Corporate securities$25,000 $— $(6,750)$18,250 
SBA securities95,549 — (10,307)85,242 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions2,368 — (79)2,289 
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions269,396 — (42,673)226,723 
Asset-backed securities255,384 234 (9,419)246,199 
Mortgage-backed securities1,495,636 — (270,111)1,225,525 
Total debt securities AFS$2,143,333 $234 $(339,339)$1,804,228 
At September 30, 2022
Corporate securities$25,000 $— $(2,813)$22,187 
SBA securities105,238 — (7,470)97,768 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions2,469 — (125)2,344 
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions290,754 — (26,971)263,783 
Asset-backed securities160,806 — (13,016)147,790 
Mortgage-backed securities1,581,452 — (232,455)1,348,997 
Total debt securities AFS$2,165,719 $— $(282,850)$1,882,869 
Debt Securities HTM
At September 30, 2023
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions$34,415 $— $(4,844)$29,571 
Mortgage-backed securities2,176 — (322)1,854 
Total debt securities HTM$36,591 $— $(5,166)$31,425 
At September 30, 2022
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions$39,093 $— $(3,190)$35,903 
Mortgage-backed securities2,589 — (321)2,268 
Total debt securities HTM$41,682 $— $(3,511)$38,171 
Gross unrealized losses and fair value, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous loss position, were as follows:

LESS THAN 12 MONTHSOVER 12 MONTHSTOTAL
(Dollars in thousands)Fair
Value		Gross Unrealized (Losses)Fair
Value		Gross Unrealized (Losses)Fair
Value		Gross Unrealized (Losses)
Debt Securities AFS
At September 30, 2023
Corporate securities$— $— $18,250 $(6,750)$18,250 $(6,750)
SBA securities22,327 (1,919)62,915 (8,388)85,242 (10,307)
Obligations of state and political subdivisions— — 2,289 (79)2,289 (79)
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions5,010 (83)221,714 (42,590)226,723 (42,673)
Asset-backed securities46,528 (224)115,608 (9,195)162,136 (9,419)
Mortgage-backed securities18,311 (944)1,207,214 (269,167)1,225,525 (270,111)
Total debt securities AFS$92,176 $(3,170)$1,627,990 $(336,169)$1,720,165 $(339,339)
At September 30, 2022
Corporate securities$— $— $22,187 $(2,813)$22,187 $(2,813)
SBA securities97,767 (7,470)— — 97,767 (7,470)
Obligations of state and political subdivisions2,345 (125)— — 2,345 (125)
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions195,816 (19,743)67,967 (7,228)263,783 (26,971)
Asset-backed securities64,886 (1,838)82,904 (11,178)147,790 (13,016)
Mortgage-backed securities816,657 (106,583)532,340 (125,872)1,348,997 (232,455)
Total debt securities AFS$1,177,471 $(135,759)$705,398 $(147,091)$1,882,869 $(282,850)
Debt Securities HTM
At September 30, 2023
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions$— $— $29,571 $(4,844)$29,571 $(4,844)
Mortgage-backed securities— — 1,854 (322)1,854 (322)
Total debt securities HTM$— $— $31,425 $(5,166)$31,425 $(5,166)
At September 30, 2022
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions$3,984 $(300)$31,919 $(2,890)$35,903 $(3,190)
Mortgage-backed securities2,268 (321)— — 2,268 (321)
Total debt securities HTM$6,252 $(621)$31,919 $(2,890)$38,171 $(3,511)

The decline in the fair value of investment securities balances when comparing September 30, 2023 to the prior year was primarily driven by increases in unrealized losses due to the rise in interest rates throughout the fiscal year. At September 30, 2023, there were 206 securities AFS in an unrealized loss position. All of the mortgage-backed securities ("MBS") in an unrealized loss position at September 30, 2023 were government guaranteed. Management assessed each investment security with unrealized losses for credit loss and determined all unrealized losses on these securities were due to change in interest rates versus credit loss. As part of that assessment, management evaluated and concluded that it is more-likely-than-not that the Company will not be required and does not intend to sell any of the securities prior to recovery of the amortized cost. At September 30, 2023, there was no ACL for debt securities AFS.
The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities by contractual maturity are shown below. Certain securities have call features which allow the issuer to call the security prior to maturity. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities in MBS because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Therefore, MBS are not included in the maturity categories in the following maturity summary. The expected maturities of certain SBA securities may differ from contractual maturities because the borrowers may have the right to prepay the obligation. However, certain prepayment penalties may apply.
At September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)20232022
Securities AFS at Fair ValueAmortized CostFair
Value		Amortized CostFair
Value
Due in one year or less$5,023 $4,971 $718 $715 
Due after one year through five years11,175 10,292 9,921 9,395 
Due after five years through ten years79,139 66,428 89,921 81,819 
Due after ten years552,360 497,012 483,707 441,943 
647,697 578,703 584,267 533,872 
Mortgage-backed securities1,495,636 1,225,525 1,581,452 1,348,997 
Total securities AFS, at fair value$2,143,333 $1,804,228 $2,165,719 $1,882,869 
Securities HTM at Fair Value
Due after ten years$34,415 $29,571 $39,093 $35,903 
34,415 29,571 39,093 35,903 
Mortgage-backed securities2,176 1,854 2,589 2,268 
Total securities HTM, at cost$36,591 $31,425 $41,682 $38,171 

Activity related to the sale of securities is summarized below.
Fiscal Year Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)202320222021
Securities AFS
   Proceeds from sales$— $265,951 $50,468 
   Gross gains on sales— 1,742 179 
   Gross losses on sales— 1,588 173 
 Net gain (loss) on securities AFS$— $154 $6 

There was no activity related to the sale of securities held to maturity during the fiscal years ended September 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

No securities were pledged as collateral for public funds on deposit at September 30, 2023 and 2022. No securities were pledged as collateral for individual, trust and estate deposits at September 30, 2023 and 2022.

FRB Stock. The Bank is required by federal law to subscribe to capital stock (divided into shares of $100 each) as a member of the FRB of Minneapolis with an amount equal to six per centum of the paid-up capital stock and surplus. One-half of the subscription is paid at time of application, and one-half is subject to call of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. FRB of Minneapolis stock held by the Bank totaled $19.7 million at September 30, 2023 and 2022. These equity securities are 'restricted' in that they can only be owned by member banks. At fiscal year-end 2023 and 2022, the Company pledged securities with fair values of $773.6 million and $924.2 million against FRB advances, respectively.

Included in interest and dividend income from other investments is $1.2 million, $1.2 million, and $1.5 million related to dividend income on FRB stock for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
FHLB Stock. The Company’s borrowings from the FHLB are secured by specific investment securities. Such advances can be made pursuant to several different credit programs, each of which has its own interest rate and range of maturities.

The investments in the FHLB stock are required investments related to the Company’s membership in and current borrowings from the FHLB of Des Moines. The investments in the FHLB of Des Moines could be adversely impacted by the financial operations of the FHLB and actions of their regulator, the Federal Housing Finance Agency.
The FHLB stock is carried at cost since it is generally redeemable at par value. The carrying value of the stock held at the FHLB was $8.5 million and $9.1 million at September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. At fiscal year-end 2023 and 2022, the Company pledged securities with fair values of approximately $996.9 million and $804.0 million, respectively, as collateral against FHLB advances. There was no combination of qualifying residential and other real estate loans pledged as collateral at September 30, 2023 and 2022.

Included in interest and dividend income from other investments is $0.5 million, $0.3 million and $0.2 million related to dividend income on FHLB stock for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

These equity securities are ‘restricted’ in that they can only be sold back to the respective institution from which they were acquired or another member institution at par. Therefore, FRB and FHLB stocks are less liquid than other marketable equity securities, and the fair value approximates cost.

Equity Securities. The Company held $3.4 million and $2.9 million in marketable equity securities at September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The unrealized gains and losses associated with these securities were insignificant for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. No securities were sold during the fiscal year.

Non-marketable equity securities with a readily determinable fair value totaled $8.4 million and $7.2 million at September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company recognized $0.2 million in unrealized losses and $1.1 million in unrealized gains during the fiscal years ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. No securities were sold during the fiscal year.

Non-marketable equity securities without readily determinable fair value totaled $16.2 million and $18.2 million at September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. There were two securities sold during the fiscal year for a $0.1 million gain.

Equity Securities Impairment. The Company evaluates impairment for investments held at cost on at least an annual basis based on the ultimate recoverability of the par value. All other equity investments, including those under the equity method, are reviewed for other-than-temporary impairment on at least a quarterly basis. The Company recognized $3.3 million, zero, and $2.6 million in impairment for such investments for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.