20-F 1 tv488363_20f.htm FORM 20-F

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)

¨ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF

THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

x ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF

THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017

OR

¨ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF

THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

¨ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF

THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report……………………………

For the transition period from ______ to _______

Commission File Number 1-11414

BANCO LATINOAMERICANO DE COMERCIO EXTERIOR, S.A.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

FOREIGN TRADE BANK OF LATIN AMERICA, INC. (Translation of Registrant’s name into English) | REPUBLIC OF PANAMA (Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

Torre V, Business Park

Avenida La Rotonda, Urb. Costa del Este

P.O. Box 0819-08730

Panama City, Republic of Panama

(Address of principal executive offices)

Ana Graciela de Méndez

Chief Financial Officer

+507 210-8500

Email address: amendez@bladex.com

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.

Title of each class Class E Common Stock | Name of each exchange on which registered New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act.

None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act.

None

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

| 6,342,189 |  |  | Shares of Class A Common Stock
| 2,408,806 |  |  | Shares of Class B Common Stock
| 30,677,840 |  |  | Shares of Class E Common Stock
| 0 |  |  | Shares of Class F Common Stock
| 39,428,835 |  |  | Total Shares of Common Stock

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

x Yes | ¨ No

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

¨ Yes | x No

Note – Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from their obligations under those Sections.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

x Yes | ¨ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

x Yes | ¨ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

x Large Accelerated Filer | ¨ Accelerated Filer | ¨ Non-accelerated Filer
| ¨ Emerging growth company

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

¨ U.S. GAAP | x | International Financial Reporting Standards as issued | ¨ Other
|  | by the International Accounting Standards Board |

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

¨ Item 17 | ¨ Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

¨ Yes | x No

BANCO LATINOAMERICANO DE COMERCIO EXTERIOR, S.A.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  |  | Page
PART I |  | 5
Item 1. | Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers | 5
Item 2. | Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable | 5
Item 3. | Key Information | 5
A. | Selected Financial Data | 5
B. | Capitalization and Indebtedness | 7
C. | Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds | 7
D. | Risk Factors | 7
Item 4. | Information on the Company | 16
A. | History and Development of the Company | 16
B. | Business Overview | 18
C. | Organizational Structure | 40
D. | Property, Plant and Equipment | 40
Item 4A. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 40
Item 5. | Operating and Financial Review and Prospects | 40
A. | Operating Results | 41
B. | Liquidity and Capital Resources | 63
C. | Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc. | 73
D. | Trend Information | 73
E. | Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements | 75
F. | Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations | 76
Item 6. | Directors, Executive Officers and Employees | 77
A. | Directors and Executive Officers | 77
B. | Compensation | 83
C. | Board Practices | 87
D. | Employees | 92
E. | Share Ownership | 92
Item 7. | Major Stockholders and Related Party Transactions | 92
A. | Major Stockholders | 92
B. | Related Party Transactions | 94
C. | Interests of Experts and Counsel | 95
Item 8. | Financial Information | 95
A. | Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information | 95
B. | Significant Changes | 96
Item 9. | The Offer and Listing | 96
A. | Offer and Listing Details | 96
B. | Plan of Distribution | 97
C. | Markets | 97
D. | Selling Shareholders | 97
E. | Dilution | 97

F. | Expenses of the Issue | 97
Item 10. | Additional Information | 97
A. | Share Capital | 97
B. | Memorandum and Articles of Association | 97
C. | Material Contracts | 100
D. | Exchange Controls | 100
E. | Taxation | 100
F. | Dividends and Paying Agents | 105
G. | Statement by Experts | 105
H. | Documents on Display | 105
I. | Subsidiary Information | 105
Item 11. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk | 105
Item 12. | Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities | 110
PART II |  | 111
Item 13. | Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies | 111
Item 14. | Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds | 111
Item 15. | Controls and Procedures | 111
Item 16. | [Reserved] | 113
Item 16A. | Audit and Compliance Committee Financial Expert | 113
Item 16B. | Code of Ethics | 113
Item 16C. | Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 114
Item 16D. | Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees | 114
Item 16E. | Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers | 114
Item 16F. | Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant | 114
Item 16G. | Corporate Governance | 115
Item 16H. | Mine Safety Disclosure | 115
PART III |  | 116
Item 17. | Financial Statements | 116
Item 18. | Financial Statements | 116
Item 19. | Exhibits | 117

| 2 |

In this Annual Report on Form 20-F, or this Annual Report, references to the “Bank” or “Bladex” are to Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S.A., a specialized multinational bank incorporated under the laws of the Republic of Panama (“Panama”), and its consolidated subsidiaries described in Item 4.A “Information on the Company – History and Development of the Company”. References to Bladex’s consolidated financial statements (the “Consolidated Financial Statements”) are to the financial statements of Banco Lationoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S.A., and its subsidiaries, with all intercompany balances and transactions having been eliminated for consolidating purposes. References to “Bladex Head Office” are to Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S.A. in its individual capacity. References to “U.S. dollars” or “$” are to United States (“U.S.”) dollars. References to the “Region” are to Latin America and the Caribbean. The Bank accepts deposits and raises funds principally in U.S. dollars, grants loans mostly in U.S. dollars and publishes its Consolidated Financial Statements in U.S. dollars. The numbers and percentages set forth in this Annual Report have been rounded and, accordingly, may not total exactly.

Upon written or oral request, the Bank will provide without charge to each person to whom this Annual Report is delivered, a copy of any or all of the documents listed as exhibits to this Annual Report (other than exhibits to those documents, unless the exhibits are specifically incorporated by reference in the documents). Written requests for copies should be directed to the attention of Mrs. Ana Graciela de Méndez, Chief Financial Officer, Bladex, as follows: (1) if by regular mail, to P.O. Box 0819-08730, Panama City, Republic of Panama, and (2) if by courier, to Torre V, Business Park, Avenida La Rotonda, Urb. Costa del Este, Panama City, Republic of Panama. Telephone requests may be directed to Mrs. de Méndez at +507 210-8563. Written requests may also be sent via e-mail to Mrs. de Méndez at amendez@bladex.com.

Forward-Looking Statements

In addition to historical information, this Annual Report contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Forward-looking statements may appear throughout this Annual Report. The Bank uses words such as “believe,” “intend,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “estimate,” “potential,” “project” and similar expressions to identify forward-looking statements. Such statements include, among others, those concerning the Bank’s expected financial performance and strategic and operational plans, as well as all assumptions, expectations, predictions, intentions or beliefs about future events. Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, and actual results may differ materially from those discussed in any such statement. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from these forward-looking statements include the risks described in the section titled “Risk Factors.” Forward-looking statements include statements regarding:

| · | general economic, political and business conditions in North America, Central America, South America and the jurisdictions in which the Bank or its customers operate;

| · | the growth of the Bank’s Credit Portfolio, including its trade finance portfolio;

| · | the Bank’s ability to increase the number of its clients;

| · | the Bank’s ability to maintain its investment-grade credit ratings and preferred creditor status;

| · | the effects of changing interest rates, inflation, exchange rates and the macroeconomic environment in the Region on the Bank’s financial condition;

| · | the execution of the Bank’s strategies and initiatives, including its revenue diversification strategy;

| · | anticipated profits and return on equity in future periods;

| · | the Bank’s level of capitalization and debt;

| · | the implied volatility of the Bank’s Treasury profits;

| · | levels of defaults by borrowers and the adequacy of the Bank’s allowance for expected credit losses (“ECL”);

| · | the availability and mix of future sources of funding for the Bank’s lending operations;

| · | the adequacy of the Bank’s sources of liquidity to cover large deposit withdrawals;

| 3 |

| · | management’s expectations and estimates concerning the Bank’s future financial performance, financing, plans and programs, and the effects of competition;

| · | government regulations and tax laws and changes therein;

| · | increases in compulsory reserve and deposit requirements;

| · | effectiveness of the Bank’s risk management policies;

| · | failure in, or breach of, our operational or security systems or infrastructure;

| · | regulation of the Bank’s business and operations on a consolidated basis;

| · | the effects of possible changes in economic or financial sanctions, requirements, or trade embargoes, changes in international trade, tariffs, restrictions or policies, such as those imposed or implemented by the current administration in the United States of America (“United States” or “USA” or “U.S.”), or as a result of the United Kingdom’s (“U.K.”) exit from the European Union (“Brexit”);

| · | credit and other risks of lending and investment activities; and

| · | the Bank’s ability to sustain or improve its operating performance.

In addition, the statements included under the headings “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Strategies for 2018 and Subsequent Years” and “Item 5.D. Trend Information” are forward-looking statements. Given the risks and uncertainties surrounding forward-looking statements, undue reliance should not be placed on these statements. Many of these factors are beyond the Bank’s ability to control or predict. The Bank’s forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Annual Report. Other than as required by law, the Bank undertakes no obligation to update or revise forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.

| 4 |

PART I

| Item 1. | Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers

Not required in this Annual Report.

| Item 2. | Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable

Not required in this Annual Report.

| Item 3. | Key Information

| A. | Selected Financial Data

The following table presents selected consolidated financial data for the Bank. The Consolidated Financial Statements were prepared and presented in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”), and Interpretations issued by the IFRS Interpretation Committee (formerly known as “IFRIC”). Because fiscal year 2015 was the first year the Bank prepared and presented its financial statements in accordance with IFRS in order to comply with a requirement of the Superintendency of Banks of Panama for fully licensed banks in Panama, the Bank did not include the historical financial information as of and for the year ended December 31, 2013. The following selected financial data as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, and for the years ended December 31, 2017, December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 has been derived from the Consolidated Financial Statements, which were audited by the independent registered public accounting firm Deloitte, Inc. (“Deloitte”), and are included in this Annual Report beginning on page F-1, together with the report of the independent registered public accounting firm Deloitte. Information as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and for the year ended December 31, 2014, has been derived from the Bank’s audited financial statements included in the Bank’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2015 filed with the SEC on April 29, 2016. The information below is qualified in its entirety by the detailed information included elsewhere herein and should be read in conjunction with Item 4, “Information on the Company,” Item 5, “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects,” and the Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto included in this Annual Report.

Consolidated Selected Financial Information

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |
|  | (in $ thousands) |
Consolidated Statement of Financial Position Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 672,048 |  |  | $ | 1,069,538 |  |  | $ | 1,299,966 |  |  | $ | 780,515 |
Financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 53,411 |  |  |  | 57,574 |
Financial instruments at fair value through OCI |  |  | 25,135 |  |  |  | 30,607 |  |  |  | 141,803 |  |  |  | 338,973 |
Securities at amortized cost, net |  |  | 68,934 |  |  |  | 77,214 |  |  |  | 108,215 |  |  |  | 54,738 |
Loans |  |  | 5,505,658 |  |  |  | 6,020,731 |  |  |  | 6,691,749 |  |  |  | 6,686,244 |
Allowance for expected credit losses on loans |  |  | 81,294 |  |  |  | 105,988 |  |  |  | 89,974 |  |  |  | 77,687 |
Total assets |  |  | 6,267,747 |  |  |  | 7,180,783 |  |  |  | 8,286,216 |  |  |  | 8,022,408 |
Total deposits |  |  | 2,928,844 |  |  |  | 2,802,852 |  |  |  | 2,795,469 |  |  |  | 2,506,694 |
Financial liabilities through profit or loss |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 89 |  |  |  | 52 |
Securities sold under repurchase agreement |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 114,084 |  |  |  | 300,519 |
Short-term borrowings and debt |  |  | 1,072,723 |  |  |  | 1,470,075 |  |  |  | 2,430,357 |  |  |  | 2,692,537 |
Long-term borrowings and debt, net |  |  | 1,138,844 |  |  |  | 1,776,738 |  |  |  | 1,881,813 |  |  |  | 1,399,656 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 5,224,935 |  |  |  | 6,169,469 |  |  |  | 7,314,285 |  |  |  | 7,111,369 |
Common stock |  |  | 279,980 |  |  |  | 279,980 |  |  |  | 279,980 |  |  |  | 279,980 |
Total stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 1,042,812 |  |  | $ | 1,011,314 |  |  | $ | 971,931 |  |  | $ | 911,039 |

| 5 |

|  | As of and for the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |
|  | (in $ thousands, except per share data and ratios) |
Consolidated Statement of Profit or Loss Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  | $ | 226,079 |  |  | $ | 245,898 |  |  | $ | 220,312 |  |  | $ | 212,898 |
Interest expense |  |  | 106,264 |  |  |  | 90,689 |  |  |  | 74,833 |  |  |  | 71,562 |
Net interest income |  |  | 119,815 |  |  |  | 155,209 |  |  |  | 145,479 |  |  |  | 141,336 |
Fees and commissions, net |  |  | 17,514 |  |  |  | 14,306 |  |  |  | 19,200 |  |  |  | 17,502 |
(Loss) gain on derivative financial instruments and foreign currency exchange, net |  |  | (437 | ) |  |  | (486 | ) |  |  | (23 | ) |  |  | 208 |
(Loss) gain per financial instrument at fair value through profit or loss |  |  | (732 | ) |  |  | (2,883 | ) |  |  | 5,731 |  |  |  | 2,361 |
Gain (loss) on sale of securities at fair value through OCI |  |  | 249 |  |  |  | (356 | ) |  |  | 363 |  |  |  | 1,871 |
Gain on sale of loans |  |  | 181 |  |  |  | 806 |  |  |  | 1,505 |  |  |  | 2,546 |
Other income |  |  | 1,723 |  |  |  | 1,378 |  |  |  | 1,603 |  |  |  | 1,786 |
Net other income |  |  | 18,498 |  |  |  | 12,765 |  |  |  | 28,379 |  |  |  | 26,274 |
Total income |  |  | 138,313 |  |  |  | 167,974 |  |  |  | 173,858 |  |  |  | 167,610 |
Impairment loss from expected credit losses on loans at amortized cost (1) |  |  | 8,859 |  |  |  | 34,760 |  |  |  | 17,248 |  |  |  | 6,782 |
(Recovery) impairment loss from expected credit losses on investment securities (1) |  |  | (489 | ) |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 5,290 |  |  |  | 1,030 |
Impairment loss (recovery) from expected credit losses on loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts (1) |  |  | 1,069 |  |  |  | 352 |  |  |  | (4,448 | ) |  |  | 3,819 |
Salaries and other employee expenses |  |  | 27,653 |  |  |  | 25,196 |  |  |  | 30,435 |  |  |  | 31,566 |
Depreciation of equipment and leasehold improvements |  |  | 1,578 |  |  |  | 1,457 |  |  |  | 1,371 |  |  |  | 1,545 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  |  | 838 |  |  |  | 629 |  |  |  | 596 |  |  |  | 942 |
Other expenses |  |  | 16,806 |  |  |  | 18,532 |  |  |  | 19,382 |  |  |  | 19,560 |
Total expenses |  |  | 56,314 |  |  |  | 80,929 |  |  |  | 69,874 |  |  |  | 65,244 |
Profit for the year |  | $ | 81,999 |  |  | $ | 87,045 |  |  | $ | 103,984 |  |  | $ | 102,366 |
Weighted average basic shares |  |  | 39,311 |  |  |  | 39,085 |  |  |  | 38,925 |  |  |  | 38,693 |
Weighted average diluted shares |  |  | 39,329 |  |  |  | 39,210 |  |  |  | 39,113 |  |  |  | 38,882 |
Basic shares period end |  |  | 39,429 |  |  |  | 39,160 |  |  |  | 38,969 |  |  |  | 38,777 |
Per Common Share Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per share |  |  | 2.09 |  |  |  | 2.23 |  |  |  | 2.67 |  |  |  | 2.65 |
Diluted earnings per share |  |  | 2.08 |  |  |  | 2.22 |  |  |  | 2.66 |  |  |  | 2.63 |
Book value per share (period end) |  |  | 26.45 |  |  |  | 25.83 |  |  |  | 24.94 |  |  |  | 23.49 |
Regular cash dividends declared per share |  |  | 1.54 |  |  |  | 1.54 |  |  |  | 1.155 |  |  |  | 1.435 |
Regular cash dividends paid per share |  |  | 1.54 |  |  |  | 1.54 |  |  |  | 1.54 |  |  |  | 1.40 |
Selected Financial Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performance Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Return on average total assets (2) |  |  | 1.27 | % |  |  | 1.16 | % |  |  | 1.32 | % |  |  | 1.35 | %
Return on average total stockholders’ equity (2) |  |  | 8.02 | % |  |  | 8.76 | % |  |  | 10.95 | % |  |  | 11.45 | %
Net interest margin (3) |  |  | 1.85 | % |  |  | 2.08 | % |  |  | 1.84 | % |  |  | 1.88 | %
Net interest spread (3) |  |  | 1.48 | % |  |  | 1.84 | % |  |  | 1.68 | % |  |  | 1.72 | %
Efficiency Ratio (4) |  |  | 33.9 | % |  |  | 27.3 | % |  |  | 29.8 | % |  |  | 32.0 | %
Total operating expenses (5) to average total assets (2) |  |  | 0.72 | % |  |  | 0.61 | % |  |  | 0.66 | % |  |  | 0.71 | %
Regular cash dividend payout ratio (6) |  |  | 73.83 | % |  |  | 69.15 | % |  |  | 57.65 | % |  |  | 52.92 | %
Liquidity Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liquid assets (7) / total assets |  |  | 9.87 | % |  |  | 14.03 | % |  |  | 15.29 | % |  |  | 9.24 | %
Liquid assets (7) / total deposits |  |  | 21.13 | % |  |  | 35.95 | % |  |  | 45.33 | % |  |  | 29.57 | %
Asset Quality Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-performing loans to gross loan portfolio (8) |  |  | 1.07 | % |  |  | 1.09 | % |  |  | 0.78 | % |  |  | 0.06 | %
Charged-off loans to gross loan portfolio |  |  | 0.60 | % |  |  | 0.31 | % |  |  | 0.09 | % |  |  | 0.00 | %
Allowance for expected credit losses on loans to gross loan portfolio |  |  | 1.48 | % |  |  | 1.76 | % |  |  | 1.34 | % |  |  | 1.16 | %
Allowance for expected credit losses on loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts to total loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts and customers’ liabilities under acceptances |  |  | 1.39 | % |  |  | 1.37 | % |  |  | 1.17 | % |  |  | 1.97 | %
Capital Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total stockholders’ equity to total assets |  |  | 16.64 | % |  |  | 14.08 | % |  |  | 11.73 | % |  |  | 11.36 | %
Average total stockholders’ equity to average total assets (2) |  |  | 15.80 | % |  |  | 13.28 | % |  |  | 12.02 | % |  |  | 11.83 | %
Leverage ratio (9) |  |  | 6.0 | x |  |  | 7.1 | x |  |  | 8.5 | x |  |  | 8.8 | x
Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets (10) |  |  | 21.1 | % |  |  | 17.9 | % |  |  | 16.1 | % |  |  | 15.5 | %
Risk-weighted assets (10) |  | $ | 4,931,046 |  |  | $ | 5,662,453 |  |  | $ | 6,103,767 |  |  | $ | 5,913,505 |

| (1) | For information regarding impairment loss from ECL, see Item 5, “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Operating Results.”

| (2) | Average total assets and average total stockholders’ equity are calculated on the basis of unaudited average balances.

| (3) | For information regarding calculation of the net interest margin and the net interest spread, see Item 5.A., “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Operating Results—Net Interest Income and Margins.”

| (4) | Efficiency ratio refers to total operating expenses as a percentage of total income.

| (5) | Total operating expenses includes the following expense line items of the consolidated statements of profit or loss: salaries and other employee expenses, depreciation of equipment and leasehold improvements, amortization of intangible assets and other expenses. See Item 5.A. “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Operating Results—Operating Expenses.”

| (6) | Calculated on regular cash dividends paid per share during the period.

| 6 |

| (7) | Liquid assets refer to total cash and cash equivalents, consisting of cash and due from banks, and interest-bearing deposits in banks, excluding pledged deposits, as shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows and note 4 to the Audited Financial Statements. See Item 5.B. “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Liquidity” and Item 18, “Financial Statements,” Notes 4 and 27.2.

| (8) | As of December 31, 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014 the Bank had $59 million, $65 million, $52 million and $4 million in non-performing loans, respectively, all of which corresponded to impaired loans. Impairment factors considered by the Bank’s management include collection status, collateral value, the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due, and economic conditions in the borrower’s country of residence.

| (9) | Leverage ratio is the ratio of total assets to total stockholders’ equity.

| (10) | Tier 1 Capital is calculated according to Basel III capital adequacy guidelines, and is equivalent to total stockholders’ equity excluding certain effects such as accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”) of the financial instruments at fair value through OCI. Tier 1 Capital ratio is calculated as a percentage of risk-weighted assets. Risk-weighted assets are estimated based on Basel III capital adequacy guidelines.

| B. | Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not required in this Annual Report.

| C. | Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not required in this Annual Report.

| D. | Risk Factors

Risks Relating to the Bank’s Business

Bladex faces liquidity risk, and its failure to adequately manage this risk could result in a liquidity shortage, which could adversely affect its financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Bladex, like all financial institutions, faces liquidity risk. Liquidity risk is the risk that the Bank will be unable to maintain adequate cash flow to repay its deposits and borrowings and fund its Credit Portfolio (as defined below) on a timely basis. Failure to adequately manage its liquidity risk could produce a shortage of available funds, which may cause the Bank to be unable to repay its obligations as they become due.

Short-term borrowings and debt from international private banks that compete with the Bank in its lending activity represent one of the main sources of funding at 17% of the Bank’s total funding as of December 31, 2017. If these international banks cease to provide funding to the Bank, the Bank would have to seek funding from other sources, which may not be available, or if available, may be at a higher cost.

Turmoil in the international financial markets could negatively impact liquidity in such markets, reducing the Bank’s access to credit or increasing its cost of funding, which could lead to tighter lending standards. The reoccurrence of such unfavorable market conditions could have a material adverse effect on the Bank’s liquidity.

As of December 31, 2017, 67% of the Bank’s total deposits represented deposits from central banks or their designees (i.e., the Bank’s Class A shareholders), 14% of the Bank’s deposits represented deposits from private sector commercial banks and financial institutions, 13% of the Bank’s deposits represented deposits from state-owned and private corporations, and 6% of the Bank’s deposits represented deposits from state-owned banks.

As a U.S. dollar-based economy, Panama does not have a central bank, and there is no lender of last resort to the banking system in the country.

The credit ratings of Bladex are an important factor in maintaining the Bank’s liquidity. A reduction in the Bank’s credit rating could reduce the Bank’s access to debt markets or materially increase the cost of issuing debt, trigger additional collateral or funding requirements, and decrease the number of investors and counterparties willing or permitted, contractually or otherwise, to do business with or lend to the Bank. This in turn could reduce the Bank’s liquidity and negatively impact its results of operations and financial position.

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Any of the above factors, either individually or together as a group, could adversely impact the Bank’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

The Bank’s allowance for ECL could be inadequate to cover credit losses mostly related to its loans, loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts.

The Bank determines the appropriate level of allowances for ECL based on a forward-looking process that estimates the probable loss inherent in its portfolio, which is the result of a statistical analysis supported by the Bank’s historical portfolio performance, external sources and the judgment of the Bank’s management. The latter reflects assumptions and estimates made in the context of changing political and economic conditions in the Region. The Bank’s commercial portfolio (the “Commercial Portfolio”) includes gross loans (the “Loan Portfolio”), customers’ liabilities under acceptances, loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts, such as confirmed and stand-by letters of credit, and guarantees covering commercial risk. The Bank’s allowances for ECL could be inadequate to cover losses in its Commercial Portfolio due to concentration of exposure or deterioration in certain sectors or countries, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on the Bank’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

The Bank’s businesses are subject to market risk inherent in the Bank’s financial instruments, as fluctuations in different metrics may have adverse effects on its financial position.

Market risk generally represents the risk that the values of assets and liabilities or revenues will be adversely affected by changes in market conditions. Market risk is inherent in the financial instruments associated with many of the Bank’s operations and activities, including loans and securities at amortized cost, deposits, financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss (“FVTPL”) and at fair value through OCI (“FVOCI”), short-term and long-term borrowings and debt, derivatives and trading positions. This risk may result from fluctuations in different metrics: interest rates, currency exchange rates, inflation rates and changes in the implied volatility of interest rates and changes in securities prices, due to changes in either market perception or actual credit quality of either the relevant issuer or its country of origin. Accordingly, depending on the instruments or activities impacted, market risks can have wide ranging, complex adverse effects on the Bank’s financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and business.

See Item 11, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.”

The Bank faces interest rate risk that is caused by the mismatch in maturities of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. If not properly managed, this mismatch can reduce net interest income as interest rates fluctuate.

As a bank, Bladex faces interest rate risk because interest-bearing liabilities generally reprice at a different pace than interest-earning assets. Bladex’s exposure to financial instruments whose values vary with the level or volatility of interest rates contributes to its interest rate risk. Failure to adequately manage eventual mismatches may reduce the Bank’s net interest income during periods of fluctuating interest rates.

The Bank’s Commercial Portfolio may decrease or may not continue to grow at historical rates. Additionally, growth in the Bank’s Commercial Portfolio, as well as factors beyond the Bank’s control, may require an increase in the Bank’s allowance for ECL.

It is difficult to predict whether the Bank’s Commercial Portfolio, including the Bank’s foreign trade portfolio, will grow at historical rates. A reversal or slowdown in the growth rate of the Region’s economy and trade volumes could adversely affect the Bank’s Commercial Portfolio. On the other hand, the future expansion of Bladex’s Commercial Portfolio may expose the Bank to higher levels of potential or actual losses and require an increase in the allowance for ECL, which could negatively impact the Bank’s operating results and financial position. Non-performing or low credit quality loans can negatively impact the Bank’s results of operations. The Bank may not be able to effectively control the level of the impaired loans in its total Loan Portfolio. In particular, the amount of its reported non-performing loans may increase in the future as a result of growth in its Loan Portfolio, including loans that the Bank may acquire in the future, or factors beyond the Bank’s control, such as the impact of economic trends and political events affecting the Region, certain industries or financial markets and global economies, or particular clients’ businesses which could have a material adverse effect on the Bank’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

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Increased competition and banking industry consolidation could limit the Bank’s ability to grow and may adversely affect results of operations.

Most of the competition the Bank faces in the trade finance business comes from domestic and international banks, and in particular European, North American and Asian institutions. Many of these banks have substantially greater resources than the Bank, may have better credit ratings, and may have access to less expensive funding than the Bank does. It is difficult to predict how increased competition will affect the Bank’s growth prospects and results of operations.

Over time, there has been substantial consolidation among companies in the financial services industry, and this trend has accelerated in recent years as the credit crisis led to numerous mergers and acquisitions among industry participants and in certain cases reorganization, restructuring, or even bankruptcy. Merger activity in the financial services industry has produced companies that are capable of offering a wide array of financial products and services at competitive prices. In addition, whenever economic conditions and risk perception improve in the Region, competition from commercial banks, the securities markets and other new market entrants generally increases.

Globalization of the capital markets and financial services industries exposes the Bank to further competition. To the extent the Bank expands into new business areas and new markets, the Bank may face competitors with more experience and more established relationships with clients, regulators and industry participants in the relevant market, which could adversely affect the Bank’s ability to compete. The Bank’s ability to grow its business and therefore, its earnings, may be affected by these competitive pressures.

The Bank’s businesses rely heavily on data collection, management and processing, and information systems, the failure of which could have a material adverse effect on the Bank, including the effectiveness of the Bank’s risk management and internal control systems.

All of the Bank’s principal businesses are highly dependent on the ability to timely collect and process a large amount of financial and other information across numerous and diverse markets, at a time when transaction processes have become increasingly complex with increasing volume. The proper functioning of financial control, accounting or other data collection and processing systems is critical to the Bank’s businesses and to its ability to compete effectively. A partial or complete failure of any of these primary systems could materially and adversely affect the Bank’s decision-making process, risk management and internal control systems, as well as the Bank’s ability to respond on a timely basis to changing market conditions. If the Bank cannot maintain an effective data collection, management and processing system, it may be materially and adversely affected.

The Bank is also dependent on information systems to operate its website, process transactions, respond to customer inquiries on a timely basis and maintain cost-efficient operations. The Bank may experience cyberattacks or operational problems with its information systems as a result of system defects and failures (including failure to update systems), viruses, worms, and other malicious software from computer “hackers” or other sources, which could unexpectedly interfere with the operation of the Bank’s systems. The Bank also relies in certain limited capacities on third-party data management providers. Any security problems and security vulnerabilities of such third-party data management providers may have and adverse effect on us. The Bank’s ability to remain competitive depends in part on its ability to upgrade its information technology on a timely and cost-effective basis. The Bank continually makes investments and improvements in its information technology infrastructure in order to remain competitive. The Bank may not be able to maintain the level of capital expenditures necessary to support the improvement or upgrading of its information technology infrastructure. Any failure to effectively improve or upgrade its information technology infrastructure and management information systems in a timely manner could have a material adverse effect on the Bank. The Bank’s reputation could also suffer if the Bank is unable to protect its customers’ information from being used by third parties for illegal or improper purposes.

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Operational problems or errors can have a material adverse impact on the Bank’s business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Bladex, like all financial institutions, is exposed to operational risks, including the risk of fraud by employees and third parties, failure to obtain proper internal authorizations, failure to properly document transactions, equipment failures and errors by employees. Any failure, interruption or breach in the security or operation of the Bank’s information technology systems could result in interruptions in such activities. Operational problems or errors such as these may have a material adverse impact on the Bank’s business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Any delays or failure to implement business initiatives that the Bank may undertake could prevent the Bank from realizing the anticipated revenues and benefits of these initiatives.

Part of the Bank’s strategy is to diversify income sources through certain business initiatives, including targeting new clients and developing new products and services. These initiatives may not be fully implemented within the time frame the Bank expects, or at all. In addition, even if such initiatives are fully implemented, they may not generate revenues as expected, which could adversely affect the Bank’s business, results of operations and growth prospects. Any delays in implementing these business initiatives could prevent the Bank from realizing the anticipated benefits of the initiatives, which could adversely affect the Bank’s business, results of operations and growth prospects.

Any failure to remain in compliance with applicable banking laws or other applicable regulations in the jurisdictions in which the Bank operates could harm its reputation and/or cause it to become subject to fines, sanctions or legal enforcement, which could have an adverse effect on the Bank’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

Bladex has adopted various policies and procedures to ensure compliance with applicable laws, including internal controls and “know-your-customer” procedures aimed at preventing money laundering and terrorism financing; however, the participation of multiple parties in any given trade finance transaction can increase complexity and require additional time for due diligence. Also, because trade finance can be more reliant on document-based information than other banking activities, it is susceptible to documentary fraud, which can be linked to money laundering, terrorism financing, illicit activities and/or the circumvention of sanctions or other restrictions (such as export prohibitions, licensing requirements or other trade controls). While the Bank remains alert to potentially high-risk transactions, it is also aware that efforts such as forgery, double invoicing, partial shipments of goods and use of fictitious goods, may be used to evade applicable laws and regulations. If the Bank’s policies and procedures are ineffective in preventing third parties from using it as a conduit for money laundering or terrorism financing without its knowledge, the Bank’s reputation could suffer and/or it could become subject to fines, sanctions or legal action (including being added to any “blacklists” that would prohibit certain parties from engaging in transactions with the Bank), which could have an adverse effect on the Bank’s business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, amendments to applicable laws and regulations in Panama and other countries in which the Bank operates could impose additional compliance burdens on the Bank.

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The Bank may not be able to detect or prevent money laundering and other financial crimes fully or on a timely basis, which could expose the Bank to additional liability and could have a material adverse effect on the Bank.

The Bank is required to comply with applicable anti-money laundering (“AML”), anti-terrorism, anti-bribery and corruption sanctions, laws and regulations. The Bank has developed policies and procedures aimed at detecting and preventing the use of its banking network for money laundering and other financial crime related activities. Financial crime is continually evolving and is subject to increasingly stringent regulatory oversight and focus. This requires proactive and adaptive responses from the Bank so that it is able to deter threats and criminality effectively. If the Bank is unable to fully comply with applicable laws, regulations and expectations, regulators and relevant law enforcement agencies may impose significant fines and other penalties on the Bank, including a complete review of its business systems, day-to-day supervision by external consultants and ultimately the revocation of the Bank’s banking license.

In addition, while the Bank reviews its counterparties’ internal policies and procedures with respect to such matters, the Bank, to a large degree, relies upon its counterparties to maintain and properly apply their own appropriate compliance procedures and internal policies. Such measures, procedures and internal policies may not be completely effective in preventing third parties from using the Bank’s (and its counterparties’) services as a conduit for illicit purposes (including illegal cash operations) without the Bank’s (and its counterparties’) knowledge. If the Bank is associated with, or even accused of having breached AML, anti-terrorism or sanctions requirements, the Bank’s reputation could suffer and/or the Bank could become subject to fines, sanctions and/or legal enforcement (including being added to any blacklists that would prohibit certain parties from engaging in transactions with the Bank). Any of the above consequences could have a material adverse effect on the Bank’s operating results, financial condition and prospects.

Changes in applicable law and regulation may have a material adverse effect on the Bank.

The Bank is subject to extensive laws and regulations regarding the Bank’s organization, operations, lending and funding activities, capitalization and other matters. The Bank has no control over applicable law and government regulations, which govern all aspects of its operations, including regulations that impose:

| · | Minimum capital requirements;

| · | Reserve and compulsory deposit requirements;

| · | Funding restrictions;

| · | Lending limits, earmarked lending and other credit restrictions;

| · | Limits on investments in fixed assets;

| · | Corporate governance requirements;

| · | Accounting and statistical requirements; and

| · | Other requirements or limitations.

The regulatory structure governing financial institutions, such as the Bank, is continuously evolving. Disruptions and volatility in the global financial markets resulting in liquidity problems at major international financial institutions could lead the governments in jurisdictions in which the Bank operates to change laws and regulations applicable to financial institutions based on such international developments.

In response to the global financial crisis, which began in late 2007, national and intergovernmental regulatory entities, such as the Basel Committee on Banking Regulations and Supervisory Practices (the “Basel Committee”) proposed reforms to prevent the recurrence of a similar crisis, including the Basel III framework, which creates new higher minimum regulatory capital requirements. On December 16, 2010 and January 13, 2011, the Basel Committee issued its original guidance (which was updated in 2013) on a number of regulatory reforms to the regulatory capital framework in order to strengthen minimum capital requirements, including the phasing out of innovative Tier 1 and 2 Capital instruments with incentive-based redemption clauses and implementing a leverage ratio on institutions in addition to current risk-based regulatory requirements. The Superintendency of Banks of Panama (“Superintendencia de Bancos de Panamá” or the “Superintendency”) is authorized to increase the minimum capital requirement percentage in Panama in the event that generally accepted international capitalization standards (the standards set by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision) become more stringent. Non-compliance with this legal lending limit could result in the assessment of administrative sanctions by the Superintendency for such violations, taking into consideration the magnitude of the offense and any prior occurrences, and the magnitude of damages and prejudice caused to third parties. The Bank follows Basel III criteria to determine capitalization levels, and has determined the Bank’s Tier 1 Basel III capital ratio to be 21.1% as of December 31, 2017.

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Based on the Bank’s current regulatory capital ratios, as well as conservative assumptions on expected returns and asset growth, the Bank does not anticipate that additional regulatory capital will be required to support its operations in the near future. However, depending on the effects of the rules that complete the implementation of the Basel III framework on Panamanian banks and particularly on other Bank operations, the Bank may need to reassess its ongoing funding strategy for regulatory capital.

The Bank also has operations in countries outside of Panama, including the United States. Changes in the laws or regulations applicable to the Bank business in the countries in which it operates or adoption of new laws, such as the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) in the United States and the related rulemaking, may have a material adverse effect on the Bank’s business, financial condition and results of operations. The Dodd-Frank Act was signed into law on July 21, 2010 and was intended to overhaul the financial regulatory framework in the United States following the global financial crisis and has substantially impacted all financial institutions that are subject to its requirements. The Dodd-Frank Act, among other things, imposes higher prudential standards, including more stringent risk-based capital, leverage, liquidity and risk-management requirements, established a Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection, established a systemic risk regulator, consolidated certain federal bank regulators, imposes additional requirements related to corporate governance and executive compensation and requires various U.S. federal agencies to adopt a broad range of new implementing rules and regulations, for which they are given broad discretion.

In 2014, the U.S. Federal Reserve Board issued a final rule strengthening supervision and regulation of large U.S. bank holding companies and foreign banking organizations, such as the Bank. The final rule establishes a number of enhanced prudential standards for large U.S. bank holding companies and foreign banking organizations to help increase the resiliency of their operations. These standards include liquidity, risk management, and capital. The final rule was required by section 165 of the Dodd-Frank Act. Under the final rule, foreign banking organizations with combined U.S. assets of $50 billion or more will be required to establish a U.S. risk committee and employ a U.S. chief risk officer to help ensure that the foreign bank understands and manages the risks of its combined U.S. operations. In addition, these foreign banking organizations will be required to meet enhanced liquidity risk-management standards, conduct liquidity stress tests, and hold a buffer of highly liquid assets based on projected funding needs during a 30-day stress test event. Foreign banking organizations with total consolidated assets of $50 billion or more, but combined U.S. assets of less than $50 billion, are subject to enhanced prudential standards. However, the capital, liquidity, risk-management and stress testing requirements applicable to these foreign banking organizations are substantially less than those applicable to foreign banking organizations with a larger U.S. presence. In addition, the final rule implements stress testing requirements for foreign banking organizations with total consolidated assets of more than $10 billion and risk committee requirements for foreign banking organizations that meet the asset threshold and are publicly traded. While the majority of these enhanced prudential standards are not currently applicable to the Bank, they could ultimately become applicable as the Bank grows, its U.S. presence or assets increase or if the Dodd-Frank Act is later amended, modified or supplemented with new legislation.

On December 10, 2013, pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, federal banking and securities regulators issued final rules to implement Section 619 of the Dodd-Frank Act (the “Volcker Rule”). Generally, subject to certain exceptions, the Volcker Rule restricts banks from: (i) short-term proprietary trading as principal in securities and other financial instruments, and (ii) sponsoring or acquiring or retaining an ownership interest in private equity and hedge funds. The Volcker Rule prohibitions and restrictions generally apply to banking entities, including the Bank, unless an exception applies. Based on analysis of applicable regulations and the Bank’s investment activities, the Bank has determined that its current investment activities are not subject to the Volcker Rule restrictions.

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The Dodd-Frank Act also will have an impact on the Bank’s derivatives activities if it enters into swaps or security-based swaps with U.S. persons. In particular, Bladex may be subject to mandatory trade execution, mandatory clearing and mandatory posting of margin in connection with its swaps and security-based swaps with U.S. persons.

On March 18, 2010, the Hiring Incentives to Restore Employment Act of 2010, Pub. L. 111-147 (H.R. 2847), added sections 1471 through 1474 (collectively, “FATCA”) to Subtitle A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). FATCA requires withholding agents, including foreign financial institutions (“FFIs”), to withhold thirty percent (30%) of certain payments to a FFI unless the FFI has entered into an agreement with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) to, among other things, report certain information with respect to U.S. accounts. FATCA also imposes on withholding agents certain withholding, documentation and reporting requirements with respect to certain payments made to certain non-financial foreign entities.

On June 30, 2014, Panama signed a Model 1 intergovernmental agreement (“Panama IGA”) with the U.S. for purposes of FATCA. Under the Panama IGA, most Panamanian financial institutions are required to register with the IRS and comply with the requirements of the Panama IGA, including with respect to due diligence, reporting and withholding.

To this end, the Bank registered with the IRS on April 23, 2014 as a Registered Deemed-Compliant Financial Institution (including a Reporting Financial Institution under a Model 1 IGA) and is required under the Panama IGA to identify U.S. persons and report certain information required by the IRS, through the tax authorities in Panama.

Any changes in applicable laws and regulations, as well as the volume and complexity of the laws and regulations applicable to the Bank, may have a material adverse effect on the Bank.

Adoption of IFRS affects the presentation of our financial information, which was prepared under United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“U.S. GAAP”) prior to January 1, 2015.

On January 1, 2015, the Bank began preparing its financial statements in accordance with IFRS, in compliance with a Superintendency mandate applicable to all financial institutions registered under general license in Panama. Prior to and including the year ended December 31, 2014, the Bank prepared its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Because IFRS differ in certain significant respects from U.S. GAAP, the Bank’s financial information prepared and presented in its previous annual reports under U.S. GAAP is not directly comparable to its IFRS financial data. The lack of comparability with historical financial data may make it difficult to gain a full and accurate understanding of the Bank’s operations and financial condition.

Any failure by the Bank to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting may adversely affect investor confidence and, as a result, the value of investments in our securities.

The Bank is required under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 to furnish a report by the Bank’s management on the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting and to include a report by its independent auditors attesting to such effectiveness. Any failure by the Bank to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could adversely affect its ability to report accurately its financial condition or results of operations. If the Bank is unable to conclude that its internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if its independent auditors determine that Bladex has a material weakness or significant deficiency in its internal control over financial reporting, the Bank could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of its financial reports, the market prices of its shares could decline, and could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the SEC or other regulatory authorities. Failure to remedy any material weakness in its internal control over financial reporting, or to implement or maintain other effective control systems required of public companies subject to SEC regulation, also could restrict the Bank’s future access to the capital markets.

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The Bank makes estimates and assumptions in connection with the preparation of its consolidated financial statements, and any changes to those estimates and assumptions could have a material adverse effect on its operating results.

In connection with the preparation of its consolidated financial statements, the Bank uses certain estimates and assumptions based on historical experience and other factors. While the Bank’s management believes that these estimates and assumptions are reasonable under the current circumstances, they are subject to significant uncertainties, some of which are beyond its control. Should any of these estimates and assumptions change or prove to have been incorrect, its reported operating results could be materially adversely affected.

Recent changes in the Bank’s senior management team may be disruptive to, or cause uncertainty in, the Bank’s business, results of operations and the market price of its shares.

The Bank has recently experienced turnover in its senior management team, including the replacement of its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. As previously announced, Rubens V. Amaral Jr. has decided to retire as Chief Executive Officer and will be succeeded by Gabriel Tolchinsky upon Mr. Amaral’s departure from the Bank effective at close of business on April 30, 2018. While the Bank’s new Chief Executive Officer has extensive management experience at financial institutions and funds focused on the Region, he has limited experience as a senior officer of the Bank, having served as Chief Operating Officer since May 2017. The Bank’s new Chief Financial Officer, Ana Graciela de Méndez, has worked at the Bank in various capacities since 1990, and has held the role of alternate to the Chief Financial Officer since 2014, though she has limited experience serving as the Bank’s Chief Financial Officer, having been appointed in December 2017. Any lack of experience in their roles as Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the Bank, respectively, or lack of experience working together as a group, could negatively impact the Bank’s senior management team’s ability to quickly and efficiently respond to problems and effectively manage the Bank’s business. If the Bank’s management team is not able to work effectively, either individually or as together as a group, the Bank’s results of operations and market price of its shares may suffer, and its business may be harmed.

Risks Relating to the Region

The Bank’s mission is focused on supporting trade and regional integration across the Region. As a result, any increases in tariffs or other restrictions on foreign trade, or resulting uncertainty that reduces international trade flows, either throughout the Region or globally, could adversely affect the Bank’s business, results of operations or share price.

The Bank’s mission is focused on supporting trade and regional integration across the Region, and a significant portion of the Bank’s operations is derived from financing trade related transactions. As a result, increases in tariffs, changes in U.S. political, regulatory and economic conditions, or in U.S. policies governing infrastructure, trade and foreign investment in the U.S., or other restrictions on foreign trade throughout the Region or globally could adversely affect the Bank’s business and results of operations. For example, the Trump administration in the U.S. has increasingly threatened to impose tariffs on a variety of imports from countries throughout the world, including the Region, and has recently imposed certain tariffs on steel and aluminum. China has recently announced retaliatory tariffs against certain American products. Furthermore, the Trump administration has expressed significant doubts regarding existing trade agreements, including the North American Free Trade Agreement (“NAFTA”), and issued an executive order announcing the United States’ withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (“TPP”). There can be no assurance that the U.S. or China, or other countries, including those in the Region, will not move to implement further tariffs or restrictions on trade, or what the scope and effects of any such restrictions might be. Any such tariffs or restrictions, or uncertainty surrounding any future restrictions, could materially adversely affect international trade flows, which is a core sector underlying the Bank’s business model. The Bank’s business, financial condition, results of operations and share price could therefore be materially adversely effected by any such developments.

Global markets and currencies were also adversely impacted after the U.K.’s referendum on the exit from the European Union (the “E.U.”), commonly referred to as “Brexit”, was passed into law, and on June 19, 2017 negotiations commenced to determine the future terms of the U.K.’s relationship with the E.U. After several months of negotiations, an initial settlement has been reached on some of the key issues that were blocking future negotiation, such as trade arrangements. There is still uncertainty regarding the possible results of the initial settlement, as well as the outcome of pending tariff, trade, regulatory and other negotiations. As a result of the Brexit referendum, the global markets and currencies have been adversely impacted, including sharp fluctuations in the value of the British pound as compared to the U.S. dollar. Such effects could have a material adverse effect on the Bank.

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The Bank’s credit activities are concentrated in the Region. The Bank also faces borrower concentration. Adverse economic changes in the Region or in the condition of the Bank’s largest borrowers could adversely affect the Bank’s growth, asset quality, prospects, profitability, financial condition and financial results.

As a reflection of the Bank’s mission and strategy, the Bank’s credit activities are concentrated in the Region. Economies in the Region have historically experienced significant volatility evidenced, in some cases, by political uncertainty, including with respect to upcoming elections, slow growth or recessions, declining investments, government and private sector debt defaults and restructurings, and significant inflation and/or currency devaluation. Global economic changes, including fluctuations in oil prices, commodity prices, U.S. dollar interest rates and U.S. dollar exchange rates, and slower economic growth in industrialized countries, could have adverse effects on the economic condition of countries in the Region, including Panama, and other countries in which the Bank operates. Adverse changes affecting the economies in the Region could have a significant adverse impact on the quality of the Bank’s credit exposures, including increased allowance for ECL, debt restructurings and loan losses. In turn, these effects could also have an adverse impact on the Bank’s asset growth, asset quality, prospects, profitability and financial condition.

The Bank’s credit activities are concentrated in a number of countries. The Bank’s credit portfolio (the “Credit Portfolio”) consists of the Commercial Portfolio and the Investment Securities Portfolio. The “Investment Securities Portfolio” consists of securities at FVOCI and investment securities at amortized cost. Adverse changes affecting one or more of these economies could have an adverse impact on the Bank’s Credit Portfolio and, as a result, its financial condition, growth, prospects, results of operations and financial condition. As of December 31, 2017, 63% of the Bank’s Credit Portfolio was outstanding to borrowers in the following five countries: Brazil ($1,023 million, or 17%), Colombia ($949 million, or 16%), Mexico ($906 million, or 15%), Panama ($556 million, or 9%) and Costa Rica ($376 million, or 6%).

In addition, as of December 31, 2017, of the Bank’s total Credit Portfolio balances, 8% were to five borrowers in Colombia, 7% were to five borrowers in each of Brazil and Mexico, and 5% were to five borrowers in each of Costa Rica and Panama. A significant deterioration of the financial or economic condition of any of these countries or borrowers could have an adverse impact on the Bank’s Credit Portfolio, potentially requiring the Bank to create additional allowances for ECL, or suffer credit losses with the effect accentuated because of this concentration.

See Item 4.B., “Information on the Company—Business Overview—Developments During 2017”.

Local country foreign exchange controls or currency devaluation, monetary tightening, higher interest rates and rising inflation, may harm the Bank’s borrowers’ ability to pay U.S. dollar-denominated obligations.

The Bank makes mostly U.S. dollar-denominated loans and investments. As a result, the Bank faces the risk that local foreign exchange controls may restrict the ability of the Bank’s borrowers to acquire dollars to repay loans on a timely basis, even if they are exporters, and/or that significant currency devaluation might occur, which could increase the cost, in local currency terms, to the Bank’s borrowers of acquiring dollars to repay loans. Additionally, several Latin American currencies have devalued sharply against the U.S. dollar, on concerns about the U.S. trade policy agenda, coupled with a trend of rate increases by the U.S. Federal Reserve Board. Asset risks may rise for banks that lend to exporters or high value-added manufacturers, particularly in the automotive supplier and technology sectors in the Region. U.S. monetary tightening and rising inflation could prompt central banks to tighten monetary policy in Latin American countries, with higher rates potentially leading to weaker asset quality. Rising rates may reduce borrower repayment capacity, leading to an increase in non-performing loan (NPL) ratios as loan growth decelerates. Any of these factors could harm the Bank’s borrowers’ ability to pay U.S. dollar-denominated obligations, which could adversely affect the Bank’s business and results of operations.

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Increased risk perception in countries in the Region where the Bank has large credit exposures could have an adverse impact on the Bank’s credit ratings, funding activities and funding costs.

Increased risk perception in any country where the Bank has large exposures could trigger downgrades to the Bank’s credit ratings. A credit rating downgrade would likely increase the Bank’s funding costs, and may reduce its deposit base and access to the debt capital markets. In that case, the Bank’s ability to obtain the necessary funding to carry on its financing activities in the Region at meaningful levels could be affected adversely.

For more information on the Bank’s Risk Management, see Item 18, “Financial Statements”, note 27.

| Item 4. | Information on the Company

| A. | History and Development of the Company

The Bank, a corporation (sociedad anónima) organized under the laws of Panama and headquartered in Panama City, Panama, is a specialized multinational bank originally established by central banks of Latin American and Caribbean countries to promote foreign trade and economic integration in the Region. The legal name of the Bank is Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S.A. Translated into English, the Bank is also known as Foreign Trade Bank of Latin-America, Inc. The commercial name of the Bank is Bladex.

The Bank was established pursuant to a May 1975 proposal presented to the Assembly of Governors of Central Banks in the Region, which recommended the creation of a multinational organization to increase foreign trade financing capacity of the Region. The Bank was organized in 1977, incorporated in 1978 as a corporation pursuant to the laws of the Republic of Panama, and officially began operations on January 2, 1979. Panama was selected as the location of the Bank’s headquarters because of the country’s importance as a banking center in the Region, the benefits of a fully U.S. dollar-based economy, the absence of foreign exchange controls, its geographic location, and the quality of its communications facilities. Under a contract-law signed in 1978 between the Republic of Panama and Bladex, Bladex was granted certain privileges by the Republic of Panama, including an exemption from payment of income taxes in Panama.

The Bank offers its services through its head office in Panama City, its agency in New York (the “New York Agency”), its subsidiaries in Brazil and Mexico, and its representative offices in Buenos Aires, Argentina; Mexico City, Mexico; Sao Paulo, Brazil; Lima, Peru; and Bogotá, Colombia, as well as through a worldwide network of correspondent banks. On April 3, 2017, the Bank obtained approval from the National Banking and Securities Commission of Mexico to close its Representative Office in Monterrey, Mexico, and closed this office on April 7, 2017.

Bladex’s head office is located at Torre V, Business Park, Avenida La Rotonda, Urb. Costa del Este, Panama City, Republic of Panama, and its telephone number is +507 210-8500. The New York Agency is located at 10 Bank Street, Suite 1220, White Plains, NY 10606, and its telephone number is +1 (914) 328-6640.

Bladex’s shares of Class E common stock are listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “BLX.”

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The following is a description of the Bank’s subsidiaries:

| - | Bladex Holdings Inc. (“Bladex Holdings”) is a wholly owned subsidiary, incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware, USA, on May 30, 2000. Bladex Holdings maintains ownership in Bladex Representação Ltda.

| - | Bladex Representação Ltda., incorporated under the laws of Brazil on January 7, 2000, acts as the Bank’s representative office in Brazil. Bladex Head Office owns 99.999% of Bladex Representação Ltda. and Bladex Holdings owns the remaining 0.001%.

| - | Bladex Investimentos Ltda. was incorporated under the laws of Brazil on May 3, 2011. Bladex Head Office owned 99% of Bladex Investimentos Ltda. and Bladex Holdings owned the remaining 1%. Bladex Investimentos Ltda. had invested substantially all of its assets in an investment fund, Alpha4X Latam Fundo de Investimento Multimercado, incorporated in Brazil (the “Brazilian Fund”), registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission of Brazil, (Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (the “CVM”)). The objective of the Brazilian Fund was to achieve capital gains by dealing in the interest, currency, securities, commodities and debt markets, and by trading instruments available in the spot and derivative markets. Bladex Investimentos Ltda. merged with Bladex Representação Ltda. in April 2016, with Bladex Representação Ltda. as the surviving entity.

| - | Bladex Development Corp. (“Bladex Development”) was incorporated under the laws of the Republic of Panama on June 5, 2014. Bladex Head Office owns 100% of Bladex Development.

| - | BLX Soluciones, S.A. de C.V., SOFOM, E.N.R. (“BLX Solutions”) was incorporated under the laws of Mexico on June 13, 2014. Bladex Head Office owns 99.9% of BLX Solutions and Bladex Development owns the remaining 0.1%. BLX Solutions specializes in offering financial leasing and other financial products, such as loans and factoring.

On April 2, 2013, Bladex reached a definitive agreement to sell its Asset Management Unit. The Asset Management Unit was sold to Alpha4X Asset Management, LLC (“Alpha4X”), a company majority-owned by former executives of the Asset Management Unit. In connection with the sale: (i) Bladex Offshore Feeder Fund became Alpha4X Feeder Fund (the “Feeder”), (ii) Bladex Capital Growth Fund became Alpha4X Capital Growth Fund (the “Fund”), and (iii) Bladex Latam Fundo de Investimento Multimercado became Alpha4X Latam Fundo de Investimento Multimercado.

The changes of the Bank’s investment in the Feeder were recorded in the consolidated statement of profit or loss of that fund in the “Gain (loss) per financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss” line item. The Feeder was not consolidated in the Bank’s financial statements as a result of the evaluation of control as per IFRS 10 “Consolidated financial statements” according to which the existing rights in the fund did not give the Bank the ability to direct the relevant activities of the fund nor the ability to use its power over the investee to affect its return. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Bank did not have any participation in the Feeder, compared to participation in the Feeder of 47.71% and 49.61% at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Bladex also reported the changes in the net asset value of the Brazilian Fund in the “Gain (loss) per financial instruments at fair value through profit and loss” line item, which the Bank did not consolidate, because the rights on this fund did not give the Bank the ability to direct its relevant activities nor the ability to use its power over the investee to affect its return. This investment was adjusted to recognize the Bank’ss participation in the profits or losses of the fund in the line “Gain (loss) per financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss” of the consolidated statement of profit or loss.

The Bank remained an investor in these funds until March 31, 2016, redeeming its investments entirely on April 1, 2016.

See Item 18, “Financial Statements,” note 1, and 2.1.

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| B. | Business Overview

Overview

The Bank’s mission is to provide financial solutions of excellence to financial institutions, companies and investors doing business in Latin America, supporting trade and regional integration across the Region.

As a multinational bank operating in 23 countries with a strong and historic commitment to Latin America, the Bank possesses extensive knowledge of business practices, risk and regulatory environments, accumulated over decades of doing business throughout the entire Region. Bladex provides foreign trade solutions to a select client base of premier Latin-American financial institutions and corporations, and has developed an extensive network of correspondent banking institutions with access to the international capital markets. Bladex enjoys a preferred creditor status in many jurisdictions, being recognized by its strong capitalization, prudent risk management and sound corporate governance standards. Bladex fosters long-term relationships with clients, and it has developed over the years a reputation for excellence when responding to its clients’ needs, in addition having a solid financial track record, which has reinforced its brand recognition and its franchise value in the Region, and contributes to the Bank achieving its vision of becoming the leading institution in Latin America supporting foreign trade and regional integration.

The Bank’s lending and investing activities are funded by interbank deposits, primarily from central banks and financial institutions in the Region, by borrowings from international commercial banks, and by sales of the Bank’s debt securities to financial institutions and investors in Asia, Europe, North America and the Region. The Bank does not provide retail banking services to the general public, such as retail savings accounts or checking accounts, and does not take retail deposits.

Bladex participates in the financial and capital markets throughout the Region, through two business segments.

The Commercial Business Segment encompasses the Bank’s core business of financial intermediation and fee generation activities developed to cater to corporations, financial institutions and investors in Latin America. The extensive array of products and services include the origination of bilateral, structured and syndicated credits, short- and medium-term loans, customers’ liabilities under acceptances, loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts, such as confirmed and stand-by letters of credit, and guarantees covering commercial risk. The majority of the Bank’s loans are extended in connection with specifically identified foreign trade transactions. Through its revenue diversification strategy, the Bank’s Commercial Business Segment has introduced a broader range of products, services and solutions associated with foreign trade, including co-financing arrangements, underwriting of syndicated credit facilities, structured trade financing (in the form of factoring and vendor financing) and financial leasing.

The Treasury Business Segment focuses on managing the Bank’s investment portfolio, and the overall structure of its assets and liabilities to achieve more efficient funding and liquidity positions for the Bank, mitigating the traditional financial risks associated with the balance sheet, such as interest rate, liquidity, price and currency risks. Interest-earning assets managed by the Treasury Business Segment include liquidity positions (cash and cash equivalents) and financial instruments related to the investment management activities, consisting of securities at FVOCI and investment securities at amortized cost. The Treasury Business Segment also manages the Bank’s interest-bearing liabilities, which constitute its funding sources, mainly deposits, short- and long-term borrowings and debt.

Historically, trade finance has been afforded favorable treatment during Latin American debt restructurings. This has been, in part, due to the perceived importance that governments and other borrowers in the Region have attributed to maintaining access to trade finance. The Bank believes that, in the past, the combination of its focus on trade finance and the composition of its Class A shareholders has been instrumental in obtaining certain exceptions regarding U.S. dollar convertibility and transfer limitations imposed on the servicing of external obligations, or preferred creditor status. Although the Bank maintains both its focus on trade finance and its Class A shareholders’ participation, it cannot guarantee that such exceptions will be granted in all future debt restructurings.

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As of December 31, 2017, the Bank had 59 employees, or 31% of its total employees, across its offices responsible for marketing the Bank’s financial products and services to existing and potential customers.

Developments During 2017

The International Monetary Fund (“IMF”) has estimated world GDP growth of 3.7% in 2017, driven primarily by the dynamics of U.S. growth, the improvements in the Euro zone, fiscal expansion in China and growing trade flows. Latin America posted 1.3% GDP growth in 2017, as the negative credit cycle and particularly the recession in Brazil came to an end, and due to growth in other countries in the Region, propelled by better internal demand dynamics. This GDP growth followed weak performance by the Region in the previous few years. On the political front, election results in Argentina and in Chile helped boost the confidence of international investors, generating a more favorable business environment.

Bladex’s performance in 2017 demonstrated the sustainability of its business model and the Bank’s ability to continue to deliver solid results in a challenging environment, which last year included political turmoil in key countries in the Region and slower than expected economic growth, accompanied by abundant liquidity that put pressure on margins. In addition, the Bank remained aware of the challenging environment for global and regional trade, as NAFTA, TPP and BREXIT discussions continued to evolve in 2018.

Despite these challenges, the Bank’s profit was $82 million in 2017, representing a return on equity of 8%, down from 8.8% in 2016 due to lower average portfolio balances and lower margins. The Bank ended the year with a strong 21.1% Tier I capital ratio while the net interest margin and net interest spread were 1.85% and 1.48%, respectively, which were below 2016 levels. The Bank’s operating expenses were only slightly higher than the previous year, due largely to non-recurring severance expenses associated with its efforts to streamline its business model and increase efficiency throughout the organization. Bladex’s loan syndication and structuring business posted solid results again in 2017, contributing decisively to increased fee income and to the market perception of Bladex as a reliable and successful partner in its line of business. Fee income associated with the Bank’s traditional product, letters of credit, increased as well, confirming Bladex’s reputation as a solid financial institution in the Region. Ample access to funding in 2017, across diversified sources and geographies, proved again the creditworthiness that Bladex enjoys in the international capital markets.

See Item 5, “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Operating Results—Profit for the year” and “Trend Information” and Item 18, “Financial Statements,” note 17.

Strategies for 2018 and Subsequent Years

Streamlining the Bank’s operating model for greater efficiency

The Bank aims to improve efficiency and productivity throughout the organization, with investments having already been made in technology and more efficient processes. The Bank is focusing on a number of items, including a more centralized management model with our Head Office providing risk management and administrative support to the representative offices, leaving the representative offices free to concentrate primarily on origination and client relationship management. The Bank expects that this plan will reduce costs, contribute to its goal of operational excellence and provide greater flexibility to respond to the demands of its clients.

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Further extend the Bank’s business in politically and economically stable, high-growth markets

The Bank’s expertise in risk and capital management and extensive knowledge of the Region allows it to identify and strategically focus on stable and growth-oriented markets, including investment-grade countries in the Region. Bladex maintains strategically placed representative offices in order to provide focused products and services in markets that the Bank considers key to its continued growth.

Targeted growth in expanding and diversifying the Bank’s client base

The Bank’s strategy to participate in a broad range of activities and further diversify its client base includes targeting clients that offer the potential for longstanding relationships and a wider presence in the Region, such as financial institutions, corporations, sovereigns and state-owned entities. This may be achieved through the Bank’s participation in bilateral and co-financed transactions and the strengthening of short- and medium-trade services provided. The Bank intends to continue enhancing existing client relationships and establish new client-relationships through its Region-wide expertise, product knowledge, quality of service, agile decision-making process and client approach, strategically targeting industries and participants in the value chain of international trade by country within the Region. Targeted participants operating in most of the main exporting sectors related to commodities (agribusiness, oil & gas, metals, and petrochemicals, among others) and services (transportation and utilities, among others).

The Bank plans to focus its future efforts on growing its business with a larger number of clients along the trade value chain, reinforcing the Bank’s business model, enhancing origination capacity and deploying the use of capital, as well as striving for a greater dispersion of risk in order to continue diversifying and mitigating the impact of potential losses, should they occur.

Increase the range of products and services that the Bank offers

Due to the Bank’s relationships throughout, and knowledge of, the Region, the Bank is well positioned to strategically identify key additional products and services to offer to clients. The Bank’s Articles of Incorporation permit a broad scope of potential activities, encompassing all types of banking, investment, and financial and other businesses that support foreign trade flows and the development of trade and integration in the Region. This supports the Bank’s ongoing strategy to develop and expand products and services, such as vendor finance, letters of credit, leasing, debt intermediation in primary and secondary markets, syndications, including export insurance programs, that complement the Bank’s expertise in foreign trade finance and risk management.

Lending Policies

The Bank extends credit directly to financial institutions, corporations and upper middle-market companies within the Region. The distinction between corporations and upper middle-market companies is based on the respective client’s volumes of annual sales, the borrower’s country of domicile and the size of the market in which it operates, as well as certain other criteria. The Bank finances import and export transactions for all types of goods and products, with the exception of certain restricted items such as weapons, ammunition, military equipment, and hallucinogenic drugs or narcotics not utilized for medical purposes. Imports and exports financed by the Bank are destined for buyers and sellers in countries both inside and outside the Region. The Bank analyzes credit requests from eligible borrowers by applying its credit risk criteria, including economic and market conditions. The Bank maintains a consistent lending policy and applies the same credit criteria to all types of potential borrowers in evaluating creditworthiness.

Due to the nature of trade finance, the Bank’s loans are generally unsecured. However, in certain instances, based upon the Bank’s credit review of the borrower and the economic and political situation and trends in the borrower’s home country, the Bank may determine that the level of risk involved requires that a loan be secured by collateral.

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Country Credit Limits

The Bank maintains a continual review of each country's risk profile evolution, supporting its analysis with various factors, both quantitative and qualitative, the main driving factors of which include: the evolution of macroeconomic policies (fiscal, monetary, and exchange rate policy), fiscal and external performance, price stability, level of liquidity in foreign currency, changes of legal and institutional framework, as well as material social and political events, among others, including industry analysis relevant to Bladex business activities.

Bladex has a methodology for capital allocation by country and its risk weights for assets. The Risk Policy and Assessment Committee (the “CPER”) of the Bank’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) approves a level of “allocated capital” for each country, in addition to nominal exposure limits. These country capital limits are reviewed at least once a year by the CPER, and more often if necessary. The methodology helps to establish the capital equivalent of each transaction, based on the internal numeric rating assigned to each country, which is reviewed and approved by the CPER.

The amount of capital allocated to a transaction is based on customer type (sovereign, state-owned or private corporations, middle-market companies, or financial institutions), the type of transaction (trade or non-trade), and the average remaining term of the transaction (from one to 180 days, 181 days to a year, between one and three years, or longer than three years). Capital utilizations by the business units cannot exceed the Bank’s reported total stockholders’ equity.

Borrower Lending Limits

The Bank generally establishes lines of credit for each borrower according to the results of its risk analysis and potential business prospects; however, the Bank is not obligated to lend under these lines of credit. Once a line of credit has been established, credit generally is extended after receipt of an application from the borrower for financing, usually related to foreign trade. Loan pricing is determined in accordance with prevailing market conditions and the borrower’s creditworthiness.

For existing borrowers, the Bank’s management has authority to approve credit lines up to the legal lending limit prescribed by Panamanian law, provided that the credit lines comply fully with the country credit limits and conditions for the borrower’s country of domicile set by the Board. Approved borrower lending limits are reported to the CPER quarterly. Panamanian Law sets forth certain concentration limits, which are applicable and strictly adhered to by the Bank, including a 30% limit as a percentage of capital and reserves for any one borrower and borrower group, in the case of certain financial institutions, and a 25% limit as a percentage of capital and reserves for any one borrower and borrower group, in the case of corporate, sovereign and middle-market companies. As of December 31, 2017, the Bank’s legal lending limit prescribed by Panamanian law for corporations, sovereign borrowers and middle-market companies amounted to $261 million, and for financial institutions and financial groups amounted to $313 million. Panamanian law also sets lending limits for related party transactions, which are described in more detail in the section “Regulation–Panamanian Law”. Non-compliance with this legal lending limit could result in the assessment of administrative sanctions by the Superintendency for such violations, taking into consideration the magnitude of the offense and any prior occurrences, and the magnitude of damages and prejudice caused to third parties. As of December 31, 2017, the Bank was in compliance with regulatory legal lending limits.

See Item 4.B., “Information on the Company—Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Panamanian Law.”

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Credit Portfolio

The Bank’s Credit Portfolio consists of the Commercial Portfolio and the Investment Securities Portfolio. The Bank’s Commercial Portfolio includes gross loans (the “Loan Portfolio”), customers’ liabilities under acceptances, loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts, such as confirmed and stand-by letters of credit, and guarantees covering commercial risk. The Bank’s Investment Securities Portfolio consists of securities at FVOCI and investment securities at amortized cost.

As of December 31, 2017, the Credit Portfolio amounted to $6,085 million, a decrease from $6,552 million as of December 31, 2016, and from $7,405 million as of December 31, 2015. The $467 million, or 7%, decrease during 2017 was largely attributable to the Bank’s Commercial Portfolio, which decreased by $445 million, or 7%, due to (i) the Bank’s ongoing efforts to mitigate risk and diversify its portfolio in certain countries, industries and client exposures, and (ii) the Bank’s efforts to move to shorter tenor lending, both of which were implemented to improve the Bank’s portfolio credit risk profile during the negative credit cycle experienced in the Latin American Region.

Commercial Portfolio

The Bank’s Commercial Portfolio amounted to $5,999 million as of December 31, 2017, a $445 million, or 7%, decrease from $6,444 million as of December 31, 2016, and a $1,156 million, or 16%, decrease from $7,155 million as of December 31, 2015. These decreases reflect the Bank’s ongoing efforts to mitigate risk and diversify its portfolio mix during the past two years as well as the shorter average tenor of the Commercial Portfolio.

As of December 31, 2017, 81% of the Bank’s Commercial Portfolio was scheduled to mature within one year, compared to 77% as of December 31, 2016 and 72% as of December 31, 2015. As of those same dates, trade finance operations represented 60%, 66% and 56%, respectively, of the Bank’s Commercial Portfolio, while the remaining balance consisted primarily of lending to financial institutions and corporations engaged in foreign trade. As of December 31, 2017, 49% of the Bank’s Commercial Portfolio was represented by financial institutions and 47% of the Bank’s Commercial Portfolio was represented by corporations, of which 51% and 67% was trade-related financing, respectively.

The following table sets forth the distribution of the Bank’s Commercial Portfolio, by product category, as of December 31 of each year:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 (1) |  |  | % |  |  | 2016 (2) |  |  | % |  |  | 2015 (3) |  |  | % |
|  | (in $ millions, except percentages) |
Loans |  | $ | 5,506 |  |  |  | 91.8 |  |  | $ | 6,021 |  |  |  | 93.4 |  |  | $ | 6,692 |  |  |  | 93.5 |
Loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts |  |  | 487 |  |  |  | 8.1 |  |  |  | 403 |  |  |  | 6.3 |  |  |  | 447 |  |  |  | 6.3 |
Customers’ liabilities under acceptances |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 0.3 |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 0.2 |
Total |  | $ | 5,999 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | $ | 6,444 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | $ | 7,155 |  |  |  | 100.0 |

| (1) | Includes non-performing loans in the amount of $59 million as of December 31, 2017.

| (2) | Includes non-performing loans in the amount of $65 million as of December 31, 2016.

| (3) | Includes non-performing loans in the amount of $52 million as of December 31, 2015.

Loan Portfolio

As of December 31, 2017, the Bank’s Loan Portfolio totaled to $5,506 million, compared to $6,021 million as of December 31, 2016 and $6,692 million as of December 31, 2015. The $515 million, or 9%, Loan Portfolio decrease during 2017 was largely attributable to the Bank’s decision to improve its Loan Portfolio risk profile by reducing unwanted exposures to certain countries, industries and clients, along with a focus toward short-term lending. In addition, high levels of U.S. dollar liquidity experienced in key markets led to nearly $1 billion in pre-payments of loans originally scheduled to mature in or after 2018, significantly offsetting increased levels of credit disbursements throughout the year. As of December 31, 2017, 80% of the Bank’s Loan Portfolio was scheduled to mature within one year, compared to 76% and 70%, as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

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As of December 31, 2017, the Bank had non-performing loans of $59 million (or 1.07% of the Loan Portfolio), compared to $65 million (or 1.09% of the Loan Portfolio) as of December 31, 2016 and $52 million (or 0.78% of the Loan Portfolio) as of December 31, 2015.

For more detailed information, see Item 5, “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Operating Results—Changes in Financial Position”. “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Operating Results—Asset Quality”, “—Allowance for ECL” and Item 18, “Financial Statements,” notes 3.5 and 5.5.

Loan Portfolio by Country Risk

The following table sets forth the distribution of the Bank’s Loan Portfolio by country risk at the dates indicated:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | % of Total Loans |  |  | 2016 |  |  | % of Total Loans |  |  | 2015 |  |  | % of Total Loans |
|  | (in $ millions, except percentages) |
Argentina |  | $ | 295 |  |  |  | 5.3 |  |  | $ | 325 |  |  |  | 5.4 |  |  | $ | 142 |  |  |  | 2.1 |
Belgium |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 0.2 |
Bermuda |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 0.3 |
Bolivia |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 0.3 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 0.3 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 0.3 |
Brazil (1) |  |  | 1,019 |  |  |  | 18.5 |  |  |  | 1,164 |  |  |  | 19.3 |  |  |  | 1,605 |  |  |  | 24.0 |
Chile |  |  | 171 |  |  |  | 3.1 |  |  |  | 69 |  |  |  | 1.2 |  |  |  | 195 |  |  |  | 2.9 |
Colombia (2) |  |  | 829 |  |  |  | 15.1 |  |  |  | 653 |  |  |  | 10.8 |  |  |  | 621 |  |  |  | 9.3 |
Costa Rica |  |  | 356 |  |  |  | 6.5 |  |  |  | 400 |  |  |  | 6.6 |  |  |  | 341 |  |  |  | 5.1 |
Dominican Republic |  |  | 250 |  |  |  | 4.5 |  |  |  | 244 |  |  |  | 4.1 |  |  |  | 384 |  |  |  | 5.7 |
Ecuador |  |  | 94 |  |  |  | 1.7 |  |  |  | 129 |  |  |  | 2.1 |  |  |  | 169 |  |  |  | 2.5 |
El Salvador |  |  | 55 |  |  |  | 1.0 |  |  |  | 105 |  |  |  | 1.7 |  |  |  | 68 |  |  |  | 1.0 |
France |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 0.1 |
Germany |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | 0.7 |  |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | 0.8 |  |  |  | 97 |  |  |  | 1.4 |
Guatemala |  |  | 309 |  |  |  | 5.6 |  |  |  | 316 |  |  |  | 5.2 |  |  |  | 458 |  |  |  | 6.8 |
Honduras |  |  | 75 |  |  |  | 1.4 |  |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | 1.3 |  |  |  | 118 |  |  |  | 1.8 |
Jamaica |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 0.4 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 0.2 |
Luxembourg |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 0.4 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |
Mexico (3) |  |  | 850 |  |  |  | 15.4 |  |  |  | 927 |  |  |  | 15.4 |  |  |  | 789 |  |  |  | 11.8 |
Nicaragua |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 0.5 |  |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | 0.6 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 0.3 |
Panama (4) |  |  | 500 |  |  |  | 9.1 |  |  |  | 499 |  |  |  | 8.3 |  |  |  | 455 |  |  |  | 6.8 |
Paraguay (5) |  |  | 60 |  |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |  | 108 |  |  |  | 1.8 |  |  |  | 116 |  |  |  | 1.7 |
Peru |  |  | 212 |  |  |  | 3.8 |  |  |  | 467 |  |  |  | 7.8 |  |  |  | 511 |  |  |  | 7.6 |
Singapore |  |  | 55 |  |  |  | 1.0 |  |  |  | 70 |  |  |  | 1.2 |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 0.2 |
Switzerland |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 46 |  |  |  | 0.8 |  |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | 0.7 |
Trinidad & Tobago |  |  | 175 |  |  |  | 3.2 |  |  |  | 184 |  |  |  | 3.1 |  |  |  | 200 |  |  |  | 3.0 |
United States of America |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | 0.8 |  |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | 1.2 |  |  |  | 54 |  |  |  | 0.8 |
Uruguay (6) |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 0.3 |  |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | 0.6 |  |  |  | 219 |  |  |  | 3.3 |
Total |  | $ | 5,506 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | $ | 6,021 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | $ | 6,692 |  |  |  | 100.0 |

| (1) | Includes non-performing loans in Brazil of $54 million in 2017, $49 million in 2016 and $4 million in 2015.

| (2) | Includes non-performing loans in Colombia of $47 million in 2015.

| (3) | Includes non-performing loans in Mexico of $1 million in 2015.

| (4) | Includes non-performing loans in Panama of $12 million in 2016.

| (5) | Includes non-performing loans in Paraguay of $5 million in 2017.

| (6) | Includes non-performing loans in Uruguay of $4 million in 2016.

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The risk relating to countries outside the Region pertains to transactions carried out in the Region, with credit risk transferred outside the Region by way of legally binding corporate guarantees that are payable at first demand. As of December 31, 2017, the Bank’s combined Loan Portfolio associated with European country risk represented $73 million, or 1.32%, of the total Loan Portfolio, compared to $115 million, or 1.91%, of the total Loan Portfolio as of December 31, 2016 and $160 million, or 2.40%, as of December 31, 2015.

Loan Portfolio by Type of Borrower

The following table sets forth the amounts of the Bank’s Loan Portfolio by type of borrower at the dates indicated:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | % of Total Loans |  |  | 2016 |  |  | % of Total Loans |  |  | 2015 |  |  | % of Total Loans |
|  | (in $ millions, except percentages) |
Private sector commercial banks and financial institutions |  | $ | 2,084 |  |  |  | 37.9 |  |  | $ | 1,739 |  |  |  | 28.9 |  |  | $ | 1,975 |  |  |  | 29.5 |
State-owned commercial banks |  |  | 574 |  |  |  | 10.4 |  |  |  | 515 |  |  |  | 8.5 |  |  |  | 613 |  |  |  | 9.2 |
Central banks |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 0.5 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |
State-owned organizations |  |  | 723 |  |  |  | 13.1 |  |  |  | 787 |  |  |  | 13.1 |  |  |  | 462 |  |  |  | 6.9 |
Private middle-market companies (1) |  |  | 242 |  |  |  | 4.4 |  |  |  | 294 |  |  |  | 4.9 |  |  |  | 388 |  |  |  | 5.8 |
Private corporations (2) |  |  | 1,883 |  |  |  | 34.2 |  |  |  | 2,656 |  |  |  | 44.1 |  |  |  | 3,255 |  |  |  | 48.6 |
Total |  | $ | 5,506 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | $ | 6,021 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | $ | 6,692 |  |  |  | 100.0 |

| (1) | Includes $35 million, $35 million and $1 million in non-performing loans in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

| (2) | Includes $24 million, $30 million and $51 million in non-performing loans in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

As of December 31, 2017, the Bank’s Loan Portfolio industry exposure mainly included: (i) 48% in the financial institutions sector; (ii) 14% in the industrial sector, comprised mostly of metal manufacturing, food and beverage, electric power, plastics and packaging, and other manufacturing industries; and (iii) 13% in the oil and gas sector, which in turn was divided into integrated (11%) and downstream (2%) subsegments. No other industry sector exceeded 10% exposure of the Loan Portfolio.

Maturities and Sensitivities of the Loan Portfolio to Changes in Interest Rates

The following table sets forth the remaining term of the maturity profile of the Bank’s Loan Portfolio as of December 31, 2017, by type of rate and type of borrower:

|  | As of December 31, 2017 |
|  | (in $ millions) |
|  | Impaired and due in one year or less |  |  | Due after one year through five years |  |  | Due after five years through ten years |  |  | Total |
FIXED RATE |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private sector commercial banks and financial institutions |  | $ | 791 |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 820 |
State-owned commercial banks |  |  | 307 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 307 |
State-owned organizations |  |  | 418 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 418 |
Private middle-market companies |  |  | 190 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 192 |
Private corporations |  |  | 613 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 642 |
Subtotal |  | $ | 2,319 |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 2,379 |
FLOATING RATE |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private sector commercial banks and financial institutions |  | $ | 1,017 |  |  | $ | 247 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 1,264 |
State-owned commercial banks |  |  | 171 |  |  |  | 95 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 266 |
State-owned organizations |  |  | 205 |  |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 305 |
Private middle-market companies |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 50 |
Private corporations |  |  | 637 |  |  |  | 594 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 1,242 |
Subtotal |  | $ | 2,062 |  |  | $ | 1,050 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 3,127 |
Total |  | $ | 4,381 |  |  | $ | 1,099 |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | 5,506 |

Note: Scheduled amortization repayments fall into the maturity category in which the payment is due, rather than that of the final maturity of the loan.

| 24 |

|  | As of December 31, 2016 |
|  | (in $ millions) |
|  | Impaired and due in one year or less |  |  | Due after one year through five years |  |  | Due after five years through ten years |  |  | Total |
FIXED RATE |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private sector commercial banks and financial institutions |  | $ | 497 |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 520 |
State-owned commercial banks |  |  | 227 |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 239 |
State-owned organizations |  |  | 690 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 690 |
Private middle-market companies |  |  | 183 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 185 |
Private corporations |  |  | 1,056 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1,076 |
Subtotal |  | $ | 2,653 |  |  | $ | 57 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 2,710 |
FLOATING RATE |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private sector commercial banks and financial institutions |  | $ | 768 |  |  | $ | 451 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 1,219 |
State-owned commercial banks |  |  | 207 |  |  |  | 69 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 276 |
Central banks |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 30 |
State-owned organizations |  |  | 82 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 97 |
Private middle-market companies |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | 54 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 109 |
Private corporations |  |  | 772 |  |  |  | 795 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 1,580 |
Subtotal |  | $ | 1,909 |  |  | $ | 1,384 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 3,311 |
Total |  | $ | 4,562 |  |  | $ | 1,441 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 6,021 |

Note: Scheduled amortization repayments fall into the maturity category in which the payment is due, rather than that of the final maturity of the loan.

Loan Commitments and Financial Guarantee Contracts

The Bank, on behalf of its client base, advises and confirms letters of credit to facilitate foreign trade transactions. When confirming letters of credit, the Bank adds its own unqualified assurance that the issuing bank will pay, with the understanding that, if the issuing bank does not honor drafts drawn on the letter of credit, the Bank will. The Bank also provides stand-by letters of credit, guarantees, and commitments to extend credit, which are binding legal agreements to disburse or lend to clients, subject to the customers’ compliance with customary conditions precedent or other relevant documentation. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and require payment of a fee to the Bank. As some commitments expire without being drawn down, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future liquidity requirements.

The Bank applies the same credit policies used in its lending process to its evaluation of these instruments, and, once issued, the commitment is irrevocable and remains valid until its expiration. Credit risk arises from the Bank’s obligation to make payment in the event of a client’s contractual default to a third party.

Loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts amounted to $488 million, or 8% of the total Commercial Portfolio, as of December 31, 2017, compared to $403 million, or 6% of the total Commercial Portfolio, as of December 31, 2016 and $447 million, or 6% of the total Commercial Portfolio, as of December 31, 2015. Confirmed and stand-by letters of credit, and guarantees covering commercial risk represented 91% of the total loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts as of December 31, 2017, compared to 97%, and 58%, as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

| 25 |

The following table presents the distribution of the Bank’s loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts by country risk, as of December 31 of each year:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | Amount |  |  | % of Total loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts |  |  | Amount |  |  | % of Total loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts |  |  | Amount |  |  | % of Total loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts |
|  | (in $ millions, except percentages) |
Loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Argentina |  | $ | 8 |  |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  |  | 2.3 |
Bolivia |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 0.3 |
Brazil |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 3.9 |
Canada |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |
Chile |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 3.1 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |
Colombia |  |  | 91 |  |  |  | 18.7 |  |  |  | 79 |  |  |  | 19.6 |  |  |  | 96 |  |  |  | 21.5 |
Costa Rica |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 4.1 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 0.6 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |
Dominican Republic |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 6.6 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 1.0 |
Ecuador |  |  | 253 |  |  |  | 51.9 |  |  |  | 173 |  |  |  | 42.8 |  |  |  | 89 |  |  |  | 19.8 |
El Salvador |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 0.3 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |
Guatemala |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 2.4 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 1.7 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |
Honduras |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 0.3 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 0.2 |
Jamaica |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |
Mexico |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 7.2 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 2.8 |  |  |  | 47 |  |  |  | 10.5 |
Panama |  |  | 31 |  |  |  | 6.4 |  |  |  | 40 |  |  |  | 9.9 |  |  |  | 136 |  |  |  | 30.4 |
Paraguay |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |
Peru |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 3.6 |  |  |  | 43 |  |  |  | 10.6 |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 4.2 |
Singapore |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | 5.6 |
Switzerland |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 0.2 |
Uruguay |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 0.6 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 4.5 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.1 |
Total loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts |  | $ | 488 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | $ | 403 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | $ | 447 |  |  |  | 100.0 |

For total loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts, see Item 18, “Financial Statements,” note 6.

Investment Securities Portfolio

As part of its Credit Portfolio, the Bank holds an Investment Securities Portfolio, in the form of both securities at FVOCI and investment securities at amortized cost, consisting of investments in securities by Latin American issuers.

In the normal course of business, the Bank utilizes interest rate swaps for hedging purposes associated with assets (mainly its Investment Securities Portfolio) and liabilities (mainly issuances) denominated in fixed rates.

The following table sets forth information regarding the carrying value of the Bank’s Investment Securities Portfolio, presented in gross amounts, at the dates indicated.

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | (in $ millions) |
Securities at FVOCI (1) |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 142 |
Securities at amortized cost (2) |  |  | 69 |  |  |  | 78 |  |  |  | 109 |
Total Investment Securities Portfolio |  | $ | 86 |  |  | $ | 108 |  |  | $ | 251 |

| (1) | As of December 31, 2017, the outstanding balance does not include an equity investment at FVOCI of $8.4 million.

| (2) | Amounts do not include an allowance for ECL of $0.2 million, $0.6 million and $0.5 million, as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

| 26 |

During the periods under review herein, the Bank did not hold instruments in obligations of the U.S. Treasury or other U.S. Government agencies or corporations, or in states of the U.S. or their municipalities.

The following tables set forth the distribution of the Bank’s Investment Securities Portfolio, presented in gross amounts, by country risk, type of borrower and contractual maturity, at the dates indicated:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | Amount |  |  | % |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |
|  | (in $ millions, except percentages) |
Brazil |  | $ | 5 |  |  |  | 5.2 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  |  | 20.0 |  |  | $ | 63 |  |  |  | 25.0 |
Chile |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 6.0 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 4.8 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 7.3 |
Colombia |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | 33.8 |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 27.5 |  |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | 21.0 |
Costa Rica |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 2.0 |
Mexico |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 23.5 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 18.8 |  |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | 15.0 |
Panama |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 21.5 |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 10.8 |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 13.4 |
Peru |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 2.9 |
Trinidad and Tobago |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 10.0 |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 8.1 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 3.4 |
Multilateral Organizations |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 10.0 |  |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | 10.2 |
Total |  | $ | 86 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | $ | 108 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | $ | 251 |  |  |  | 100.0 |

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | Amount |  |  | % |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |
|  | (in $ millions, except percentages) |
Private sector commercial banks and financial institutions |  | $ | 11 |  |  |  | 13.4 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  |  | 4.1 |  |  | $ | 76 |  |  |  | 30.3 |
State-owned commercial banks |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 3.4 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 2.6 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 2.9 |
Sovereign debt |  |  | 48 |  |  |  | 55.7 |  |  |  | 49 |  |  |  | 45.2 |  |  |  | 59 |  |  |  | 23.4 |
State-owned organizations |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 27.5 |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 32.4 |  |  |  | 99 |  |  |  | 39.4 |
Private corporations |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 15.7 |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 4.0 |
Total |  | $ | 86 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | $ | 108 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | $ | 251 |  |  |  | 100.0 |

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | Amount |  |  | % |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |
|  | (in $ millions, except percentages) |
In one year |  | $ | 8 |  |  |  | 9.3 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  |  | 3.7 |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  |  | 19.4 |
After one year through five years |  |  | 78 |  |  |  | 90.7 |  |  |  | 85 |  |  |  | 78.9 |  |  |  | 113 |  |  |  | 45.0 |
After five years through ten years |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 17.4 |  |  |  | 89 |  |  |  | 35.5 |
Total |  | $ | 86 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | $ | 108 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | $ | 251 |  |  |  | 100.0 |

As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, securities held by the Bank of any single issuer did not exceed 10% of the Bank’s stockholders equity.

Financial instruments at FVOCI

As of December 31, 2017, financial instruments at FVOCI totaled $25 million, which consisted of (i) equity investments at FVOCI of $8 million, corresponding to equity securities classified with the irrevocable option of changes in OCI, and (ii) securities at FVOCI of $17 million, related to investments in securities in the Region, issued by sovereign and state-owned issuers. The $6 million decrease on the Bank’s financial instruments at FVOCI from the prior period was mainly attributable to the sale of investment securities as the Bank continued to decrease its holdings in this category to reduce market risk.

| 27 |

As of December 31, 2016, the Bank’s financial instruments at FVOCI decreased to $30 million, from $142 million as of December 31, 2015, as the Bank sold $103 million and redeemed $107 million of financial instruments at FVOCI, while $84 million were purchased, resulting in a net loss of $0.4 million. As of December 31, 2016, the Bank did not have equity investments at FVOCI and the securities at FVOCI consisted of investments in securities of issuers in the Region, of which 90% corresponded to multilateral, sovereign and state-owned issuers, and 10% corresponded to private banks and corporations.

As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, there were no securities at FVOCI guaranteeing repurchase transactions.

See Item 18, “Financial Statements,” notes 3.3.6 and 5.2.

Securities at amortized cost

The Bank’s investment securities at amortized cost totaled $69 million as of December 31, 2017, compared to $78 million as of December 31, 2016. The $9 million decrease during the year in the investment securities at amortized cost portfolio was mostly attributable to the proceeds of $18 million of matured investment securities, net of the $10 million investment securities acquired during 2017.

As of December 31, 2016, the Bank’s securities at amortized cost decreased to $78 million, from $109 million as of December 31, 2015. The $31 million, or 28%, decrease during the year in the securities at amortized cost portfolio was mostly attributable to the redemption of $55 million of matured investment securities, net of the $25 million in investment securities acquired during 2016.

As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, there were no investment securities at amortized cost guaranteeing repurchase transactions.

See Item 18, “Financial Statements,” notes 3.3.7 and 5.3.

Total Gross Outstandings by Country

The following table sets forth the aggregate gross amount of the Bank’s cross-border outstandings, consisting of cash and due from banks, interest-bearing deposits in banks, financial instruments at FVTPL, financial instruments at FVOCI, securities and loans at amortized cost, and accrued interest receivable, as of December 31 of each year:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | Amount |  |  | % of Total Outstandings |  |  | Amount |  |  | % of Total Outstandings |  |  | Amount |  |  | % of Total Outstandings |
|  | (in $ millions, except percentages) |
Argentina |  | $ | 296 |  |  |  | 4.7 |  |  | $ | 329 |  |  |  | 4.5 |  |  | $ | 144 |  |  |  | 1.7 |
Brazil |  |  | 1,042 |  |  |  | 16.5 |  |  |  | 1,201 |  |  |  | 16.6 |  |  |  | 1,683 |  |  |  | 20.2 |
Chile |  |  | 176 |  |  |  | 2.8 |  |  |  | 75 |  |  |  | 1.0 |  |  |  | 214 |  |  |  | 2.6 |
Colombia |  |  | 863 |  |  |  | 13.7 |  |  |  | 688 |  |  |  | 9.5 |  |  |  | 676 |  |  |  | 8.1 |
Costa Rica |  |  | 358 |  |  |  | 5.7 |  |  |  | 402 |  |  |  | 5.6 |  |  |  | 348 |  |  |  | 4.2 |
Dominican Republic |  |  | 251 |  |  |  | 4.0 |  |  |  | 246 |  |  |  | 3.4 |  |  |  | 386 |  |  |  | 4.6 |
Ecuador |  |  | 95 |  |  |  | 1.5 |  |  |  | 130 |  |  |  | 1.8 |  |  |  | 169 |  |  |  | 2.0 |
El Salvador |  |  | 55 |  |  |  | 0.9 |  |  |  | 106 |  |  |  | 1.5 |  |  |  | 69 |  |  |  | 0.8 |
Germany |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | 0.6 |  |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | 0.7 |  |  |  | 107 |  |  |  | 1.3 |
Guatemala |  |  | 310 |  |  |  | 4.9 |  |  |  | 319 |  |  |  | 4.4 |  |  |  | 462 |  |  |  | 5.5 |
Honduras |  |  | 75 |  |  |  | 1.2 |  |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | 1.0 |  |  |  | 119 |  |  |  | 1.4 |
Japan |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 82 |  |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |

| 28 |

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | Amount |  |  | % of Total Outstandings |  |  | Amount |  |  | % of Total Outstandings |  |  | Amount |  |  | % of Total Outstandings |
|  | (in $ millions, except percentages) |
Mexico |  |  | 875 |  |  |  | 13.9 |  |  |  | 955 |  |  |  | 13.2 |  |  |  | 832 |  |  |  | 10.0 |
Panama |  |  | 526 |  |  |  | 8.3 |  |  |  | 513 |  |  |  | 7.1 |  |  |  | 492 |  |  |  | 5.9 |
Paraguay |  |  | 60 |  |  |  | 1.0 |  |  |  | 110 |  |  |  | 1.5 |  |  |  | 118 |  |  |  | 1.4 |
Peru |  |  | 213 |  |  |  | 3.4 |  |  |  | 470 |  |  |  | 6.5 |  |  |  | 522 |  |  |  | 6.3 |
Singapore |  |  | 55 |  |  |  | 0.9 |  |  |  | 70 |  |  |  | 1.0 |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 0.1 |
Switzerland |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 110 |  |  |  | 1.5 |  |  |  | 56 |  |  |  | 0.7 |
Trinidad & Tobago |  |  | 185 |  |  |  | 2.9 |  |  |  | 194 |  |  |  | 2.7 |  |  |  | 210 |  |  |  | 2.5 |
United States of America |  |  | 665 |  |  |  | 10.5 |  |  |  | 955 |  |  |  | 13.2 |  |  |  | 1,273 |  |  |  | 15.3 |
Uruguay |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | 0.5 |  |  |  | 220 |  |  |  | 2.6 |
Other countries (1) |  |  | 139 |  |  |  | 2.3 |  |  |  | 127 |  |  |  | 1.7 |  |  |  | 175 |  |  |  | 2.1 |
Subtotal |  | $ | 6,303 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | $ | 7,242 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | $ | 8,287 |  |  |  | 99.4 |
Investment funds at fair value through profit or loss |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | 0.6 |
Total (2) |  | $ | 6,303 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | $ | 7,242 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | $ | 8,341 |  |  |  | 100.0 |

| (1) | “Other countries” consists of cross-border outstandings to countries in which cross-border outstandings did not exceed 1% for any of the periods indicated. “Other countries” in 2017 was comprised of Nicaragua ($30 million), Jamaica ($25 million), Spain ($23 million), Luxembourg ($20 million), Netherlands ($16 million), Bolivia ($15 million) and Belgium ($12 million). “Other countries” in 2016 was comprised of Nicaragua ($37 million), Spain ($28 million), Bolivia ($18 million), Luxembourg ($15 million), Multilateral Organizations ($11 million), Jamaica ($7 million), France ($7 million) and Belgium ($4 million). “Other countries” in 2015 was comprised of Multilateral Organizations ($66 million), Bolivia ($20 million), Bermuda ($20 million), Jamaica ($17 million), Nicaragua ($17 million), Belgium ($13 million), France ($11 million), Spain ($10 million) and the U.K. ($1 million).

| (2) | The outstandings by country does not include loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts and other assets. See Item 4.B. “Business Overview— Loan Commitments and Financial Guarantee Contracts.”

In allocating country risk limits, the Bank applies a portfolio management approach that takes into consideration several factors, including the Bank’s perception of country risk levels, business opportunities, and economic and political risk analysis.

As of December 31, 2017, overall cross border outstandings totaled $6,303 million, a $939 million decrease compared to $7,242 million as of December 31, 2016, as the Bank experienced high U.S. dollar liquidity in key markets such as Peru, and exposures to certain countries were adjusted, most notably in Brazil, along with decreased levels of liquid assets in the form of cash and cash equivalents, mainly placed with the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank.

Overall cross border outstandings decreased to $7,242 million as of December 31, 2016, from $8,341 million as of December 31, 2015, as some exposures in certain countries, most notably in Brazil, were reduced in accordance with the Bank’s perception of risks relating to that country.

Cross-border outstanding exposures in countries outside the Region correspond principally to the Bank’s liquidity placements and secured credits related to transactions carried out in the Region. See Item 5, “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Liquidity.”

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The following table sets forth the amount of the Bank’s cross-border outstandings by type of institution as of December 31 of each year:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | (in $ millions) |
Private sector commercial banks and financial institutions |  | $ | 2,168 |  |  | $ | 2,184 |  |  | $ | 2,100 |
State-owned commercial banks and financial institutions |  |  | 579 |  |  |  | 571 |  |  |  | 632 |
Central banks |  |  | 609 |  |  |  | 621 |  |  |  | 1,213 |
Sovereign debt |  |  | 49 |  |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | 60 |
State-owned organizations |  |  | 750 |  |  |  | 829 |  |  |  | 605 |
Private middle-market companies |  |  | 246 |  |  |  | 296 |  |  |  | 391 |
Private corporations |  |  | 1,902 |  |  |  | 2,691 |  |  |  | 3,286 |
Subtotal |  | $ | 6,303 |  |  | $ | 7,242 |  |  | $ | 8,287 |
Investment funds at fair value through profit or loss |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 53 |
Total |  | $ | 6,303 |  |  | $ | 7,242 |  |  | $ | 8,341 |

Total Income Per Country

The following table sets forth information regarding the Bank’s total income by country at the dates indicated, with total income calculated as the sum of net interest income plus net other income – which includes fees and commissions, net, gain (loss) on derivative financial instruments and foreign currency exchange, gain (loss) per financial instrument at fair value through profit or loss, gain (loss) on sale of securities at fair value through OCI, gain on sale of loans and other income:

|  | For the year ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | (in $ millions) |
Argentina |  | $ | 5.6 |  |  | $ | 10.7 |  |  | $ | 9.7 |
Bermuda |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 1.0 |
Brazil |  |  | 25.8 |  |  |  | 37.7 |  |  |  | 44.5 |
Chile |  |  | 1.7 |  |  |  | 3.2 |  |  |  | 2.8 |
Colombia |  |  | 19.1 |  |  |  | 12.2 |  |  |  | 17.6 |
Costa Rica |  |  | 11.2 |  |  |  | 9.7 |  |  |  | 7.0 |
Dominican Republic |  |  | 2.3 |  |  |  | 4.5 |  |  |  | 3.7 |
Ecuador |  |  | 8.5 |  |  |  | 7.6 |  |  |  | 7.4 |
El Salvador |  |  | 2.0 |  |  |  | 2.9 |  |  |  | 2.0 |
Germany |  |  | 2.3 |  |  |  | 3.1 |  |  |  | 4.8 |
Guatemala |  |  | 5.9 |  |  |  | 8.7 |  |  |  | 6.8 |
Honduras |  |  | 2.0 |  |  |  | 3.6 |  |  |  | 3.2 |
Jamaica |  |  | 1.3 |  |  |  | 1.0 |  |  |  | 0.8 |
Mexico |  |  | 25.7 |  |  |  | 28.3 |  |  |  | 21.1 |
Panama |  |  | 9.9 |  |  |  | 13.9 |  |  |  | 11.6 |
Paraguay |  |  | 1.8 |  |  |  | 4.0 |  |  |  | 4.1 |
Peru |  |  | 4.4 |  |  |  | 11.8 |  |  |  | 12.4 |
Trinidad and Tobago |  |  | 3.0 |  |  |  | 2.9 |  |  |  | 1.6 |
Uruguay |  |  | 0.7 |  |  |  | 4.5 |  |  |  | 3.4 |
Other countries (1) |  |  | 5.1 |  |  |  | 2.1 |  |  |  | 3.3 |
Investment funds at FVTPL |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | (4.4 | ) |  |  | 5.1 |
Total income |  | $ | 138.3 |  |  | $ | 168.0 |  |  | $ | 173.9 |
Impairment loss from ECL on loans, loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts |  |  | (9.9 | ) |  |  | (35.1 | ) |  |  | (12.8 | )
Recovery (impairment loss) from ECL on investment securities |  |  | 0.5 |  |  |  | (0.0 | ) |  |  | (5.3 | )
Operating expenses (2) |  |  | (46.9 | ) |  |  | (45.8 | ) |  |  | (51.8 | )
Profit for the year |  | $ | 82.0 |  |  | $ | 87.0 |  |  | $ | 104.0 |

| (1) | Other countries consists of total income per country in which total income did not exceed $1 million for any of the periods indicated above.
| (2) | Total operating expenses includes the following expense line items of the consolidated statements of profit or loss: salaries and other employee expenses, depreciation of equipment and leasehold improvements, amortization of intangible assets, and other expenses. See Item 5.A. “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Operating Results—Operating Expenses.”

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The above table provides a reconciliation of total income by country defined above to the Bank’s profit for the year. The purpose of the aforementioned table is to show total income, as it is presented in the Bank’s Consolidated Financial Statements, before expenses generated from the Bank’s Commercial and Treasury Business Segments, on a by-country basis. Given that the Bank’s business segments generate income not only from net interest income, but from other sources generating net other income, the Bank adds those corresponding items to net interest income to show total income earned before expenses. Impairment loss from ECL on loans at amortized cost, loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts, and impairment loss from ECL on investment securities, are not included as part of total income, as the Bank believes such items, which are based on management estimates and therefore do not necessarily constitute fully realized losses, may distort trend analysis. The Bank believes excluding such items from total income provides a more accurate indicator of the Bank’s revenue generating performance within its two business segments for each country, and thus provides a better basis for analysis of the efficiency of the Bank.

Competition

The Bank operates in a highly competitive environment in most of its markets, and faces competition principally from international banks, the majority of which are European, North American or Asian, as well as Latin American regional banks, in making loans and providing fee-generating services. The Bank competes in its lending and deposit-taking activities with other banks and international financial institutions, many of which have greater financial resources, enjoy access to less expensive funding and offer sophisticated banking services. Whenever economic conditions and risk perception improve in the Region, competition from commercial banks, the securities markets and other new participants generally increases. Competition may have the effect of reducing the spreads of the Bank’s lending rates over its funding costs and constraining the Bank’s profitability.

Increased open account exports and new financing requirements from multinational corporations are changing the way banks intermediate foreign trade financing. Trade finance volumes are also dependent on global economic conditions.

The Bank also faces competition from investment banks and the local and international securities markets, which provide liquidity to the financial systems in certain countries in the Region, as well as non-bank specialized financial institutions. The Bank competes primarily on the basis of agility, pricing, and quality of service. See Item 3.D., “Key Information–Risk Factors.”

Supervision and Regulation

General

The Superintendency regulates, supervises and examines the Bank on a consolidated basis. The New York Agency is regulated, supervised and examined by the New York State Department of Financial Services and the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “U.S. Federal Reserve Board”). The Bank’s direct and indirect nonbanking subsidiaries doing business in the United States are subject to regulation by the U.S. Federal Reserve Board. The Bank is subject to regulations in each jurisdiction in which the Bank has a physical presence. The regulation of the Bank by relevant Panamanian authorities differs from the regulation generally imposed on Banks, including foreign banks, in the United States by U.S. federal and state regulatory authorities.

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The Superintendency of Banks has signed and executed agreements or letters of understanding with more than 25 foreign supervisory authorities regarding the sharing of supervisory information under principles of reciprocity, appropriateness, national agreement and confidentiality. These entities include the U.S. Federal Reserve Board, the Federal Reserve Bank, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency of the Treasury Department, or OCC, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. In addition, the Statement of Cooperation between the United States and Panama promotes cooperation between U.S. and Panamanian banking regulators and demonstrates the commitment of the U.S. regulators and the Superintendency to the principles of comprehensive and consolidated supervision.

Banks in Panama are subject to the Decree Law 9 of February 26, 1998, as amended, as well as banking regulations issued by the Superintendency (the “Banking Law”).

Panamanian Law

The Bank operates in Panama under a General Banking License issued by the National Banking Commission, predecessor of the Superintendency of Banks. Banks operating under a General Banking License (“General License Banks”), may engage in all aspects of the banking business in Panama, including taking local and foreign deposits, as well as making local and international loans.

Capital

General License Banks must at all times maintain (i) a paid-in capital of no less than U.S.$10 million and (ii) an adjusted capital of not less than 8% of total risk-weighted assets. The Superintendency has the power to impose additional capital adequacy requirements not contemplated above on any financial institution to secure the stability of Panama’s financial system.

Adjusted capital consists of the sum of (i) primary capital (Tier I Capital), (ii) secondary capital (Tier II Capital) and (iii) the credit balance of the dynamic reserves. Primary capital is further divided into ordinary capital (Common Equity Tier 1) and additional capital (Additional Tier 1).

Primary Capital

| (i) | Ordinary Capital includes paid-in capital in shares, surplus capital, declared reserves, retained earnings, minority interests in equity accounts of consolidated subsidiaries, other items of net total earnings and any other reserves authorized by the Superintendency.

| (ii) | Additional primary capital includes instruments issued by a bank that comply with the criteria to be classified as ordinary primary capital and that are not classified as ordinary primary capital, issuance premiums from financial instruments considered ordinary primary capital, financial instruments that are held by a third party and are issued by consolidated affiliates of the bank, and any other financial instrument resulting from capital adjustments of ordinary primary capital.

Secondary Capital

Secondary capital includes (i) financial instruments that comply with the criteria set forth in Rule No. 1-2015 to be classified as secondary capital, (ii) subscription premiums paid on financial instruments that are classified as secondary capital, (iii) financial instruments issued by consolidated affiliates of the bank to third parties, and (iv) reserves for future losses (excluding provisions assigned to the deterioration of assets valued on an individual or collective basis).

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Dynamic Reserves

The dynamic reserve must be between 1.25% and 2.5% of the risk-weighted assets amount corresponding to the credit facilities classified in the standard category and cannot decrease with respect to the amount calculated for the previous quarter, except for cases when such decrease is as a result of a conversion from dynamic reserves to specific reserves.

General License Banks are required to maintain a ratio of ordinary primary capital over risk-weighted assets of 3.75% as of July 1, 2016, 4.00% as of January 1, 2017, 4.25% as of January 1, 2018 and 4.50% as of January 1, 2019. In addition, General License Banks are required to maintain a ratio of primary capital over risk weighted assets of 5.25% as of July 1, 2016, 5.50% as of January 1, 2017, 5.75% as of January 1, 2018 and 6.00% as of January 1, 2019.

Loan Classification and Loan Loss Reserves

Regulations require that banks have loan loss allowances. The calculation of the specific reserves requires that the loan portfolio be classified according to parameters prescribed in the regulation. There are five categories of loan classifications: Standard, Special Mention, Sub-standard, Doubtful and Loss. Regulations require banks to suspend accruing interest on non-performing loans.

Specific reserves are reserves required in connection with the credit classification of a loan. They are created for individual credit facilities as well as for a consolidated group of credit facilities. The minimum reserve requirements depend on the classification of the loan as follows: standard loans 0%; special mention loans 2%; sub-standard loans 15%; doubtful loans 50%; and loss 100%. Specific reserve requirements take into account the classification of the loan as well as the guarantees provided by the borrowers to secure such loans. Guarantees are calculated at present value in accordance with the requirements established by banking regulations.

Banks may create their own financial models to determine the amount of the specific reserves, subject to the approval of the Superintendency. In any event, the internal financial models must comply with the aforementioned minimum specific reserve requirements. Compliance with regulations on loan classification and loan loss reserves are monitored by the Superintendency through reports, as well as on- and off-site examinations.

Liquidity

General License Banks are required to maintain 30% of their total gross deposits in qualifying liquid assets as prescribed by the Superintendency (which include short-term loans to other banks and other liquid assets). Qualifying liquid assets must be free of liens, encumbrances and transfer restrictions. The Superintendency may impose concentration limits and cash requirements, as well as weights per type of liquid assets.

The Superintendency requires general license banks to monitor their liquidity and identify potential liquidity risk events that may affect the bank. As of July, 2018 banks must undertake stress tests and active monitoring of their intra-day liquidity. The stress tests performed by the bank should include at minimum: (a) the simultaneous exhaustion of liquidity in different markets; (b) restrictions on access to secured and unsecured funding; (c) limitations on foreign currency exchange and difficulties on the execution of the foreign currency exchange transactions; and (d) analysis of the possible effects of severe stress scenarios.

Banks are required to have a contingent funding plan which should include (i) a diversified pool of contingent funding options; (ii) provide detail as to potential amounts and values that could be obtained from each of the funding options; (iii) procedures that detail the priority of the funding sources; and (iv) a flexible framework which will allow the bank to react effectively to different situations.

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As of July 1, 2018 general license banks will be required to calculate and comply with the liquidity coverage ratio (“LCR”) established by the Superintendency. The regulation establishes two bands of ratios that can be applicable to banks in Panama. The Superintendency will determine, according to internal criteria, the band applicable to each bank. The band 1 banks will be required to gradually reach by December 2022 a ratio of 50% and band 2 banks will be required to gradually reach by December 2022 a ratio of 100%. The Superintendency defines the LCR as the stock of high-quality liquid assets over total net cash outflows over the next 30 calendar days. The definition is based on the Basel III Liquidity Coverage Ratio and liquidity risk monitoring tools published by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and adjusted by the Superintendency.

Lending Limits

Pursuant to the Banking Law, banks cannot grant loans or issue guarantees or any other obligation (“Credit Facilities”), to any one person or group of related persons in excess of 25% of the Bank’s total capital. This limitation also extends to Credit Facilities granted to parties related to the ultimate parent of the banking group. However, the Banking Law establishes that, in the case of Credit Facilities granted by mixed-capital banks with headquarters in Panama whose principal business is the granting of loans to other banks, the limit is 30% of the bank’s capital funds. As confirmed by the Superintendency, the Bank currently applies the limit of 30% of the Bank’s total capital with respect to the Bank’s Credit Facilities in favor of financial institutions and the limit of 25% of the Bank’s total capital with respect to the Bank’s Credit Facilities in favor of corporations, middle-market companies and sovereign borrowers.

Under the Banking Law, a bank and the ultimate parent of the banking group may not grant loans or issue guarantees or any other obligation to “related parties” that exceed (1) 5% of its total capital, in the case of unsecured transactions, and (2) 10% of its total capital, in the case of collateralized transactions (other than loans secured by deposits in the bank). For these purposes, a “related party” is (a) any one or more of the bank’s directors, (b) any stockholder of the bank that directly or indirectly owns 5% or more of the issued and outstanding capital stock of the bank, (c) any company of which one or more of the bank’s directors is a director or officer or where one or more of the bank’s directors is a guarantor of the loan or credit facility, (d) any company or entity in which the bank or any one of its directors or officers can exercise a controlling influence, (e) any company or entity in which the bank or any one of its directors or officers owns 20% or more of the issue and outstanding capital stock of the company or entity and (f) managers, officers and employees of the bank, or their respective spouses (other than home mortgage loans or guaranteed personal loans under general programs approved by the bank for employees). The Superintendency currently limits the total amount of secured and unsecured Credit Facilities (other than Credit Facilities secured by deposits in the bank) granted by a bank or the ultimate parent of a banking group to related parties to 25% of the total capital of the bank.

The Superintendency of Banks may authorize the total or partial exclusion of loans or credits from the computation of these limitations in cases of unsecured loans and other credits granted by mixed-capital banks with headquarters in Panama whose principal business is the granting of loans to other banks, which is the case of this Bank. This authorization is subject to the following conditions: (1) the ownership of shares in the debtor bank–directly or indirectly–by the shared director or shared officer, may not exceed 5% of the bank’s capital, or may not amount to any sum that would ensure his or her majority control over the decisions of the bank; (2) the ownership of shares in the creditor bank–directly or indirectly–by the debtor bank represented in any manner by the shared director or shared officer, may not exceed 5% of the shares outstanding of the creditor bank, or may not amount to any sum that would ensure his or her majority control over the decisions of the bank; (3) the shared director or shared officer must abstain from participating in the deliberations and in the voting process regarding the loan or credit request; and (4) the loan or credit must strictly comply with customary standards of discretion set by the grantor bank’s credit policy. The Superintendency will determine the amount of the exclusion in the case of each loan or credit submitted for its consideration.

The Banking Law contains additional limitations and restrictions with respect to related party loans and Credit Facilities. For instance, under the Banking Law, banks may not grant Credit Facilities to any employee in an amount that exceeds the employee’s annual compensation package, and all Credit Facilities to managers, officers, employees or stockholders who are owners of 5% or more of the issued and outstanding capital stock of the lending bank or the ultimate parent of the banking group, will be made on terms and conditions similar to those given by the bank to its clients in arm’s-length transactions and which reflect market conditions for a similar type of operation. Shares of a bank cannot be pledged or offered as security for loans or Credit Facilities issued by the bank.

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Corporate Governance

The board of directors of a bank must be comprised of at least seven members, with knowledge and experience in the banking business, including at least two independent directors. The majority of the members of the board of directors may not be part of the banks’ management nor have material conflicts of interest. None of the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Operating Officer or Chief Financial Officer may preside over the board of directors. Members of the board of directors who participate in board-established committees must have specialized knowledge and experience in the areas assigned to the committees in which they participate. The board of directors shall meet at least every three months. The board of directors shall keep detailed minutes of all meetings.

Minimum corporate governance requirements for banking institutions include: (a) documentation of corporate values, strategic objectives and codes of conduct; (b) documentation that evidences compliance with the corporate values and code of conduct of the bank; (c) a defined corporate strategy that can be used to measure the contribution to the bank of each level of the corporate governance structure; (d) the designation of responsibilities and authorized decision-making authorities within the bank, and their individual powers and approval levels; (e) the creation of a system that regulates interaction and cooperation of the board of directors, senior management and external and internal auditors; (f) creation of control systems for independent risk management; (g) prior approval, monitoring and verification of risks for credit facilities with existing conflicts of interest; (h) creation of policies for recruitment, induction, continuous and up-to-date staff training and financial and administrative incentives; (i) existence of internal and public information that guarantee the transparency of the corporate governance system; (j) creation of a direct supervision system for each level of the organizational structure; (k) external audits independent from management and the board of directors; and (l) internal audits independent from management of the bank.

Integral Risk Management

Panamanian banking regulations contain guidelines for integral risk management of financial institutions. Integral risk management is a process intended to identify potential events that can affect banks and to manage those events according to their nature and risk level. These guidelines cover the different risks that could affect banking operations such as: (i) credit risk; (ii) counterparty risk; (iii) liquidity risk; (iv) market risk; (v) operational risk; (vi) reputational risk; (vii) country risk; (viii) contagion risk; (ix) strategic risk; (x) information technology risk; and (xi) concentration risk. Banks are required to have policies for the management and mitigation of all risks to which they are exposed. The board of directors, management and the risk committee of the board of directors are responsible for compliance with the integral risk management policies created to mitigate the exposure of the bank to such risks.

Additional Regulatory Requirements

In addition to the foregoing requirements, there are certain other requirements applicable to General License Banks, including (1) a requirement that a bank must notify the Superintendency before opening or closing a branch or office in Panama and obtain approval from the Superintendency before opening or closing a branch or subsidiary outside Panama, (2) a requirement that a bank obtain approval from the Superintendency before it liquidates its operations, merges or consolidates with another bank or sells all or substantially all of its assets, (3) a requirement that a bank must designate the certified public accounting firm that it wishes to contract to perform external audit duties for the new fiscal term, within the first three months of each fiscal term, and notify the Superintendency within 7 days of such designation, (4) a requirement that a bank obtain prior approval from the Superintendency of the rating agency it wishes to hire to perform the risk analysis and rating of the bank, (5) a requirement that a bank must publish in a local newspaper the risk rating issued by the rating agency and any risk rating update, and (6) a requirement that a bank must provide written affirmation of the Bank’s audited financial statements signed by the Bank’s Chairman of the Board, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. The subsidiaries of Panamanian banks established in foreign jurisdictions must observe the legal and regulatory provisions applicable in Panama regarding the sufficiency of capital, as prescribed under the Banking Law.

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Supervision, Inspection and Reports

The Banking Law regulates banks and the entire “banking group” to which each bank belongs. Banking groups are defined as the holding company and all direct and indirect subsidiaries of the holding company, including the bank in question. Banking groups must comply with audit standards and various limitations set forth in the Banking Law, in addition to all compliance required of the bank in question. The Banking Law provides that banks and banking groups in Panama are subject to inspection by the Superintendency, which must take place at least once every two years. The Superintendency is empowered to request from any bank or any company that belongs to the economic group of which a bank in Panama is a member, the documents and reports pertaining to its operations and activities. Banks are required to file with the Superintendency weekly, monthly, quarterly and annual information, including financial statements, an analysis of their Credit Facilities and any other information requested by the Superintendency. In addition, banks are required to make available for inspection any reports or documents that are necessary for the Superintendency to ensure compliance with Panamanian banking laws and regulations. Banks subject to supervision may be fined by the Superintendency for violations of Panamanian banking laws and regulations.

Panamanian laws and regulations governing Anti Money Laundering, Terrorism Financing and the Prevention of the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction

Panama has enacted extensive legislation and regulations to prevent and fight money laundering activities and the financing of terrorism and weapons of mass destruction by financial institutions and certain other businesses.

Financial and non-financial supervised entities are subject to supervision, reporting and compliance requirements by various government agencies. The following entities are deemed to be “financial supervised entities”: (i) banks; (ii) bank groups; (iii) trust companies; (iv) leasing companies; (v) factoring companies; (vi) credit, debit or pre-paid card processing entities; (vii) companies engaged in remittances or wire transfers; and (viii) companies that provide any other service related to trust companies. These entities must comply with measures to prevent their operations and/or transactions from being used for money laundering operations, terrorism financing or any other illicit activity. Banks and trust companies are regulated and supervised by the Superintendency.

The laws and regulations require supervised entities to perform due diligence reviews on their clients and their transactions. Supervised entities have the obligation to ensure that the information provided by their customers is continuously updated, especially for clients classified as higher risk clients. Banks are further required to create a system of client classification by risk profiles, based on factors such as nationality, country of birth or incorporation, domicile, profession or trade, geographic region of the customer’s activities, corporate structure, type, amount and frequency of transactions, source of funds, politically exposed persons, products, services and channels. Banks are required to know and keep information about the ultimate beneficial owner of their clients.

Banks are subject to supervision and monitoring measures in order to prevent the use of their banking operations and/or transactions for money laundering operations. These measures include: (i) compliance with “Know Your Customer” policies; (ii) supervision of employee activities; (iii) tracking the movement of every customer’s account to be aware of their regular activities and be able to identify unusual transactions; (iv) keeping a registry of every suspicious transaction and notifying suspicious transactions to the Financial Analysis Unit (a Panamanian governmental agency under the Ministry of the Presidency); (v) conducting internal audits at least every six months on accounts with funds exceeding $10,000, with the purpose of determining if transactions made in these accounts are consistent with the account holder’s usual behavior; and (vi) monitoring accounts of clients labelled as politically exposed persons.

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Furthermore, banks that provide correspondent banking services to foreign banks must assess, review and monitor the policies and internal controls of such foreign banks to prevent money laundering, terrorism financing or any other illicit activities.

United States Law

The Bank operates the New York Agency, a New York state-licensed agency in White Plains, New York, and maintains a direct wholly-owned non-banking subsidiary in Delaware, Bladex Holdings, which is not engaged in banking activities.

The U.S. banking industry is highly regulated under federal and state law. These regulations affect the operations of the Bank in the United States. Set forth below is a brief description of the bank regulatory framework that is or will be applicable to the New York Agency. This description is not intended to describe all laws and regulations applicable to the New York Agency. Banking statues, regulations and policies are continually under review by Congress and state legislatures and federal and state regulatory agencies, including changes in how they are interpreted or implemented, could have a material adverse impact on the New York Agency and its operations. In addition to laws and regulations, state and federal bank regulatory agencies (including the U.S. Federal Reserve Board) may issue policy statements, interpretive letters and similar written guidance applicable to the New York Agency (including the Bank). These issuances also may affect the conduct of the New York Agency’s business or impose additional regulatory obligations. The brief description below is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the statues, regulations, policies, interpretive letters and other written guidance that are described.

U.S. Federal Law

In addition to being subject to New York state laws and regulations, the New York Agency is subject to federal regulations, primarily under the International Banking Act of 1978, as amended (“IBA”). The New York Agency is subject to examination and supervision by the U.S. Federal Reserve Board. The IBA generally extends federal banking supervision and regulation to the U.S. offices of foreign banks and to the foreign bank itself. Under the IBA, the U.S. branches and agencies of foreign banks, including the New York Agency, are subject to reserve requirements on certain deposits. At present, the New York Agency has no deposits subject to such requirements. The New York Agency also is subject to reporting and examination requirements imposed by the U.S. Federal Reserve Board similar to those imposed on domestic banks that are members of the U.S. Federal Reserve System. The Foreign Bank Supervision Enhancement Act of 1991 (the “FBSEA”), amended the IBA to enhance the authority of the U.S. Federal Reserve Board to supervise the operations of foreign banks in the United States. In particular, the FBSEA expanded the U.S. Federal Reserve Board’s authority to regulate the entry of foreign banks into the United States, supervise their ongoing operations, conduct and coordinate examinations of their U.S. offices with state banking authorities, and terminate their activities in the United States for violations of law or for unsafe or unsound banking practices.

In addition, under the FBSEA, state-licensed branches and agencies of foreign banks may not engage in any activity that is not permissible for a “federal branch” (i.e., a branch of a foreign bank licensed by the federal government through the OCC, rather than by a state), unless the U.S. Federal Reserve Board has determined that such activity is consistent with sound banking practices.

The New York Agency does not engage in retail deposit-taking from persons in the United States. Under the FBSEA, the New York Agency may not obtain Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”), insurance and generally may not accept deposits from persons in the United States, but may accept credit balances incidental to its lawful powers, from persons in the United States, and accept deposits from non-U.S. citizens who are non-U.S. residents, but must inform each customer that the deposits are not insured by the FDIC.

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The IBA also restricts the ability of a foreign bank with a branch or agency in the United States to engage in non-banking activities in the United States, to the same extent as a U.S. bank holding company. Bladex is subject to certain provisions of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 (the “BHCA”), because it maintains an agency in the United States. Generally, any nonbanking activity engaged in by Bladex directly or through a subsidiary in the United States is subject to certain limitations under the BHCA. Among other limitations, the provisions of the BHCA include the so-called "Volcker Rule," which may restrict proprietary trading activities conducted by Bladex and its affiliates with U.S. clients or counterparties, as well as certain private funds-related activities with US nexus. Under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Modernization Act of 1999 (the “GLB Act”), a foreign bank with a branch or agency in the United States may engage in a broader range of non-banking financial activities, provided it is qualified and has filed a declaration with the U.S. Federal Reserve Board to be a “financial holding company.” The application with the U.S. Federal Reserve Board to obtain financial holding company status, filed by the Bank on January 29, 2008, was withdrawn, effective March 2, 2012, as the Bank no longer considered the financial holding company status to be a necessary requirement in order to achieve its long-term strategic goals and objectives. At present, the Bank has a subsidiary in the United States, Bladex Holdings, a wholly-owned corporation incorporated under Delaware law that is not presently engaged in any activity.

In addition, pursuant to the Financial Services Regulatory Relief Act of 2006, the SEC and the U.S. Federal Reserve Board finalized Regulation R. Regulation R defines the scope of exceptions provided for in the GLB Act for securities brokerage activities which banks may conduct without registering with the SEC as securities brokers or moving such activities to a broker-dealer affiliate. The “push out” rules exceptions contained in Regulation R enable banks, subject to certain conditions, to continue to conduct securities transactions for customers as part of the bank’s trust and fiduciary, custodial, and deposit “sweep” functions, and to refer customers to a securities broker-dealer pursuant to a networking arrangement with the broker-dealer. The New York Agency is subject to Regulation R with respect to its securities activities.

New York State Law

The New York Agency, established in 1989, is licensed by the Superintendent of Financial Services of the State of New York (the “Superintendent”), under the New York Banking Law. The New York Agency maintains an international banking facility that also is regulated by the Superintendent and the U.S. Federal Reserve Board. The New York Agency is examined by the Department of Financial Services and is subject to banking laws and regulations applicable to a foreign bank that operates a New York agency. New York agencies of foreign banks are regulated substantially the same as, and have similar powers to, New York state-chartered banks, subject to certain exceptions (including with respect to capital requirements and deposit-taking activities.

The Superintendent is empowered by law to require any branch or agency of a foreign bank to maintain in New York specified assets equal to a percentage of the branch’s or agency’s liabilities, as the Superintendent may designate. Under the current requirement, the New York Agency is required to maintain a pledge of a minimum of $2 million with respect to its total third-party liabilities and such pledge may be up to 1% of the agency’s third party liabilities, or upon meeting eligibility criteria, up to a maximum amount of $100 million. As of December 31, 2017, the New York Agency maintained a pledge deposit with a carrying value of $3 million with the New York State Department of Financial Services, above the minimum required amount.

In addition, the Superintendent retains the authority to impose specific asset maintenance requirements upon individual agencies of foreign banks on a case-by-case basis.

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The New York Banking Law generally limits the amount of loans to any one person to 15% of the capital, surplus fund and undivided profits of a bank. For foreign bank agencies, the lending limits are based on the capital of the foreign bank and not that of the agency.

The Superintendent is authorized to take possession of the business and property of a New York agency of a foreign bank whenever an event occurs that would permit the Superintendent to take possession of the business and property of a state-chartered bank. These events include the violation of any law, unsafe business practices, an impairment of capital, and the suspension of payments of obligations. In liquidating or dealing with an agency’s business after taking possession of the agency, the New York Banking Law provides that the claims of creditors which arose out of transactions with the agency may be granted a priority with respect to the agency’s assets over other creditors of the foreign bank.

U.S. Anti-Money Laundering Laws

U.S. anti-money laundering laws, including the Financial Recordkeeping and Reporting of Currency and Foreign Transactions Act of 1970 (commonly known as the “Bank Secrecy Act”), as amended by the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (the “USA PATRIOT Act”), impose significant compliance and due diligence obligations, on financial institutions doing business in the United States, including, among other things, requiring these financial institutions to maintain appropriate records, file certain reports involving currency transactions, conduct certain due diligence with respect to their customers and establish anti-money laundering compliance programs designed to detect and report suspicious or unusual activity. The New York Agency is a “financial institution” for these purposes. The failure of a financial institution to comply with the requirements of these laws and regulations could have serious legal, reputational and financial consequences for such institution. The New York Agency has adopted risk-based policies and procedures reasonably designed to promote compliance in all material respects with these laws and their implementing regulations.

U.S. Economic or Financial Sanctions, Requirements or Trade Embargoes

The economic or financial sanctions, requirements or trade embargoes (collectively, the “Sanctions”) imposed, administered or enforced from time to time by the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”) and other U.S. governmental authorities, require all U.S. persons, including U.S. branches or agencies of foreign banks operating in the U.S. (such as the New York Agency) to comply with these sanctions, and require U.S. financial institutions to block accounts and other property of, or reject unlicensed trade and financial transactions with specified countries, entities, and individuals. Failure to comply with applicable Sanctions can have serious legal, reputational and financial consequences for an institution subject to these requirements and Sanctions, in general, may have a direct or indirect adverse impact on the business or operations of parties that engage in trade finance or international commerce. The New York Agency has adopted risk-based policies and procedures reasonably designed to promote compliance in all material respects with applicable Sanctions.

Other U.S. Laws/Regulations

The New York Agency’s operations are also subject to federal or state laws and regulations applicable to financial institutions which relate to credit transactions and financial privacy. These laws, include, without limitation, the following:

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| · | State usury laws and federal laws concerning interest rates and other charges collected or contracted for by the New York Agency;

| · | Equal Credit Opportunity Act, prohibiting discrimination on the basis of race, creed or other prohibited factors in extending credit;

| · | Check Clearing for the 21st Century Act (also known as “Check 21”), which gives “substitute checks,” such as digital check images and copies made from that image, the same legal standing as the original paper check; and

| · | Rules and regulations of the various state and federal agencies charged with the responsibility of implementing such state or federal laws.

Seasonality

The Bank’s business is not materially affected by seasonality.

Raw Materials

The Bank is not dependent on sources or availability of raw materials.

C. Organizational Structure

For information regarding the Bank’s organizational structure, see Item 18, “Financial Statements,” note 1.

D. Property, Plant and Equipment

The Bank leases its headquarters, which comprises 4,990 square meters of office space, located at Business Park - Tower V, Costa del Este, Panama City, Panama. The Bank leases computer hosting equipment spaces located at Gavilan Street Balboa, Panama City, Panama and 21 square meters of office space and internet access, as a contingency, located at 75E Street San Francisco, Panama City, Panama.

In addition, the Bank leases office space for its representative offices in Mexico City, Mexico; Buenos Aires, Argentina; Lima, Peru; Bogotá, Colombia; São Paulo, Brazil; and its New York Agency in White Plains, New York. In addition, until April 2017, the Bank leased office space in Monterrey, Mexico in connection with its now closed representative office.

See Item 18, “Financial Statements” notes 1, 3.11, 7 and 25.

| Item 4A. | Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

| Item 5. | Operating and Financial Review and Prospects

The following discussion and analysis of the Bank’s financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the Bank’s Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report. See Item 18, “Financial Statements.” The Bank’s consolidated financial position as of December 31, 2015 should be read in conjunction with the Bank’s audited financial statements included in the Bank’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2016, filed with the SEC on April 28, 2017. This discussion may contain forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. The Bank’s actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors” or in other parts of this Annual Report. The Bank’s Consolidated Financial Statements and the financial information discussed below have been prepared in accordance with IFRS.

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Nature of Earnings

The Bank derives income from net interest income and net other income, which includes fees and commissions, net, gain (loss) on derivative financial instruments and foreign currency exchange, gain (loss) per financial instrument at fair value through profit or loss, gain (loss) on sale of securities at fair value through OCI, gain on sale of loans, and other income. Net interest income, or the difference between the interest income the Bank receives on its interest-earning assets and the interest expense the Bank pays on interest-bearing liabilities, is generated principally by the Bank’s lending activities. The Bank generates fees and commissions mainly through the issuance, confirmation and negotiation of letters of credit, guarantees, and credit commitments, and through loan structuring and syndication activities, while other loan intermediation activities, such as sales in the secondary market and distribution in the primary market are registered as gain on sale of loans.

| A. | Operating Results

The following table summarizes changes in components of the Bank’s profit for the year and performance for the periods indicated. The operating results in any period are not indicative of the results that may be expected for any future period.

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | (in $ thousands, except per share amounts and percentages) |
Interest income |  | $ | 226,079 |  |  | $ | 245,898 |  |  | $ | 220,312 |
Interest expense |  |  | 106,264 |  |  |  | 90,689 |  |  |  | 74,833 |
Net interest income |  |  | 119,815 |  |  |  | 155,209 |  |  |  | 145,479 |
Other income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fees and commissions, net |  |  | 17,514 |  |  |  | 14,306 |  |  |  | 19,200 |
Loss on derivative financial instruments and foreign currency exchange, net |  |  | (437 | ) |  |  | (486 | ) |  |  | (23 | )
(Loss) gain per financial instrument at fair value through profit or loss (1) |  |  | (732 | ) |  |  | (2,883 | ) |  |  | 5,731 |
Gain (loss) on sale of securities at fair value through OCI |  |  | 249 |  |  |  | (356 | ) |  |  | 363 |
Gain on sale of loans |  |  | 181 |  |  |  | 806 |  |  |  | 1,505 |
Other income |  |  | 1,723 |  |  |  | 1,378 |  |  |  | 1,603 |
Net other income |  |  | 18,498 |  |  |  | 12,765 |  |  |  | 28,379 |
Total income |  |  | 138,313 |  |  |  | 167,974 |  |  |  | 173,858 |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impairment loss from expected credit losses on loans at amortized cost |  |  | 8,859 |  |  |  | 34,760 |  |  |  | 17,248 |
(Recovery) impairment loss from expected credit losses on investment securities |  |  | (489 | ) |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 5,290 |
Impairment loss (recovery) from expected credit losses on loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts |  |  | 1,069 |  |  |  | 352 |  |  |  | (4,448 | )
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and other employee expenses |  |  | 27,653 |  |  |  | 25,196 |  |  |  | 30,435 |
Depreciation of equipment and leasehold improvements |  |  | 1,578 |  |  |  | 1,457 |  |  |  | 1,371 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  |  | 838 |  |  |  | 629 |  |  |  | 596 |
Other expenses |  |  | 16,806 |  |  |  | 18,532 |  |  |  | 19,382 |
Total operating expenses (2) |  |  | 46,875 |  |  |  | 45,814 |  |  |  | 51,784 |
Total expenses |  |  | 56,314 |  |  |  | 80,929 |  |  |  | 69,874 |
Profit for the year |  | $ | 81,999 |  |  | $ | 87,045 |  |  | $ | 103,984 |
Basic earnings per share |  | $ | 2.09 |  |  | $ | 2.23 |  |  | $ | 2.67 |
Diluted earnings per share |  | $ | 2.08 |  |  | $ | 2.22 |  |  | $ | 2.66 |
Weighted average basic shares |  |  | 39,311 |  |  |  | 39,085 |  |  |  | 38,925 |
Weighted average diluted shares |  |  | 39,329 |  |  |  | 39,210 |  |  |  | 39,113 |
Return on average total assets (3) |  |  | 1.27 | % |  |  | 1.16 | % |  |  | 1.32 | %
Return on average total stockholders’ equity (4) |  |  | 8.02 | % |  |  | 8.76 | % |  |  | 10.95 | %

| (1) | Includes the net gain (loss) on investment funds recorded in 2016 and 2015 as gain (loss) on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss. See Item 18, “Financial Statements,” note 22.
| (2) | Operating expenses, which are presented as part of total expenses in the Bank’s consolidated statements of profit or loss, does not include the effects of impairment loss or recovery from expected credit losses on loans at amortized cost, investment securities, and loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts, as the Bank believes such items, which are based on management estimates and are related to the ECL of the Bank’s Credit Portfolio, may distort trend analysis. See Item 5.A., “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Operating Results—Operating Expenses.”
| (3) | Average total assets calculated on the basis of unaudited average balances.
| (4) | Average total stockholders’ equity calculated on the basis of unaudited average balances.

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Profit for the year

The Bank’s profit for the year 2017 totaled $82.0 million, compared to $87.0 million in 2016. The $5.0 million, or 6%, decrease was mostly attributable to: (i) lower net interest income from reduced average loan balances and narrower lending spreads, as the Bank mitigated lending risk and diversified its portfolio mix, as well as shortened the average tenor of its portfolio, and (ii) non-recurring personnel-change related expenses, resulting in $3.2 million in charges for 2017, both of which were mostly offset by the positive effects of: (i) improved credit quality reflected in lower impairment loss from ECL, (ii) strong annual growth in fee income from its letters of credit business and structuring / syndication activity, (iii) the absence of non-core trading losses, as the Bank completely divested from its participation in investment funds during 2016, and (iv) a decrease in recurring operating expenses (excluding personnel-change related expenses), which reflected the Bank’s focus on efficiency through technology, processes and structural improvements.

Profit for the year 2016 totaled $87.0 million, compared to $104.0 million in 2015. The $16.9 million, or 16%, decrease was primarily attributable to: (i) higher impairment loss from ECL on loans, as the Bank recorded individually assessed lifetime ECL for certain exposures with increased credit risk undergoing restructuring and recovery efforts, along with (ii) a $9.5 million adverse swing in non-core trading results from the Bank’s former participation in the investment funds, and (iii) lower fees and commissions, mainly due to reduced activity in letters of credit, financial guarantees and credit commitments, as well as slightly lower fees from the loan structuring and syndication business in the context of a significant volume decrease in the relevant Latin American debt capital markets during the year. These factors were partially offset by (i) higher net interest income mostly driven by increased financial margins that helped offset the effect of reduced average loan balances, primarily from the Bank’s efforts to reduce certain country, industry and client risk concentrations, and (ii) a 12% decrease in operating expenses from both lower performance-based variable compensation expense and cost saving activities in other expense categories.

Business Segment Analysis

The Bank’s activities are managed and executed in two business segments: Commercial and Treasury.

The business segment results are determined based on the Bank’s managerial accounting process as defined by IFRS 8 – Operating Segments, which assigns consolidated statement of financial positions, revenue and expense items to each business segment on a systemic basis.

The Bank’s net interest income represents the main driver of profits for the year. Interest income is generated by interest-earning assets which include loans, financial instruments at FVTPL, securities at FVOCI and investment securities at amortized cost. Interest expense is allocated to interest-earning assets on a matched-funded basis, net of risk adjusted capital allocated by business segment. The operating expense allocation methodology assigns overhead expenses based on resource consumption by business segment. The following table summarizes the Bank’s profits, both by business segment and on a consolidated basis for the periods indicated:

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|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | (in $ thousands, except percentages) |
COMMERCIAL: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  | $ | 120,581 |  |  | $ | 140,375 |  |  | $ | 127,161 |
Net other income |  |  | 18,926 |  |  |  | 16,333 |  |  |  | 21,492 |
Total income |  |  | 139,507 |  |  |  | 156,708 |  |  |  | 148,653 |
Impairment loss from expected credit losses on loans, loan commitments and financial guarantees contracts |  |  | (9,928 | ) |  |  | (35,112 | ) |  |  | (12,800 | )
Expenses, less impairment loss from expected credit losses |  |  | (35,916 | ) |  |  | (34,598 | ) |  |  | (40,429 | )
Profit for the year |  | $ | 93,663 |  |  | $ | 86,998 |  |  | $ | 95,424 |
TREASURY: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  | $ | (766 | ) |  | $ | 14,834 |  |  | $ | 18,318 |
Net other income |  |  | (428 | ) |  |  | (3,568 | ) |  |  | 6,887 |
Total income |  |  | (1,194 | ) |  |  | 11,266 |  |  |  | 25,205 |
Recovery (impairment loss) from expected credit losses on investment securities |  |  | 489 |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | (5,290 | )
Expenses, less impairment loss from expected credit losses |  |  | (10,959 | ) |  |  | (11,216 | ) |  |  | (11,355 | )
Profit for the year |  | $ | (11,664 | ) |  | $ | 47 |  |  | $ | 8,560 |
COMBINED BUSINESS SEGMENT TOTAL: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  | $ | 119,815 |  |  | $ | 155,209 |  |  | $ | 145,479 |
Net other income |  |  | 18,498 |  |  |  | 12,765 |  |  |  | 28,379 |
Total income |  |  | 138,313 |  |  |  | 167,974 |  |  |  | 173,858 |
Impairment loss from expected credit losses on loans, loan commitments and financial guarantees contracts |  |  | (9,928 | ) |  |  | (35,112 | ) |  |  | (12,800 | )
Recovery (impairment loss) from expected credit losses on investment securities |  |  | 489 |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | (5,290 | )
Expenses, less impairment loss from expected credit losses |  |  | (46,875 | ) |  |  | (45,814 | ) |  |  | (51,784 | )
Profit for the year |  | $ | 81,999 |  |  | $ | 87,045 |  |  | $ | 103,984 |

For further information on the Bank’s operations by business segment, see Item 18, “Financial Statements,” note 17.

The Commercial Business Segment

The Commercial Business Segment encompasses the Bank’s core business of financial intermediation and fee generation activities catering to corporations, financial institutions and investors in Latin America. These activities include the origination of bilateral and syndicated credits, short-term and medium-term loans, customers’ liabilities under acceptances, loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts, such as confirmed and stand-by letters of credit, and guarantees covering commercial risk. See Item 4, “Information on the Company – Business Overview – Commercial Portfolio”. Profits from the Commercial Business Segment include (i) net interest income from loans; (ii) fees and other income from the issuance, confirmation and negotiation of letters of credit, guarantees and loan commitments, and through loan structuring and syndication activities; and (iii) gain on sale of loans generated through loan intermediation activities, such as sales in the secondary market and distribution in the primary market; (iv) impairment loss from ECL on loans at amortized cost, loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts; and (v) direct and allocated operating expenses.

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Year 2017 vs. Year 2016

The Commercial Business Segment’s profit for the year 2017 totaled $93.7 million, a $6.7 million, or 8%, increase compared to $87.0 million in 2016, mainly as a result of: (i) decreased provisions for ECL mostly attributable to finalized renegotiation agreements on selected credit exposures undergoing restructuring processes and lower requirements resulting from reduced portfolio levels, and (ii) higher fees and other income mostly from the upward trend in fee generation from the Bank’s structuring and syndication activities, with seven transactions resulting in fees of $6.6 million having closed in 2017, as well as improved activity in the letters of credit business, with commissions of $10.9 million in 2017, resulting from a more diversified letters of credit client base and the Bank’s strategy deepening its participation in the trade value chain. These positive effects were partially offset by: (i) lower net interest income and margins from reduced average loan volumes, as the Bank improved its portfolio risk profile, focused on short-term lending, and experienced pricing pressures from increased levels of U.S. dollar liquidity in key markets, which was partially offset by the increase in LIBOR-based market rates, and (ii) higher allocated operating expenses, mainly due to non-recurring personnel changes expenses incurred in 2017.

As of December 31, 2017, the Commercial Portfolio totaled $6.0 billion, a $0.4 billion, or 7%, decrease compared to $6.4 billion as of December 31, 2016, as the Bank mitigated risk and diversified its portfolio mix throughout the past two years, and shortened its average tenor. Consequently, average Commercial Portfolio balances amounted to $5.9 billion in 2017, a $0.9 billion, or 14%, decrease year-over-year, compared to $6.8 billion in 2016.

As of December 31, 2017, 81%, of the Bank’s Commercial Portfolio was scheduled to mature within one year, compared to 77% as of December 31, 2016. Trade finance operations represented 60% of the Bank’s Commercial Portfolio, compared to 66% as of December 31, 2016, while the remaining balance consisted primarily of lending to financial institutions and corporations engaged in foreign trade.

The Commercial Business Segment’s asset quality improved with a 1.07% ratio of non-performing loans to total Loan Portfolio as of December 31, 2017, compared to 1.09% of total Loan Portfolio as of December 31, 2016, which was mostly attributable to finalized renegotiation agreements on selected credit exposures undergoing restructuring processes during the past two to three years. As a result of the improved credit quality, the coverage ratio of total allowance for ECL remained sound at 1.47% of the total Commercial Portfolio exposure as of December 31, 2017, compared to 1.73% of the total Commercial Portfolio exposure, as of December 31, 2016.

Year 2016 vs. Year 2015

The Commercial Business Segment’s profit for the year 2016 reached $87.0 million, an $8.4 million, or 9%, decrease compared to $95.4 million in 2015, mainly as a result of provision for higher impairment losses from ECL totaling $35.1 million, compared to $12.8 million in 2015, mainly associated with individually assessed lifetime ECL on certain exposures undergoing restructuring and recovery efforts. To a lesser extent, profits for the Commercial Business Segment were also impacted by a $5.2 million decrease in net other income, mainly due to lower fees and commissions from lesser activity in letters of credit, financial guarantees and credit commitments. These factors were partially offset by: (i) a $13.2 million, or 10%, increase in net interest income driven by higher net lending rates, which compensated for the effects of lower average lending balances (which decreased by 4% year-over-year), and (ii) a $5.8 million, or 14%, decrease in operating expenses mostly from lower performance-based variable compensation expense and cost savings in other expense categories.

As of December 31, 2016, the Commercial Portfolio stood at $6.4 billion, a $0.7 billion, or 10%, decrease compared to $7.2 billion as of December 31, 2015, as the Bank reduced certain country, industry and client risk concentrations in response to unfavorable market conditions affecting these markets, and instead focused on expanding its short-term trade finance exposures, with favorable risk-adjusted returns. The most significant portfolio reduction was in regard to credit exposures in Brazil. Efforts to reduce concentration in that market commenced several years ago, and continued throughout 2016 with a $0.5 billion portfolio reduction reducing its weight to 18% of the total Commercial Portfolio, at year-end 2016, compared to 23% at year-end 2015, and compared to a peak of 47% in 2008. Consequently, average Commercial Portfolio balances amounted to $6.8 billion in 2016, a $0.3 billion, or 5%, decrease year-over-year, compared to $7.1 billion in 2015.

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As of December 31, 2016, 77%, of the Bank’s Commercial Portfolio was scheduled to mature within one year, compared to 72% as of December 31, 2015. Trade finance operations represented 66% of the Bank’s Commercial Portfolio, compared to 56% as of December 31, 2015, while the remaining balance consisted primarily of lending to financial institutions and corporations engaged in foreign trade.

The Commercial Business Segment’s asset quality and portfolio risk profile remained sound as of December 31, 2016, with a 1.09% ratio of non-performing loans to total Loan Portfolio and a 1.73% coverage ratio of total allowance for ECL on loans at amortized cost, loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts to total Commercial Portfolio, compared to 0.78% and 1.33%, respectively as of December 31, 2015.

The Treasury Business Segment

The Treasury Business Segment is responsible for the Bank’s funding and liquidity management, along with the management of its activities in investment securities, as well as the management of the Bank’s interest rate, liquidity, price and currency risks. Interest-earning assets managed by the Treasury Business Segment include liquidity positions in cash and cash equivalents, and financial instruments related to the investment management activities, consisting of financial instruments at FVTPL, securities at FVOCI, and investment securities at amortized cost. The Treasury Business Segment also manages the Bank’s interest-bearing liabilities which constitute its funding, mainly deposits, short- and long-term borrowings and debt.

Profits from the Treasury Business Segment include net interest income derived from the above mentioned treasury assets and liabilities, and related net other income (net results from derivative financial instruments and foreign currency exchange, gain (loss) per financial instruments at FVTPL, gain (loss) on sale of securities at FVOCI, and other income), impairment loss from ECL on investment securities, and direct and allocated operating expenses. Until the Bank’s exit from its participation in investment funds in the first half 2016, the Treasury Business Segment also incorporated the Bank’s non-core results from its participation, which were shown in the other income line item “gain (loss) per financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss”.

Year 2017 vs. Year 2016

The Treasury Business Segment reported a loss of $11.7 million for the year 2017, compared to a marginal profit of $47 thousand for the year 2016, an adverse swing in results mostly attributable to an increase in funding rates on higher LIBOR-based market rates (also impacting interest-earning assets lending rates), which was partially offset by lower funding spreads, and a relatively stable funding mix source year-over-year (i.e., medium- and long-term borrowings and debt) despite higher short-term trade finance lending book, resulting on a limited gap income.

As of December 31, 2017, Treasury Business Segment assets totaled $0.8 billion, a $0.4 billion, or 36%, decrease, compared to $1.2 billion as of December 31, 2016, mainly resulting from lower cash and cash equivalent balances, as the Bank returned to its historical adequate levels of prudent liquidity management.

The Investment Securities Portfolio balances of $86 million accounted for 1% of total assets as of December 31, 2017, compared to $108 million, or 2% of total assets, as of December 31, 2016, as the Bank aimed to reduce market risk. The Investment Securities Portfolio mostly consisted of readily-quoted Latin American securities, 87% of which represented sovereign or state-owned risk.

On the funding side, deposit balances amounted to $2.9 billion as of December 31, 2017, representing 57% of total funding sources, compared to $2.8 billion, or 46% of total funding sources, as of December 31, 2016. Deposits placed by central banks or their designees (i.e., Class A shareholders of the Bank) represented 67% of total deposits as of December 31, 2017. Short-term borrowings and debt totaled $1.1 billion as of December 31, 2017, a 27% decrease compared to $1.5 billion as of December 31, 2016, while long-term borrowings and debt decreased 36% to $1.1 billion as of December 31, 2017, from $1.8 billion as of December 31, 2016, as the Bank continued to rely primarily on deposits to cover its short-term funding needs and increased its short-term composition of the overall funding sources, aligned with the lending book moving towards shorter tenors.

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Year 2016 vs. Year 2015

The Treasury Business Segment reported a marginal profit of $47 thousand for the year 2016, compared to $8.6 million in 2015, a decrease mostly attributable to the $9.5 million adverse swing in non-core results from the Bank’s former participation in investment funds, with a $4.4 million loss recorded in 2016 compared to a $5.1 million gain in 2015. The Bank´s reduced holdings in its investment securities portfolio mainly accounted for a $3.5 million reduction in the Segment’s net interest income, which was compensated by a year-over-year reduction of impairment losses from ECL on investment securities, as the Bank recorded only marginal impairment in 2016, compared to a $5.3 million impairment in 2015.

As of December 31, 2016, Treasury Business Segment assets totaled $1.2 billion, a $0.4 billion, or 27%, decrease, compared to $1.6 billion as of December 31, 2015, resulting from lower cash and cash equivalents balances, investment securities and the final redemption of the participation in the investment funds. Securities held at FVOCI decreased to $31 million as of December 31, 2016, from $142 million as of December 31, 2015, as the Bank continued to decrease its holdings in that category to reduce market risk. Similarly, the portfolio of securities at amortized cost decreased to $78 million as of December 31, 2016, from $109 million as of December 31, 2015. Both securities portfolio consisted of readily-quoted Latin American securities, 90% of which represented multilateral, sovereign or state-owned risk.

On the funding side, deposit balances remained stable at $2.8 billion as of December 31, 2016, the same level from a year ago, representing 46% of total funding sources in 2016, compared to 39% of total funding sources, as of December 31, 2015. Short-term borrowings and debt, including Repos, totaled $1.5 billion as of December 31, 2016, a 42% decrease compared to $2.5 billion as of December 31, 2015, while long-term borrowings and debt decreased 6% to $1.8 billion as of December 31, 2016, from $1.9 billion as of December 31, 2015, as the Bank relied primarily on deposits to cover its short-term funding needs, in response to the shift in the lending book mix moving toward shorter tenors, while continuing to increase overall funding stability with medium and long-term funding balances, which amounted to 29% of total funding in 2016, up from 26% in 2015.

Net Interest Income and Margins

The following table sets forth information regarding the Bank’s net interest income, net interest margin (net interest income divided by the average balance of interest-earning assets), and net interest spread (the average yield earned on interest-earning assets, less the average yield paid on interest-bearing liabilities) for the periods indicated:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | (in $ millions, except percentages) |
Net interest income (loss) by Business Segment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial |  | $ | 120.6 |  |  | $ | 140.4 |  |  | $ | 127.2 |
Treasury |  |  | (0.8 | ) |  |  | 14.8 |  |  |  | 18.3 |
Total Net Interest Income |  | $ | 119.8 |  |  | $ | 155.2 |  |  | $ | 145.5 |
Net interest margin |  |  | 1.85 | % |  |  | 2.08 | % |  |  | 1.84 | %
Net interest spread |  |  | 1.48 | % |  |  | 1.84 | % |  |  | 1.68 | %

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Distribution of Assets, Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity; Interest Rates and Differentials

The following table presents the distribution of consolidated average assets, liabilities and stockholders’ equity, as well as the total dollar amounts of interest income from average interest-earning assets and the resulting yields, the dollar amounts of interest expense and average interest-bearing liabilities, and corresponding information regarding rates. Average balances have been computed on the basis of consolidated monthly average balances:

|  | For the Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Description |  | Average balance |  |  | Interest |  |  | Average yield/rate |  |  | Average balance |  |  | Interest |  |  | Average yield/rate |  |  | Average balance |  |  | Interest |  |  | Average yield/rate |
|  | (in $ millions, except percentages) |  |  |  |
Interest-Earning Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest bearing deposits with banks |  | $ | 909 |  |  | $ | 10.3 |  |  |  | 1.11 | % |  | $ | 845 |  |  | $ | 4.5 |  |  |  | 0.52 | % |  | $ | 819 |  |  | $ | 2.1 |  |  |  | 0.25 | %
Financial instruments at FVTPL |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 0.00 |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | 56 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 0.00 | %
Securities at FVOCI (1) |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 0.5 |  |  |  | 2.80 |  |  |  | 98 |  |  |  | 2.2 |  |  |  | 2.27 | % |  |  | 253 |  |  |  | 6.0 |  |  |  | 2.35 | %
Securities at amortized cost (2) |  |  | 68 |  |  |  | 2.0 |  |  |  | 2.84 |  |  |  | 99 |  |  |  | 2.8 |  |  |  | 2.75 | % |  |  | 83 |  |  |  | 2.4 |  |  |  | 2.83 | %
Loans, net of unearned interest |  |  | 5,498 |  |  |  | 213.3 |  |  |  | 3.83 |  |  |  | 6,421 |  |  |  | 236.4 |  |  |  | 3.62 | % |  |  | 6,688 |  |  |  | 209.9 |  |  |  | 3.09 | %
Total interest-earning assets |  | $ | 6,494 |  |  | $ | 226.1 |  |  |  | 3.43 | % |  | $ | 7,479 |  |  | $ | 245.9 |  |  |  | 3.23 | % |  | $ | 7,899 |  |  | $ | 220.3 |  |  |  | 2.75 | %
Allowance for ECL on loans |  |  | (110 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (96 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (83 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-interest-earning and other assets |  |  | 84 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 96 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 85 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Assets |  | $ | 6,468 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,479 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,901 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-Bearing Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand deposits |  | $ | 132 |  |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |  | 0.87 | % |  | $ | 173 |  |  | $ | 0.5 |  |  |  | 0.33 | % |  | $ | 142 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  |  | 0.12 | %
Time deposits |  |  | 3,044 |  |  |  | 41.7 |  |  |  | 1.35 | % |  |  | 2,907 |  |  |  | 19.6 |  |  |  | 0.66 | % |  |  | 2,655 |  |  |  | 11.6 |  |  |  | 0.43 | %
Deposits (3) |  |  | 3,176 |  |  |  | 42.8 |  |  |  | 1.33 | % |  |  | 3,080 |  |  |  | 20.1 |  |  |  | 0.64 | % |  |  | 2,797 |  |  |  | 11.8 |  |  |  | 0.42 | %
Securities sold under repurchase agreements and short-term borrowings and debt |  |  | 710 |  |  |  | 12.0 |  |  |  | 1.66 | % |  |  | 1,449 |  |  |  | 16.5 |  |  |  | 1.12 | % |  |  | 2,484 |  |  |  | 23.0 |  |  |  | 0.91 | %
Long-term borrowings and debt, net (4) |  |  | 1,478 |  |  |  | 51.5 |  |  |  | 3.43 | % |  |  | 1,874 |  |  |  | 54.0 |  |  |  | 2.84 | % |  |  | 1,584 |  |  |  | 40.0 |  |  |  | 2.49 | %
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  | $ | 5,364 |  |  | $ | 106.3 |  |  |  | 1.95 | % |  | $ | 6,403 |  |  | $ | 90.7 |  |  |  | 1.39 | % |  | $ | 6,865 |  |  | $ | 74.8 |  |  |  | 1.08 | %
Non-interest bearing liabilities and other liabilities |  |  | 82 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 83 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 86 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Liabilities |  | $ | 5,446 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,486 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,952 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Stockholders’ equity |  |  | 1,022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 993 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 949 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  | $ | 6,468 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,479 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,901 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest spread |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.48 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.84 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.68 | %
Net interest income and net interest margin |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 119.8 |  |  |  | 1.85 | % |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 155.2 |  |  |  | 2.08 | % |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 145.5 |  |  |  | 1.84 | %

| (1) | The securities at FVOCI are non-taxable securities and the average yield using cost-based average balances, would have been 2.92%, 2.31% and 2.42%, for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

| (2) | The securities at amortized cost are non-taxable securities and the average yield using cost-based average balances, would have been 3.01%, 2.93% and 2.92%, for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

| (3) | The Bank obtains deposits in the form of demand deposits and time deposits from its central bank shareholders, commercial banks and corporations.

| (4) | Net of prepaid commissions.

Note: Interest income and/or expense includes the effect of derivative financial instruments used for hedging.

Changes in Net Interest Income — Volume and Rate Analysis

Net interest income is affected by changes in volume and changes in interest rates. Volume changes are caused by differences in the level of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. Rate changes result from differences in yields earned on interest-earning assets and rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities. The following table sets forth a summary of the changes in net interest income of the Bank, resulting from changes in its interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities’ average volume and average interest rate changes for 2017 compared to 2016 and 2016 compared to 2015. Volume and rate variances have been calculated based on average balances and average interest rates over the periods presented.

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|  | 2017 vs. 2016 |  |  | 2016 vs. 2015 |
|  | Volume(*) |  |  | Rate(*) |  |  | Net Change |  |  | Volume(*) |  |  | Rate(*) |  |  | Net Change |
|  | (in $ thousands) |
Increase (decrease) in interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest bearing deposits with banks |  | $ | 715 |  |  | $ | 5,074 |  |  | $ | 5,789 |  |  | $ | 141 |  |  | $ | 2,281 |  |  | $ | 2,422 |
Investment securities |  |  | (3,171 | ) |  |  | 629 |  |  |  | (2,542 | ) |  |  | (3,540 | ) |  |  | 170 |  |  |  | (3,370 | )
Loans, net of unearned interest |  |  | (36,370 | ) |  |  | 13,304 |  |  |  | (23,066 | ) |  |  | (10,262 | ) |  |  | 36,796 |  |  |  | 26,534 |
Total increase (decrease) |  | $ | (38,826 | ) |  | $ | 19,007 |  |  | $ | (19,819 | ) |  | $ | (13,661 | ) |  | $ | 39,247 |  |  | $ | 25,586 |
(Increase) decrease in interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  |  | (1,266 | ) |  |  | (21,450 | ) |  |  | (22,716 | ) |  |  | (1,867 | ) |  |  | (6,477 | ) |  |  | (8,344 | )
Securities sold under repurchase agreement and short-term borrowings and debt |  |  | 12,472 |  |  |  | (7,909 | ) |  |  | 4,563 |  |  |  | 11,789 |  |  |  | (5,313 | ) |  |  | 6,476 |
Long-term borrowings and debt, net |  |  | 13,883 |  |  |  | (11,305 | ) |  |  | 2,578 |  |  |  | (8,439 | ) |  |  | (5,549 | ) |  |  | (13,988 | )
Total (increase) decrease |  | $ | 25,089 |  |  | $ | (40,664 | ) |  | $ | (15,575 | ) |  | $ | 1,483 |  |  | $ | (17,339 | ) |  | $ | (15,856 | )
Increase (decrease) in net interest income |  | $ | (13,737 | ) |  | $ | (21,657 | ) |  | $ | (35,394 | ) |  | $ | (12,178 | ) |  | $ | 21,908 |  |  | $ | 9,730 |

(*) Volume variation effect in net interest income is calculated by multiplying the difference in average volumes by the current year’s average yield. Rate variation effect in net interest income is calculated by multiplying the difference in average yield by the prior year’s average volume.

Net Interest Income Variation

2017 vs. 2016

For the year ended December 31, 2017, the Bank’s net interest income reached $119.8 million, compared to $155.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2016. The $35.4 million, or 23%, decrease in net interest income was mostly impacted by: (i) lower average loan volumes, as the Bank improved its portfolio risk profile by reducing unwanted exposures to certain countries, industries and clients, along with increasing its focus on short-term lending, and (ii) tighter lending spreads, from shortened average tenors combined with pricing pressures from increased levels of USD liquidity, while the Bank prioritized adequate risk-return pricing over volume growth. These effects were partially offset by (i) upward repricing on LIBOR-based market rates, which impacted both the earning-assets side and the financial liabilities side due to the Bank’s short-tenor interest rate gap structure, and (ii) lower spreads on its funding, as the Bank continued to benefit from the flight to quality trend among global funding sources, given the negative credit cycle in the Region.

2016 vs. 2015

For the year ended December 31, 2016, the Bank’s net interest income reached $155.2 million, compared to $145.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2015. The $9.7 million, or 7%, increase in net interest income was mainly driven by a 24 basis point increase in net interest margin to reach 2.08% in 2016, compared to 1.84% in 2015, as higher net lending spreads and the overall effect of increased market rates overcompensated the effects of lower average interest-earning asset balances, from the Bank’s efforts to reduce lending and investment portfolio risk concentrations.

Fees and commissions, net

The Bank generates fee and commission income primarily from letters of credit confirmations, the issuance of guarantees covering commercial risk, credit commitments, and loan origination, structuring and syndication activities. The following table shows the components of the Bank’s fees and commissions, net, for the periods indicated:

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|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | (in $ thousands) |
Loans & commitments, net |  | $ | 476 |  |  | $ | 1,126 |  |  | $ | 2,988 |
Letters of credit |  |  | 10,430 |  |  |  | 7,458 |  |  |  | 9,332 |
Arrangements |  |  | 6,608 |  |  |  | 5,722 |  |  |  | 6,880 |
Fees and commissions, net |  | $ | 17,514 |  |  | $ | 14,306 |  |  | $ | 19,200 |

Fees and commissions totaled $17.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to $14.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The $3.2 million, or 22%, increase was primarily driven by the upward trend in fee generation from the Bank’s structuring and syndication activities, with seven transactions resulting in fees of $6.6 million having closed in 2017, and strong annual growth of $3.0 million in fee income from the Bank’s letters of credit business, due to a more diversified letter of credit client base, and the Bank’s focus on deepening its participation in the trade value chain.

During the year ended December 31, 2016, fees and commissions totaled $14.3 million, compared to $19.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The $4.9 million, or 25%, decrease was primarily driven by lower business activity in letters of credit, loan commitments and other financial guarantee contracts, while commissions from the syndication business in the primary market were slightly lower, with an increased number of completed transactions despite overall volumes in the relevant Latin American debt capital markets suffering significant decreases.

For more information, see Item 18, “Financial Statements,” notes 3.10, and 21.

Loss on derivative financial instruments and foreign currency exchange, net

As part of its interest rate and currency risk management, the Bank may from time to time enter into foreign exchange forwards, cross-currency contracts and interest rate swaps to hedge the risk associated with a portion of the notes issued under its various funding programs.

The Bank recorded a net loss of $0.4 million in 2017, compared to a net loss of $0.5 million in 2016, and compared to a nearly break-even result in 2015 (a net loss of $23 thousand), on derivative financial instruments and foreign currency exchange held for risk management hedging purposes.

For additional information, see Item 11, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk,” and Item 18, “Financial Statements,” notes 3.7 and 5.6.

Gain (loss) per financial instrument at fair value through profit or loss

During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Bank recorded a net loss per financial instrument at FVTPL of $0.7 million, compared to a net loss of $2.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, mostly related to the absence of non-core trading losses, which had resulted in a $4.4 million loss in 2016, as the Bank completely divested from its participation in investment funds during 2016, in addition to a negative variation in net results on financial instruments at FVTPL, with a net loss of $0.7 million recorded in 2017 compared to a net gain of $1.5 million recorded in 2016, related to the unrealized loss from derivative financial liabilities at FVTPL not qualified for hedge accounting.

The net loss of $2.9 million per financial instrument at FVTPL for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared to a net gain of $5.7 million in the year ended December 31, 2015, was mostly related to a swing in non-core trading results from the Bank’s former participation in the investment funds, which recorded a $4.4 million loss in 2016 compared to a $5.1 million gain in 2015, partially offset by a $0.8 million increase in gains on financial liabilities at FVTPL.

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For additional information, see Item 18, “Financial Statements,” notes 3.3.8, 5.1, 18 and 22.

Gain (loss) on sale of securities at fair value through OCI

The Bank purchases debt instruments with the intention of selling them prior to maturity. These debt instruments are classified as securities at FVOCI and are included as part of the Bank’s Credit Portfolio.

The Bank recorded a gain on sale of securities at FVOCI of $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to a net loss of $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, from the sale of $17 million of its holdings, as the Bank continued its efforts to reduce market risk volatility.

The net loss of $0.4 million on sale of securities at FVOCI for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared to the net gain of $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, was primarily related to the sale of $103 million of its holdings in 2016, on the Bank’s effort to reduce its investment portfolio exposure.

For additional information, see Item 18, “Financial Statements,” notes 3.3.6 and 5.2.

Gain on sale of loans

The net gain on sale of loans at amortized cost corresponds to income derived from the Bank’s business stream of loan intermediation and distribution activities in the primary and secondary markets.

During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, gain on sale of loans totaled $0.2 million, $0.8 million and $1.5 million, respectively, as the Bank sold loans with a book value of $77 million, $235 million and $367 million, respectively. The lower levels of loan distribution business compared to previous years relates to decreased sale activity in the secondary markets of the remaining lower Loan Portfolio balances.

Impairment Loss from ECL on Loans at Amortized Cost

|  | For the year ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | (in $ millions) |
Impairment loss from ECL on credit-impaired loans (lifetime ECL) |  | $ | 24.8 |  |  | $ | 33.0 |  |  | $ | 24.2 |
(Recovery) impairment loss from ECL on performing loans (lifetime ECL) |  |  | (6.7 | ) |  |  | 32.0 |  |  |  | (28.7 | )
(Recovery) impairment loss from ECL on performing loans (12-month ECL) |  |  | (9.2 | ) |  |  | (30.2 | ) |  |  | 21.7 |
Impairment loss from ECL on loans at amortized cost |  | $ | 8.9 |  |  | $ | 34.8 |  |  | $ | 17.2 |

The impairment loss from ECL on loans at amortized cost totaled $8.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, as a result of a $24.8 million credit allowance assigned to non-performing loans based on lifetime ECL (IFRS Rule 9 Stage 3), associated with the impairment losses on selected credit exposures undergoing restructuring processes, which was partly offset by a $15.9 million net recovery from ECL on performing loans (IFRS Rule 9 Stage 1 and 2), which mostly resulted from both lower end-of-period portfolio balances and the shift in the overall portfolio mix toward shorter-term trade exposures.

For the year ended December 31, 2016, the impairment loss from ECL on loans at amortized cost amounted to $34.8 million, which was mainly attributable to higher allowances assigned to performing exposures based on lifetime ECL, and non-performing loans, partly offset by lower impairment from ECL on performing exposures assessed based on 12-month ECL, which resulted from both lower end-of-period portfolio balances and the shift in the overall portfolio mix toward shorter-term trade exposures.

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The impairment loss from ECL on loans at amortized cost amounted to $17.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, which was mainly the result of a $24.2 million asset-specific credit allowance assigned to non-performing loans. This impairment loss was partly offset by a $7.0 million net recovery from ECL on performing loans, as a reflection of changes in the composition of the Bank’s Loan Portfolio and its impact in the Bank’s reserve model, while Loan Portfolio outstanding balances remaining relatively unchanged year-over-year at $6.7 billion at December 31, 2015.

For more detailed information, see Item 5, “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects–Operating Results–Asset Quality” and “–Allowance for ECL,” and Item 18, “Financial Statements,” notes 3.5, 3.6 and 5.5.

Impairment Loss from ECL on Investment Securities

The Bank recorded a $0.5 million recovery from ECL on investment securities for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to minimal impairment loss from ECL on investment securities of $3 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2016, as the Bank decreased by $22 million in 2017 and $142 million in 2016 its outstanding balances in the Investment Portfolio.

For the year ended December 31, 2015, the Bank recorded a $5.3 million impairment loss from ECL on investment securities, mainly from a $6.7 million asset-specific credit allowance assigned to credit impaired securities at FVOCI, with a fair value of $1.6 million at December 31, 2015. This impairment loss was partly offset by a $1.4 million impairment gain from ECL on performing securities at FVOCI and at amortized cost (calculated on a collective assessment basis), mainly as a reflection of reduced outstanding balances in the Investment Portfolio at December 31, 2015 (which decreased by $144 million year-over-year).

For more detailed information, see Item 5, “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects–Operating Results–Asset Quality” and “–Allowance for ECL,” and Item 18, “Financial Statements,” notes 3.6, 5.2 and 5.3

Impairment Loss (Recovery) from ECL on Loan Commitments and Financial Guarantee Contracts

The Bank recorded an impairment loss of $1.1 million from ECL on loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to a $0.4 million impairment loss from ECL on loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts for the year ended December 31, 2016, which was mainly related to the net effect of changes in reserves for ECL resulting from changes in the risk profile of the Bank’s loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts portfolio.

For the year ended December 31, 2016, the Bank recorded a $0.4 million impairment loss from ECL on loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts, compared to a $4.4 million recovery from ECL on loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts for the year ended December 31, 2015, mostly due to a $2.1 million increase in credit allowance required for Stage 2 performing loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts, which was partly offset by a $1.8 million recovery from ECL collectively assessed as a result of lower overall end-of-period loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts volumes, mainly from credit commitments.

For more detailed information, see Item 5, “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects–Operating Results–Asset Quality” and “–Allowance for ECL,” and Item 18, “Financial Statements,” notes 3.6 and 6.

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Operating Expenses

Total operating expenses includes the following expense line items of the consolidated statements of profit or loss:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | (in $ thousands) |
Salaries and other employee expenses |  | $ | 27,653 |  |  | $ | 25,196 |  |  | $ | 30,435 |
Depreciation of equipment and leasehold improvements |  |  | 1,578 |  |  |  | 1,457 |  |  |  | 1,371 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  |  | 838 |  |  |  | 629 |  |  |  | 596 |
Other expenses |  |  | 16,806 |  |  |  | 18,532 |  |  |  | 19,382 |
Total operating expenses |  | $ | 46,875 |  |  | $ | 45,814 |  |  | $ | 51,784 |

Operating expenses, which are presented as part of total expenses in the Bank’s consolidated statements of profit or loss, do not include the effects of impairment loss or recovery from expected credit losses on loans at amortized cost, investment securities, and loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts, as the Bank believes such items, which are based on management estimates and are related to the ECL of the Bank’s Credit Portfolio, may distort trend analysis. Thus, the Bank believes excluding such items from expenses provides a more accurate indicator of the Bank’s administrative and general expenses, and thus provides a better basis for analysis of the efficiency of the Bank and helps facilitate comparisons between periods. However, operating expenses should not be considered a substitute for, or superior to, financial measures calculated differently on an IFRS basis. Furthermore, operating expenses may be calculated differently by other companies in the financial industry.

During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Bank’s operating expenses totaled $46.9 million, compared to $45.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The $1.1 million, or 2%, increase in operating expenses year-over-year was primarily attributable to higher salaries and other employee expenses largely impacted by $3.2 million in charges for non-recurring personnel related expenses in 2017, which was partially offset by lower other expenses (a decrease of $1.7 million) reflecting the Bank’s ongoing focus on cost reduction and high productivity throughout the organization.

The Bank’s operating expenses totaled $45.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared to $51.8 million operating expenses for the year ended December 31, 2015. The $6.0 million, or 12%, decrease year-over-year was mainly attributable to lower performance-based variable compensation expense, and other cost savings resulting from the Bank´s continued focus on process improvements to increase efficiency.

For more information on salaries and other employee expenses, and other operating expenses, see Item 18, “Financial Statements”, notes 23 and 24, respectively.

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Changes in Financial Position

The following table presents components of the Bank’s consolidated statements of financial position at the dates indicated:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | (in $ thousands) |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 672,048 |  |  | $ | 1,069,538 |  |  | $ | 1,299,966 |
Financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 53,411 |
Financial instruments at fair value through OCI |  |  | 25,135 |  |  |  | 30,607 |  |  |  | 141,803 |
Securities at amortized cost, net |  |  | 68,934 |  |  |  | 77,214 |  |  |  | 108,215 |
Loans |  |  | 5,505,658 |  |  |  | 6,020,731 |  |  |  | 6,691,749 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for expected credit losses |  |  | 81,294 |  |  |  | 105,988 |  |  |  | 89,974 |
Unearned interest and deferred fees |  |  | 4,985 |  |  |  | 7,249 |  |  |  | 9,304 |
Loans, net |  |  | 5,419,379 |  |  |  | 5,907,494 |  |  |  | 6,592,471 |
Derivative financial instruments used for hedging - receivable |  |  | 13,338 |  |  |  | 9,352 |  |  |  | 7,400 |
Property and equipment, net |  |  | 7,420 |  |  |  | 8,549 |  |  |  | 6,173 |
Intangibles, net |  |  | 5,425 |  |  |  | 2,909 |  |  |  | 427 |
Other assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customers’ liabilities under acceptances |  |  | 6,369 |  |  |  | 19,387 |  |  |  | 15,100 |
Accrued interest receivable |  |  | 30,872 |  |  |  | 44,187 |  |  |  | 45,456 |
Other assets |  |  | 18,827 |  |  |  | 11,546 |  |  |  | 15,794 |
Total of other assets |  |  | 56,068 |  |  |  | 75,120 |  |  |  | 76,350 |
Total Assets |  | $ | 6,267,747 |  |  | $ | 7,180,783 |  |  | $ | 8,286,216 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | $ | 2,928,844 |  |  | $ | 2,802,852 |  |  | $ | 2,795,469 |
Derivative financial instruments used for hedging - payable |  |  | 34,943 |  |  |  | 59,686 |  |  |  | 29,889 |
Financial liabilities through profit or loss |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 89 |
Securities sold under repurchase agreement |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 114,084 |
Short-term borrowings and debt |  |  | 1,072,723 |  |  |  | 1,470,075 |  |  |  | 2,430,357 |
Long-term borrowings and debt, net |  |  | 1,138,844 |  |  |  | 1,776,738 |  |  |  | 1,881,813 |
Other liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Acceptances outstanding |  |  | 6,369 |  |  |  | 19,387 |  |  |  | 15,100 |
Accrued interest payable |  |  | 15,816 |  |  |  | 16,603 |  |  |  | 17,716 |
Allowance for expected credit losses on loan commitments and financial guarantees contracts |  |  | 6,845 |  |  |  | 5,776 |  |  |  | 5,424 |
Other liabilities |  |  | 20,551 |  |  |  | 18,328 |  |  |  | 24,344 |
Total of other liabilities |  |  | 49,581 |  |  |  | 60,094 |  |  |  | 62,584 |
Total Liabilities |  | $ | 5,224,935 |  |  | $ | 6,169,469 |  |  | $ | 7,314,285 |
Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock |  | $ | 279,980 |  |  | $ | 279,980 |  |  | $ | 279,980 |
Treasury stock |  |  | (63,248 | ) |  |  | (69,176 | ) |  |  | (73,397 | )
Additional paid-in capital in excess of assigned value of common stock |  |  | 119,941 |  |  |  | 120,594 |  |  |  | 120,177 |
Capital reserves |  |  | 95,210 |  |  |  | 95,210 |  |  |  | 95,210 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 608,966 |  |  |  | 587,507 |  |  |  | 560,642 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | 1,963 |  |  |  | (2,801 | ) |  |  | (10,681 | )
Total Stockholders’ Equity |  | $ | 1,042,812 |  |  | $ | 1,011,314 |  |  | $ | 971,931 |
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  | $ | 6,267,747 |  |  | $ | 7,180,783 |  |  | $ | 8,286,216 |

2017 vs. 2016

As of December 31, 2017, total assets amounted to $6.3 billion, a 13% decrease, compared to $7.2 billion as of December 31, 2016, which was mainly attributable to the Bank’s lower liquidity position and Loan Portfolio balances, which are detailed as follows:

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The Bank’s cash and cash equivalents, most of which consisted of actively managed liquid assets, totaled $0.7 billion as of December 31, 2017, compared to $1.1 billion as of December 31, 2016, as the Bank returned to its historical adequate levels of prudent liquidity management. The Bank establishes and monitors requirements for internal liquidity management through limits and policies based on the Basel III LCR and also monitors the expected regulatory LCR calculation as determined by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and adjusted by the Superintendency. These liquidity guidelines ensure the Bank’s ability to maintain adequate cash flows to fund operations and meet obligations and other commitments on a timely basis, and complement the inherent liquidity of its short-term lending book. As of December 31, 2017, $0.6 billion, or 98%, of the Bank’s liquid assets were held in deposits with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The liquid assets to total assets ratio amounted to 10% as of December 31, 2017, compared to 14% as of December 31, 2016, while at these same dates, the liquid assets to total deposits ratios were 21% and 36%, respectively.

As of December 31, 2017, the Bank’s Loan Portfolio amounted to $5,506 million, compared to $6,021 million as of December 31, 2016. The $515 million, or 9%, Loan Portfolio decrease during 2017 was largely attributable to the Bank’s decision to improve its Loan Portfolio risk profile by reducing unwanted exposures to certain countries, industries and clients, along with increasing its focus on short-term lending. In addition, high levels of U.S. dollar liquidity experienced in key markets led to nearly $1 billion in pre-payments of loans originally scheduled to mature in or after 2018, which significantly offset the Bank’s increased levels of credit disbursements throughout the year. As of December 31, 2017, the Loan Portfolio had an average remaining maturity term of 282 days, of which 80% of the Bank’s Loan Portfolio was scheduled to mature within one year, compared to an average remaining maturity of 279 days, or 76% short-term, respectively, as of December 31, 2016.

The decrease in assets during 2017 was accompanied by a $0.9 billion, or 15%, decrease in total liabilities during 2017, which was mostly attributable to a $1.0 billion, or 32%, overall decrease in the Bank’s interest-bearing liabilities of short- and long-term borrowings and debt, which was partially offset by a $0.1 billion increase in deposit balances to a total of $2.9 billion, or 56% of total liabilities as of December 31, 2017, compared to $2.8 billion, or 45% of total liabilities as of December 31, 2016, as the Bank continued to rely primarily on deposits to cover its short-term funding needs.

2016 vs. 2015

As of December 31, 2016, total assets amounted to $7.2 billion, a 13% decrease, compared to $8.3 billion as of December 31, 2015, mainly attributable to lower interest-earning asset balances from the Loan Portfolio, Investment Securities Portfolio and liquidity position, which are detailed as follows:

The Bank’s cash and cash equivalents, most of which consisted of actively managed liquid assets, totaled $1.1 billion as of December 31, 2016, compared to $1.3 billion as of December 31, 2015. $0.6 billion, or 59%, of the Bank’s liquid assets were held in deposits with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, with the remainder held with other highly rated financial institutions. The liquid assets to total assets ratio amounted to 14% at the end of 2016 compared to 15% at the end of 2015, while the liquid assets to total deposits ratios were 36% and 45% at the end of 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Investment Securities Portfolio (at FVOCI and at amortized cost) decreased by $142 million, or 57%, to $108 million, or 2%, of total assets, as of December 31, 2016, from $251 million, or 3% of total assets at December 31, 2015, as the Bank continued reducing its holdings in its securities portfolios to reduce market risk, which consisted of readily-quoted Latin American securities, 90% of which represented multilateral, sovereign or state-owned risk.

Loans amounted to $6.0 billion as of December 31, 2016, representing 84% of the Bank’s total assets, compared to $6.7 billion, or 81% of total assets at December 31, 2015. The $671 million, or 10%, decrease was largely attributable to the Bank’s decision to reduce certain country, industry and client risk concentrations in its portfolio. The 2016 Loan Portfolio had an average remaining maturity term of 279 days, of which 76% was scheduled to mature within one year, compared to an average remaining maturity of 343 days, or 70% short-term from a year ago.

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The decrease in assets during 2016 was accompanied by a $1.1 billion, or 16%, decrease in liabilities during 2016, mostly attributable to a $1.1 billion, or 25%, overall decrease in the Bank’s interest-bearing liabilities of short- and long-term borrowings and debt, while deposit balances remained at $2.8 billion, representing 45% of total liabilities as of December 31, 2016, compared to the same level, or 38% of total liabilities from a year ago.

Asset Quality

The Bank believes that its fundamental asset quality is a function of its strong client base, the importance that governments and borrowers alike attribute to maintaining continued access to trade financing, its preferred creditor status, and its strict adherence to commercial criteria in its credit activities. The Bank’s management and the CPER periodically review a report of all loan delinquencies. The Bank’s collection policies include rapid internal notification of any delinquency and prompt initiation of collection efforts, usually involving senior management.

The Bank maintains a system of internal credit quality indicators. These indicators are assigned depending on several factors which include: profitability, quality of assets, liquidity and cash flows, capitalization and indebtedness, economic environment and positioning, regulatory framework and/or industry, sensitivity scenarios and the quality of borrower’s management and shareholders, among others. A description of these indicators is as follows:

Internal Rating |  | External Rating (1) |  | Description
1 to 4 |  | Aaa – Ba1 |  | Clients with payment ability to satisfy their financial commitments.
5 to 6 |  | Ba2 – B3 |  | Clients with payment ability to satisfy their financial commitments, but with more frequent reviews.
7 |  | Caa1 |  | Clients exposed to systemic risks specific to the country or the industry in which they are located, facing adverse situations in their operation or financial condition. At this level, access to new funding is uncertain.
8 |  | Caa2 – Caa3 |  | Clients whose primary source of payment (operating cash flow) is inadequate, and who show evidence of deterioration in their working capital that does not allow them to satisfy payments on the agreed terms, endangering recovery of unpaid balances.
9 |  | Ca |  | Clients whose operating cash flow continuously shows insufficiency to service the debt on the originally agreed terms. Due to the fact that the borrower presents an impaired financial and economic situation, the likelihood of recovery is low.
10 |  | C |  | Clients with operating cash flow that does not cover their costs, are in suspension of payments, presumably will also have difficulties fulfilling possible restructuring agreements, are in a state of insolvency, or have filed for bankruptcy, among others.

(1) External rating in accordance to Moody’s Investors Service.

In order to periodically monitor the quality of the portfolio, clients are reviewed every three to 12 months, depending on the client’s risk rating.

Impairment of Financial Assets

The Bank’s assets that may be subject to impairment consist mainly of loans and investment securities. For more information on impairment of loans at amortized cost, see Item 18, “Financial Statements”, Notes 3.5, 3.22 and 5.5. For information on impairment of investment securities, see Item 18, “Financial Statements,” notes 3.3.10, 3.22, 5.2 and 5.3.

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The Bank considers a financial asset to be non-performing when it presents any of the following characteristics:

| - | The debtor is past due for more than 90 days in any of its obligations to the Bank, either in the loan principal or interest; or when the principal balance with one single balloon payment was past due for more than 30 days;

| - | Deterioration in the financial condition of the client, or the existence of other factors with the administration to estimate the possibility that the balance of principal and interest on customer loans is not fully recovered.

The above presumptions regarding past due loans may be rebuttable if the Bank has reasonable and supportable information that is available without undue cost or effort, that demonstrates that the credit risk has not increased significantly since initial recognition even though the contractual payments are more than 30 or 90 days past due.

In assessing whether a borrower is non-performing, the Bank considers indicators that are qualitative and quantitative based on data developed internally and obtained from external sources. Inputs into the assessment of whether a financial instrument is non-performing and their significance may vary over time to reflect changes in circumstances.

A modified or renegotiated loan is a loan whose borrower is experiencing financial difficulties and the renegotiation constitutes a concession to the borrower. A concession may include modification of terms such as an extension of maturity date, reduction in the stated interest rate, rescheduling of future cash flows, and reduction in the face amount of the loan or reduction of accrued interest, among others.

When a financial asset is modified the Bank assesses whether this modification results in derecognition. In accordance with the Bank’s policy, a modification results in derecognition when it results in substantially different terms. To determine if the modified terms are substantially different from the original contractual terms the Bank considers the following:

| - | Qualitative factors, such as contractual cash flows after modification are no longer solely payments of principal and interest, change in currency or change of counterparty, the extent of change in interest rates, maturity, covenants.

| - | If the quality factors do not clearly indicate a substantial modification, then a quantitative assessment is performed to compare the present value of the remaining contractual cash flows under the original terms with the contractual cash flows under the revised terms, both amounts discounted at the original effective interest rate.

If the difference in present value is greater than 10% the Bank deems the arrangement is substantially different leading to derecognition.

If a financial asset is derecognized, the loss allowance for ECL is remeasured at the date of derecognition to determine the net carrying amount of the asset at that date. The difference between this revised carrying amount and the fair value of the new financial asset with the new terms will lead to a gain or loss on derecognition. The new financial asset will have a loss allowance measured based on 12-month ECL, except in the rare occasions where the new loan is considered to be originated credit impaired. This applies only where the fair value of the new loan is recognized at a significant discount to its revised par amount because a high risk of default remains and has not been reduced by the modification. The Bank monitors the credit risk of modified financial assets by evaluating qualitative and quantitative information, such as whether the borrower is in past due status under the new terms.

When the contractual terms of a financial asset are modified and the modification does not result in derecognition, the Bank determines if the credit risk of the financial asset has increased significantly since initial recognition by comparing:

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| - | The remaining lifetime probability of default (“PD”) estimated based on data at initial recognition and the original contractual terms; with

| - | The remaining lifetime PD at the reporting date based on the modified terms.

In the renegotiation or modification of the contractual cash flows of the loan, the Bank shall:

| - | Continue with its current accounting treatment for the existing loan that has been modified.

| - | Record a modification gain or loss by recalculating the gross carrying amount of the financial asset as the present value of the renegotiated or modified contractual cash flows, discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate.

| - | Assess whether there has been a significant increase in the credit risk of the financial instrument, by comparing the risk of a default occurring at the reporting date (based on the modified contractual terms) and the risk of a default occurring at initial recognition (based on the original, unmodified contractual terms). The loan that is modified is not automatically considered to have a lower credit risk. The assessment should consider credit risk over the expected life of the asset based on historical and forward-looking information, including information about the circumstances that led to the modification. Evidence that the criteria for the recognition of lifetime ECL are subsequently no longer met may include a history of up-to-date and timely payment in subsequent periods. A minimum period of observation will be necessary before a financial asset may qualify to return to a 12-month expected credit loss measurement.

| - | Make the appropriate quantitative and qualitative disclosures required for renegotiated or modified assets to reflect the nature and effect of such modifications (including the effect on the measurement of ECL) and how the Bank monitors these loans that have been modified.

The Bank reviews its individually significant loans at amortized cost at each consolidated statement of financial position date to assess whether an impairment loss should be recorded in the consolidated statement of profit or loss. In particular, management’s judgment is required in the estimation of the amount and timing of future cash flows when determining the impairment loss. These estimates are based on assumptions about a number of factors and actual results may differ, resulting in future changes to the allowance. Loans at amortized cost that have been assessed individually (and found not to be impaired) are assessed together with all individually insignificant loans and advances in groups of assets with similar risk characteristics. This is to determine whether a provision should be made due to incurred loss events for which there is objective evidence, but the effects of which are not yet evident.

The collective assessment takes account of data from the Loan Portfolio (such as levels of arrears, credit utilization, loan-to-collateral ratios, etc.), and judgments on the effect of concentrations of risks and economic data (including levels of unemployment, real estate prices indices, country risk and the performance of different individual groups).

The Bank conducts periodic reviews for all of its securities. The Bank recognizes a loss allowance for ECL on investment securities measured at FVOCI and investment securities at amortized cost. If at the reporting date, the credit risk of these financial instruments has not increased significantly since initial recognition, the Bank will measure the loss allowance for those financial instruments at an amount equal to 12- month ECL. However, if the Bank determines that the credit risk of those financial instruments has increased significantly since initial recognition, then it measures a loss allowance at an amount equal to the lifetime ECL. If the Bank has measured a loss allowance for a financial instrument at an amount equal to lifetime ECL in the previous reporting year because of a significant increase in credit risk, but determines at the current reporting date that this presumption is no longer met; then it will measure the loss allowance at an amount equal to 12-month ECL at the current reporting date. The Bank recognizes in the consolidated statement of profit or loss, as an impairment gain or loss, the amount of ECL (or reversal) that is required to adjust the loss allowance to the amount that is required to be recognized at the reporting date.

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Impairment on securities is evaluated considering numerous factors, and their relative significance varies case by case. Factors considered in determining whether a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of a financial asset has occurred include, but are not limited to: significant financial difficulty of the issuer; high probability of bankruptcy; granting a concession to the issuer; disappearance of an active market because of financial difficulties; breach of contract, such as default or delinquency in interest or principal; and, observable data indicating there is a measurable decrease in the estimated future cash flows since initial recognition.

If a security is no longer publicly traded or the entity’s credit rating is downgraded, this is not, by itself, evidence of impairment, but should be considered for impairment together with other information. A decline in the fair value of an investment security below its amortized cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment, as it may be due to an increase in market interest rates. Whether a decline in fair value below cost is considered significant or prolonged, must be assessed on an instrument-by-instrument basis and should be based on both qualitative and quantitative factors. However, the assessment of prolonged decline should not be compared to the entire period that the investment has been or is expected to be held.

The following table sets forth information regarding the Bank’s non-performing assets, and loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts at the dates indicated:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | (in $ millions, except percentages) |
Non-performing loans |  | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | 65 |  |  | $ | 52 |
Asset-specific allocation from the allowance for ECL on loans |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 21 |
Non-performing loans as a percentage of Loan Portfolio |  |  | 1.1 | % |  |  | 1.1 | % |  |  | 0.8 | %
Non-performing loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Asset-specific allocation from the allowance for ECL on loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Non-performing loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts as a percentage of total loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 0.0 | %
Impaired securities (par value) |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 8 |
Asset-specific allocation from the allowance for ECL on securities |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | (6 | )
Estimated fair value of impaired securities |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 1 |
Impaired securities as a percentage of Investment Securities Portfolio |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 0.6 | %
Non-performing financial assets and loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts as a percentage of total Credit Portfolio |  |  | 1.0 | % |  |  | 1.0 | % |  |  | 0.7 | %

As of the end of each reported period, the Bank did not have impaired loans in its Loan Portfolio without related allowances.

The following table sets forth the distribution of the Bank’s loans charged-off by gross carrying amount against the allowance for ECL on loans by country for the periods indicated:

|  | For the year ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | % |  |  | 2016 |  |  | % |  |  | 2015 |  |  | % |
|  | (in $ millions, except percentages) |
Brazil |  | $ | 29 |  |  |  | 87 | % |  | $ | 0 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  | $ | 6 |  |  |  | 100 | %
Colombia |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 95 | % |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 | %
Mexico |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 5 | % |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 | %
Panama |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1 | % |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 | %
Uruguay |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 12 | % |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 | %
Total |  | $ | 33 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 19 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 6 |  |  |  | 100 | %

During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Bank had charge-offs against the allowance for ECL on loans at amortized cost totaling $33 million, representing 0.60% of the Loan Portfolio, compared to $19 million, or 0.31% of the Loan Portfolio, along with an $8 million nominal amount of bonds charged-off against the allowance for ECL on investment securities in 2016, and compared to $6 million, or 0.09% of the Loan Portfolio, in 2015.

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In the three-year period ended December 31, 2017, the Bank disbursed approximately $39 billion in credits and had charged-off loans for $58 million, representing 0.15% of credits disbursed.

The following table summarizes information regarding outstanding credit-impaired balances as of the dates indicated:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | (in $ thousands) |
Non-performing loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Brazil: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private corporations |  | $ | 19,275 |  |  | $ | 14,364 |  |  | $ | 4,706 |
Private middle-market companies |  |  | 35,000 |  |  |  | 35,000 |  |  |  | 0 |
Subtotal Brazil |  |  | 54,275 |  |  |  | 49,364 |  |  |  | 4,706 |
Colombia: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private corporations |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 46,716 |
Mexico: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private middle-market companies |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 907 |
Panama: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private corporations |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 12,000 |  |  |  | 0 |
Paraguay: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private corporations |  |  | 4,484 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Uruguay: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private corporations |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 4,000 |  |  |  | 0 |
Total non-performing loans |  | $ | 58,759 |  |  | $ | 65,364 |  |  | $ | 52,329 |

As of the end of each reported period, the Bank did not have, other than those specified above, accrual loans with principal or interest payments contractually past due by 90 days or more.

Allowance for ECL

The allowance for ECL is provided for losses derived from the credit extension process, inherent in the Loan Portfolio and loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts, using the reserve methodology to determine ECL. Additions to the allowance for ECL are made by debiting earnings. Credit losses are deducted from the allowance, and subsequent recoveries are added. The allowance is also decreased by reversals of the allowance back to earnings. The allowance for expected credit losses for loans at amortized cost is reported as a deduction of loans and, as a liability, the allowance for expected credit losses on loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts, such as letters of credit and guarantees.

The Bank measures ECL in a way that reflects: (a) an unbiased and probability-weighted amount that is determined by evaluating a range of possible outcomes; (b) the time value of money; and (c) reasonable and supportable information that is available without undue cost or effort at the reporting date about past events, current conditions and forecast of future economic conditions.

The expected credit loss model reflects the general pattern of deterioration or improvement in the credit quality of the loans. The amount of ECL recognized as a loss allowance or provision depends on the extent of credit deterioration since initial recognition. There are two measurement bases:

| - | 12-month ECL (Stage 1), which applies to all loans (from initial recognition) as long as there is no significant deterioration in credit quality,

| - | Lifetime ECL (Stages 2 and 3), which applies when a significant increase in credit risk has occurred on an individual or collective basis. In Stages 2 and 3 interest revenue is recognized. Under Stage 2 (as under Stage 1), there is a full decoupling between interest recognition and impairment and interest revenue is calculated on the gross carrying amount. Under Stage 3, when a loan subsequently becomes credit impaired (when a credit event has occurred), interest revenue is calculated on the amortized cost, net of impairment, i.e. the gross carrying amount after deducting the impairment allowance. In subsequent reporting years, if the credit quality of the financial asset improves so that the financial asset is no longer credit-impaired and the improvement can be related objectively to the occurrence of an event (such as an improvement in the borrower’s credit rating), then the Bank will once again calculate the interest revenue on a gross basis.

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The allowance for ECL includes an asset-specific component and a formula-based component. The asset-specific component, or specific allowance, relates to the provision for losses on credits considered impaired and measured individually case-by-case. A specific allowance is established when the discounted cash flows (or observable fair value of collateral) of the credit is lower than the carrying value of that credit. The formula-based component (collective assessment basis), covers the Bank’s performing Credit Portfolio and it is established based in a process that estimates the probable loss inherent in the portfolio, based on statistical analysis and management’s qualitative judgment. This analysis considers comprehensive information that incorporates not only past-due data, but other relevant credit information, such as forward looking macro-economic information.

The classification of the Bank’s Credit Portfolio for allowances for credit losses under IFRS is determined by risk management guidelines and approved by the CPER of the Bank’s Board through statistical modeling, internal risk ratings and estimates. Informed judgments must be made when identifying impaired loans, the PD, the expected loss, the value of collateral and current economic conditions. Even though the Bank’s management considers its allowances for ECL to be adequate, the use of different estimates and assumptions could produce different allowances for ECL, and amendments to the allowances may be required in the future due to changes in the value of collateral, the amount of cash expected to be received or other economic events. In addition, risk management has established and maintains allowances for ECL related to the Bank’s loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts.

For additional information regarding allowance for ECL, see Item 18, “Financial Statements,” notes 3.6, 3.22, 5.5 and 6.

The following table sets forth information regarding the Bank’s allowance for ECL with respect to the total Commercial Portfolio outstanding as of December 31 of each year:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | (in $ millions, except percentages) |
Components of the allowance for ECL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for ECL on loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of the year |  | $ | 106.0 |  |  | $ | 90.0 |  |  | $ | 77.7 |
Impairment loss for ECL |  |  | 8.9 |  |  |  | 34.7 |  |  |  | 17.2 |
Recoveries |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 0.7 |
Loans charged-off |  |  | (33.6 | ) |  |  | (18.8 | ) |  |  | (5.7 | )
Balance at the end of the year |  | $ | 81.3 |  |  | $ | 106.0 |  |  | $ | 90.0 |
Allowance for ECL on loan commitments and financial guarantees contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of the year |  | $ | 5.8 |  |  | $ | 5.4 |  |  | $ | 9.9 |
Impairment loss (recovery) for ECL |  |  | 1.0 |  |  |  | 0.4 |  |  |  | (4.4 | )
Balance at end of the year |  | $ | 6.8 |  |  | $ | 5.8 |  |  | $ | 5.4 |
Total allowance for ECL |  | $ | 88.1 |  |  | $ | 111.8 |  |  | $ | 95.4 |
Allowance for ECL to total Commercial Portfolio |  |  | 1.47 | % |  |  | 1.73 | % |  |  | 1.33 | %
Charge-offs to Loan Portfolio |  |  | 0.60 | % |  |  | 0.31 | % |  |  | 0.09 | %

| 60 |

The total allowance for ECL amounted to $88.1 million as of December 31, 2017, representing 1.47% of the total Commercial Portfolio, compared to $111.8 million and 1.73%, respectively, as of December 31, 2016, and compared to $95.4 million and 1.33%, respectively, as of December 31, 2015. The 2017 year-over-year decrease of $23.7 million in credit allowances and 26 basis points in total reserve coverage was primarily attributable to write-offs against existing individually allocated reserves following finalized restructuring processes. The 2016 year-over-year increase of $16.4 million in credit allowances and 40 basis points in total reserve coverage was primarily associated with higher allowances assigned to performing exposures based on lifetime ECL (IFRS Rule 9 Stage 2), and NPL (IFRS Rule 9 Stage 3), partly offset by lower impairment from ECL on performing exposures assessed based on 12-month ECL (IFRS Rule 9 Stage 1), which resulted from both lower end-of-period portfolio balances, and the overall portfolio mix shift towards shorter-term trade exposures.

The following table sets forth information regarding the Bank’s allowance for ECL allocated by country of exposure as of the dates indicated:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | Total |  |  | % |  |  | Total |  |  | % |  |  | Total |  |  | % |
|  | (in $ millions, except percentages) |
Allowance for ECL on loans at amortized cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Argentina |  | $ | 5.0 |  |  |  | 6.1 |  |  | $ | 7.3 |  |  |  | 6.9 |  |  | $ | 14.5 |  |  |  | 16.1 |
Brazil |  |  | 42.4 |  |  |  | 52.1 |  |  |  | 49.1 |  |  |  | 46.4 |  |  |  | 10.9 |  |  |  | 12.1 |
Chile |  |  | 0.6 |  |  |  | 0.7 |  |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |  | 0.5 |  |  |  | 0.6 |
Colombia |  |  | 3.5 |  |  |  | 4.3 |  |  |  | 6.7 |  |  |  | 6.3 |  |  |  | 24.7 |  |  |  | 27.5 |
Costa Rica |  |  | 1.7 |  |  |  | 2.1 |  |  |  | 1.7 |  |  |  | 1.6 |  |  |  | 2.9 |  |  |  | 3.2 |
Dominican Republic |  |  | 1.2 |  |  |  | 1.5 |  |  |  | 4.6 |  |  |  | 4.3 |  |  |  | 9.0 |  |  |  | 10.0 |
Ecuador |  |  | 2.7 |  |  |  | 3.3 |  |  |  | 2.3 |  |  |  | 2.2 |  |  |  | 6.9 |  |  |  | 7.7 |
El Salvador |  |  | 1.3 |  |  |  | 1.6 |  |  |  | 2.5 |  |  |  | 2.3 |  |  |  | 3.0 |  |  |  | 3.3 |
Guatemala |  |  | 3.3 |  |  |  | 4.1 |  |  |  | 1.2 |  |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |  | 2.6 |  |  |  | 2.9 |
Honduras |  |  | 6.2 |  |  |  | 7.6 |  |  |  | 1.7 |  |  |  | 1.6 |  |  |  | 5.1 |  |  |  | 5.7 |
Mexico |  |  | 1.2 |  |  |  | 1.5 |  |  |  | 6.7 |  |  |  | 6.3 |  |  |  | 3.1 |  |  |  | 3.5 |
Nicaragua |  |  | 2.1 |  |  |  | 2.6 |  |  |  | 0.9 |  |  |  | 0.8 |  |  |  | 0.7 |  |  |  | 0.8 |
Panama |  |  | 3.6 |  |  |  | 4.5 |  |  |  | 9.8 |  |  |  | 9.3 |  |  |  | 1.0 |  |  |  | 1.1 |
Paraguay |  |  | 4.8 |  |  |  | 5.9 |  |  |  | 6.4 |  |  |  | 6.0 |  |  |  | 0.9 |  |  |  | 1.0 |
Uruguay |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 2.2 |  |  |  | 2.1 |  |  |  | 0.7 |  |  |  | 0.8 |
Other (1) |  |  | 1.7 |  |  |  | 2.1 |  |  |  | 1.8 |  |  |  | 1.7 |  |  |  | 3.5 |  |  |  | 3.7 |
Total Allowance for ECL on loans at amortized cost |  | $ | 81.3 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 106.0 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 90.0 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %
Allowance for ECL on loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts
Argentina |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 1.0 |  |  |  | 19.2 |
Colombia |  |  | 5.5 |  |  |  | 80.8 |  |  |  | 4.7 |  |  |  | 82.2 |  |  |  | 2.8 |  |  |  | 51.9 |
Ecuador |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |  | 15.4 |  |  |  | 0.8 |  |  |  | 13.2 |  |  |  | 0.8 |  |  |  | 15.4 |
Other (1) |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 2.7 |  |  |  | 0.3 |  |  |  | 4.6 |  |  |  | 0.8 |  |  |  | 13.5 |
Total allowance for ECL on loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts |  | $ | 6.8 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 5.8 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 5.4 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %
Total allowance for ECL
Argentina |  | $ | 5.0 |  |  |  | 5.7 |  |  | $ | 7.3 |  |  |  | 6.5 |  |  | $ | 15.5 |  |  |  | 16.3 |
Brazil |  |  | 42.4 |  |  |  | 48.1 |  |  |  | 49.1 |  |  |  | 44.0 |  |  |  | 11.0 |  |  |  | 11.5 |
Chile |  |  | 0.6 |  |  |  | 0.7 |  |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |  | 1.0 |  |  |  | 0.5 |  |  |  | 0.6 |
Colombia |  |  | 9.1 |  |  |  | 10.3 |  |  |  | 11.4 |  |  |  | 10.2 |  |  |  | 27.5 |  |  |  | 28.9 |
Costa Rica |  |  | 1.7 |  |  |  | 1.9 |  |  |  | 1.7 |  |  |  | 1.5 |  |  |  | 2.9 |  |  |  | 3.0 |
Dominican Republic |  |  | 1.2 |  |  |  | 1.4 |  |  |  | 4.7 |  |  |  | 4.2 |  |  |  | 9.0 |  |  |  | 9.4 |
Ecuador |  |  | 3.8 |  |  |  | 4.3 |  |  |  | 3.1 |  |  |  | 2.8 |  |  |  | 7.7 |  |  |  | 8.1 |

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|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | Total |  |  | % |  |  | Total |  |  | % |  |  | Total |  |  | % |
|  | (in $ millions, except percentages) |
El Salvador |  |  | 1.3 |  |  |  | 1.5 |  |  |  | 2.5 |  |  |  | 2.2 |  |  |  | 3.0 |  |  |  | 3.1 |
Guatemala |  |  | 3.3 |  |  |  | 3.8 |  |  |  | 1.2 |  |  |  | 1.0 |  |  |  | 2.6 |  |  |  | 2.7 |
Honduras |  |  | 6.2 |  |  |  | 7.0 |  |  |  | 1.7 |  |  |  | 1.5 |  |  |  | 5.2 |  |  |  | 5.4 |
Mexico |  |  | 1.2 |  |  |  | 1.4 |  |  |  | 6.7 |  |  |  | 6.0 |  |  |  | 3.3 |  |  |  | 3.4 |
Nicaragua |  |  | 2.1 |  |  |  | 2.4 |  |  |  | 0.9 |  |  |  | 0.8 |  |  |  | 0.7 |  |  |  | 0.8 |
Panama |  |  | 3.7 |  |  |  | 4.2 |  |  |  | 9.9 |  |  |  | 8.9 |  |  |  | 1.4 |  |  |  | 1.5 |
Paraguay |  |  | 4.8 |  |  |  | 5.4 |  |  |  | 6.4 |  |  |  | 5.7 |  |  |  | 0.9 |  |  |  | 0.9 |
Uruguay |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 2.2 |  |  |  | 2.0 |  |  |  | 0.7 |  |  |  | 0.8 |
Other (1) |  |  | 1.7 |  |  |  | 1.9 |  |  |  | 1.9 |  |  |  | 1.7 |  |  |  | 3.5 |  |  |  | 3.7 |
Total Allowance for ECL |  | $ | 88.1 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 111.8 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 95.4 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %

| (1) | Other consists of allowances for ECL allocated to countries in which allowances for ECL outstanding did not exceed $1 million for any of the periods.

The following table sets forth information regarding the Bank’s allowance for ECL on loans at amortized cost, and loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts, by type of borrower as of the dates indicated:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | Total |  |  | % |  |  | Total |  |  | % |  |  | Total |  |  | % |
|  | (in $ millions, except percentages) |
Private sector commercial banks and Financial Institutions |  | $ | 17.2 |  |  |  | 19.6 |  |  | $ | 11.3 |  |  |  | 10.1 |  |  | $ | 16.5 |  |  |  | 17.3 |
State-owned commercial banks |  |  | 3.6 |  |  |  | 4.1 |  |  |  | 6.7 |  |  |  | 6.0 |  |  |  | 13.6 |  |  |  | 14.2 |
Central banks |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 0.7 |  |  |  | 0.6 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |
State-owned organization |  |  | 4.3 |  |  |  | 4.9 |  |  |  | 3.9 |  |  |  | 3.5 |  |  |  | 10.7 |  |  |  | 11.2 |
Private middle - market companies |  |  | 22.2 |  |  |  | 25.1 |  |  |  | 17.8 |  |  |  | 15.9 |  |  |  | 5.0 |  |  |  | 5.3 |
Private corporations |  |  | 40.8 |  |  |  | 46.3 |  |  |  | 71.4 |  |  |  | 63.9 |  |  |  | 49.6 |  |  |  | 52.0 |
Total |  | $ | 88.1 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | $ | 111.8 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | $ | 95.4 |  |  |  | 100.0 |

Critical Accounting Policies

General

The Bank prepares its Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with IFRS as issued by the IASB and Interpretations issued by the IFRIC. For years up to and including the year ended December 31, 2014, the Bank prepared its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the basis of fair value for financial assets and liabilities through profit or loss, derivative financial instruments, investments and other financial assets at FVOCI. The carrying values of recognized assets and liabilities that are designated as hedged items in fair value hedges, that would otherwise be carried at amortized cost are adjusted to record changes in the fair values attributable to the risks that are being hedged in effective hedge relationships. Other financial assets and liabilities and other non-financial assets and liabilities are presented at amortized cost or on a historical cost basis.

The preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements requires management to make estimates and use assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the year. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant changes relate to the determination of the allowances for ECL, impairment of securities, and the fair value of financial instruments. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Management believes these estimates are adequate.

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For information regarding the Bank’s basis of preparation, significant accounting policies and future changes in applicable accounting policies, see Item 18, “Financial Statements,” notes 2, 3 and 3.23, respectively. Additionally, for information regarding the Bank’s discussion on principal policies on impairment of financial assets and the allowance for ECL, see Item 5, “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects–Operating Results–Asset Quality” and “–Allowance for ECL,” and for the Bank’s fair value of financial instruments, see Item 18, “Financial Statements,” note 18.

B. Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity

Liquidity refers to the Bank’s ability to maintain adequate cash flows to fund operations and meet obligations and other commitments on a timely basis.

As established by the Bank’s liquidity policy, the Bank’s liquid assets are held in overnight deposits with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York or in the form of interbank deposits with reputable international banks that have A1, P1 or F1 ratings from two of the major internationally recognized rating agencies and are primarily located outside of the Region. In addition, the Bank’s liquidity policy allows for investing in negotiable money market instruments, including Euro certificates of deposit, commercial paper, and other liquid instruments with maturities of up to three years. These instruments must be of investment grade quality A or better, must have a liquid secondary market and be considered as such according to Basel III rules.

The Bank performs daily reviews, controls and periodic stress tests on its liquidity position, including the application of a series of limits to restrict its overall liquidity risk and to monitor the liquidity level according to the macroeconomic environment. The Bank determines the level of liquid assets to be held on a daily basis, adopting an LCR methodology referencing the Basel Committee guidelines. Although the Bank is not yet required to maintain LCR as established by the Superintendency, the Bank is closely monitoring the compliance of the regulatory LCR calculation as determined by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and adjusted by the Superintendency prior to the imposing mandatory compliance expected in July 2018. The Bank also monitors the stability of its funding base in alignment with the principles established by Basel’s Net Stable Funding Ratio.

In addition, the Bank monitors cumulative maturity “gaps” between assets and liabilities, for each maturity classification presented in the Bank’s internal liquidity reports and maintains limits for concentrations of deposits taken from any client or economic group and total maximum deposits maturing in one day.

The Bank maintains a Contingent Liquidity Plan. The plan contemplates the regular monitoring of several quantified internal and external reference benchmarks (such as deposit level, Emerging Markets Bonds Index Plus, LIBOR-OIS spread and market interest rates), which in cases of high volatility would trigger implementation of a series of precautionary measures to reinforce the Bank’s liquidity position. In the Bank’s opinion, its liquidity position is adequate for the Bank’s present requirements.

| 63 |

The following table shows the Bank’s liquid assets, by principal geographic area as of December 31 of each year:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | (in $ millions) |
United States of America |  | $ | 612 |  |  | $ | 591 |  |  | $ | 1,215 |
Other O.E.C.D. |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 409 |  |  |  | 11 |
Multilateral |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 40 |
Latin America |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 1 |
Total |  | $ | 619 |  |  | $ | 1,008 |  |  | $ | 1,267 |

As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Bank’s 24-hour deposits from customers (demand deposit accounts and call deposits) amounted to $478 million, and $227 million, respectively; representing 16% and 8% of the Bank’s total deposits, for each year reported. The liquidity requirement resulting from these maturities is satisfied by the Bank’s liquid assets, which as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 were $619 million and $1,008 million, respectively (representing 21% and 36% of total deposits, respectively) of which $609 million, or 98%, and $591 million, or 59%, respectively, were deposited at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The remaining liquid assets consisted of short-term funds deposited with other banks.

While the Bank’s liabilities generally mature over somewhat shorter periods than its assets, the associated liquidity risk is diminished by the short-term nature of the Loan Portfolio, as the Bank is engaged primarily in the financing of foreign trade. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Bank’s short-term loan and Investment Securities Portfolio (maturing within one year based on original contractual term) totaled $3,746 million and $3,577 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, it had an average original term to maturity of 203 and 184 days, respectively, and an average remaining term to maturity of 112 and 89 days, respectively.

Medium-term assets (loans and investment securities maturing beyond one year based on original contractual term) totaled $1,872 million and $2,552 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Of that amount, $86 million and $105 million corresponded to the Bank’s investment securities as of December 31, 2017 and 2016. The remaining $1,786 million and $2,447 million in medium-term assets corresponded to the Bank’s Loan Portfolio as of December 31, 2017 and 2016. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the medium-term assets had an average original term to maturity of four years, and three years and nine months, respectively; and an average remaining term to maturity of one year and nine months (655 days), and one year and seven months (588 days), respectively.

Credit Ratings

The cost and availability of financing for the Bank are influenced by its credit ratings, among other factors. The credit ratings of the Bank as of December 31, 2017, were as follows:

|  |  | Fitch |  |  |  | Moody’s |  |  |  | S&P |
Short-Term |  |  | F2 |  |  |  | P-2 |  |  |  | A-2 |
Long-Term |  |  | BBB+ |  |  |  | Baa2 |  |  |  | BBB |
Rating Outlook |  |  | Stable |  |  |  | Negative |  |  |  | Stable |

Credit Rating from Fitch Ratings Ltd. (“Fitch”)

On July 19, 2017, Fitch confirmed the Bank’s Issuer Default Rating (“IDR”), at “BBB+”, which had been upgraded on July 31, 2012, with a stable outlook.

Credit Rating from Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (“Moody’s”)

The Bank’s credit ratings from Moody’s, have been unchanged since December 19, 2007, with the most recent affirmation of the Bank’s credit ratings on November 9, 2017, with a revised outlook of negative from stable issued by Moody’s.

| 64 |

Credit Rating from Standard & Poor’s Global Ratings (“S&P”)

The credit ratings from S&P have been unchanged since May 13, 2008, with the Bank’s credit ratings last confirmed on April 5, 2018, with a stable outlook.

Critical factors supporting the Bank’s investment-grade credit ratings mainly include its resilient financial performance, prudent risk management, its historically solid asset quality, stable funding structure and strong tier one capitalization. Although the Bank closely monitors and manages factors influencing its credit ratings, there is no assurance that such ratings will not be lowered in the future.

Funding Sources

The Bank’s principal sources of funds are deposits and, to a lesser extent borrowed funds and floating and fixed rate placements of securities. While these sources are expected to continue providing the majority of the funds required by the Bank in the future, the exact composition of the Bank’s funding sources, as well as the possible use of other sources of funds, will depend on economic and market conditions. The following table shows the Bank’s funding distribution as of the dates indicated:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | (in percentages) |
Deposits |  |  | 57.0 | % |  |  | 46.3 | % |  |  | 38.7 | %
Securities sold under repurchase agreements |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 1.6 |
Short-term borrowings and debt |  |  | 20.9 |  |  |  | 24.3 |  |  |  | 33.6 |
Long-term borrowings and debt, net |  |  | 22.1 |  |  |  | 29.4 |  |  |  | 26.1 |
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | %

The Bank has issued debt in the public markets of Mexico and Japan. The Bank has also placed private issuances of debt in the United States and in different markets of Asia, Europe and Latin America.

Deposits

The Bank obtains deposits principally from central and commercial banks primarily located in the Region. As of December 31, 2017, 70% of the deposits held by the Bank were deposits made by central and state owned banks in the Region, and 14% of the Bank’s deposits represented deposits from private sector commercial banks and financial institutions. The average term remaining to maturity of deposits from the Region’s central and state owned banks as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, was 83 days, 72 days and 63 days, respectively. As of December 31, 2017, deposits from the Bank’s five largest depositors, all of which were central and state-owned banks in the Region, represented 44% of the Bank’s total deposits, compared to 57% as of December 31, 2016. See Item 18, “Financial Statements,” note 10.

The following table analyzes the Bank’s deposits by country as of the dates indicated below:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | (in $ millions) |
Argentina |  | $ | 142 |  |  | $ | 135 |  |  | $ | 70 |
Barbados |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 17 |
Bermuda |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 6 |
Bolivia |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |
Brazil |  |  | 384 |  |  |  | 151 |  |  |  | 457 |
Cayman Island |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | 7 |
Colombia |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 9 |
Costa Rica |  |  | 138 |  |  |  | 130 |  |  |  | 116 |
Dominican Republic |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 72 |  |  |  | 51 |
Ecuador |  |  | 217 |  |  |  | 804 |  |  |  | 213 |
El Salvador |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 22 |

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|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  |  |  |  | (in $ millions) |  |  |  |
France |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Germany |  |  | 77 |  |  |  | 77 |  |  |  | 77 |
Guatemala |  |  | 71 |  |  |  | 71 |  |  |  | 50 |
Haiti |  |  | 60 |  |  |  | 70 |  |  |  | 50 |
Honduras |  |  | 176 |  |  |  | 153 |  |  |  | 157 |
Jamaica |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1 |
Mexico |  |  | 300 |  |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 101 |
Multilateral |  |  | 101 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 18 |
Netherlands |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 15 |
Nicaragua |  |  | 268 |  |  |  | 98 |  |  |  | 90 |
Panama |  |  | 437 |  |  |  | 404 |  |  |  | 435 |
Paraguay |  |  | 337 |  |  |  | 400 |  |  |  | 433 |
Peru |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 142 |
Switzerland |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 0 |
Trinidad and Tobago |  |  | 70 |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 19 |
United Kingdom |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |
United States of America |  |  | 33 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 64 |
Venezuela |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 47 |  |  |  | 173 |
Total |  | $ | 2,929 |  |  | $ | 2,803 |  |  | $ | 2,795 |

Short-Term Borrowings and Debt, and Repos

The Bank from time to time enters into financing transaction under repurchase agreements (“Repos”) with international banks, utilizing its Investment Securities Portfolio as collateral to secure cost-effective funding. Repos are reported as secured financings in the financial statements. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Bank did not have outstanding Repos, compared to Repos of $114.1 million as of December 31, 2015. See Item 18, “Financial Statements,” note 11.

Short- and long-term borrowings and debt provide a global diversification of the Bank’s funding sources. The Bank uses these borrowings and debt placements, which generally have longer maturities than deposits, to manage its asset and liability positions.

The Bank’s short-term borrowings and debt consist of borrowings from banks and debt instruments from notes issued under the Bank’s Euro Medium-Term Note Program that have maturities of up to 365 days.

Short-term borrowings are made available to the Bank on an uncommitted basis for the financing of trade-related loans as well as for general business purposes. The Bank’s short- and medium-term borrowings mainly come from international correspondent banks from the United States, Japan, Canada and Europe.

As of December 31, 2017, short-term borrowings and debt totaled $1,073 million, a 27% decrease compared to $1,470 million as of December 31, 2016, as the Bank continued to rely primarily on deposits to cover its short-term funding needs, while continuing to increase the short-term composition of its overall funding sources in alignment with the Bank’s lending book also moving towards shorter tenors. The average term remaining to maturity of short-term borrowings and debt as of December 31, 2017 was 137 days. See Item 18, “Financial Statements,” notes 12.1 and 18.

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The following table presents information regarding the amounts outstanding under, and interest rates on, the Bank’s short-term borrowings and Repos at the dates and during the periods indicated.

|  | As of and for the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | (in $ millions, except percentages) |
Short-term borrowings, debt and Repos |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Advances from banks and financial institutions |  | $ | 1,073 |  |  | $ | 1,470 |  |  | $ | 2,430 |
Securities sold under repurchase agreements |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 114 |
Total short-term borrowings, debt and Repos |  | $ | 1,073 |  |  | $ | 1,470 |  |  | $ | 2,544 |
Maximum amount outstanding at any month-end |  | $ | 1,073 |  |  | $ | 1,984 |  |  | $ | 3,152 |
Amount outstanding at year-end |  | $ | 1,073 |  |  | $ | 1,470 |  |  | $ | 2,544 |
Average amount outstanding |  | $ | 710 |  |  | $ | 1,449 |  |  | $ | 2,484 |
Weighted average interest rate on average amount outstanding |  |  | 1.66 | % |  |  | 1.12 | % |  |  | 0.91 | %
Weighted average interest rate on amount outstanding at year end |  |  | 2.16 | % |  |  | 1.11 | % |  |  | 0.89 | %

Long-term borrowings and debt

Long-term borrowings consist of long-term bilateral and syndicated loans obtained from international banks. Debt instruments consist of private issuances under the Bank’s Euro Medium-Term Note Program, as well as public issuances in the United States of America, Japan and Mexico.

Interest rates on most long-term borrowings and issuances are adjusted monthly, quarterly or semi-annually based on short-term LIBOR rates plus a credit spread. The credit spread is defined according to several factors, including credit ratings, risk perception, and the original contractual term to maturity. The Bank uses these funds primarily to finance its medium-term and long-term Loan Portfolio, as well as to further enhance the stability of its overall funding base. As of December 31, 2017, gross long-term borrowings and debt decreased 36% to $1,143 million, from $1,782 million as of December 31, 2016, as the Bank’s Loan Portfolio moved towards shorter tenors and the Bank sought to align its funding sources with this development. As of December 31, 2017, the average term remaining to maturity of the Bank’s medium and long-term borrowing and debt was two years and two months (808 days).

The following table presents information regarding the gross amounts outstanding under, and interest rates on, the Bank’s long-term borrowings and debt at the dates and during the periods indicated. See Item 18, “Financial Statements,” notes 12.2 and 18, and Item 11, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk.”

|  | As of and for the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | (in $ millions, except percentages) |
Long-term borrowings and debt (*) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount outstanding at year-end |  | $ | 1,143 |  |  | $ | 1,782 |  |  | $ | 1,889 |
Maximum amount outstanding at any month-end |  | $ | 2,010 |  |  | $ | 2,054 |  |  | $ | 1,889 |
Net average amount outstanding |  | $ | 1,478 |  |  | $ | 1,881 |  |  | $ | 1,589 |
Weighted average interest rate on average amount outstanding |  |  | 3.43 | % |  |  | 2.84 | % |  |  | 2.65 | %
Weighted average interest rate on amount outstanding at year end |  |  | 3.60 | % |  |  | 2.98 | % |  |  | 2.62 | %

| (*) | Gross of prepaid commissions of $4.2 million, $5.1 million and $7.0 million as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Global syndicated loans provide a vehicle to access new sources of financing. The last syndicated loan closed in March 2017 for $193 million, with focus on Asia, and was broadly oversubscribed. The maturity of the syndicated loan was extended up to four years. The lenders on the syndicated loan were a mix of the Bank’s existing lenders and new lenders from Japan, Taiwan, Korea and the U.S.

In February 2016, the Bank increased the amount and extended the maturity of its global syndicated loan previously launched in 2014. In April 2016, the Bank launched its third public issuance in Mexico in the amount of MXN1.5 billion (one and a half billion Mexican Pesos), and in June 2016, the Bank issued its first bond in the Tokyo Pro-bond market for the amount of JPY8 billion (eight billion Japanese Yen).

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On September 2, 2015, the Bank announced the successful closing of a $175 million three-year syndicated loan. The facility consisted of two tranches: a two-year extension of Bladex’s $103 million syndicated loan previously arranged in 2013 and a $72 million three-year tranche of funding provided by new lenders. Banks from Japan, Taiwan and China participated in the transaction as arrangers and lead arrangers as well, further enhancing the Bank’s presence in Asian markets.

Some borrowing agreements include various events of default and covenants related to minimum capital adequacy ratios, incurrence of additional liens, and asset sales, as well as other customary covenants, representations and warranties. As of December 31, 2017, the Bank was in compliance with all covenants.

Debt Capital Markets

Program in Mexico

In 2012, the Bank established a short- and long-term notes program (“Mexico Program”) in the Mexican local market, registered with “Mexican National Registry of Securities” (Registro Nacional de Valores) maintained by the “National Banking and Securities Commission” (Comisión Nacional Bancaria y de Valores), for an authorized aggregate principal amount of 10 billion Mexican Pesos or its equivalent in “Investment Unit” (Unidades de Inversión), U.S. dollars or Euros and with maturities from one day to 30 years. As of December 31, 2017, the total amount outstanding under this program comprised of two issuances of “certificados bursátiles” in the Mexican capital markets: Bladex14 in the principal amount of MXN2.0 billion (two billion Mexican Pesos) issued in July 2014 and matured in January 2018, and Bladex16 in the principal amount of MXN1.5 billion (one and a half billion Mexican Pesos) issued in April 2016 and due in April 2019.

Euro Medium Term Note Program

The Bank has established a Euro Medium-Term Note Program, which is primarily targeted at non-bank institutional investors and includes multiple placements with short-, medium-, and long-term tenors.

During 2017, the Bank issued $59 million in new private placements; and as of December 31, 2017, private issuances through its Euro Medium-Term Note Program amounted to $142 million, placed in Asia, Europe and Latin America. In addition, the Bank has one outstanding bond issued pursuant to Rule 144A/Regulation S, in a total principal amount of $350 million as of December 31, 2017, and due in May 2020.

Tokyo Pro-Bond Program

In October 2015, the Euro Medium-Term Note Program was listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange under the Tokyo Pro-Bond Market. This market offers the possibility of flexible and timely issuances of bonds to a broad base of Japanese investors. The Bank was successful at placing its first public issuance listed on this market on June 9, 2016 in a principal amount of JPY8 billion (eight billion Japanese Yen), maturing on June 10, 2019.

Cost and Maturity Profile of Borrowed Funds and Floating-Rate and Fixed-Rate Placements

The following table sets forth certain information regarding the weighted average cost and the remaining maturities of the Bank’s gross borrowed funds and floating and fixed-rate placements as of December 31, 2017:

|  | Amount (*) |  |  | Weighted Average Cost |
|  | (in $ millions, except percentage) |
Short-term borrowings at fixed interest rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Due in 0 to 30 days |  | $ | 248 |  |  |  | 1.82 | %
Due in 31 to 90 days |  |  | 106 |  |  |  | 2.21 | %
Due in 91 to 180 days |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.00 | %
Due in 181 to 365 days |  |  | 75 |  |  |  | 1.95 | %
Total |  | $ | 429 |  |  |  | 1.94 | %

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|  | Amount (*) |  |  | Weighted Average Cost |
|  | (in $ millions, except percentage) |
Short-term borrowings at floating interest rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Due in 0 to 30 days |  | $ | 8 |  |  |  | 7.85 | %
Due in 31 to 90 days |  |  | 285 |  |  |  | 2.09 | %
Due in 91 to 180 days |  |  | 138 |  |  |  | 1.90 | %
Due in 181 to 365 days |  |  | 202 |  |  |  | 1.88 | %
Total |  | $ | 633 |  |  |  | 2.05 | %
Short-term fixed-rate placements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Due in 0 to 30 days |  | $ | 11 |  |  |  | 0.74 | %
Total |  | $ | 11 |  |  |  | 0.74 | %
Medium and long-term borrowings at fixed interest rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Due in 0 to 30 days |  | $ | 1 |  |  |  | 6.19 | %
Due in 31 to 90 days |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 6.15 | %
Due in 91 to 180 days |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 6.24 | %
Due in 181 to 365 days |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 6.21 | %
Due in 1 through 6 years |  |  | 33 |  |  |  | 4.85 | %
Total |  | $ | 44 |  |  |  | 5.18 | %
Medium and long-term borrowings at floating interest rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Due in 1 through 6 years |  | $ | 379 |  |  |  | 2.82 | %
Total |  | $ | 379 |  |  |  | 2.82 | %
Medium and long-term fixed-rate placements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Due in 31 to 90 days |  | $ | 17 |  |  |  | 0.81 | %
Due in 91 to 180 days |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.00 | %
Due in 181 to 365 days |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 0.50 | %
Due in 1 through 6 years |  |  | 506 |  |  |  | 2.94 | %
Total |  | $ | 532 |  |  |  | 2.83 | %
Medium and long-term floating-rate placements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Due in 0 to 30 days |  | $ | 102 |  |  |  | 7.97 | %
Due in 31 to 90 days |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.00 | %
Due in 91 to 180 days |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.00 | %
Due in 181 to 365 days |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.00 | %
Due in 1 through 6 years |  |  | 86 |  |  |  | 7.46 | %
Total |  | $ | 188 |  |  |  | 7.74 | %
Grand Total |  | $ | 2,216 |  |  |  | 2.89 | %

(*) Gross of prepaid commissions of $4.2 million as of December 31, 2017.

Cash flows

Management believes that cash flows from operations, including the Bank’s adequate reserve coverage levels, and its ability to generate cash through its financing activities (such as short- and long-term borrowings and debt) are sufficient to fund its investing activities and core lending activities, as well as the Bank’s operating liquidity needs.

The following discussion highlights the major activities and transactions that affected the Bank’s cash flows during 2017, 2016 and 2015.

Cash flows from operating activities

The Bank’s operating activities mainly include cash generated by profit for the year, adjustments to reconcile profit for the year to net cash provided by or used in operating activities, net changes in operating assets, which predominantly include loans originated by the Bank, and net changes in operating liabilities, primarily from raising deposits from central banks as well as state-owned and private banks and corporations in the Region.

For the year ended December 31, 2017, net cash provided by operating activities was $691 million, mainly attributable to a net decrease of $479 million in loans at amortized cost, along with a $126 million net increase due to depositors and the $82 million of profit for the year.

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For the year ended December 31, 2016, net cash provided by operating activities was $829 million, mainly attributable to a net decrease of $650 million in loans at amortized cost, along with an overall net increase of $161 million in operating liabilities and the $87 million of profit for the year.

For the year ended December 31, 2015, net cash provided by operating activities was $419 million, resulting primarily from the net increase of $446 million in operating liabilities, along with the profit for the year of $104 million, partially offset by $125 million adjustments to reconcile profit for the year to net cash provided by operating activities.

Cash flows from investing activities

The Bank’s investing activities include the portfolio of financial instruments at FVOCI and at amortized cost, as well as the cash used on acquisition or proceeds from disposal of equipment and leasehold improvements, and intangible assets, respectively. Investing activities can vary significantly in the normal course of business due to the amount and timing of cash flows, which are affected by client-driven activities and demand, market conditions, and business strategies.

For the year ended December 31, 2017, net cash provided by investing activities was $11 million, primarily from $9 million in net proceeds from sales and purchases of financial instruments at FVOCI, and $8 million net proceeds from maturities and purchases of financial instruments at amortized cost, partially offset by the $6 million used in acquisitions of equipment and leasehold improvements, and intangible assets.

For the year ended December 31, 2016, net cash provided by investing activities was $149 million, primarily from $210 million in proceeds from the sale and redemptions of financial instruments at FVOCI, and $55 million in proceeds from the maturity of financial instruments at amortized cost, partially offset by purchases of $84 million, and $25 million, of financial instruments at FVOCI and at amortized cost, respectively.

For the year ended December 31, 2015, net cash provided by investing activities was $130 million, mainly from $269 million in cash received from the sale and redemptions of financial instruments at FVOCI, and $45 million in proceeds received from the maturity of financial instruments at amortized cost, partially offset by purchases of $87 million, and $97 million, of financial instruments at FVOCI and at amortized cost, respectively.

Cash flows from financing activities

The Bank’s financing activities primarily reflect cash flows related to raising funds from short-term borrowings and debt from international correspondent banks, and proceeds from, and repayments of, long-term borrowings and debt through bilateral or syndicated borrowing facilities, as well as issuances in the capital markets.

For the year ended December 31, 2017, net cash of $1,091 million was used in financing activities, mostly the result of the $638 million in net cash flow from the repayments of and proceeds from long-term borrowings and debt, a $397 million net decrease in short-term borrowings and debt, and the $61 million paid as cash dividends.

For the year ended December 31, 2016, net cash of $1,238 million was used in financing activities, mostly the result of a $1,074 million net decrease in short-term borrowings and debt and Repos, the $105 million net cash flow that resulted from the repayments of and proceeds from long-term borrowings and debt, and the $60 million paid as cash dividends.

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For the year ended December 31, 2015, net cash of $24 million was used in financing activities, which was primarily the result of net repayments of $463 million in long-term borrowings and debt, a net decrease of $449 million in short-term borrowing and debt and Repos, and $60 million paid as cash dividends, partially offset by a net cash increase of $946 million on proceeds from long-term borrowings and debt.

Asset/Liability Management

The Bank seeks to manage its assets and liabilities to reduce the potential adverse impact on net interest income that could result from interest rate changes. The Bank controls interest rate risk through systematic monitoring of maturities and repricing mismatches. The Bank’s investment decision-making takes into account not only the rates of return and the respective underlying degrees of risk, but also liquidity requirements, including minimum cash reserves, withdrawal and maturity of deposits and additional demand for funds. For any given period, a matched pricing structure exists when an equal amount of assets and liabilities are repriced. An excess of assets or liabilities over these matched items results in a “gap” or “mismatch,” as shown in the table under “Interest Rate Sensitivity” below. A negative gap denotes liability sensitivity and normally means that a decline in interest rates would have a positive effect on net interest income, while an increase in interest rates would have a negative effect on net interest income.

Interest Rate Sensitivity

The Bank uses interest rate swaps as part of its interest rate risk management. Interest rate swaps are contracted either in a single currency or cross-currency for a prescribed period in order to exchange a series of interest payment flows and hedge the risk associated with a portion of the notes issued under its various programs and the funds borrowed through bilateral loans and syndications.

The following table presents the projected maturities and interest rate adjustment periods of the Bank’s total assets, liabilities and stockholders’ equity based upon the contractual maturities and rate-adjustment (repricing) dates as of December 31, 2017. The Bank’s interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and the related interest rate sensitivity gap shown in the following table may not reflect positions in subsequent periods.

|  | Total |  |  | 0-30 Days |  |  | 31-90 Days |  |  | 91-180 Days |  |  | 181-365 Days |  |  | More than 365 Days |  |  | Non-Interest Sensitive / without maturity |
|  | (in $ millions, except percentages) |
Interest-earning assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash, due from banks & interest-bearing deposits with banks |  | $ | 672 |  |  | $ | 672 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |
Financial instruments at FVOCI |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 0 |
Securities at amortized cost |  |  | 69 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 61 |  |  |  | 0 |
Loans at amortized cost |  |  | 5,506 |  |  |  | 1,762 |  |  |  | 2,310 |  |  |  | 953 |  |  |  | 301 |  |  |  | 180 |  |  |  | 0 |
Total interest-earning assets |  |  | 6,272 |  |  |  | 2,442 |  |  |  | 2,321 |  |  |  | 956 |  |  |  | 308 |  |  |  | 245 |  |  |  | 0 |
Non-interest earning assets, allowance for ECL and other asset |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | (4 | )
Total assets |  |  | 6,268 |  |  |  | 2,442 |  |  |  | 2,321 |  |  |  | 956 |  |  |  | 308 |  |  |  | 245 |  |  |  | (4 | )
Interest-bearing liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  |  | 2,929 |  |  |  | 1,881 |  |  |  | 444 |  |  |  | 305 |  |  |  | 197 |  |  |  | 102 |  |  |  | 0 |
Borrowings and debt (1) |  |  | 2,216 |  |  |  | 778 |  |  |  | 892 |  |  |  | 140 |  |  |  | 283 |  |  |  | 123 |  |  |  | 0 |
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  |  | 5,145 |  |  |  | 2,659 |  |  |  | 1,336 |  |  |  | 445 |  |  |  | 480 |  |  |  | 225 |  |  |  | 0 |
Non-interest-bearing liabilities |  |  | 80 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 80 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 5,225 |  |  |  | 2,659 |  |  |  | 1,336 |  |  |  | 445 |  |  |  | 480 |  |  |  | 225 |  |  |  | 80 |
Total Stockholders’ equity |  |  | 1,043 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1,043 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  |  | 6,268 |  |  |  | 2,659 |  |  |  | 1,336 |  |  |  | 445 |  |  |  | 480 |  |  |  | 225 |  |  |  | 1,123 |
Interest rate sensitivity gap |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | (217 | ) |  |  | 985 |  |  |  | 511 |  |  |  | (172 | ) |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | (1,127 | )
Cumulative interest rate sensitivity gap |  |  |  |  |  |  | (217 | ) |  |  | 768 |  |  |  | 1,279 |  |  |  | 1,107 |  |  |  | 1,127 |  |  |  | 0 |
Cumulative gap as a % of total interest-earning assets |  |  |  |  |  |  | -3 | % |  |  | 12 | % |  |  | 20 | % |  |  | 18 | % |  |  | 18 | % |  |  | 0 | %

| (1) | Gross of prepaid commissions of $4.2 million as of December 31, 2017.

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The Bank’s interest rate risk is the exposure of earnings (current and potential) and capital to changes in interest rates. Due to the fact that the significant majority of the Bank’s assets and liabilities are either short-term or have short-term US-LIBOR based repricing schedules, the Bank has a relatively low exposure to interest rate volatility, with most interest rate sensitivity being short-term in nature (up to six months). Through an active interest rate management strategy, the Bank has aligned this moderate exposure to profit from an increase in short-term LIBOR rates. The Bank’s policy with respect to interest rate risk provides that the Bank establishes limits with regards to: (1) changes in net interest income due to a potential impact, given certain movements in interest rates and (2) changes in the amount of available equity funds of the Bank, given a one basis point movement in interest rates.

See Item 11, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk.”

Stockholders’ Equity

The following table presents information regarding the Bank’s capital position at the dates indicated:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | (in $ thousands) |
Common stock |  | $ | 279,980 |  |  | $ | 279,980 |  |  | $ | 279,980 |
Treasury stock |  |  | (63,248 | ) |  |  | (69,176 | ) |  |  | (73,397 | )
Additional paid-in capital in excess of assigned value of common stock |  |  | 119,941 |  |  |  | 120,594 |  |  |  | 120,177 |
Capital reserves |  |  | 95,210 |  |  |  | 95,210 |  |  |  | 95,210 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 608,966 |  |  |  | 587,507 |  |  |  | 560,642 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | 1,963 |  |  |  | (2,801 | ) |  |  | (10,681 | )
Total stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 1,042,812 |  |  | $ | 1,011,314 |  |  | $ | 971,931 |

As of December 31, 2017, total stockholders’ equity amounted to $1,043 million, compared to $1,011 million as of December 31, 2016 and compared to $972 million as of December 31, 2015. The Bank’ equity consists of issued and fully paid ordinary common stock and retained earnings.

Total stockholders’ equity increased $32 million during the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily due to (i) a $21 million increase in retained earnings mostly from $82 million profit for the year ended December 31, 2017, which was partially offset by the $61 million cash dividend declared in 2017, and (ii) a $5 million positive variation in accumulated other comprehensive income mostly resulting from reclassification adjustments for losses on derivative financial instruments, and exchange difference in conversion of foreign operating currency.

During 2016, total stockholders’ equity increased by $39 million compared to 2015. This increase was primarily due to a $27 million increase in retained earnings as a result of an $87 million profit for the year ended December 31, 2016, which was partially offset by a $60 million cash dividend declared in 2016, and (ii) an $8 million decrease in accumulated other comprehensive loss attributable to net unrealized gain arising from improved mark-to-market conditions in 2016, and reclassification adjustments for losses on the sale of financial instruments at FVOCI.

Capital reserves are established as an appropriation of retained earnings and, as such, are a form of retained earnings. Capital reserves are intended to strengthen the Bank’s capital position. Reductions of these reserves, for purposes such as the payment of dividends, require the approval of the Board and Panamanian banking authorities.

As of December 31, 2017, the capital ratio of total stockholders’ equity to total assets was 16.6%, and the Bank’s Tier 1 capital ratio calculated according to Basel III capital adequacy guidelines was 21.1%, compared to 14.1% and 17.9%, respectively, as of December 31, 2016. The 2017 leverage ratio was 6.0x compared to 7.1x in 2016.

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As of December 31, 2017, the Bank’s total capital to risk-weighted asset ratio, calculated according to the guidelines of the Banking Law, was 18.7%, compared to 16.6% as of December 31, 2016.

See Item 4, “Information on the Company—Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation,” and Item 18, “Financial Statements,” notes 14, 15, 16, 19 and 27.4.

C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.

Not applicable.

D. Trend Information

The following are the most important trends, uncertainties and events that the Bank’s management believes are likely to materially affect the Bank or that could cause the financial information disclosed herein not to be indicative of the Bank’s future operating results or financial condition:

| · | The Bank’s results may be affected by changes in global economic conditions, including the prices of oil and other commodities, uncertainties regarding U.S. policies affecting the dollar exchange rate, liquidity access, interest rates, slower economic growth in developed countries and trading partners, and the effect that these changes may have on the economic condition of countries in the Region, including the Region’s foreign trade growth, and, therefore, the growth of the Bank’s trade financing business;

| · | The Region may be impacted by weaker currencies against the U.S. dollar given concerns about continual rate increases. Any U.S. monetary tightening, in conjunction with rising inflation, could prompt many of the Region’s central banks to tighten monetary policy. The resulting increased interest rates would lead to weaker asset quality because borrowers’ repayment capacity might be reduced, which could likely lead to an increase in non-performing loans;

| · | In Mexico, uncertainty surrounding NAFTA and the July 1, 2018 elections may affect the Bank’s business. There is a significant possibility that NAFTA renegotiations may stop and/or the U.S. may withdraw from negotiations or from NAFTA itself. Any such event could impact investor confidence, as well as levels of investment and consumption, both in Mexico and throughout the Region. The Bank is unsure how its business and the Region will be impacted by these events;

| · | Diverging monetary stimulus policies in certain important global economies, most importantly any policy shift that may disrupt trade, remittances, or foreign restrictions derived from the U.S. administration’s policy agenda, could result in greater disparity of global interest rates, leading to possible changes in global capital flows. As a result, capital flows to the Region could be significantly curtailed. A slowdown in capital flows could potentially destabilize exchange rates and the financing of current account balances, which may cause inflationary pressures and tighter monetary policies. A resulting economic slowdown or related political events in the Region could have an adverse effect on the growth prospects in the Region, and on the Bank’s asset quality and operations;

| · | Changes of risk perception in the markets in which the Bank operates could lead to increased or decreased competition, and impact the availability of U.S. dollar liquidity, which could affect spreads over the cost of funds on the Bank’s Loan Portfolio and, consequently, impact the Bank’s net interest spreads.

| · | A prolonged downturn in global debt capital markets stemming from credit risk aversions, anti-money laundering, or other economic or political concerns pertaining to the Region, or a continued downturn in investor confidence, could affect the Bank’s access to cross border funding or increase its cost of funding. Furthermore, de-risking by global banks may reduce lender access to cross border payment processing, and to lower fund inflows into the Region.

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Year 2017

The Bank’s profit for the year 2017 totaled $82.0 million, compared to $87.0 million in 2016. The $5.0 million, or 6%, decrease was mostly attributable to: (i) lower net interest income from reduced average loan balances and narrower lending spreads, as the Bank mitigated risk and diversified its portfolio mix, as well as shortened its average lending tenor, and (ii) non-recurring personnel-change related expenses, resulting in $3.2 million in charges for 2017, both of which were mostly offset by the positive effects of: (i) improved credit quality reflected in lower impairment loss from ECL, (ii) strong annual growth in fee income from its letters of credit business and structuring / syndication activity, (iii) the absence of non-core trading losses, as the Bank completely divested from its participation in investment funds during 2016, and (iv) a decrease in its recurring base of operating expenses (excluding personnel-change related expenses), reflecting the Bank’s focus on increasing efficiency through technology, processes and structural improvements.

For the year ended December 31, 2017, the Bank’s net interest income and margin reached $119.8 million, and 1.85%, respectively, compared to $155.2 million, and 2.08%, respectively, during the year ended December 31, 2016. The decreases in net interest income and margin were mostly impacted by: (i) lower average loan volumes, as the Bank improved its portfolio risk profile by reducing unwanted exposures to certain countries, industries and clients, along with an increasing focus on short-term lending, and (ii) tighter lending spreads from shortened average tenors combined with pricing pressures from increased levels of USD liquidity, while the Bank prioritized adequate risk-return pricing over volume growth. These effects were partially offset by (i) upward repricing on LIBOR-based market rates, which impacted both the earning-assets side and the financial liabilities side due to the Bank’s short-tenor interest rate gap structure, and (ii) lower spreads on its funding, as the Bank continued to benefit from the flight to quality trend among global funding sources, given the negative credit cycle in the Region.

Fees and commissions amounted to $17.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to $14.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The $3.2 million, or 22%, increase was primarily driven by the upward trend in fee generation from the Bank’s structuring and syndication activities, with seven transactions resulting in fees of $6.6 million having closed in 2017, and strong annual growth of $3.0 million in fee income from the Bank’s letters of credit business, due to a more diversified letter of credit client base, and the Bank’s focus on deepening the its participation in the trade value chain.

Return on average equity (“ROAE”) reached 8.0% for 2017, compared to 8.8% for the year 2016, as a result of lower profits for 2017 and an increased capitalization level, with a Tier 1 Basel III Capital Ratio of 21.1% as of December 31, 2017, compared to 17.9% as of December 31, 2016.

The Bank’s 2017 efficiency ratio reached 34%, compared to 27% for the year 2016, mainly due to non-recurring operating expenses and lower total income generation year-over-year. The Bank’s operating expenses to average assets ratio was 72 basis points in 2017 compared to 61 basis points in 2016.

The weighted average funding cost for the year ended December 31, 2017 was 1.95%, compared to 1.39% for the year ended December 31, 2016, an increase of 56 basis points mainly reflecting the increase in LIBOR-based market rates, which was partly offset by lower funding spreads.

In addition, see Item 3.D. “Key Information—Risk Factors,” for a discussion of the risks the Bank faces, which could affect the Bank’s business, results of operations and/or financial condition, and Item 5.A., “Operating Results,” for a discussion of the Bank’s financial results.

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| E. | Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

In the normal course of business, in order to meet the financing needs of its customers, the Bank is party to loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and market risk in excess of the amount recognized in the consolidated statement of financial position. Credit risk represents the possibility of loss resulting from the failure of a customer to perform in accordance with the terms of a contract. The contractual amount of these instruments represents the maximum possible credit risk should the counterparty draw down the commitment or the Bank fulfill the obligation under the guarantee, and the counterparty subsequently fails to perform according to the terms of the contract. Most of these commitments and guarantees expire without the counterparty drawing on the credit line or a default occurring. As a result, the total contractual amount of these instruments does not represent our future credit exposure or funding requirements.

As of December 31, 2017, the Bank’s off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in the Instructions to Item 5.E. of Form 20-F, included confirmed letters of credit, stand-by letters of credit, and guarantees (covering commercial risk). These arrangements are kept off-balance sheet as long as the Bank does not incur an obligation relating to them or itself become entitled to an asset.

The Bank’s outstanding off-balance sheet arrangements and total loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts are as follows:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | (in $ thousands) |
Confirmed letters of credit |  | $ | 273,449 |  |  | $ | 216,608 |  |  | $ | 99,031 |
Stand-by letters of credit and guarantees – Commercial risk |  |  | 168,976 |  |  |  | 176,177 |  |  |  | 158,599 |
Total off-balance sheet arrangements |  |  | 442,425 |  |  |  | 392,785 |  |  |  | 257,630 |
Credit commitments |  |  | 45,578 |  |  |  | 10,250 |  |  |  | 189,820 |
Total loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts |  | $ | 488,003 |  |  | $ | 403,035 |  |  | $ | 447,450 |

Fees and commission income from off-balance sheet arrangements amounted to $11 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to $9 million and $12 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, and 2015, respectively.

The allowance for ECL on loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts is recognized on the consolidated statement of financial position, with the resulting impairment recorded in the consolidated statement of profit or loss. As of December 31, 2017, total allowance for ECL on loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts amounted to $7 million, compared to $6 million as of December 31, 2016 and $5 million as of December 31, 2015.

For additional information, see Item 5, “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Operating Results—Fees and Commissions, net” and Item 18, “Financial Statements,” note 6 and 21.

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| F. | Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations

The following tables set forth information regarding the Bank’s contractual obligations and commercial commitments as of December 31, 2017.

|  | Payments Due by Period |
Contractual Obligations |  | Total |  |  | Less than 1 year |  |  | 1 – 3 years |  |  | 3 – 5 years |  |  | More than 5 years |
|  | (in $ millions) |
Deposits |  | $ | 2,929 |  |  | $ | 2,827 |  |  | $ | 102 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |
Short-term borrowings and debt |  |  | 1,073 |  |  |  | 1,073 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Long-term borrowings and debt (1) |  |  | 1,143 |  |  |  | 139 |  |  |  | 733 |  |  |  | 211 |  |  |  | 60 |
Accrued interest payable |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Future contractual interest payable, not yet accrued (2) |  |  | 97 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 43 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 17 |
Leasehold obligations (3) |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 9 |
Total contractual obligations |  | $ | 5,276 |  |  | $ | 4,072 |  |  | $ | 882 |  |  | $ | 236 |  |  | $ | 86 |

| (1) | Gross of prepaid commissions of $4.2 million as of December 31, 2017. Certain debt obligations are subject to covenants that could accelerate the payment of these obligations.

| (2) | Consists of future interest payable on interest-bearing liabilities and their hedges, calculated on the basis of their respective interest rates as of December 31, 2017 for the days remaining to maturity. Some of these obligations have floating interest rates which could fluctuate in the future and hence change the value of interest payable accordingly.

| (3) | Operating lease commitments result primarily from cancellable rental agreements for properties; the amounts in the above table are calculated based on current rental agreements. The total amount of expenses recognized in connection with such leases in 2017 is $2.3 million.

|  | Amount of Commitment Expiration by Period |
Other Commercial Commitments |  | Total |  |  | Less than 1 year |  |  | 1 – 3 years |  |  | 3 – 5 years |  |  | More than 5 years |
|  | (in $ millions) |
Letters of credit (4) |  | $ | 280 |  |  | $ | 280 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |
Stand-by letters of credit |  |  | 167 |  |  |  | 167 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Guarantees |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Other commercial commitments |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Total Commercial Commitments |  | $ | 494 |  |  | $ | 464 |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |

| (4) | Includes customers’ liabilities under acceptances outstanding (on-balance sheet assets) for a total amount of $6.4 million as of December 31, 2017.

The covenants included in some of the Bank’s liabilities contracts are standard market covenants. Bladex has been and expects to continue to be in compliance with regard to these covenants.

See Item 18, “Financial Statements,” notes 6, 10, 11, 12 and 25.

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| Item 6. | Directors, Executive Officers and Employees

| A. | Directors and Executive Officers

Directors

The following table and biographies set forth certain information concerning the Directors of the Bank as of the date of this Annual Report, including information with respect to each Director’s current position with the Bank and other institutions, class of shares which the Director represents, country of citizenship, the year that each Director’s term expires, and age.

Name |  | Country of Citizenship |  | Position Held with The Bank |  | Year Term Expires |  | Director Since |  | Age
CLASS A |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
João Carlos de Nóbrega Pecego |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Chief Executive Officer Banco Patagonia, Argentina |  | Brazil |  | Director |  | 2019 |  | 2010 |  | 54
José Alberto Garzón |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Legal Vice President and General Secretary |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Banco de Comercio Exterior de Colombia |  | Colombia |  | Director |  | 2020 |  | 2017 |  | 47
Javier González Fraga |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Chairman |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Banco de la Nación Argentina |  | Argentina |  | Director |  | 2020 |  | 2017 |  | 69
CLASS E |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ricardo Manuel Arango |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Senior Partner |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Arias, Fábrega & Fábrega, Panama |  | Panama |  | Director |  | 2019 |  | 2016 |  | 57
Herminio A. Blanco |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
President |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
IQOM, Mexico |  | Mexico |  | Director |  | 2019 |  | 2004 |  | 67
Mario Covo |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Founding Partner |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
DanaMar LLC, U.S.A. |  | U.S.A. |  | Director |  | 2020 |  | 1999 |  | 60
Miguel Heras Castro |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Executive Director Inversiones Bahia Ltd., Panama |  | Panama |  | Director |  | 2021 |  | 2015 |  | 49
Roland Holst |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Board Member Sudameris Bank, Paraguay |  | Paraguay |  | Director |  | 2019 |  | 2017 |  | 48
ALL CLASSES OF COMMON STOCK (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gonzalo Menéndez Duque |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Director |  |  |  | Chairman of |  |  |  |  |  |
Banco de Chile, Chile |  | Chile |  | the Board |  | 2021 |  | 1990 |  | 69
Gabriel Tolchinsky |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Director |  |  |  | Deputy Chief |  |  |  |  |  |
Bladex, Panama |  | Argentina |  | Executive Officer |  | 2021 |  | 2018 |  | 56

(1) Denotes class(es) of common stock of the Bank that elect the directors listed.

João Carlos de Nóbrega Pecego has served as a Director of the Board since 2010. Mr. Pecego has served as Chief Executive Officer of Banco Patagonia, Argentina since 2014. Mr. Pecego has also served as Vice President of GPAT Compañía Financiera since 2016, Director of Patagonia Valores since 2011, Director of Banco Patagonia Uruguay since 2011 and Director of ADEBA, Asociación de Bancos Argentinos since 2014. Mr. Pecego was President of Grupo Brasil from 2015 to 2017 and Director of Visa Argentina, from 2012 to 2017. Mr. Pecego was also Vice President of Banco Patagonia, Argentina, from 2011 to 2014. He has been employed by Banco do Brasil in various capacities since 1978, holding the positions of Manager of the main agencies in the State of São Paulo, Commercial Superintendent in the South Region of Brasil and Executive Manager responsible for Projects and Corporate Financing and Mr. Pecego was Regional General Director – Head of Latin America of Banco do Brasil based in Argentina from 2009 to 2011. Mr. Pecego holds a degree in Business Administration from Universidad Costa Braga, a postgraduate degree in Business Management from Instituto São Luiz, São Paulo, an MBA in International Business from Fundación Don Cabral, Minais Gerais and in Marketing from Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro , PUC. Mr. Pecego’s professional experience in and related to the banking industry qualifies him to serve on the Board.

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José Alberto Garzón has served as a Director of the Board since 2017. Mr. Garzón has served as Legal Vice President and General Secretary of Banco de Comercio Exterior de Colombia S.A. (“Bancoldex”) in Colombia since 2003, as Administrative Vice President from 2016 to 2017 and in various other capacities with Bancoldex since 1995, holding the positions of Director of the Legal Department from 2000 to 2003 and Attorney in the Legal Department from 1995 to 2000. Mr. Garzón has served as a member of the Board of Directors of Fiduciaria Colombiana de Comercio Exterior S.A. (Fiducoldex) in Colombia since 2016, Leasing Bancoldex S.A. Compañía de Financiamiento in Colombia since 2015 and Segurexpo de Colombia, S.A. Aseguradora de Crédito in Colombia since 2000. Previously Mr. Garzón was an Attorney at Legis Editores in Colombia in 1995 and General Manager of Servibolsa Ltda. Servicios Inmobiliarios from 1993 to 1995. He is currently Professor of Credit Insurance, Insurance Law Program at Pontificia Universidad Javeriana in Colombia and taught History of Political Ideas and Insurance at Fundación Universitaria Jorge Tadeo Lozano in Colombia from 1996 to 2004. Mr. Garzón holds a Law degree and a Master’s degree in Financial Law from Universidad del Rosario in Colombia. Mr. Garzón also holds Master’s degrees in Commercial Law and Project Finance studies from Universidad de Los Andes in Colombia and Insurance Law from Pontificia Universidad Javeriana in Colombia. Mr. Garzón is a graduate of Transformative Business Leadership at Centro de Liderazgo y Gestión and of Leading Economic Growth at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. Mr. Garzón’s first-hand experience and vast knowledge of administrative, legal and regulatory matters relating to the banking industry and, in particular, trade finance qualify him to serve on the Board.

Javier González Fraga has served as a Director of the Board since 2017. Mr. González Fraga is the Chairman of Banco de la Nación Argentina since 2017. He was a candidate for Vice President of Argentina in 2011. Mr. González Fraga served as Chairman of the Central Bank of Argentina on two occasions between 1989 and 1991, and as Vice President of the Buenos Aires Stock Exchange from 1994 to 1999. Mr. González Fraga was a Director of the Argentine Institute of Capital Markets from 1992 to 1999 and member of the Board of Public Companies in Argentina in 1987. In 1998, Mr. González Fraga was recognized by Konex as Best SMES Entrepreneur of the Decade, for his capacity as Founder of the dairy company La Salamandra S.A., Argentina. He was Professor at UCA Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina from 1973 to 2000. Mr. González Fraga holds a Bachelor degree in Economics from UCA and is a Ph.D. candidate, having various papers and books published. Mr. González Fraga’s business background and financial expertise qualify him to serve on the Board.

Ricardo Manuel Arango has served as a Director of the Board since 2016. Mr. Arango is a senior partner of the law firm of Arias, Fábrega & Fábrega in Panama. Since 2004, Mr. Arango has held several leadership positions in the firm, contributing to shape the organization into a leading Latin-American law firm, with offices in eight countries. Mr. Arango has served as a member of the board of directors of the Panama Canal Authority since 2016, and as a member of the board of directors and audit and compliance committees of Banco General since 2012. Mr. Arango served as a member of the board of directors of Corporación La Prensa from 2002 to 2016 and as Chairman of its Editorial Committee from 2011 to 2016. He also served as a member of the board of directors of the Panama Stock Exchange from 1999 to 2016 and as its Chairman from 2007 to 2011. Mr. Arango is a member of the Latin American Business Council (CEAL) and represents his firm before Lex Mundi, the largest network of independent law firms in the world. From 1985 to 1987, Mr. Arango worked at White & Case in New York. From 1987 to 1995, Mr. Arango worked as an associate with Arias, Fábrega & Fábrega in Panama, becoming a partner of the firm in 1995. Mr. Arango’s professional practice focuses on finance, capital markets, banking regulations, corporate governance and compliance, and mergers and acquisitions. During his career, Mr. Arango has acted as lead counsel in some of the largest and most complex financial transactions and acquisitions in Panama and Central America. From 1998 to 1999, Mr. Arango headed the Presidential Commission that drafted Panama’s current securities act. Mr. Arango holds a Bachelor’s degree in Law and Political Science from the University of Panama, a Master of Laws degree from Harvard Law School and a Master of Laws degree from Yale Law School. He was a Fulbright Scholar from 1983 to 1985. Mr. Arango is admitted to practice law in New York and Panama. Mr. Arango’s strong knowledge of the regulatory frameworks under which the Bank operates; skills in managing legal, compliance, operational and credit risks of the banking industry; diversified perspective based on his combined legal-business acumen; in-depth understanding of the Bank’s business and operations; and experience as a board member of different companies, qualify him to serve on the Board.

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Herminio A. Blanco has served as a Director of the Board since 2004. Dr. Blanco has served as President of IQOM since 2005. IQOM offers business solutions on international trade, investment and regulatory affairs and provides access to the most complete database of international trade flows and regulations. Since January 2017, IQOM has been the lead advisor of the Consejo Coordinador Empresarial, the umbrella organization of the Mexican private sector, in the renegotiation of the NAFTA. Dr. Blanco has been a member of the board of directors for CYDSA since 2004, Arcelor-Mittal Mexico since 2005, and Fibra Uno since 2011. He has also been a member of the Trilateral Commission since 2001. Dr. Blanco served as Secretary of Trade and Industry of Mexico from 1994 to 2000, Undersecretary for International Trade and Negotiations, and Chief Negotiator of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) from 1990 to 1993. He was also responsible for the negotiation of the free trade agreement with the European Union, the European Free Trade Area, with various Latin American countries and with Israel from 1994 to 2003, and launched the process that led to the negotiation of the free trade agreement with Japan. Dr. Blanco holds a B.A. in Economics from Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, a Ph.D. in Economics from University of Chicago, and a Doctor Honoris Causa from Rikkyo University in Japan. Dr. Blanco’s extensive experience and background in foreign trade and finance, along with his academic and consulting skills, qualify him to serve on the Board.

Mario Covo has served as a Director of the Board since 1999. Dr. Covo is the Founding Partner of DanaMar LLC in New York, a financial consulting firm established in 2013. He was Founding Partner of Helios Advisors in 2003, Founding Partner of Finaccess International, Inc. in 2000 and Founding Partner of Columbus Advisors in 1995, in New York. Dr. Covo worked at Merrill Lynch from 1989 to 1995, where he was Head of Emerging Markets-Capital Markets. Prior to working for Merrill Lynch, Dr. Covo worked at Bankers Trust Company of New York from 1985 to 1989 as Vice President in the Latin American Merchant Banking Group, focusing on corporate finance and debt-for-equity swaps. Prior to that Dr. Covo was an International Economist for Chase Econometrics from 1984 to 1985, focusing primarily on Latin America. Dr. Covo holds a Ph.D. in Economics from Rice University and a B.A. with honors from Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de Mexico. Dr. Covo’s extensive background and experience in the financial services industry, and his exposure to the markets in which the Bank operates qualify him to serve on the Board.

Miguel Heras Castro has served as a Director of the Board since 2015. Since 1999, Mr. Heras has served as Managing Director and member of the board of directors of Inversiones Bahia, Ltd. in Panama, the largest investment group in Central America, focusing on the financial, infrastructure, real estate, and communications markets. He currently leads the private equity and venture capital efforts of the group. Mr. Heras also serves on various other boards throughout Latin America including Cable Onda since 2009, Sistemas de Generación S.A. (SIGSA), Televisora Nacional and Bahia Motors since 2007. Mr. Heras has served as Vice President of the board of the Panama Food Bank since 2015, as Director of the Biodiversity Museum from 2008 to 2014, and Banco Continental de Panama from 2002 to 2007 and was also a member of its ALCO Committee. Mr. Heras was the negotiator for the acquisition of several banking institutions, and in 2007 led the negotiation for the merger of Banco Continental with Banco General to create one of the largest banks in Central America. Mr. Heras was also a member of the board of directors of Amnet Telecommunications Holdings, the leading provider of pay TV and triple play services in Central America from 2005 to 2008, Tricom from 2009 to 2014, Vice Chairman of the board of Cable and Wireless (Panama) Inc. from 1997 to 1999 and a member of the board of the Panamanian Stock Exchange from 1999 to 2005. Mr. Heras was Minister of the Treasury of the Republic of Panama from 1996 to 1998 and President of the Council on Foreign Trade. He served as Vice Minister of the Treasury from 1994 to 1996. Mr. Heras holds a B.A. in Economics from the Wharton School of Commerce and Finance of the University of Pennsylvania. Mr. Heras’ professional expertise in economics, finance and private equity and his experience as a board member of different companies qualifies him to serve on the Board.

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Roland Holst has served as a Director of the Board since November 1, 2017 when he was designated to fill the vacancy created by the retirement of Ms. Maria da Graça França. Dr. Holst served as Treasurer and Member Ex-Officio of the Board from May to October 2017 and previously served as a Board member from 2014 to 2017. Dr. Holst is a board member of Sudameris Bank, Paraguay since 2017 and served as Director of the Board of Banco Central del Paraguay from 2012 to 2017. He was Head of Fixed Income Research at State Street Global Markets in Boston, Massachusetts from 2007 to 2011 and Quantitative Analyst at Starmine Corp. in San Francisco, California from 2006 to 2007. He was a Teaching Assistant of Econometrics, Public Finance, Finance, Program Evaluation, Macroeconomics and Labor Economics at the University of Chicago from 2003 to 2006. Dr. Holst worked at Garantia PFP, a pension fund, as Investment Manager from 1997 to 2001 and as General Manager of Bolsa de Valores de Asunción, Paraguay from 1995 to 1997. He is the author of Social Security and Policy Risk: Evidence of its effects on welfare costs and savings published in 2007. Dr. Holst holds a Ph.D. in Public Policy and a Master’s Degree in Economics from the University of Chicago. He also holds a Master’s Degree in Economics from Universidad Católica de Asunción, Paraguay, degrees in Economics and Agronomy from Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Paraguay and a Financial Risk Manager (FRM) certification. Mr. Holst’s professional experience in the fields of finance and economics and his academic accomplishments qualify him to serve on the Board.

Gonzalo Menéndez Duque has served as a Director of the Board since 1990, and as Chairman of the Board for two different terms, from 1995 to 1998, and again since 2002. Mr. Menéndez Duque is currently a Director of the Luksic Group in Chile, including Banco de Chile since 2001, Compañía Sudamericana de Vapores, S.A. and Quiñenco S.A. and Vice Chairman of Fundación A. Luksic A. and Fundación Educacional Luksic. In addition, he serves as Chairman of Inversiones Vita S.A. and Director of Banchile Seguros de Vida S.A. Mr. Menéndez Duque served as Chief Executive Officer of Antofagasta plc, listed on the London Stock Exchange and has served as a member of its board since 1985. He also served as member of the Superior Council of Universidad de Antofagasta, Superior Council and member of the board of Centro de Estudios Públicos CEP (non-profit Chilean educational foundation) and Consejo de la Fundación Corporación de Ayuda al Niño Limitado COANIL. Mr. Menéndez Duque was a professor at the Faculty of Economics and Graduate Program of Universidad de Chile. Mr. Menéndez Duque was commended in 2008 by the Faculty of Economics and Business of Universidad de Chile, as the most outstanding graduate, in recognition of his career and contributions to society in the business and entrepreneurial sectors of Chile and was awarded the “Excelencia 90” Prize, as the most distinguished businessman of the year in Chile by AméricaEconomía magazine in 1990. Mr. Menéndez Duque holds a degree in business administration and accounting, with honors, from Universidad de Chile. Mr. Menéndez Duque´s skills, leadership and managerial experience in large complex organizations in various extensively regulated industries, and his experience as a board member of different companies, qualify him to serve on the Board.

Gabriel Tolchinsky joined Bladex as Chief Operating Officer – Executive Vice President in May 2017, after serving as an External Consultant since 2014. He was appointed Deputy Chief Executive Officer of Bladex in February 2018 and was elected to serve as a Director of the Board on April 11, 2018. In 2013, he was a founding partner and Chief Administrative Officer of Maritime Finance Company Ltd., founded by KKR and specializing in maritime finance. Mr. Tolchinsky was also a founding partner of Helios Advisors LLC investment funds from 2002 to 2013, focused on commodity-related companies; FinAccess International Inc., from 2000 to 2002, a Mexican investment fund management company where he served as Chief Operating Officer; as well as a founding partner of Columbus Advisors LLC from 1995 to 2013, specializing in fixed income instruments in emerging markets, where he served as Portfolio and Risk Manager. He previously held various positions in investment banking on Wall Street, New York, from 1985 to 1995, including Producing Manager of Emerging Markets Fixed Income Sales at Merrill Lynch from 1991 to 1995. Mr. Tolchinsky holds a degree in Mathematical Sciences from Tel Aviv University, Israel, as well as a Master of Science (Operations Research) degree and a Master of Arts (Statistics) degree, both from Columbia University, New York. Mr. Tolchinsky’s extensive business experience, as well as his leadership and managerial experience, qualifies him to serve on the Board.

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See Item 10, “Additional Information – Memorandum and Articles of Association” for a description of the stockholders’ voting rights with respect to the election of directors.

Executive Officers

The following table and information set forth the names of the executive officers of the Bank, their respective positions at the date hereof and positions held by them with the Bank and other entities in prior years:

Name |  | Position Held with the Bank |  | Country of Citizenship |  | Age
Rubens V. Amaral Jr. |  | Chief Executive Officer |  | Brazil |  | 58
Gabriel Tolchinsky |  | Deputy Chief Executive Officer |  | Argentina |  | 56
Alejandro Jaramillo |  | Executive Vice President Chief Commercial Officer |  | Colombia |  | 42
Ana Graciela de Méndez |  | Executive Vice President Chief Financial Officer |  | Panama |  | 51
Alejandro Tizzoni |  | Executive Vice President Chief Risk Officer |  | Argentina |  | 41
Jorge Córdoba |  | Executive Vice President Chief Audit Officer |  | Panama |  | 44
Jorge Luis Real |  | Executive Vice President Chief Legal Officer and Compliance / Secretary of the Board of Directors |  | Panama |  | 45
Eduardo Vivone |  | Executive Vice President Treasury and Capital Markets |  | Argentina |  | 53
Erica Lijtztain |  | Executive Vice President Chief Operating Officer |  | Argentina |  | 46

Presented below is a brief biographical description of each executive officer that is not a member of the Bank’s Board:

Rubens V. Amaral Jr. served as a Director of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of the Bank from August 2012 to April, 2018. Prior to his appointment as the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Amaral served as Executive Vice President, Chief Commercial Officer of the Bank, and the alternate to the Chief Executive Officer since April 2004. He previously served as General Manager and Managing Director for North America at Banco do Brasil, New York Branch, and as a Director of the Board of the Bank from 2000 to 2004. Mr. Amaral has also served in various capacities with Banco do Brasil since 1975, holding the positions of Managing Director of the International Division and alternate member of the board of directors in 1998, among others. Mr. Amaral also served as a representative in banking supervision for the Central Bank of Brazil from 1982 to 1988, and in various roles at institutions in the banking industry, including Honorary President of the Global Network of Export-Import Banks and Development Finance Institutions (G-Nexid), Trustee of the Board of Trustees of the Institute of International Bankers - IIB, a member of the Advisory Board of the Center for Latin America Studies at The George Washington University, and a Director of the Brazilian American Chamber of Commerce, in New York. Mr. Amaral has a degree in Economics, and he holds a special certification from the Association of Alumni of the Brazilian Superior School of War in Political and Economic Affairs.

As previously announced, Mr. Amaral has decided to retire as Chief Executive Officer and will be succeeded by Gabriel Tolchinsky upon Mr. Amaral’s departure from the Bank effective at close of business on April 30, 2018. A summary of Mr. Tolchinsky’s experience is set forth above under “Directors”. As of the date of this Annual Report, Mr. Tolchinsky is the only executive officer who serves as a member of the Board.

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Alejandro Jaramillo was appointed Executive Vice President, Chief Commercial Officer of the Bank on May 1, 2017. Mr. Jaramillo joined Bladex in 2012, working in the Bank’s Treasury department as the Head of Funding. In 2013, he became the Head of Loan Structuring & Distribution, spearheading the growth and development of the Bank’s Loan Syndication business and the purchase and sale of loans in the secondary market. Prior to joining Bladex, Mr. Jaramillo spent nine years at BNP Paribas, both in New York and in Bogota, Colombia. At BNP Paribas, he contributed to the development of the bank’s Commodity Structured Finance business in Latin America, and he was a Director in the bank’s Corporate & Investment Banking unit. Before that, he worked at Standard Chartered Bank as a credit analyst in their Bogota, Colombia office as well as in the Global Commodity Finance unit in New York. Mr. Jaramillo has a bachelor’s degree in Industrial Engineering from Universidad de los Andes - Bogota, Colombia, and an MBA from Columbia University in New York.

Ana Graciela de Méndez has served as Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer of the Bank since December 2017. She has also served in various capacities within the Bank since 1990, as Senior Vice President of Finance and the alternate to the CFO from 2014 to 2017, Vice President of Financial Planning and Analysis from 2002 to 2014, and several other assignments within the Finance area since 1994. Mrs. Méndez served as Commercial Relationship Manager at the Bank from 1991 to 1993 and as an Economist from 1990 to 1991. Throughout her tenure, Mrs. Méndez has been assigned to key projects, such as leading the conversion of financial statements from Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) to IFRS to comply with a requirement of the Superintendency of Banks of Panama from 2014 to 2015. Mrs. Méndez also participated in the multidisciplinary team which successfully led to the Bank’s Initial Public Offering of its Class E common shares listed on the New York Stock Exchange and registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission in 1992. Mrs. Méndez holds a Bachelor degree in Business and Economics with specialization in Economics and Mathematics, graduating Magna Cum Laude from Albertus Magnus College, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A.

Alejandro Tizzoni has served as Executive Vice President, Chief Risk Officer of the Bank since May 2016. He also served in various capacities within the Risk Management of the Bank since 2006, as Senior Vice President from 2012 to 2016, Vice President from 2008 to 2012 and Senior Analyst from 2006 to 2008. Mr. Tizzoni served in different capacities in the credit risk area in banking and the international private sector in Argentina from 1997 to 2006. Mr. Tizzoni holds a Master Degree in Risk Management from New York University’s Stern School of Business, an MBA from the University of Louisville, and a Bachelor's Degree in Business Administration and Certified Public Accountant from the University of Buenos Aires in Argentina.

Jorge Córdoba joined Bladex as Executive Vice President, Chief Audit Officer in October 2017. Previously, Mr. Córdoba served as Director – Internal Audit LATAM for Credit Andorra Financial Group, where he supervised from Panama the internal audit of the bank’s business in Panama, Mexico, Peru, Paraguay, Uruguay, Colombia and Miami, Florida. From 2002 to 2013, he served as International Internal Auditor for Pan-American Life Insurance Group (PALIG) and was in charge of the branch offices and affiliates in some Latin American countries and U.S. cities. During 2001 and 2002, he served as Internal Auditor for Dresdner Bank Lateinamerica AG – Panama, and from 1992 to 2001, he served as Senior Auditor for PricewaterhouseCoopers. Mr. Córdoba is a Certified Public Accountant and holds a Degree in Accounting from Universidad de Panama. He also holds a Post Graduate Certificate in International Trade Management from St. Clair College of Applied Arts and Technology, Ontario, Canada.

Jorge Luis Real was appointed Executive Vice President, Legal and Compliance in February 2018. He has served as Senior Vice President, Chief Legal Officer of the Bank since December 2016, and was appointed Secretary of the Board of Directors in April 2016. He previously served as Vice President, Head of Legal Risk of the Bank from 2014 to 2016. Before joining the Bank, he was Coordinator of Latin American Legal Affairs at BNP Paribas, New York from 2010 to 2014, Head of Legal Department at BNP Paribas Panama from 2005 to 2010, Head of Legal Department Panama Group of BBVA from 2000 to 2005 and Lawyer at Mauad & Mauad in Panama in 2000. Mr. Real was admitted to practice law in Panama by the Panamanian Supreme Court of Justice in 1998. Mr. Real holds a Master’s degree in Commercial and Corporative Law from Université Panthéon-Assas (Paris II) and a Bachelor’s degree in Law and Political Science from Universidad Católica Santa María La Antigua in Panama.

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Eduardo Vivone was appointed Executive Vice President, Treasury and Capital Markets in February 2018, and has served as Senior Vice President, Head of Treasury since September 2013. He also served as Senior Vice President, Funding from April to August 2013. Before joining the Bank, he served as Head of Global Markets for HSBC Bank Panama from 2010 to 2012, Regional Sector Head, Government Sector – Global Banking, Americas for HSBC Securities, New York from 2007 to 2010, Head of Treasury for HSBC Bank, Spain from 2003 to 2007, Head of Balance Sheet Management and Forward Foreign Exchange for HSBC Bank, Argentina from 1998 to 2003, and he served diverse Relationship Management capacities for Banco Roberts, Buenos Aires from 1990 to 1998, serving as the Head of Treasury Planning for the last two years. Mr. Vivone is a Certified Public Accountant and holds a Master’s degree in Finance from the University of CEMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina, and a Bachelor´s degree in Accounting from University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Erica Lijtztain was appointed Executive Vice President, Chief Operating Officer in February 2018, and has served as Senior Vice President, Corporate Services, since June 2017. She previously served in the following capacities for Banco Patagonia, S.A. in Argentina: Executive Manager – Risk Management from 2015 to 2017, Budget and Information Manager from 2008 to 2015, Manager – Special Projects from 2003 to 2008, and Manager – Commercial Planning and Control from 2001 to 2003. Ms. Lijtztain is a Certified International Investment Analyst, and holds a Master’s degree in Business Administration from University Torcuato di Tella, Argentina, and a Bachelor’s degree in Economic Science – Actuary from University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.

| B. | Compensation

Compensation of Executive Officers and Directors

The Compensation Committee has reviewed and discussed the below “Compensation of Executive Officers and Board of Directors” section with the Bank’s management, and based on this review and discussion, the Compensation Committee recommended to the Board that the discussion be included in the proxy statement for the Annual Shareholders’ Meeting held April 11, 2018 (commonly referred to as the “say on pay” proposal).

Compensation Consultant

The Compensation Committee has authority to retain compensation consulting firms to assist it in the evaluation of executive officer and employee compensation and benefit programs. During 2017, the Compensation Committee did not retain or obtain the advice of any compensation consultant.

Executive Officers Compensation

Annually, in order to incentivize the alignment and collaboration of all areas of the Bank, the Bank pays to its executive officers variable compensation, based on the extent to which each officer meets certain individual and corporate objectives which are defined by the Board of Directors. This variable compensation is paid in both cash and stock options and/or restricted stock units.

During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, the aggregate amount of cash compensation paid by the Bank to the executive officers employed in the Bank’s Corporate Headquarters for their services was $2,324,642.

In February 2008, the Board approved the 2008 Stock Incentive Plan (as amended, the “2008 Plan”), which allows the Bank, from time to time, to grant restricted shares, restricted stock units, stock options and/or other stock-based awards to the directors, executive officers and non-executive employees of the Bank. This plan was revised in October 2015, and amended and restated as the 2015 Stock Incentive Plan (“2015 Plan”).

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On February 14, 2017, the Bank granted to current executive officers 25,289 restricted stock units corresponding to 2016 performance. These restricted stock units vest 25% of the amount granted per year, with the first vesting on June 15, 2017, and the subsequent vestings on each anniversary of the first vesting date. As of December 31, 2017, the compensation cost charged against the Bank’s 2017 income in connection with these restricted stock units was $335,008. The total remaining compensation cost of $211,195 will be charged over a period of 2.5 years.

The Bank sponsors a defined contribution plan for its expatriate officers. The Bank’s contributions are determined as a percentage of the eligible officer’s annual salary, with each officer contributing an additional amount withheld from his salary. All contributions are administered by a trust through an independent third party. During 2017, the Bank charged to salaries expense $162,505 with respect to the contribution plan.

2017 Chief Executive Officer Compensation

The compensation of the Bank’s Chief Executive Officer for 2017 included an annual base salary of $350,000, a performance-based cash bonus of $500,000, an aggregate of $14,000 from the Bank to the Chief Executive Officer’s contribution plan, and limited perquisites and other benefits amounting to $19,002. The Chief Executive Officer is eligible to receive a severance payment of $350,000 upon his departure.

Results of the 2017 Advisory Vote on Compensation of Executive Officers

At the Bank’s annual meeting of shareholders held on April 19, 2017, our shareholders were asked to approve, on an advisory basis, the Bank's fiscal year 2016 executive officers’ compensation programs (commonly referred to as the “say on pay” proposal). A substantial majority (90.92%) of the votes cast on the say-on-pay proposal at that meeting were voted in favor of the proposal. The Compensation Committee believes that these results affirm our shareholders’ support for the Bank’s approach to executive compensation, and therefore did not change its approach in 2017. The Compensation Committee will continue working to ensure that the design of the Bank’s executive officers’ compensation program is focused on long-term shareholder value creation and emphasizes pay for performance.

Compensation and Risk

The Bank reviews and monitors the extent to which compensation practices and programs for senior executives and employees whose activities, individually or as a group, may create incentives for excessive risk taking.

In light of the actions referred to above, the Bank and the Board have not identified any risks arising from the Bank’s compensation policies and practices that are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on the Bank. Furthermore, certain aspects of the Bank’s executive compensation programs, such as the combination of performance-based short-term cash bonuses and performance-based long-term equity awards, reduce the likelihood of excessive risk-taking, and instead create incentives for senior executives to work for long-term growth of the Bank.

Board of Directors Compensation

Each non-employee director of the Bank receives an annual cash retainer of $85,000 for his or her services as a director and the Chairman of the Board receives an annual cash retainer in the amount of $135,000.

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The Chairman of the Audit and Compliance Committee (the “Audit Committee”) receives an additional annual retainer of $8,500 and the Chairmen of each of the Compensation Committee, Risk Policy and Assessment Committee, Finance and Business Committee and Supervision and Compliance Committee receives an additional annual retainer of $5,000. The non-Chairman members of the Audit Committee receive an additional annual retainer of $3,000.

The aggregate amount of cash compensation paid by the Bank during the year ended December 31, 2017 to the directors of the Bank as a group for their services as directors was $883,875.

As approved by the Board of Directors on December 9, 2014, each non-employee director of the Bank receives an annual equity compensation of 6,000 restricted shares and the Chairman of the Board receives an annual equity compensation of 9,000 restricted shares, granted once a year under the 2015 Plan.

During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, the aggregate number of restricted shares awarded to non-employee directors of the Bank as a group under the 2015 Plan was 57,000 Class E shares. These restricted shares vest 35% on each of the first and second anniversaries of the award date, and 30% on the third anniversary of the award date. As of December 31, 2017, the total cost for these restricted shares amounted to $1,584,600, of which $788,214 was registered during 2017, and the remaining compensation cost of $796,386 for these restricted shares will be charged against income over a period of 2.3 years.

Beneficial Ownership

As of December 31, 2017, the Bank’s executive officers and directors, as a group, beneficially owned an aggregate of 484,056 Class E shares, representing approximately 1.58% (based on 30,677,840 Class E shares outstanding as of December 31, 2017) of all issued and outstanding Class E shares as of such date. “Beneficial ownership”, as the term is used in this section, means the sole or shared power to vote or direct the voting or to dispose or direct the disposition of any security. A person is deemed to be the beneficial owner of securities that can be acquired within 60 days from December 31, 2017 through the exercise of any option or through the vesting of any restricted stock or restricted stock units. Ordinary shares subject to options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days, or that constitute restricted stock or restricted stock units that will vest within 60 days, are deemed outstanding for computing the beneficial ownership percentage of the person holding such options, restricted stock or restricted stock units, but are not deemed outstanding for computing the ownership percentage of any other person.

The following table sets forth information regarding beneficial ownership of the Bank’s Class E shares, including stock options and restricted stock units and holdings of unvested stock options and unvested restricted stock units by the Bank’s executive officers eligible to receive restricted stock units as of December 31, 2017. Except where noted, all holders listed below have sole voting power and investment power over the shares beneficially owned by them. Unless otherwise noted, the address of each person listed below is c/o Torre V, Business Park, Avenida La Rotonda, Urb. Costa del Este, Panama, Republic of Panama.

Name |  | Number of Shares Owned as of Dec. 31, 2017 (1) |  |  | Number of Shares that may be acquired within 60 days as of Dec. 31, 2017 (2) |  |  | Total Number of Shares Beneficially Owned |  |  | Percent of Class Beneficially Owned |  |  | Stock Options (3) |  |  | Restricted Shares (4) |
Rubens V. Amaral Jr. |  |  | 100,000 |  |  |  | 210,230 |  |  |  | 310,230 |  |  |  |  | * |  |  | 38,854 |  |  |  | 34,424 |
Alejandro Tizzoni |  |  | 1,993 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1,993 |  |  |  |  | * |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 2,625 |
Total |  |  | 101,993 |  |  |  | 210,230 |  |  |  | 312,223 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 38,854 |  |  |  | 37,049 |

| * | Less than one percent of the outstanding class E shares.

| (1) | Includes shares purchased by the executive and restricted stock units vested and transferred to the executive as of such date.

| (2) | Includes vested traditional stock options, as well as options and restricted stock units that will vest within 60 days of December 31, 2017.

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| (3) | Includes 38,854 stock options granted to executive officers on February 10, 2015 under the 2008 Plan. The exercise price and expiration date of these stock options are as follows: exercise price of $29.25 and expiration date of February 10, 2022. Any unvested portion of the grants referenced above that will not vest within 60 days of December 31, 2017 is not deemed to be beneficially owned by the individuals listed in the table.

| (4) | Includes 14,298, 17,251 and 5,500 unvested restricted stock units granted to executive officers on February 14, 2017 and February 16, 2016 under the 2015 Plan, and February 10, 2015 under the 2008 Plan, respectively. These restricted stock units vest 25% each year on the relevant grant date’s anniversary, except for the 2017 grant. The 2017 grant vested 25% on June 14, 2017, and will vest 25% on each anniversary of the first vesting date. Any unvested portion of the grants referenced above that will not vest within 60 days of December 31, 2017 is not deemed to be beneficially owned by the individuals listed in the table.

The following table sets forth information regarding beneficial ownership of the Bank’s Class E shares, including restricted shares and stock options and holdings of unvested restricted shares and unvested stock options by members of the Bank’s Board, as of December 31, 2017:

Name |  | Number of Shares Owned as of Dec. 31, 2017(1) |  |  | Number of Shares that may be acquired within 60 days as of Dec. 31, 2017(2) |  |  | Total Number of Shares Beneficially Owned |  |  | Percent of Class Beneficially Owned |  |  | Restricted Shares(3) |
Javier González Fraga |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  |  | * |  |  | 6,000 |
José Alberto Garzón |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  |  | * |  |  | 6,000 |
Roland Holst |  |  | 15,000 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 15,000 |  |  |  |  | * |  |  | 0 |
Ricardo Manuel Arango |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  |  | * |  |  | 9,900 |
Herminio A. Blanco |  |  | 62,275 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 62,275 |  |  |  |  | * |  |  | 11,700 |
Mario Covo |  |  | 36,427 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 36,427 |  |  |  |  | * |  |  | 11,700 |
João Carlos de Nóbrega Pecego(4) |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  |  | * |  |  | 6,000 |
Miguel Heras Castro |  |  | 6,300 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 6,300 |  |  |  |  | * |  |  | 11,700 |
Gonzalo Menéndez Duque |  |  | 51,831 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 51,831 |  |  |  |  | * |  |  | 17,550 |
Total |  |  | 171,833 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 171,833 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 80,550 |

| * | Less than one percent of the outstanding Class E shares.

| (1) | Includes Class E shares purchased by the director or restricted shares vested and transferred to the director pursuant to the 2003 Restricted Stock Plan, the 2008 Plan and the 2015 Plan as of such date.

| (2) | Includes vested / unexercised traditional stock options.

| (3) | Includes unvested restricted Class E shares granted under the Bank’s 2008 Plan and 2015 Plan. An aggregate amount of 57,000 restricted shares were granted to directors on April 19, 2017; these restricted shares vest 35% in each of the first and second year and 30% in the third year on the relevant grant date’s anniversary.

| (4) | 27,779 Class E shares corresponding to Mr. Pecego’s entitlement under the Bank’s 2008 and 2015 Plans were assigned by Mr. Pecego to Banco do Brasil.

For additional information regarding stock options granted to executive officers and directors, see Item 18, “Financial Statements,” note 16.

Stock Ownership Policy for Directors and Executive Officers

In October 2013, the Board of Directors adopted share ownership guidelines for directors and executive officers. These guidelines enable the Bank to meet its objective of aligning directors’ and executives’ interests with those of the shareholders.

Under these guidelines, each director within three years of joining the Board, is required to accumulate 9,000 shares (13,500 for the Chairman of the Board), and to maintain at least this ownership level while serving as a member of the Board. Presently, all Board members are in compliance with the guidelines that apply to them.

The Chief Executive Officer is required to own shares of the Bank’s common stock worth at least two and a half times his annual base salary. Other executive officers are required to own stock equal to one time their annual base salary. These executive officers have up to seven years to comply with this share ownership requirement, measured from the later of the date of adoption of these guidelines or the date that they became subject to the guidelines. All executive officers named in the Beneficial Ownership table in this Annual Report are in compliance with the guidelines as they apply to them.

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The following elements are included in determining the directors’ and executive officers’ share ownership for purposes of these guidelines: shares owned individually and by minor dependents or spouses; unvested restricted shares and restricted stock units; and vested or unvested stock options.

| C. | Board Practices

Board Leadership Structure

The Board recognizes that one of its key responsibilities is to evaluate and determine its optimal leadership structure so as to provide an independent oversight of management.

The Bank currently separates the positions of Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board. Rubens V. Amaral Jr. has served as Chief Executive Officer since August 1, 2012, and, as previously announced, has decided to retire as Chief Executive Officer effective at close of business on April 30, 2018. He will be succeeded by Gabriel Tolchinsky at that time. Mr. Gonzalo Menéndez Duque has served as Chairman of the Board since 2002 and from 1995 to 1998 and qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert,” as defined by the SEC in Item 407 of Regulation S-K.

In compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Section 303A of the New York Stock Exchange Listed Company Manual, the Rules of the Superintendency of Banks of Panama, the Bank’s organizational documents and charters of each of the following Board committees, a majority of the members of the Board of Directors, all members of the Audit Committee, and all members of the Compensation Committee of the Bank are independent directors.

Our Board believes that its leadership structure promotes an effective board that supports and challenges management appropriately.

Meetings of the Board and Committees

During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, the Board held nine meetings. Directors attended an average of 99% of the total number of Board meetings held during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017.

The following table sets forth the membership and number of meetings for each of the committees of the Board during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017:

Name |  | Audit and Compliance (*) |  | Risk Policy and Assessment |  | Finance and Business |  | Compensation
Ricardo Manuel Arango |  |  |  | Member |  | Member |  |
Herminio A. Blanco |  | Chairman |  | Member |  |  |  |
Mario Covo |  |  |  | Member |  | Chairman |  |
José Alberto Garzón |  | Member |  |  |  |  |  | Member
Javier González Fraga |  | Member |  |  |  |  |  | Member
Miguel Heras Castro |  |  |  | Chairman |  | Member |  |
Roland Holst |  |  |  | Member |  | Member |  |
Gonzalo Menéndez Duque |  | Member |  | Member |  |  |  |
João Carlos de Nóbrega Pecego |  |  |  |  |  | Member |  | Chairman
Number of Committee Meetings Held in 2017 |  | 6 |  | 11 |  | 5 |  | 5

(*) On February 6, 2018, the Board of Directors agreed to assign the Audit and Compliance Committee matters related to compliance to the Prevention and Compliance Committee (formerly known as the Prevention Committee), which became a standing committee of the Board, with its charter approved on April 10, 2018.

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Audit Committee

The Audit Committee is a standing committee of the Board. According to its Charter, the Audit Committee must be comprised of at least three directors. The current members of the Audit Committee are Mr. Herminio A. Blanco (Chair), Mr. Gonzalo Menéndez Duque, Mr. José Alberto Garzón and Mr. Javier González Fraga.

The Board has determined that all members of the Audit Committee are independent directors under the terms defined by applicable laws and regulations, including rules promulgated by the SEC under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Section 303A of NYSE Listed Company Manual, and Rule No. 05-2011, as amended by Rule No. 05-2014 of the Superintendency of Banks of Panama. In addition, at least one of the members of the Audit Committee is an “audit committee financial expert,” as defined by the SEC in Item 407 of Regulation S-K. The Audit Committee’s financial expert is Gonzalo Menéndez Duque.

The purpose of the Audit Committee is to provide assistance to the Board in fulfilling its oversight responsibilities regarding the processing of the Bank’s financial information, the integrity of the Bank’s financial statements, the Bank’s system of internal controls over financial reporting, the performance of both the internal audit and the independent registered public accounting firm, the Bank’s corporate governance, compliance with legal and regulatory requirements and the Bank’s Code of Ethics. The Audit Committee meets with each of the internal and independent auditors and the Bank’s management to discuss the Bank’s audited consolidated financial statements and management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations.

The Audit Committee meets at least six times per year, as required by the Superintendency of Banks of Panama and the Committee charter, or more often if the circumstances so require. During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, the Committee met six times.

The Audit Committee, in its capacity as a committee of the Board, is directly responsible for recommending to the shareholders the renewal or replacement of the Bank’s independent auditors at the Annual Shareholders’ Meeting, the compensation of the independent auditors (including the pre-approval of all audit and non-audit services) and oversight of the independent auditors, including the resolution of disagreements regarding financial reporting between the Bank’s management and the independent auditors. The Bank’s independent auditors are required to report directly to the Committee.

The Charter of the Audit Committee requires an annual self-evaluation of the Committee’s performance.

The Audit Committee pre approved all audit and non audit services of the Bank’s independent auditors in 2017.

The Audit Committee’s Charter may be found on the Bank’s website at http://bladex.com/en/investors/committees-board.

Prevention and Compliance Committee

The Prevention and Compliance Committee became a standing committee of the Board on February 6, 2018.

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In accordance with applicable regulations of the Superintendency of Banks of Panama, the Prevention and Compliance Committee shall be comprised of at least two members of the Board of Directors as well as members of the senior management of the Bank. The current members of the Prevention and Compliance Committee are directors Ricardo Manuel Arango and Miguel Heras, and the Bank’s Chief Executive Officer, Chief Operating Officer, Chief Commercial Officer, Chief Risk Officer, Chief Audit Officer, Chief Legal Counsel and Chief Compliance Officer.

The fundamental role of the Prevention and Compliance Committee is to provide support to the Board of Directors in complying with the laws and regulations related to the prevention of money laundering, financing of terrorism and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, including OFAC and FATCA regulations, as well as the Common Reporting Standards (“CRS”) of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (“OECD”).

The Prevention and Compliance Committee charter requires the Committee to meet at least six times per year. The Committee’s first meeting was held on March 26, 2018.

The Prevention and Compliance Committee Charter may be found on the Bank’s website at http://bladex.com/en/investors/committees-board.

Risk Policy and Assessment Committee

The Risk Policy and Assessment Committee is a standing committee of the Board. The current members of the Risk Policy and Assessment Committee are Mr. Miguel Heras Castro (Chair), Mr. Gonzalo Menéndez Duque, Mr. Ricardo Manuel Arango, Mr. Herminio A. Blanco, Mr. Mario Covo and Mr. Roland Holst.

The Risk Policy and Assessment Committee is responsible for reviewing and recommending to the Board, for its approval, all policies related to the prudent enterprise risk management. The Committee also reviews and assesses exposures to the risks facing the Bank’s business within the risk levels the Bank is willing to take in accordance with its applicable policies, including the review and assessment of the quality and profile of the Bank’s credit facilities, the exposure to market risks and the analysis of operational risks, which take into account the legal risks associated with the Bank’s products.

In addition, the Risk Policy and Assessment Committee assesses and approves credit limits and approves management proposals for granting different types of financing up to the legal limit applicable to the Bank in accordance with current regulations on the date of approval of each transaction and/or economic group. The Committee reports to the Board, and refers transactions to the Board for consideration and approval when the transaction limit exceeds the authorization limit delegated to the Committee.

The Risk Policy and Assessment Committee performs its duties through the review of reports received regularly from management and through its interactions with the Risk Management area and other members of the Bank’s management. The Risk Policy and Assessment Committee charter requires the Committee to meet at least four times per year. During the fiscal period ended December 31, 2017, the Risk Policy and Assessment Committee held eleven meetings.

The Risk Policy and Assessment Committee Charter may be found on the Bank’s website at http://bladex.com/en/investors/committees-board.

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Finance and Business Committee

The Finance and Business Committee is a standing committee of the Board. The current members of the Finance and Business Committee are Mr. Mario Covo (Chair), Mr. Ricardo Manuel Arango, Mr. Miguel Heras Castro, Mr. Roland Holst and Mr. João Carlos de Nóbrega Pecego.

The fundamental role of the Finance and Business Committee is to review and analyze all issues related to the development and execution of the Bank’s business and its financial management including, among others, capital management, portfolio management (assets and liabilities), liquidity management, gap and funding management, tax related matters and, the financial performance of the Bank in general. The Finance and Business Committee charter requires the Committee to meet at least five times per year. During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, the Committee held five meetings.

The Finance and Business Committee Charter may be found on the Bank’s website at http://bladex.com/en/investors/committees-board.

Compensation Committee

The Compensation Committee is a standing committee of the Board. The current members of the Compensation Committee are Mr. João Carlos de Nóbrega Pecego (Chair), Mr. José Alberto Garzón and Mr. Javier González Fraga.

The Charter of the Compensation Committee requires that all members of the Committee be independent directors. No member of the Compensation Committee can be an employee of the Bank. The Board has determined that all members of the Compensation Committee are independent under the terms defined by applicable laws and regulations, including rules promulgated by the SEC under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Section 303A of the Manual for Companies listed on the NYSE, and Rule No. 05-2011, as amended by Rule No. 05-2014 of the Superintendency of Banks of Panama. The Compensation Committee charter requires the Committee to meet at least five times per year. During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, the Compensation Committee held five meetings.

The Compensation Committee’s primary responsibilities are to assist the Board by: identifying candidates to become Board members and recommending nominees for the annual meetings of shareholders; making recommendations to the Board concerning candidates for Chief Executive Officer and counseling on succession planning for executive officers; recommending compensation for Board members and committee members, including cash and equity compensation; recommending compensation policies for executive officers and employees of the Bank, including cash and equity compensation, policies for senior management and employee benefit programs and plans; reviewing and recommending changes to the Bank’s Code of Ethics; and advising executive officers on issues related to the Bank’s personnel. In addition, this Committee submits recommendations on issues related to improving the Bank’s operating model, and evaluates and proposes technology and communications strategic plans.

The Compensation Committee will consider qualified director candidates recommended by shareholders. All director candidates will be evaluated in the same manner regardless of how they are recommended, including recommendations by shareholders. For the current director nominees, the Committee considers candidate qualifications and other factors, including, but not limited to, diversity in background and experience, industry knowledge, educational level and the needs of the Bank. Shareholders can mail any recommendations and an explanation of the qualifications of the candidates to the Secretary of the Bank at Torre V, Business Park, P.O. Box 0819-08730, Panama City, Republic of Panama.

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Although the Bank does not have a formal policy or specific guidelines for the consideration of diversity by the Compensation Committee in identifying nominees for director, diversity is one of the factors the Compensation Committee considers. The Compensation Committee generally views and values diversity from the perspective of professional and life experiences, and recognizes that diversity in professional and life experiences may include considerations of race, national origin or other characteristics in identifying individuals who possess the qualifications that the Committee believes are important to be represented on the Board. The fact that out of a total of ten members, eight different nationalities are represented, reflects the importance given to diversity by the Board of Directors.

The Charter of the Compensation Committee requires an annual self-evaluation of the Committee’s performance.

The Compensation Committee Charter may be found on the Bank’s website at http://bladex.com/en/investors/committees-board.

None of the Bank’s executive officers serve as a director or a member of the Compensation Committee, or any other committee serving an equivalent function, of any other entity that has one or more of its executive officers serving as a member of the Board or the Compensation Committee. None of the members of the Compensation Committee has ever been an employee of the Bank.

Corporate Governance Practices

The Board has decided not to establish a corporate governance committee. Given the importance that corporate governance has for the Bank, the Board decided to address all matters related to corporate governance at the Board level. Further, the Audit Committee is responsible for promoting continued improvement in the Bank’s corporate governance and verifying compliance with all applicable policies.

The Bank has included the information regarding its corporate governance practices necessary to comply with Section 303A of the NYSE’s Listed Company Manual/Corporate Governance Rules on “Investors Relations / Corporate Governance” section of the Bank’s website at http://www.bladex.com/en/investors.

Shareholders, employees of the Bank, and other interested parties may communicate directly with the Board by corresponding to the address below:

Board of Directors of Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S.A.

c/o Mr. Gonzalo Menéndez Duque

Director and Chairman of the Board of Directors

Torre V, Business Park

Avenida La Rotonda, Urb. Costa del Este

P.O. Box 0819-08730

Panama City, Republic of Panama

In addition, the Bank has selected Ethics Line, an online reporting system, to provide shareholders, employees of the Bank, and other interested parties with an alternative channel to report anonymously, any actual or possible violations of the Bank’s Code of Ethics, as well as other work-related situations or irregular or suspicious transactions, accounting matters, internal audit or accounting controls. In order to file a report, a link is provided on the Bank’s website at http://www.bladex.com.

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| D. | Employees

The following table presents the total number of permanent employees, geographically distributed, at the dates indicated:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Bladex Head Office in Panama |  |  | 148 |  |  |  | 157 |  |  |  | 151 |
New York Agency |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 5 |
Representative Office in Argentina |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 8 |
Representative Office in Brazil |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 13 |
Representative Offices in Mexico (1) |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 13 |
Representative Office in Colombia |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 4 |
Representative Office in Peru |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 8 |
Total Number of Permanent Employees |  |  | 193 |  |  |  | 209 |  |  |  | 202 |

(1) On April 3, 2017, the Bank obtained approval from the National Banking and Securities Commission of Mexico to close its Representative Office in Monterrey, Mexico, and closed the office on April 7, 2017.

| E. | Share Ownership

See Item 6.B., “Directors, Executive Officers and Employees–Compensation–Beneficial Ownership.”

| Item 7. | Major Stockholders and Related Party Transactions

| A. | Major Stockholders

As of December 31, 2017, the Bank was not directly or indirectly owned or controlled by another corporation or any foreign government, and no person was the registered owner of more than 7.8% of the total outstanding shares of voting capital stock of the Bank.

The following table sets forth information regarding the Bank’s shareholders that are the beneficial owners of 5% or more of any one class of the Bank’s voting stock, on December 31, 2017.

|  | As of December 31, 2017 |
Class A Common Stock |  | Number of Shares |  |  | % of Class |  |  | % of Total Common Stock |
Banco de la Nación Argentina Bartolomé Mitre 326 CP 1036 AAF Buenos Aires, Argentina |  |  | 1,045,348 |  |  |  | 16.5 |  |  |  | 2.7 |
Banco do Brasil SAUN Qd 5, Lote B, Torre II, 12 Andar Edificio Banco do Brasil CEP 70040-912 Brasilia, DF - Brazil |  |  | 974,551 |  |  |  | 15.4 |  |  |  | 2.5 |
Banco de Comercio Exterior de Colombia Edif. Centro de Comercio Internacional Calle 28 No. 13A-15 C.P. 110311 Bogotá, Colombia |  |  | 488,547 |  |  |  | 7.7 |  |  |  | 1.2 |
Banco de la Nación (Perú) Ave. República de Panamá 3664 San Isidro, Lima, Perú |  |  | 446,556 |  |  |  | 7.0 |  |  |  | 1.1 |
Banco Central del Paraguay Federación Rusa y Augusto Roa Bastos Asunción, Paraguay |  |  | 434,658 |  |  |  | 6.9 |  |  |  | 1.1 |
Banco Central del Ecuador Ave. 10 de Agosto N11- 409 y Briceño Quito, Ecuador |  |  | 431,217 |  |  |  | 6.8 |  |  |  | 1.1 |
Banco del Estado de Chile Ave. Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins No.1111 Santiago, Chile |  |  | 323,413 |  |  |  | 5.1 |  |  |  | 0.8 |
Subtotal shares of Class A Common Stock |  |  | 4,144,290 |  |  |  | 65.4 |  |  |  | 10.5 |
Total Shares of Class A Common Stock |  |  | 6,342,189 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | 16.1 |

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Class B Common Stock |  | Number of Shares |  |  | % of Class |  |  | % of Total Common Stock |
Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires San Martin 137 C1004AAC Buenos Aires, Argentina |  |  | 884,461 |  |  |  | 36.7 |  |  |  | 2.2 |
Banco de la Nación Argentina Bartolomé Mitre 326 CP 1036AAF Buenos Aires, Argentina |  |  | 295,945 |  |  |  | 12.3 |  |  |  | 0.8 |
The Korea Exchange Bank 181, Euljiro 2-ga Jun-gu, Seoul 100-793, Korea |  |  | 147,173 |  |  |  | 6.1 |  |  |  | 0.4 |
Subtotal shares of Class B Common Stock |  |  | 1,327,579 |  |  |  | 55.1 |  |  |  | 3.4 |
Total Shares of Class B Common Stock |  |  | 2,408,806 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | 6.1 |

Class E Common Stock |  | Number of Shares |  |  | % of Class |  |  | % of Total Common Stock |
Brandes Investment Partners, LP (1) 11988 El Camino Real, Suite 600 San Diego, California 92130 United States |  |  | 3,080,967 |  |  |  | 10.0 |  |  |  | 7.8 |
Principal Global Investors, LLC (2) 711 High Street Des Moines, Iowa 50392 United States |  |  | 2,661,847 |  |  |  | 8.7 |  |  |  | 6.8 |
Paradice Investment Management, LLC (3) 257 Fillmore Street, Suite 200 Denver, Colorado 80206 United States |  |  | 1,950,944 |  |  |  | 6.4 |  |  |  | 4.9 |
LSV Asset Management (3) 155 N. Wacker Drive, Suite 4600 Chicago, Illinois 60606 United States |  |  | 1,894,519 |  |  |  | 6.2 |  |  |  | 4.8 |
Subtotal shares of Class E Common Stock |  |  | 9,588,277 |  |  |  | 31.3 |  |  |  | 24.3 |
Total Shares of Class E Common Stock |  |  | 30,677,840 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | 77.8 |

Class F Common Stock |  | Number of Shares |  |  | % of Class |  |  | % of Total Common Stock |
Total Shares of Class F Common Stock |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |
Total Shares of Common Stock |  |  | 39,428,835 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 100.0 |

| (1) | Source: Schedule 13G filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission dated January 10, 2018.

| (2) | Source: Shareholder Identification Report performed by Ipreo, a service provider of Bladex.

| (3) | Source: Schedule 13G filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission dated February 13, 2018.

All common shares have the same rights and privileges regardless of their class, except that:

| · | The affirmative vote of three-quarters (3/4) of the issued and outstanding Class A shares is required (1) to dissolve and liquidate the Bank, (2) to amend certain material provisions of the Articles of Incorporation, (3) to merge or consolidate the Bank with another entity and (4) to authorize the Bank to engage in activities other than those described in its Articles of Incorporation;

| · | The Class E shares are freely transferable without restriction to any person, while the Class A shares, Class B shares and Class F shares can only be transferred to qualified holders of each class;

| · | The Class B shares and Class F shares may be converted into Class E shares;

| · | The holders of Class A shares, Class B shares and Class F shares benefit from pre-emptive rights in respect of shares of the same class of shares owned by them that may be issued by virtue of a capital increase, in proportion to the shares of the class owned by them, but the holders of Class E shares do not; and

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| · | All classes vote separately for their respective directors. The holders of the Class A common shares have the right to elect three (3) Directors; the holders of the Class E common shares can elect five (5) Directors; and the holders of the Class F common shares have the right to elect one (1) Director, so long as the number of issued and outstanding Class F common shares is equal to or greater than fifteen per cent (15%) of the total number of issued and outstanding common shares of the corporation.

Set forth below are the number of shares of each class of the Bank’s stock issued and outstanding as of the dates listed below:

|  | Number of Shares Outstanding as of |
Class of Shares |  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |  |  | December 31, 2015 |
Class A Common Shares |  |  | 6,342,189 |  |  |  | 6,342,189 |  |  |  | 6,342,189 |
Class B Common Shares |  |  | 2,408,806 |  |  |  | 2,474,469 |  |  |  | 2,474,469 |
Class E Common Shares |  |  | 30,677,840 |  |  |  | 30,343,390 |  |  |  | 30,152,247 |
Class F Common Shares |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Total Common Shares |  |  | 39,428,835 |  |  |  | 39,160,048 |  |  |  | 38,968,905 |

The number of the Bank’s Class A common shares outstanding as of December 31, 2017 did not change from December 31, 2016, while 65,000 Class B common shares were converted into Class E common shares during 2017. Class E common shares outstanding increased by 0.3 million shares during the same period, primarily as a result of exercised stock options, issued and vested restricted stock units of Bank’s executive officers and directors, and the Class B conversions into Class E common shares.

As of December 31, 2017, there were a total of 56 holders of record of our Class E shares, of which 16 were registered with addresses in the United States. Such United States record holders were, as of such date, the holders of record of approximately 93.84% of our outstanding Class E shares. The number of record holders in the United States is not representative of the number of beneficial holders nor is it representative of where such beneficial holders reside, as many of these ordinary shares were held of record by brokers or other nominees. None of our Class A shares or Class B shares are held in the United States.

The Bank had no preferred stock issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2017.

For additional information regarding the Bank’s common stock, see Item 18, “Financial Statements,” note 15.

| B. | Related Party Transactions

Certain directors of the Bank are also directors and executive officers of banks and/or other companies located in Latin America, the Caribbean and elsewhere. Some of these banks and/or other companies own shares of the Bank’s common stock and have entered into loan transactions with the Bank in the ordinary course of business, in compliance with Panamanian regulatory related party limits set forth above in Item 4.B, “Information on the Company—Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Panamanian Law.”

As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Bank had credit transactions in the normal course of business with 21% and 16%, respectively, of its Class A and B stockholders. All transactions were made based on arm’s-length terms, were subject to prevailing commercial criteria and market rates and were subject to all of the Bank’s Corporate Governance and control procedures. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, approximately 14% and 10%, respectively, of the outstanding loan portfolio was placed with the Bank’s Class A and B stockholders and their related parties. As of December 31, 2017, the Bank was not directly or indirectly owned or controlled by another corporation or any foreign government, and no Class A or B shareholder was the registered owner of more than 3.5% of the total outstanding shares of the voting capital stock of the Bank.

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In addition, the Bank had extended transactions, in the ordinary course of business, to four entities whose directors and/or executive officers are also directors of the Bank. These entities were:

i) Banco General S.A. – Costa Rica, of which the Bank’s director, Ricardo Manuel Arango, is also a director of its parent company. Three outstanding loans were made to Banco General, one disbursed on November 15, 2017 and two disbursed on November 29, 2017, with a total outstanding amount of $26 million as of December 31, 2017, which also represented the largest granted amount outstanding at any month-end during 2017. The outstanding loans had a weighted average interest rate of 3.18%.

ii) Banco Patagonia, S.A., of which the Bank’s director, João Carlos de Nóbrega Pecego, is President. Several loans were made to Banco Patagonia, S.A. during 2017, with a total outstanding amount of $8 million, and a weighted average interest rate of 2.89% as of December 31, 2017. The largest granted amount outstanding at any month-end during 2017 was $21 million.

iii) Sudameris Bank SAECA, of which the Bank’s director, Roland Holst, is also a director. Two loans were made to Sudameris Bank SAECA on October 19, 2017 and December 7, 2017, with a total outstanding amount of $10 million as of December 31, 2017, which was the largest granted amount outstanding at any month-end during 2017. The outstanding loans had a weighted average interest rate of 3.19%.

iv) Valores Quimicos, S.A., of which the Bank’s director, Herminio A. Blanco, is also a director of one of its parent companies. As of December 31, 2017, the Bank had two outstanding letters of credit of $0.3 million and $0.4 million made to Valores Quimicos, S.A. on August 11 and 29, 2017, respectively.

All of the abovementioned loans were granted for commercial business purposes. The terms and conditions of the loan transactions, including interest rates and collateral requirements, are substantially the same as the terms and conditions of comparable loan transactions entered into with other persons under similar market conditions. The loan transactions did not involve more than the normal risk of collectability or present other unfavorable features. In accordance with the Risk Policy and Assessment Committee’s charter, directors of the Bank shall not participate in the approval process for credit facilities extended to institutions in which they are executive officers or directors, nor do they participate with respect to decisions regarding country exposure limits in countries in which the institutions are domiciled.

| C. | Interests of Experts and Counsel

Not required in this Annual Report.

| Item 8. | Financial Information

| A. | Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information

The information included in Item 18 of this Annual Report is referred to and incorporated by reference into this Item 8.A.

At the date of this Annual Report, there have been no legal or arbitration proceedings, which may have, or have had in the recent past, significant effects on the Bank’s financial position or profitability, including proceedings pending or known to be contemplated.

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Dividends

The Board’s policy is to declare and distribute quarterly cash dividends on the Bank’s common stock. Dividends are declared at the Board’s discretion and, from time to time, the Bank has declared special dividends.

On January 16, 2018, the Board approved a quarterly cash dividend distributed to holders of common shares of $0.385 per share pertaining to the fourth quarter of 2017. The cash dividend was announced on January 17, 2018 and was paid on February 21, 2018 to the Bank’s stockholders of record as of February 2, 2018.

No special dividends were declared during three-year period ended December 31, 2017.

The following table presents information regarding dividends paid to holders of common shares on the dates indicated:

Payment date |  | Record date |  | Dividend per share |
February 21, 2018 |  | February 2, 2018 |  | $ | 0.385 |
November 21, 2017 |  | November 1, 2017 |  | $ | 0.385 |
August 17, 2017 |  | August 2, 2017 |  | $ | 0.385 |
May 18, 2017 |  | May 3, 2017 |  | $ | 0.385 |
February 16, 2017 |  | February 1, 2017 |  | $ | 0.385 |
November 17, 2016 |  | October 31, 2016 |  | $ | 0.385 |
August 17, 2016 |  | August 3, 2016 |  | $ | 0.385 |
May 11, 2016 |  | April 25, 2016 |  | $ | 0.385 |
February 23, 2016 |  | February 10, 2016 |  | $ | 0.385 |
November 6, 2015 |  | October 26, 2015 |  | $ | 0.385 |
August 4, 2015 |  | July 27, 2015 |  | $ | 0.385 |
May 5, 2015 |  | April 27, 2015 |  | $ | 0.385 |
January 13, 2015 |  | January 5, 2015 |  | $ | 0.385 |

The Bank has no preferred shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2017.

| B. | Significant Changes

See Item 18, “Financial Statements,” note 28.

| Item 9. | The Offer and Listing

| A. | Offer and Listing Details

The Bank’s Class E shares are listed on the NYSE under the symbol BLX. The following table shows the high and low market prices of the Class E shares on the NYSE for the periods indicated:

|  | Price per Class E Share (in $) (1) |
|  | High |  |  | Low |
2017 |  |  | 30.45 |  |  |  | 25.51 |
2016 |  |  | 30.50 |  |  |  | 19.63 |
2015 |  |  | 34.49 |  |  |  | 22.16 |
2014 |  |  | 34.90 |  |  |  | 24.29 |
2013 |  |  | 28.82 |  |  |  | 21.70 |
2018: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
March |  |  | 29.22 |  |  |  | 27.55 |
February |  |  | 29.71 |  |  |  | 26.80 |
January |  |  | 30.43 |  |  |  | 26.85 |
2017: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December |  |  | 30.45 |  |  |  | 26.87 |
November |  |  | 29.68 |  |  |  | 27.86 |
October |  |  | 30.19 |  |  |  | 27.94 |

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|  | Price per Class E Share (in $) (1) |
|  | High |  |  | Low |
2018: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First Quarter |  |  | 30.43 |  |  |  | 26.80 |
2017: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First Quarter |  |  | 30.42 |  |  |  | 26.25 |
Second Quarter |  |  | 29.11 |  |  |  | 26.60 |
Third Quarter |  |  | 29.72 |  |  |  | 25.51 |
Fourth Quarter |  |  | 30.45 |  |  |  | 26.87 |
2016: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First Quarter |  |  | 25.60 |  |  |  | 19.63 |
Second Quarter |  |  | 27.76 |  |  |  | 21.95 |
Third Quarter |  |  | 29.35 |  |  |  | 25.85 |
Fourth Quarter |  |  | 30.50 |  |  |  | 25.36 |

| (1) | Corresponds to the highest and lowest sales price of the stock at any time during any given trading day. Source: NYSE Connect.

| B. | Plan of Distribution

Not required in this Annual Report.

| C. | Markets

The Bank’s Class A shares and Class B shares were sold in private placements or sold in connection with the Bank’s 2003 rights offering, are not listed on any exchange and are not publicly traded. The Bank’s Class E shares, which constitute the only class of shares publicly traded (listed on the NYSE), represent 77.8% of the total shares of the Bank’s common stock issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2017. The Bank’s Class B shares are convertible into Class E shares on a one-to-one basis. There are no issued or outstanding Class F shares.

| D. | Selling Shareholders

Not required in this Annual Report.

| E. | Dilution

Not required in this Annual Report.

| F. | Expenses of the Issue

Not required in this Annual Report.

| Item 10. | Additional Information

| A. | Share Capital

Not required in this Annual Report.

| B. | Memorandum and Articles of Association

Articles of Incorporation

Bladex is a bank organized under the laws of the Republic of Panama, and its Articles of Incorporation are recorded in the Public Registry Office of Panama, Republic of Panama, Section of Mercantile Persons, at microjacket 021666, roll 1050 and frame 0002.

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Article 2 of the Bank’s Articles of Incorporation states that the purpose of the Bank is to promote the economic development and foreign trade of Latin American countries. To achieve this purpose, the Bank may engage in any banking or financial business, investment or other activity intended to promote the foreign trade and economic development of countries in Latin America. The Articles of Incorporation provide that Bladex may engage in activities beyond those described above provided that it has obtained stockholder approval in a resolution adopted upon the affirmative majority vote of the common shares, either present or represented, in a meeting of stockholders called to obtain such authorization, including the affirmative vote of the holders of three-quarters (3/4) of the Class A shares issued and outstanding.

The Bank’s Articles of Incorporation provide that the Board shall direct and control the business and management of the assets of the Bank, except for those matters specifically reserved to stockholders by law or the Articles of Incorporation. The Board, however, may grant general and special powers of attorney authorizing directors, officers and employees of the Bank or other persons to transact such business and affairs within the competence of the Board, as the Board may deem convenient to entrust to such persons.

The Articles of Incorporation do not contain provisions limiting the ability of the Board to approve a proposal, arrangement or contract in which a Director is materially interested, or limiting the ability of the Board to fix the compensation of its members. In addition, the Articles of Incorporation do not contain provisions requiring the mandatory retirement of a Director at any prescribed age, or requiring a person to own a certain number of shares to qualify as a Director.

The Board consists of ten members: three Directors elected by the holders of the Class A common shares; five Directors elected by the holders of the Class E common shares; and two Directors elected by the holders of all common shares. For so long as the number of Class F common shares issued and outstanding is equal to or greater than fifteen percent (15%) of the total number of common shares issued and outstanding, the holders of the Class F common shares will have the right to elect one director and the Board will consist of eleven members. As of December 31, 2017, no Class F shares or preferred shares were issued and outstanding.

The Directors are elected by stockholders for periods of three (3) years and they may be re-elected. The holders of the Class A, Class E and Class F shares vote separately as a class in the election of Directors representing their respective class. In the election of Directors, each stockholder of each class electing a Director has a number of votes equal to the number of shares of such class held by such stockholder multiplied by the number of Directors to be elected by such class. The stockholder may cast all votes in favor of one candidate or distribute them among two or more of the Directors to be elected, as the shareholder may decide.

All common shares have the same rights and privileges regardless of their class, except that:

| · | the affirmative vote of three-quarters (3/4) of the issued and outstanding Class A shares is required (A) to dissolve and liquidate the Bank, (B) to amend certain material provisions of the Articles of Incorporation, (C) to merge or consolidate the Bank with another entity and (D) to authorize the Bank to engage in activities other than those described as the purposes of the Bank in its Articles of Incorporation;

| · | the Class E shares are freely transferable, but the Class A shares, Class B shares and Class F shares may only be transferred to qualified holders;

| · | the Class B shares and Class F shares may be converted into Class E shares;

| · | the holders of Class A shares, Class B shares and Class F shares benefit from pre-emptive rights, but the holders of Class E shares do not;

| · | the classes vote separately for their representative directors; and

| · | the rights, preferences, privileges and obligations of the preferred shares are determined by the Board at the time of their issuance in a certificate of designation.

Under the Bank’s Articles of Incorporation, preferred shares have no voting rights, except in accordance with their certificate of designation mentioned above. Holders of preferred shares will have the right to elect one Director only upon a default in the terms of such preferred shares and only if contemplated in the certificate of designation. In the event the holders of the preferred shares are entitled to elect a Director, the total number of Directors in the Board will be increased by one. The rights of the holders of the common shares may be changed by an amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of the Bank.

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Amendments to the Articles of Incorporation may be adopted by the affirmative majority vote of the common shares represented at the respective meeting, except for the following amendments which require, in addition, the affirmative vote of three-quarters (3/4) of all issued and outstanding Class A shares: (i) any amendment to the Bank’s purposes or powers, (ii) any amendment to the capital structure of the Bank and the qualifications to become a holder of any particular class of shares, (iii) any amendment to the provisions relating to the notice, quorum and voting at stockholders’ meetings, (iv) any amendment to the composition and election of the Board, as well as notices, quorum and voting at meetings of Directors, (v) any amendments to the powers of the Chief Executive Officer of the Bank and (vi) any amendments to the fundamental financial policies of the Bank.

The Articles of Incorporation of Bladex provide that there will be a general meeting of holders of the common shares every year, on such date and in such place as may be determined by resolution of the Board, to elect Directors and transact any other business duly submitted to the meeting by the Board. In addition, extraordinary meetings of holders of the common shares may be called by the Board, as it deems necessary. The Board or the Chairman of the Board must call an extraordinary meeting of holders of the common shares when requested in writing by one or more holders of common shares representing at least one-twentieth (1/20) of the issued and outstanding capital.

Notice of meetings of stockholders, whether ordinary or extraordinary, are personally delivered to each registered shareholder or sent by fax, telex, courier, air mail or any other means authorized by the Board of the Directors, at least 30 days before the date of the meeting, counted from the date that the notice is sent. The notice of the meeting must include the agenda of the meeting. At any meeting of stockholders, stockholders with a right to vote may be represented by a proxy, who need not be a shareholder and who may be appointed by public or private document, with or without power of substitution.

Upon request to the Board or the Chairman of the Board, stockholders representing at least one-twentieth (1/20) of the issued and outstanding shares of any given class may hold a meeting separately as a class for the purpose of considering any matter which, in accordance with the provisions of the Articles of Incorporation and the By-laws, is within their competence. In order to have a quorum at any meeting of stockholders, a majority of the common shares issued and outstanding must be represented at the meeting. Whenever a quorum is not obtained at a meeting of stockholders, the meeting shall be held on the second date set forth in the notice of the meeting. All resolutions of stockholders shall be adopted by the affirmative majority vote of the common shares represented at the meeting where the resolution was adopted, except where a super-majority vote of the Class A shareholders is required, as described above.

Class A shares may be issued only as registered shares in the name of the following entities in Latin American countries: (i) central banks, (ii) banks in which the State is the majority shareholder or (iii) other government agencies. Class B shares may be issued only in the name of banks or financial institutions. Class E shares and preferred shares may be issued in the name of any person, whether a natural person or a legal entity. Class F shares may be issued only (i) in the name of state entities or agencies of countries that are not Latin American countries, including central banks and banks in which the State is the majority shareholder or (ii) in the name of multilateral financial institutions, whether international or regional.

Neither Bladex’s Articles of Incorporation nor its By-laws contain any provision requiring disclosure with respect to a shareholder’s ownership above a certain threshold.

The Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation were filed as an exhibit to the Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008 filed with the SEC on June 26, 2009 and the Bylaws were filed as an exhibit to the Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2009 filed with the SEC on June 11, 2010. See Item 19, “Exhibits” for hyperlinks to these documents.

| 99 |

| C. | Material Contracts

The Bank has not entered into any material contract outside the ordinary course of business during the two-year period immediately preceding the date of this Annual Report.

| D. | Exchange Controls

Currently, there are no restrictions or limitations under Panamanian law on the export or import of capital, including foreign exchange controls, the payment of dividends or interest, or the rights of foreign stockholders to hold or vote stock.

| E. | Taxation

The following is a summary of certain U.S. federal and Panamanian tax matters that may be relevant with respect to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of the Bank’s Class E shares. Prospective purchasers of Class E shares should consult their own tax advisors as to United States, Panamanian or other tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of Class E shares. The Bank may be subject to the tax regime of other countries or jurisdictions due to its operations.

This summary does not address the consequences of the acquisition, ownership or disposition of the Bank’s Class A or Class B shares.

United States Taxes

This summary describes the material U.S. federal income tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of the Class E shares, but does not purport to be a comprehensive description of all of the tax considerations that may be relevant to holders of Class E shares. This summary applies only to current holders that hold Class E shares as capital assets for U.S. federal income tax purposes and does not address classes of holders that are subject to special treatment under the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) such as dealers in securities or currencies, financial institutions, tax-exempt entities, regulated investment companies, insurance companies, securities traders that elect mark-to-market tax accounting, persons subject to the alternative minimum tax, certain U.S. expatriates, persons holding Class E shares as part of a hedging, constructive ownership or conversion transaction or a straddle, holders whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar, or a holder that owns 10% or more (directly, indirectly or constructively) of the shares of the Bank, by vote or value.

This summary is based upon the Code, existing, temporary and proposed regulations promulgated thereunder, judicial decisions and administrative pronouncements, all as in effect on the date of this Annual Report and which are subject to change (possibly on a retroactive basis) and to differing interpretations. Purchasers or holders of Class E shares should consult their own tax advisors as to the U.S. federal, state and local, and foreign tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of Class E shares in their particular circumstances.

As used herein, a “U.S. Holder” refers to a beneficial holder of Class E shares that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, (1) an individual citizen or resident of the United States, (2) a corporation, or an entity treated as a corporation, organized or created in or under the laws of the United States or any political subdivision thereof, (3) an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation without regard to the source of its income, (4) a trust, if both (A) a court within the United States is able to exercise primary supervision over the administration of the trust and (B) one or more U.S. persons (as defined in the Code) have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust, or a trust that has made a valid election under U.S. Treasury Regulations to be treated as a domestic trust, and (5) any holder otherwise subject to U.S. federal income taxation on a net income basis with respect to Class E shares (including a non-resident alien individual or foreign corporation that holds, or is deemed to hold, any Class E share in connection with the conduct of a U.S. trade or business). If a partnership (including for this purpose any entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) is a beneficial owner of Class E shares, the U.S. federal income tax consequences to a partner in the partnership will generally depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. A holder of Class E shares that is a partnership and the partners in such partnership should consult their own tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of Class E shares.

| 100 |

Taxation of Distributions

Subject to the “Passive Foreign Investment Company Status” discussion below, to the extent paid out of current or accumulated earnings and profits of the Bank as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles (“earnings and profits”), distributions made with respect to Class E shares (other than certain pro rata distributions of capital stock of the Bank or rights to subscribe for shares of capital stock of the Bank) will be includable in income of a U.S. Holder as ordinary dividend income in accordance with the U.S. Holder’s regular method of accounting for U.S. federal income tax purposes whether paid in cash or Class E shares. To the extent that a distribution exceeds the Bank’s earnings and profits, such distribution will be treated, first, as a nontaxable return of capital to the extent of the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the Class E shares and will reduce the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in such shares, and thereafter as a capital gain from the sale or disposition of Class E shares. See Item 10, “Additional Information/Taxation/United States Taxes–Taxation of Capital Gains.” The amount of the distribution will equal the gross amount of the distribution received by the U.S. Holder, including any Panamanian taxes withheld from such distribution.

Distributions made with respect to Class E shares out of earnings and profits generally will be treated as dividend income from sources outside the United States. U.S. Holders that are corporations will not be entitled to the “dividends received deduction” under Section 243 of the Code with respect to such dividends. Dividends may be eligible for special rates applicable to “qualified dividend income” received by an individual, provided, that (1) the Bank is not a “passive foreign investment company” (“PFIC”) in the year in which the dividend is paid nor in the immediately preceding year, (2) the class of stock with respect to which the dividend is paid is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States, and (3) the U.S. Holder held his shares for more than 60 days during the 121-day period beginning 60 days prior to the ex-dividend date and meets other holding period requirements. Subject to certain conditions and limitations, Panamanian tax withheld from dividends will be treated as a foreign income tax eligible for deduction from taxable income or as a credit against a U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability. Distributions of dividend income made with respect to Class E shares generally will be treated as “passive” income or, in the case of certain U.S. Holders, “general category income,” for purposes of computing a U.S. Holder’s U.S. foreign tax credit.

Less than 25% of the Bank’s gross income is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States, and the Bank expects this to remain true. If this remains the case, a holder of Class E shares that is not a U.S. Holder (“non-U.S. Holder”) generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax or withholding tax on distributions received on Class E shares that are treated as dividend income for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Special rules may apply in the case of non-U.S. Holders (1) that are engaged in a U.S. trade or business, (2) that are former citizens or long-term residents of the United States, “controlled foreign corporations,” corporations that accumulate earnings to avoid U.S. federal income tax, and certain foreign charitable organizations, each within the meaning of the Code, or (3) certain non-resident alien individuals who are present in the United States for 183 days or more during a taxable year. Such persons should consult their own tax advisors as to the U.S. federal income or other tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of Class E shares.

| 101 |

Taxation of Capital Gains

Subject to the “Passive Foreign Investment Company Status” discussion below, gain or loss realized by a U.S. Holder on the sale or other disposition of Class E shares generally will be subject to U.S. federal income tax as capital gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the Class E shares and the amount realized on the disposition. Such gain will be treated as long-term capital gain if the Class E shares are held by the U.S. Holder for more than one year at the time of the sale or other disposition. Otherwise, the gain will be treated as a short-term capital gain. Gain realized by a U.S. Holder on the sale or other disposition of Class E shares generally will be treated as U.S. source income for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes, unless the gain is attributable to an office or fixed place of business maintained by the U.S. Holder outside the United States or is recognized by an individual whose tax home is outside the United States, and certain other conditions are met. For U.S. federal income tax purposes, capital losses are subject to limitations on deductibility. As a general rule, U.S. Holders that are corporations can use capital losses for a taxable year only to offset capital gains in that year. A corporation may be entitled to carry back unused capital losses to the three preceding tax years and to carry over losses to the five following tax years. In the case of non-corporate U.S. Holders, capital losses in a taxable year are deductible to the extent of any capital gains plus ordinary income of up to $3,000. Unused capital losses of non-corporate U.S. Holders may be carried over indefinitely.

A non-U.S. Holder of Class E shares will generally not be subject to U.S. federal income tax or withholding tax on gain realized on the sale or other disposition of Class E shares. However, special rules may apply in the case of non-U.S. Holders (1) that are engaged in a U.S. trade or business, (2) that are former citizens or long-term residents of the United States, “controlled foreign corporations,” corporations which accumulate earnings to avoid U.S. federal income tax, and certain foreign charitable organizations, each within the meaning of the Code, or (3) certain non-resident alien individuals who are present in the United States for 183 days or more during a taxable year. Such persons should consult their own tax advisors as to the United States or other tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of the Class E shares.

Passive Foreign Investment Company Status

Under the Code, certain rules apply to an entity classified as a PFIC. A PFIC is defined as any foreign (i.e., non-U.S.) corporation if either (1) 75% or more of its gross income for the taxable year is passive income (generally including, among other types of income, dividends, interest and gains from the sale of stock and securities) or (2) 50% or more of its assets (by value) produce, or are held for the production of, passive income. The application of the PFIC rules to banks is not entirely clear under present U.S. federal income tax law. Banks generally derive a substantial part of their income from assets that are interest bearing or that otherwise could be considered passive under the PFIC rules. The Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) issued a notice in 1989 (the “Notice”), and has proposed regulations (the “Proposed Regulations”), that exclude from passive income any income derived in the active conduct of a banking business by a qualifying foreign bank, or the “active bank exception”. The Notice and the Proposed Regulations have different requirements for qualifying as an active foreign bank, and for determining the banking income that may be excluded from passive income under the active bank exception. Moreover, the Proposed Regulations have been outstanding since 1994 and will not be effective unless finalized.

While the Bank conducts, and intends to continue to conduct, a significant banking business, there can be no assurance that the Bank will satisfy the specific requirements for the active bank exception under either the Notice or the Proposed Regulations. Based on estimates of our current and projected gross income and gross assets, we do not believe that we will be classified as a PFIC for our current or future taxable years. The determination of whether we are a PFIC, however, is made annually and is based upon the composition of our income and assets (including income and assets of entities in which we hold at least a 25% interest), and the nature of our activities.

Because final regulations have not been issued and because the notice and the proposed regulations are inconsistent, our status under the PFIC rules is subject to uncertainty. While we conduct, and intend to continue to conduct, a significant banking business, there can be no assurance that we will satisfy the specific requirements for the active bank exception under either the IRS notice or the proposed regulations. Accordingly, U.S. Holders could be subject to U.S. federal income tax under the rules described below.

| 102 |

If the Bank were to become a PFIC for purposes of the Code, unless a U.S. Holder makes one of the elections described below, a U.S. Holder generally will be subject to a special tax charge with respect to (a) any gain realized on the sale or other disposition of Class E shares and (b) any “excess distribution” by the Bank to the U.S. Holder (generally, any distributions including return of capital distributions, received by the U.S. Holder on the Class E shares in a taxable year that are greater than 125% of the average annual distributions received by the U.S. Holder in the three preceding taxable years, or, if shorter, the U.S. Holder’s holding period). Under these rules (1) the gain or excess distribution would be allocated ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the Class E shares, (2) the amount allocated to the current taxable year would be treated as ordinary income, (3) the amount allocated to each prior taxable year generally would be subject to tax at the highest rate in effect for that year, and (4) an interest charge at the rate generally applicable to underpayments of tax would be imposed with respect to the resulting tax attributable to each such prior taxable year. For purposes of the foregoing rules, a U.S. Holder of Class E shares that uses such stock as security for a loan will be treated as having disposed of such stock.

If the Bank were to become a PFIC, U.S. Holders of interests in a holder of Class E shares may be treated as indirect holders of their proportionate share of the Class E shares and may be taxed on their proportionate share of any excess distributions or gain attributable to the Class E shares. An indirect holder also must treat an appropriate portion of its gain on the sale or disposition of its interest in the actual holder as gain on the sale of Class E shares.

If the Bank were to become a PFIC, a U.S. Holder could make an election, provided the Bank complies with certain reporting requirements, to have the Bank treated, with respect to such U.S. Holder, as a “qualified electing fund”, hereinafter referred to as a QEF election, in which case, the electing U.S. Holder would be required to include annually in gross income the U.S. Holder’s proportionate share of the Bank’s ordinary earnings and net capital gains, whether or not such amounts are actually distributed. If the Bank were to become a PFIC, the Bank intends to so notify each U.S. Holder and to comply with all reporting requirements necessary for a U.S. Holder to make a QEF election and will provide to record U.S. Holders of Class E shares such information as may be required to make such QEF election.

If the Bank were to become a PFIC in any year, a U.S. Holder that beneficially owns Class E shares during such year must make an annual return on IRS Form 8621, which describes the income received (or deemed to be received if a QEF election is in effect) from the Bank. The Bank will, if applicable, provide all information necessary for a U.S. Holder of record to make an annual return on IRS Form 8621.

A U.S. Holder that owns certain “marketable stock” in a PFIC may elect to mark-to-market such stock and, subject to certain exceptions, include in income any gain (increases in market value) or loss (decreases in market value to the extent of prior gains recognized) realized as ordinary income or loss to avoid the adverse consequences described above. U.S. Holders of Class E shares are urged to consult their own tax advisors as to the consequences of owning stock in a PFIC and whether such U.S. Holder would be eligible to make either of the aforementioned elections to mitigate the adverse effects of such consequences.

Information Reporting and Backup Withholding

Each U.S. payor making payments in respect of Class E shares will generally be required to provide the IRS with certain information, including the name, address and taxpayer identification number of the beneficial owner of Class E shares, and the aggregate amount of dividends paid to such beneficial owner during the calendar year. Under the backup withholding rules, a holder may be subject to backup withholding at a current rate of 24% with respect to proceeds received on the sale or exchange of Class E shares within the United States by non-corporate U.S. Holders and to dividends paid, unless such holder (1) is a corporation or comes within certain other exempt categories (including securities broker-dealers, other financial institutions, tax-exempt organizations, qualified pension and profit sharing trusts and individual retirement accounts), and, when required, demonstrates this fact or (2) provides a taxpayer identification number, certifies as to no loss of exemption and otherwise complies with the applicable requirements of the backup withholding rules. Non-U.S. Holders generally are exempt from information reporting and backup withholding, but may be required to provide a properly completed IRS Form W-8BEN or W-8BEN-E (or other similar form) or otherwise comply with applicable certification and identification procedures in order to prove their exemption. Backup withholding is not an additional tax and any amounts withheld from a payment to a holder of Class E shares will be refunded (or credited against such holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, if any) provided that the required information is timely furnished to the IRS.

| 103 |

There is no income tax treaty between Panama and the United States.

3.8% Medicare Tax On “Net Investment Income”

Certain U.S. Holders who are individuals, estates or trusts may be required to pay an additional 3.8% tax on, among other things, dividends and capital gains from the sale or other disposition of Class E shares.

Foreign Asset Reporting

Certain U.S. Holders who are individuals are required to report information relating to an interest in the Bank’s Class E shares, subject to certain exceptions (including an exception for Class E shares held in custodial accounts maintained by United States financial institutions) by filing IRS Form 8938 with their annual U.S. federal income tax return. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding their information reporting obligations with respect to their ownership and disposition of the Class E shares.

The above description is not intended to constitute a complete analysis of all tax consequences relating to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of the Class E shares. Prospective purchasers should consult their own tax advisors to determine the tax consequences of their particular situations.

Panamanian Taxes

The following is a summary of the principal Panamanian tax consequences arising in connection with the ownership and disposition of the Bank’s Class E shares. This summary is based upon the laws and regulations of Panama, as well as court precedents and interpretative rulings, in effect as of the date of this Annual Report, all of which are subject to prospective and retroactive change.

General Principle

The Bank is exempt from income tax in Panama under a special exemption granted to the Bank pursuant to Contract Law 103-78 of July 25, 1978 between Panama and Bladex. In addition, under general rules of income tax in Panama, only income that is deemed to be Panamanian source income is subject to taxation in Panama. Accordingly, since the Bank’s income is derived primarily from sources outside of Panama and is not deemed to be Panamanian source income, even in the absence of the special exemption, the Bank would have limited income tax liability in Panama.

Taxation of Distributions

Dividends, whether cash or in kind, paid by the Bank in respect of its shares are also exempt from dividend tax or other withholding under the special exemption described above. In the absence of this special exemption, there would be a 10% withholding tax on dividends or distributions paid in respect of the Bank’s registered shares to the extent the dividends were paid from income derived by the Bank from Panamanian sources, and a 5% withholding tax on dividends or distributions paid from income derived by the Bank from non-Panamanian sources.

| 104 |

Taxation of Capital Gains

Since the Class E shares are listed on the NYSE, any capital gains realized by an individual or a corporation, regardless of its nationality or residency, on the sale or other disposition of such shares on the NYSE would be exempted from capital gains taxes in Panama.

| F. | Dividends and Paying Agents

Not required in this Annual Report.

| G. | Statement by Experts

Not required in this Annual Report.

| H. | Documents on Display

Upon written or oral request, the Bank will provide without charge to each person to whom this Annual Report is delivered, a copy of any or all of the documents listed as exhibits to this Annual Report (other than exhibits to those documents, unless the exhibits are specifically incorporated by reference in the documents). Written requests for copies should be directed to the attention of Mrs. Ana Graciela de Méndez, Chief Financial Officer, Bladex, as follows: (1) if by regular mail, to P.O. Box 0819-08730, Panama City, Republic of Panama, and (2) if by courier, to Torre V, Business Park, Avenida La Rotonda, Urb. Costa del Este, Panama City, Republic of Panama. Telephone requests may be directed to Mrs. de Méndez at +507 210-8563. Written requests may also be sent via e-mail to Mrs. de Méndez at amendez@bladex.com. Information is also available on the Bank’s website at: http://www.bladex.com.

| I. | Subsidiary Information

Not applicable.

| Item 11. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk

The Bank’s risk management policies, as approved by the Board from time to time, are designed to identify and control the Bank’s credit and market risks by establishing and monitoring appropriate limits on the Bank’s credit and market exposures. Certain members of the Board constitute the Finance and Business Committee, which meets on a regular basis and monitors and controls the risks in each specific area. At the management level, the Bank has a Risk Management Department that measures and controls overall risk management of the Bank (credit, operational and market risk).

The Bank’s businesses are subject to market risk. The components of this market risk are interest rate risk inherent in the Bank’s financial position, foreign exchange risk, and the price risk in the Bank’s Investment Securities Portfolio.

For quantitative information relating to the Bank’s interest rate risk and information relating to the Bank’s management of interest rate risk, see Item 5, “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects–Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

| 105 |

For information regarding derivative financial instruments, see Item 18, “Financial Statements,” notes 3.7, 5.6, 5.7 and 18. For information regarding financial instruments, see Item 4, “Information on the Company/Business Overview–Financial instruments,” and Item 18, “Financial Statements,” note 5.

Interest Rate Risk Management and Sensitivity

The tables below list the notional amounts and weighted interest rates, as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, for derivative financial instruments and other financial instruments that are sensitive to changes in interest rates, including the Bank’s investment securities, loans, borrowings and placements, interest rate swaps, cross currency swaps and forward currency exchange agreements.

As of December 31, 2017:

Expected maturity date
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | There- after |  |  | Without maturity |  |  | Total 2017 |  |  | Fair value 2017 |
($ Equivalent in thousands)
ASSETS:
Investment Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Dollars |  |  | 7,978 |  |  |  | 23,875 |  |  |  | 9,943 |  |  |  | 35,876 |  |  |  | 8,191 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 85,863 |  |  |  | 85,739 |
Average fixed rate |  |  | 3.80 | % |  |  | 7.52 | % |  |  | 4.79 | % |  |  | 4.27 | % |  |  | 3.63 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5.13 | % |  |  |  |
Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Dollars |  |  | 2,225,408 |  |  |  | 22,200 |  |  |  | 4,132 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 10,593 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,262,333 |  |  |  | 2,268,201 |
Average fixed rate |  |  | 3.04 | % |  |  | 4.15 | % |  |  | 7.27 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4.00 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3.06 | % |  |  |  |
Mexican Peso |  |  | 94,020 |  |  |  | 9,764 |  |  |  | 7,984 |  |  |  | 3,875 |  |  |  | 533 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 116,176 |  |  |  | 130,667 |
Average fixed rate |  |  | 9.44 | % |  |  | 8.43 | % |  |  | 8.22 | % |  |  | 9.14 | % |  |  | 11.65 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9.27 | % |  |  |  |
Floating rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Dollars |  |  | 2,014,535 |  |  |  | 535,568 |  |  |  | 239,474 |  |  |  | 117,753 |  |  |  | 106,524 |  |  |  | 12,835 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,026,689 |  |  |  | 3,103,544 |
Average floating rate |  |  | 3.62 | % |  |  | 4.90 | % |  |  | 4.87 | % |  |  | 5.68 | % |  |  | 4.24 | % |  |  | 5.12 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4.06 | % |  |  |  |
Mexican Peso |  |  | 46,555 |  |  |  | 15,295 |  |  |  | 18,346 |  |  |  | 14,344 |  |  |  | 3,447 |  |  |  | 2,473 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 100,460 |  |  |  | 105,161 |
Average floating rate |  |  | 9.68 | % |  |  | 10.95 | % |  |  | 10.79 | % |  |  | 10.85 | % |  |  | 10.87 | % |  |  | 7.99 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | 10.24 | % |  |  |  |
LIABILITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Borrowings and Placements (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Dollars |  |  | 429,461 |  |  |  | 15,000 |  |  |  | 345,199 |  |  |  | 4,819 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 794,479 |  |  |  | 799,196 |
Average fixed rate |  |  | 1.77 | % |  |  | 2.25 | % |  |  | 3.30 | % |  |  | 2.96 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2.45 | % |  |  |  |
Mexican Peso |  |  | 20,715 |  |  |  | 8,447 |  |  |  | 6,957 |  |  |  | 2,912 |  |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 39,081 |  |  |  | 42,546 |
Average fixed rate |  |  | 7.04 | % |  |  | 6.54 | % |  |  | 6.96 | % |  |  | 8.22 | % |  |  | 8.99 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7.01 | % |  |  |  |
Euro Dollar |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 60,178 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 60,178 |  |  |  | 61,434 |
Average fixed rate |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3.74 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3.74 | % |  |  |  |
Japanese Yen |  |  | 26,362 |  |  |  | 72,349 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 98,711 |  |  |  | 96,663 |
Average fixed rate |  |  | 0.71 | % |  |  | 0.45 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 0.52 | % |  |  |  |
Australian Dollar |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 23,436 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 23,436 |  |  |  | 23,818 |
Average fixed rate |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3.33 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3.33 | % |  |  |  |
Floating rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Dollars |  |  | 615,000 |  |  |  | 186,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 193,000 |  |  |  | 10,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,004,000 |  |  |  | 1,011,309 |
Average floating rate |  |  | 1.89 | % |  |  | 2.68 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2.96 | % |  |  | 2.93 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2.25 | % |  |  |  |
Mexican Peso |  |  | 120,255 |  |  |  | 75,638 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 195,893 |  |  |  | 196,081 |
Average floating rate |  |  | 7.94 | % |  |  | 8.06 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7.98 | % |  |  |  |

| 106 |

Expected maturity date
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | There- after |  |  | Without maturity |  |  | Total 2017 |  |  | Fair value 2017 |
($ Equivalent in thousands)
INTEREST SWAPS:
Interest Rate Swaps – Investment Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Dollars fixed to floating |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,500 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,000 |  |  |  | 3,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 12,500 |  |  |  | 12,442 |
Average pay rate |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9.75 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3.25 | % |  |  | 3.88 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5.74 | % |  |  |  |
Average receive rate |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9.12 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1.55 | % |  |  | 2.73 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4.90 | % |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Swaps – Borrowings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Dollars fixed to floating |  |  | 525,000 |  |  |  | 17,000 |  |  |  | 13,000 |  |  |  | 40,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 595,000 |  |  |  | 594,699 |
Average pay rate |  |  | 1.94 | % |  |  | 1.87 | % |  |  | 2.12 | % |  |  | 2.30 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1.96 | % |  |  |  |
Average receive rate |  |  | 1.87 | % |  |  | 1.55 | % |  |  | 1.55 | % |  |  | 1.55 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1.84 | % |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Swaps – Issuances |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Dollars fixed to floating |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 350,000 |  |  |  | 5,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 355,000 |  |  |  | 350,699 |
Average pay rate |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2.83 | % |  |  | 2.89 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2.84 | % |  |  |  |
Average receive rate |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3.25 | % |  |  | 2.85 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3.24 | % |  |  |  |
CROSS CURRENCY SWAPS:
Cross Currency Swaps |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Receive U.S. Dollars |  |  | 13,199 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,260 |  |  |  | 7,282 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 26,741 |  |  |  | 2,014 |
U.S. Dollars fixed rate |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4.84 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4.84 | % |  |  |  |
U.S. Dollars floating rate |  |  | 2.14 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5.24 | % |  |  | 5.43 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3.47 | % |  |  |  |
Pay U.S. Dollars |  |  | 64,948 |  |  |  | 146,505 |  |  |  | 23,025 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 68,768 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 303,246 |  |  |  | (27,618 | )
U.S. Dollars fixed rate |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2.53 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2.53 | % |  |  |  |
U.S. Dollars floating rate |  |  | 2.60 | % |  |  | 2.81 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3.96 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3.04 | % |  |  |  |
Receive Mexican Peso |  |  | 40,000 |  |  |  | 73,312 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 113,312 |  |  |  |  |
Mexican Peso floating rate |  |  | 8.01 | % |  |  | 7.99 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8.00 | % |  |  |  |
Pay Mexican Peso |  |  | 13,199 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,260 |  |  |  | 7,282 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 26,741 |  |  |  |  |
Mexican Peso floating rate |  |  | 7.95 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 10.54 | % |  |  | 10.90 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9.36 | % |  |  |  |
Receive Euro Dollar |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 68,768 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 68,768 |  |  |  |  |
Euro Dollar fixed rate |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3.75 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3.75 | % |  |  |  |
Receive Japanese Yen |  |  | 24,948 |  |  |  | 73,193 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 98,141 |  |  |  |  |
Japanese Yen fixed rate |  |  | 0.65 | % |  |  | 0.46 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 0.52 | % |  |  |  |
Receive Australian Dollar |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 23,025 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 23,025 |  |  |  |  |
Australian Dollar fixed rate |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3.33 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3.33 | % |  |  |  |
FORWARD CURRENCY EXCHANGE AGREEMENTS:
Receive U.S. Dollars/ Pay Mexican Pesos |  |  | 51,416 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 51,416 |  |  |  | 2,700 |
Average exchange rate |  |  | 18.63 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 18.63 | % |  |  |  |
Receive U.S. Dollars/ Pay Brazilian Reales |  |  | 9,243 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9,243 |  |  |  | 50 |
Average exchange rate |  |  | 3.32 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3.32 | % |  |  |  |
Receive Euro Dollars/ Pay U.S. Dollars |  |  | 68,952 |  |  |  | 105,020 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 173,972 |  |  |  | 5,910 |
Average exchange rate |  |  | 1.14 | % |  |  | 1.21 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1.18 | % |  |  |  |

(1) Borrowings and placements include short and long-term borrowings and debt, gross of prepaid commissions.

| 107 |

As of December 31, 2016:

Expected maturity date
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | There- after |  |  | Without maturity |  |  | Total 2016 |  |  | Fair value 2016 |
($ Equivalent in thousands)
ASSETS:
Investment Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Dollars |  |  | 3,987 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 24,772 |  |  |  | 10,153 |  |  |  | 42,607 |  |  |  | 18,905 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 100,423 |  |  |  | 99,013 |
Average fixed rate |  |  | 3.50 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8.26 | % |  |  | 5.02 | % |  |  | 4.70 | % |  |  | 4.09 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5.45 | % |  |  |  |
Floating rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Dollars |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,000 |  |  |  | 8,000 |
Average floating rate |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2.37 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2.37 | % |  |  |  |
Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Dollars |  |  | 2,487,723 |  |  |  | 27,657 |  |  |  | 2,147 |  |  |  | 397 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,517,924 |  |  |  | 2,522,771 |
Average fixed rate |  |  | 3.18 | % |  |  | 4.01 | % |  |  | 4.95 | % |  |  | 5.08 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3.19 | % |  |  |  |
Mexican Peso |  |  | 165,113 |  |  |  | 9,985 |  |  |  | 7,919 |  |  |  | 6,239 |  |  |  | 2,374 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 191,631 |  |  |  | 196,351 |
Average fixed rate |  |  | 7.68 | % |  |  | 8.00 | % |  |  | 8.11 | % |  |  | 7.76 | % |  |  | 8.51 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7.73 | % |  |  |  |
Floating rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Dollars |  |  | 1,884,275 |  |  |  | 685,445 |  |  |  | 416,579 |  |  |  | 152,079 |  |  |  | 56,042 |  |  |  | 12,807 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,207,227 |  |  |  | 3,304,614 |
Average floating rate |  |  | 3.56 | % |  |  | 4.43 | % |  |  | 4.66 | % |  |  | 4.64 | % |  |  | 5.20 | % |  |  | 5.42 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3.98 | % |  |  |  |
Mexican Peso |  |  | 24,367 |  |  |  | 32,618 |  |  |  | 18,208 |  |  |  | 11,728 |  |  |  | 11,537 |  |  |  | 5,491 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 103,949 |  |  |  | 110,507 |
Average floating rate |  |  | 9.47 | % |  |  | 9.29 | % |  |  | 9.17 | % |  |  | 9.11 | % |  |  | 9.00 | % |  |  | 8.99 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9.24 | % |  |  |  |
LIABILITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Borrowings and Placements (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Dollars |  |  | 1,237,883 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 347,238 |  |  |  | 4,828 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,589,949 |  |  |  | 1,597,952 |
Average fixed rate |  |  | 2.08 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3.25 | % |  |  | 2.85 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2.34 | % |  |  |  |
Mexican Peso |  |  | 10,374 |  |  |  | 9,715 |  |  |  | 7,581 |  |  |  | 6,179 |  |  |  | 2,374 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 36,223 |  |  |  | 41,406 |
Average fixed rate |  |  | 5.94 | % |  |  | 6.10 | % |  |  | 6.40 | % |  |  | 6.83 | % |  |  | 8.12 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6.37 | % |  |  |  |
Euro Dollar |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 52,574 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 52,574 |  |  |  | 63,868 |
Average fixed rate |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3.75 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3.75 | % |  |  |  |
Japanese Yen |  |  | - |  |  |  | 25,651 |  |  |  | 69,586 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 95,238 |  |  |  | 91,699 |
Average fixed rate |  |  | - |  |  |  | 0.70 | % |  |  | 0.46 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 0.53 | % |  |  |  |
Australian Dollar |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 21,717 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 21,717 |  |  |  | 22,107 |
Average fixed rate |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3.33 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3.33 | % |  |  |  |
Floating rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Dollars |  |  | 682,045 |  |  |  | 405,000 |  |  |  | 186,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,273,045 |  |  |  | 1,278,544 |
Average floating rate |  |  | 1.35 | % |  |  | 1.94 | % |  |  | 2.19 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1.66 | % |  |  |  |
Mexican Peso |  |  | - |  |  |  | 112,773 |  |  |  | 70,425 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 183,199 |  |  |  | 182,698 |
Average floating rate |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6.49 | % |  |  | 6.19 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6.38 | % |  |  |  |
INTEREST SWAPS:
Interest Rate Swaps – Investment Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Dollars fixed to floating |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,500 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,000 |  |  |  | 13,200 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 22,700 |  |  |  | 22,428 |
Average pay rate |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9.75 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3.25 | % |  |  | 4.26 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5.13 | % |  |  |  |
Average receive rate |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8.87 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2.21 | % |  |  | 3.06 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4.02 | % |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Swaps – Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Dollars fixed to floating |  |  | 18,487 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 18,487 |  |  |  | 18,524 |
Average pay rate |  |  | 3.80 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3.80 | % |  |  |  |
Average receive rate |  |  | 3.41 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3.41 | % |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Swaps – Borrowings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Dollars fixed to floating |  |  | 632,000 |  |  |  | 50,000 |  |  |  | 17,000 |  |  |  | 13,000 |  |  |  | 40,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 752,000 |  |  |  | 750,704 |
Average pay rate |  |  | 1.31 | % |  |  | 1.91 | % |  |  | 1.87 | % |  |  | 2.12 | % |  |  | 2.30 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1.43 | % |  |  |  |
Average receive rate |  |  | 1.30 | % |  |  | 1.64 | % |  |  | 0.58 | % |  |  | 0.59 | % |  |  | 0.58 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1.25 | % |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Swaps – Issuances |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Dollars fixed to floating |  |  | 400,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 350,000 |  |  |  | 5,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 755,000 |  |  |  | 753,285 |
Average pay rate |  |  | 3.68 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2.54 | % |  |  | 2.62 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3.14 | % |  |  |  |
Average receive rate |  |  | 3.75 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3.25 | % |  |  | 2.85 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3.51 | % |  |  |  |

| 108 |

Expected maturity date
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | There- after |  |  | Without maturity |  |  | Total 2016 |  |  | Fair value 2016 |
($ Equivalent in thousands)
CROSS CURRENCY SWAPS:
Cross Currency Swaps |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Receive U.S. Dollars |  |  | 367 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,350 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,718 |  |  |  | 1,279 |
U.S. Dollars fixed rate |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Dollars floating rate |  |  | 4.40 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4.68 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4.67 | % |  |  |  |
Pay U.S. Dollars |  |  | - |  |  |  | 64,948 |  |  |  | 146,505 |  |  |  | 23,025 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 70,895 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 305,373 |  |  |  | (44,915 | )
U.S. Dollars fixed rate |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2.53 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2.53 | % |  |  |  |
U.S. Dollars floating rate |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2.10 | % |  |  | 2.28 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3.90 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2.65 | % |  |  |  |
Receive Mexican Peso |  |  | - |  |  |  | 40,000 |  |  |  | 73,312 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,128 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 115,439 |  |  |  |  |
Mexican Peso floating rate |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6.49 | % |  |  | 6.19 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4.49 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6.26 | % |  |  |  |
Pay Mexican Peso |  |  | 367 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,350 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,718 |  |  |  |  |
Mexican Peso floating rate |  |  | 8.08 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9.10 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9.06 | % |  |  |  |
Receive Euro Dollar |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 68,768 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 68,768 |  |  |  |  |
Euro Dollar fixed rate |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1.85 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1.85 | % |  |  |  |
Receive Japanese Yen |  |  | - |  |  |  | 24,948 |  |  |  | 73,193 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 98,141 |  |  |  |  |
Japanese Yen fixed rate |  |  | - |  |  |  | 0.65 | % |  |  | 0.46 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 0.51 | % |  |  |  |
Receive Australian Dollar |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 23,025 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 23,025 |  |  |  |  |
Australian Dollar fixed rate |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1.42 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1.42 | % |  |  |  |
FORWARD CURRENCY EXCHANGE AGREEMENTS:
Receive U.S. Dollars/ Pay Mexican Pesos |  |  | 166,102 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 166,102 |  |  |  | 6,339 |
Average exchange rate |  |  | 19.76 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 19.76 | % |  |  |  |
Receive U.S. Dollars/ Pay Brazilian Reales |  |  | 3,780 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,780 |  |  |  | (131 | )
Average exchange rate |  |  | 3.39 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3.39 | % |  |  |  |
Receive Euro Dollars/ Pay U.S. Dollars |  |  | 119,203 |  |  |  | 45,027 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 164,230 |  |  |  | (9,564 | )
Average exchange rate |  |  | 1.11 | % |  |  | 1.16 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1.12 | % |  |  |  |
Receive Mexican Peso/ Pay U.S. Dollars |  |  | 25,946 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 25,946 |  |  |  | (24,181 | )
Average exchange rate |  |  | 20.37 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 20.37 | % |  |  |  |

(1) Borrowings and placements include short and long-term borrowings and debt, gross of prepaid commissions.

Although certain assets and liabilities may have similar maturities or periods of re-pricing, they may be impacted in varying degrees by changes in market interest rates. The maturity of certain types of assets and liabilities may fluctuate in advance of changes in market rates, while the maturity of other types of assets and liabilities may lag behind changes in market rates. In the event of a change in interest rates, prepayment and early withdrawal levels could deviate significantly from the maturities assumed in calculating the table above.

For information regarding the fair value disclosure of financial instruments, see Item 18, “Financial Statements,” note 18.

Foreign Exchange Risk Management and Sensitivity

The Bank accepts deposits and raises funds principally in U.S. dollars, and makes loans mostly in U.S. dollars. Currency exchange risk arises when the Bank accepts deposits or raises funds in one currency and lends or invests the proceeds in another. In general, foreign currency-denominated assets are funded with liability instruments denominated in the same currency. In those cases where assets are funded in different currencies, forward foreign exchange or cross-currency swap contracts are used to fully hedge the risk resulting from this cross currency funding, which, though economically hedged, might give rise to some accounting volatility.

The Bank does not run any foreign exchange trading business nor does it maintain open positions in any currencies beyond the minimum operational balances required to run the business of its representative offices.

Most of the Bank’s assets and most of its liabilities are denominated in U.S. dollars and, therefore, the Bank has no material foreign exchange risk, nor does it hold significant open foreign exchange positions. As of December 31, 2017, the Bank had an equivalent of US$144.0 million in non-U.S. dollar financial assets and US$143.7 million of non-U.S. dollar financial liabilities, reflecting a minimal net currency position.

| 109 |

The Bank maintains a Mexican pesos loan book, which as of December 31, 2017 amounted to the equivalent of US$143 million. This book is entirely funded with liabilities denominated in the same currency in order to avoid any currency mismatch.

For more information regarding the Risk Management, Market Risk, and Currency Risk, see Item 18, “Financial Statements,” notes 27 and 27.3.

Price Risk Management and Sensitivity

Price risk corresponds to the risk that arises from the volatility in the price of the financial instruments held by the Bank, which may result from observed transaction prices that fluctuate freely according to supply and demand or from changes in the risk factors used for determining prices (interest rates, exchange rates, credit risk spreads, etc.).

The table below lists the carrying amount and fair value of the Investment Securities Portfolio and the interest rate swaps associated with this portfolio as of the dates below:

|  | As of December 31, 2017 |  |  | As of December 31, 2016 |
|  | Carrying Amount |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Carrying Amount |  |  | Fair Value |
|  | (in $ thousands) |
INVESTMENT SECURITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial instruments at FVOCI |  |  | 25,135 |  |  |  | 25,135 |  |  |  | 30,607 |  |  |  | 30,607 |
Securities at amortized cost (1) |  |  | 69,130 |  |  |  | 69,006 |  |  |  | 77,816 |  |  |  | 76,406 |
Interest rate swaps (2) |  |  | (58 | ) |  |  | (58 | ) |  |  | (272 | ) |  |  | (272 | )

| (1) | Amounts do not include allowance for ECL of $196 thousand, and $602 thousand, as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

| (2) | As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, includes interest rate swaps that applies for hedge accounting.

For additional information regarding derivative financial instruments, see Item 18, “Financial Statements,” notes 3.7, 5.6, 5.7 and 18, and for information regarding financial instruments, see Item 18, “Financial Statements,” notes 5.2, 5.3 and 18.

| Item 12. | Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities

Not applicable.

| 110 |

PART II

| Item 13. | Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies

None.

| Item 14. | Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds

None.

| Item 15. | Controls and Procedures

a) Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Bank maintains disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports it files under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Such controls include those designed to ensure that information for disclosure is accumulated and communicated to the members of the Board and management, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

The Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and the Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”) evaluated the effectiveness of the Bank’s disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2017, and concluded that they were effective as of December 31, 2017.

b) Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f). Management, with the participation and supervision of the Bank’s CEO and CFO, has evaluated the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016. Such evaluation included (i) the documentation and understanding of the Bank’s internal control over financial reporting and (ii) a test of the design and the operating effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting. This evaluation was the basis of management’s conclusions.

Management’s evaluation was based on the criteria set forth by the Internal Control-Integrated Framework 2013 of the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The Bank’s internal control over financial reporting includes policies and procedures that:

(1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the Bank’s transactions and dispositions of its assets;

(2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit the preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that the Bank’s receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of the Bank’s management and the Board; and

(3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Bank’s assets that could have a material effect on its financial statements.

| 111 |

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and may not prevent or detect all misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Based on the assessment and criteria described above, the Bank’s management concluded that, as of December 31, 2017, the Bank’s internal control over financial reporting was effective.

The Bank’s independent registered public accounting firm, Deloitte, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of the Bank’s internal control over financial reporting.

c) Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm

| Deloitte, lnc. Contadores Públicos Autorizados RUC 16292-152-155203 D.V. 65 Torre Banco Panamá, piso 12 Avenida Boulevard y la Rotonda Costa del Este, Panamá Apartado 0816-01558 Panamá, Rep. de Panamá Teléfono: (507) 303-4100 Fax: (507) 269-2386 infopanama@deloitte.com www.deloitte.com/pa

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S.A.

Panama, Republic of Panama

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S.A. and subsidiaries (the "Bank") as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Bank maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on the criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2017 of the Bank and our report dated April 30, 2018, expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

Basis for Opinion

The Bank's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Bank's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Bank in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

| Deloitte LATCO Firma miembro de Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited

| 112 |

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A Bank's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards, as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IFRS). A Bank's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Bank; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS, and that receipts and expenditures of the Bank are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the Bank's assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risk that the controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Deloitte, Inc. |

April 30, 2018

Panama, Republic of Panama

| Deloitte LATCO Firma miembro de Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited

d) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There has been no change in the Bank’s internal control over financial reporting during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Bank’s internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act.

| Item 16. | [Reserved]

| Item 16A. | Audit Committee Financial Expert

The Board has determined that at least one member of the Audit Committee is an “audit committee financial expert,” as defined in the rules enacted by the SEC under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Section 303A of NYSE Listed Company Manual, and Rule No. 05-2011, as amended by Rule No. 05-2014 of the Superintendency of Banks of Panama. The Audit Committee’s financial expert is Gonzalo Menéndez Duque. Mr. Menéndez Duque is independent as defined by the NYSE Listed Company Manual and Item 407 of Regulation S-K.

See Item 6.A., “Directors and Executive Officers.”

| Item 16B. | Code of Ethics

The Bank has adopted a Code of Ethics that applies to the Bank’s principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer. The Bank’s Code of Ethics includes the information regarding its corporate governance practices necessary to comply with Section 303A of the NYSE Rules.

| 113 |

A copy of the Bank’s amended Code of Ethics, approved by the Compensation Committee in its meeting held on August 15, 2017, is being filed with the SEC as an Exhibit to this Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, and may also be found on the Bank’s website at http://www.bladex.com/en/investors/governance-documents (for purposes of Section 406 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002).

| Item 16C. | Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The following table summarizes the fees paid or accrued by the Bank for audit and other services provided by Deloitte, the Bank’s independent registered public accounting firm, for each of the last two fiscal years:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Audit fees |  | $ | 647,906 |  |  | $ | 647,767 |
Audit-related fees |  |  | 206,189 |  |  |  | 217,959 |
Tax fees |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
All other fees |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Total |  | $ | 854,095 |  |  | $ | 865,726 |

The following is a description of the type of services included within the categories listed above:

| · | Audit fees include aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered by Deloitte for the audit of the Bank’s annual financial statements and services that are normally provided in connection with statutory and regulatory filings or engagements.

| · | Audit-related fees include aggregate fees billed for assurance and related services by Deloitte that are reasonably related to the performance of the audit or review of the Bank’s financial statements and are not reported under the “Audit fees”. These services are associated with funding programs as part of the normal course of business of the Bank.

Audit Committee Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures

The Audit Committee pre-approves all audit and non-audit services to be provided to the Bank by the Bank’s independent accounting firm. All of the services related to the audit fees, audit-related fees, tax fees and all other fees described above were approved by the Audit Committee.

| Item 16D. | Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees

Not applicable.

| Item 16E. | Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

Not applicable.

| Item 16F. | Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant

At the Bank’s Annual Shareholders’ Meeting held on April 11, 2018, in Panama City, Panama, shareholders ratified the appointment of KPMG as the Bank’s new independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2018 to report on the Bank’s audited consolidated financial statements and to perform such other appropriate audit-related services as may be required.

| 114 |

The decision to select KPMG as the new independent auditor for the Bank was recommended and approved by the Audit Committee of the Board based on the results of an open and transparent tender offer.

The audit reports of Deloitte on the Bank’s consolidated financial statements as of the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 did not contain any adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion, nor were they qualified or modified as to uncertainty, audit scope or accounting principles.

In connection with the audit of the two fiscal years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, and during the subsequent interim period through the date of this Annual Report, there were no disagreements with Deloitte on any matter of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosure, or auditing scope of procedures, which disagreements, if not resolved to Deloitte’s satisfaction, would have caused them to make reference to the subject matter of the disagreements in connection with their opinion on the Bank’s consolidated financial statements. In addition, there were no reportable events as listed in Item 304 (a) (1) (v) of Regulation S-K.

Representatives of KPMG and Deloitte were present at the Bank’s Annual Shareholders’ Meeting held on April 11, 2018, in Panama City, Panama, and had the opportunity to make any statement, or respond to questions posed by shareholders of the Bank.

The Bank has been advised by KPMG that neither that firm nor any of its affiliates has any relationship with the Bank or its subsidiaries, other than the relationship that typically exists between independent auditors and their clients. As of the date of this Annual Report, KPMG Panama is in the process of completing its standard client and engagement acceptance evaluation procedures.

For Deloitte’s letter, see Exhibit 15.1

| Item 16G. | Corporate Governance

The corporate governance practices of the Bank and those required by the NYSE for domestic companies in the United States differ in two significant ways:

First, under Section 303A.04 of the NYSE Rules, a listed company must have a nomination/corporate governance committee comprised entirely of independent directors. However, it is common practice among public companies in Panama, including the Bank, not to have a corporate governance committee. The Bank addresses all corporate governance matters in plenary meetings of the Board, and the Audit Committee has been given the responsibility of improving the Bank’s corporate governance practices and monitoring compliance with such practices.

Second, under Section 303A.08 of the NYSE Rules, stockholders must approve all equity compensation plans and material revisions to such plans, subject to limited exceptions. However, under Panamanian law, any contracts, agreements and transactions between the Bank and one or more of its directors or officers, or companies in which they have an interest, only need to be approved by the Board, including equity compensation plans. The Board must inform stockholders of the equity compensation plans and/or material revisions to such plans at the next stockholders’ meeting and stockholders may revoke the Board’s approval of the equity compensation plans and/or material revisions to such plans at such meeting.

| Item 16H. | Mine Safety Disclosure

Not applicable.

| 115 |

PART III

| Item 17. | Financial Statements

The Bank is providing the financial statements and related information specified in Item 18.

| Item 18. | Financial Statements

List of Consolidated Financial Statements

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | F-3
Consolidated statements of financial position | F-4
Consolidated statements of profit or loss | F-5
Consolidated statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income | F-6
Consolidated statements of changes in equity | F-7
Consolidated statements of cash flows | F-8
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements | F-9

| 116 |

| Item 19. | Exhibits

List of Exhibits
Exhibit 1.1. | Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation
Exhibit 1.2. | By-Laws
Exhibit 8.1. | List of Subsidiaries
Exhibit 11.1. | Code of Ethics
Exhibit 12.1. | Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a – 14(a) and 15d – 14(a)
Exhibit 12.2. | Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a – 14(a) and 15d – 14(a)
Exhibit 13.1. | Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002
Exhibit 13.2. | Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002
Exhibit 15.1. | Consent letter of Deloitte, Inc.

| 117 |

SIGNATURES

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this Annual Report on its behalf.

BANCO LATINOAMERICANO DE COMERCIO EXTERIOR, S.A.

/s/ Rubens V. Amaral Jr. |
Chief Executive Officer |

April 30, 2018

| 118 |

EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit |
Exhibit 1.1. | Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation
Exhibit 1.2. | By-Laws
Exhibit 8.1. | List of Subsidiaries
Exhibit 11.1. | Code of Ethics
Exhibit 12.1. | Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a – 14(a) and 15d – 14(a)
Exhibit 12.2. | Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a – 14(a) and 15d – 14(a)
Exhibit 13.1. | Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002
Exhibit 13.2. | Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002
Exhibit 15.1. | Consent letter of Deloitte, Inc.

| 119 |

Banco Latinoamericano

de Comercio Exterior, S.A.

and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Financial Statements

as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

With Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

| Deloitte LATCO
| Firma miembro de
| Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S.A.

and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Financial Statements

as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

Contents | Pages
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | F-3
Audited consolidated financial statements: |
Consolidated statements of financial position | F-4
Consolidated statements of profit or loss | F-5
Consolidated statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income | F-6
Consolidated statements of changes in equity | F-7
Consolidated statements of cash flows | F-8
Notes to the consolidated financial statements | F-9 - F-102

| F-2 |

| Deloitte, lnc. Contadores Públicos Autorizados RUC 16292-152-155203 D.V. 65 Torre Banco Panamá, piso 12 Avenida Boulevard y la Rotonda Costa del Este, Panamá Apartado 0816-01558 Panamá, Rep. de Panamá

| Teléfono: (507) 303-4100 Fax: (507) 269-2386 infopanama@deloitte.com www.deloitte.com/pa

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S.A.

Panama, Republic of Panama

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S.A. and subsidiaries (the "Bank") as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, and the related consolidated statements of profit or loss, profit or loss and other comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017 and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, such consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Bank as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017, in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards, as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Bank's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on the criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated April 30, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion on the Bank's internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Bank's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Bank 's consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Bank in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Deloitte, Inc. |

April 30, 2018

Panama, Republic of Panama

We have served as the Bank's auditor since 2007.

| Deloitte LATCO
| Firma miembro de
| Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited

| F-3 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated statement of financial position
For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016
(In US$ thousand)

|  | Notes |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 4,18,27.2 |  |  | 672,048 |  |  |  | 1,069,538 |
Financial Instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
At fair value through OCI |  | 5.2,18 |  |  | 25,135 |  |  |  | 30,607 |
Securities at amortized cost, net |  | 5.3,18 |  |  | 68,934 |  |  |  | 77,214 |
Loans |  | 5.5,27.2,27.3 |  |  | 5,505,658 |  |  |  | 6,020,731 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for expected credit losses |  | 5.5,17,27.2 |  |  | 81,294 |  |  |  | 105,988 |
Unearned interest and deferred fees |  | 5.5,27.2 |  |  | 4,985 |  |  |  | 7,249 |
Loans, net |  |  |  |  | 5,419,379 |  |  |  | 5,907,494 |
Derivative financial instruments used for hedging – receivable |  | 5.6,5.7,17,18 |  |  | 13,338 |  |  |  | 9,352 |
Property and equipment, net |  | 7,17 |  |  | 7,420 |  |  |  | 8,549 |
Intangibles, net |  | 8,17 |  |  | 5,425 |  |  |  | 2,909 |
Other assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customers' liabilities under acceptances |  | 18,17 |  |  | 6,369 |  |  |  | 19,387 |
Accrued interest receivable |  | 18,17 |  |  | 30,872 |  |  |  | 44,187 |
Other assets |  | 9,17 |  |  | 18,827 |  |  |  | 11,546 |
Total of other assets |  |  |  |  | 56,068 |  |  |  | 75,120 |
Total assets |  |  |  |  | 6,267,747 |  |  |  | 7,180,783 |
Liabilities and stockholders' equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits: |  | 10,18,27.2,27.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing - Demand |  |  |  |  | 420 |  |  |  | 1,617 |
Interest-bearing - Demand |  |  |  |  | 81,644 |  |  |  | 125,397 |
Time |  |  |  |  | 2,846,780 |  |  |  | 2,675,838 |
Total deposits |  |  |  |  | 2,928,844 |  |  |  | 2,802,852 |
Derivative financial instruments used for hedging – payable |  | 5.6,5.7,18 |  |  | 34,943 |  |  |  | 59,686 |
Financial liabilities through profit or loss |  | 5.1,5.7,18 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 24 |
Short-term borrowings and debt |  | 12.1,18 |  |  | 1,072,723 |  |  |  | 1,470,075 |
Long-term borrowings and debt, net |  | 12.2,18 |  |  | 1,138,844 |  |  |  | 1,776,738 |
Other liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Acceptances outstanding |  | 18 |  |  | 6,369 |  |  |  | 19,387 |
Accrued interest payable |  | 18 |  |  | 15,816 |  |  |  | 16,603 |
Allowance for expected credit losses on loan commitments and financial guarantees contracts |  | 6 |  |  | 6,845 |  |  |  | 5,776 |
Other liabilities |  | 13 |  |  | 20,551 |  |  |  | 18,328 |
Total other liabilities |  |  |  |  | 49,581 |  |  |  | 60,094 |
Total liabilities |  |  |  |  | 5,224,935 |  |  |  | 6,169,469 |
Stockholders' equity: |  | 14,15,16,19 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock |  |  |  |  | 279,980 |  |  |  | 279,980 |
Treasury stock |  | 15 |  |  | (63,248 | ) |  |  | (69,176 | )
Additional paid-in capital in excess of assigned value of common stock |  |  |  |  | 119,941 |  |  |  | 120,594 |
Capital reserves |  |  |  |  | 95,210 |  |  |  | 95,210 |
Retained earnings |  |  |  |  | 608,966 |  |  |  | 587,507 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  | 5.2,5.6,19 |  |  | 1,963 |  |  |  | (2,801 | )
Total stockholders' equity |  |  |  |  | 1,042,812 |  |  |  | 1,011,314 |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity |  |  |  |  | 6,267,747 |  |  |  | 7,180,783 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

| F-4 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated statements of profit or loss
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(In US$ thousand, except per share amounts)

|  | Notes |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  |  |  |  | 10,261 |  |  |  | 4,472 |  |  |  | 2,050 |
At fair value through OCI |  |  |  |  | 545 |  |  |  | 2,254 |  |  |  | 6,033 |
Securities at amortized cost |  |  |  |  | 1,947 |  |  |  | 2,780 |  |  |  | 2,371 |
Loans |  |  |  |  | 213,326 |  |  |  | 236,392 |  |  |  | 209,858 |
Total interest income |  | 17 |  |  | 226,079 |  |  |  | 245,898 |  |  |  | 220,312 |
Interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  |  |  |  | 42,847 |  |  |  | 20,131 |  |  |  | 11,788 |
Short and long-term borrowings and debt |  |  |  |  | 63,417 |  |  |  | 70,558 |  |  |  | 63,045 |
Total interest expense |  | 17 |  |  | 106,264 |  |  |  | 90,689 |  |  |  | 74,833 |
Net interest income |  | 17 |  |  | 119,815 |  |  |  | 155,209 |  |  |  | 145,479 |
Other income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fees and commissions, net |  | 21 |  |  | 17,514 |  |  |  | 14,306 |  |  |  | 19,200 |
Loss on derivative financial instruments and foreign currency exchange, net |  | 5.6 |  |  | (437 | ) |  |  | (486 | ) |  |  | (23 | )
(Loss) gain per financial instrument at fair value through profit or loss |  | 22 |  |  | (732 | ) |  |  | (2,883 | ) |  |  | 5,731 |
Gain (loss) on sale of securities at fair value through OCI |  | 5.2 |  |  | 249 |  |  |  | (356 | ) |  |  | 363 |
Gain on sale of loans |  | 5.4 |  |  | 181 |  |  |  | 806 |  |  |  | 1,505 |
Other income |  |  |  |  | 1,723 |  |  |  | 1,378 |  |  |  | 1,603 |
Net other income |  |  |  |  | 18,498 |  |  |  | 12,765 |  |  |  | 28,379 |
Total income |  |  |  |  | 138,313 |  |  |  | 167,974 |  |  |  | 173,858 |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impairment loss from expected credit losses on loans at amortized cost |  | 5.5 |  |  | 8,859 |  |  |  | 34,760 |  |  |  | 17,248 |
(Recovery) impairment loss from expected credit losses on investment securities |  | 5.2,5.3 |  |  | (489 | ) |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 5,290 |
Impairment loss (recovery) from expected credit losses on loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts |  | 6 |  |  | 1,069 |  |  |  | 352 |  |  |  | (4,448 | )
Salaries and other employee expenses |  | 23 |  |  | 27,653 |  |  |  | 25,196 |  |  |  | 30,435 |
Depreciation of equipment and leasehold improvements |  | 7 |  |  | 1,578 |  |  |  | 1,457 |  |  |  | 1,371 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  | 8 |  |  | 838 |  |  |  | 629 |  |  |  | 596 |
Other expenses |  | 24 |  |  | 16,806 |  |  |  | 18,532 |  |  |  | 19,382 |
Total expenses |  |  |  |  | 56,314 |  |  |  | 80,929 |  |  |  | 69,874 |
Profit for the year |  |  |  |  | 81,999 |  |  |  | 87,045 |  |  |  | 103,984 |
Earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 14 |  |  | 2.09 |  |  |  | 2.23 |  |  |  | 2.67 |
Diluted |  | 14 |  |  | 2.08 |  |  |  | 2.22 |  |  |  | 2.66 |
Weighted average basic shares |  | 14 |  |  | 39,311 |  |  |  | 39,085 |  |  |  | 38,925 |
Weighted average diluted shares |  | 14 |  |  | 39,329 |  |  |  | 39,210 |  |  |  | 39,113 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

| F-5 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(In US$ thousand)

|  | Notes |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Profit for the year |  |  |  |  | 81,999 |  |  |  | 87,045 |  |  |  | 103,984 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Items that are not be reclassified subsequently to gains and losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value for revaluation by equity instrument to FVOCI, net of hedging |  | 19 |  |  | 187 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Items that are or may be reclassified subsequently to gains and losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net change in unrealized gain (losses) on financial instruments at fair value through OCI |  | 19 |  |  | 696 |  |  |  | 8,078 |  |  |  | (2,114 | )
Net change in unrealized losses on derivative financial instruments |  | 19 |  |  | 2,391 |  |  |  | (198 | ) |  |  | (730 | )
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net |  |  |  |  | (60 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Exchange difference in conversion of foreign operating currency |  |  |  |  | 1,550 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  | 19 |  |  | 4,764 |  |  |  | 7,880 |  |  |  | (2,844 | )
Total comprehensive income for the year |  |  |  |  | 86,763 |  |  |  | 94,925 |  |  |  | 101,140 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

| F-6 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated statements of changes in equity
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(In US$ thousand)

|  | Common stock |  |  | Treasury stock |  |  | Additional paid- in capital in excess of assigned value of common stock |  |  | Capital reserves |  |  | Retained earnings |  |  | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | Total |
Balances at January 1, 2015 |  |  | 279,980 |  |  |  | (77,627 | ) |  |  | 119,644 |  |  |  | 95,210 |  |  |  | 501,669 |  |  |  | (7,837 | ) |  |  | 911,039 |
Profit for the year |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 103,984 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 103,984 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2,844 | ) |  |  | (2,844 | )
Issuance of restricted stock |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,259 |  |  |  | (1,259 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Compensation cost - stock options and stock units plans |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,296 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,296 |
Exercised options and stock units vested |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,971 |  |  |  | (1,504 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,467 |
Repurchase of "Class B" and "Class E" common stock |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Dividends declared |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (45,011 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (45,011 | )
Balances at December 31, 2015 |  |  | 279,980 |  |  |  | (73,397 | ) |  |  | 120,177 |  |  |  | 95,210 |  |  |  | 560,642 |  |  |  | (10,681 | ) |  |  | 971,931 |
Profit for the year |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 87,045 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 87,045 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7,880 |  |  |  | 7,880 |
Issuance of restricted stock |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,259 |  |  |  | (1,259 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Compensation cost - stock options and stock units plans |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,063 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,063 |
Exercised options and stock units vested |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,962 |  |  |  | (1,387 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,575 |
Repurchase of "Class B" and "Class E" common stock |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Dividends declared |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (60,180 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (60,180 | )
Balances at December 31, 2016 |  |  | 279,980 |  |  |  | (69,176 | ) |  |  | 120,594 |  |  |  | 95,210 |  |  |  | 587,507 |  |  |  | (2,801 | ) |  |  | 1,011,314 |
Profit for the year |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 81,999 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 81,999 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,764 |  |  |  | 4,764 |
Issuance of restricted stock |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,259 |  |  |  | (1,229 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 30 |
Compensation cost - stock options and stock units plans |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 296 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 296 |
Exercised options and stock units vested |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,697 |  |  |  | 280 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,977 |
Repurchase of "Class B" and "Class E" common stock |  |  | - |  |  |  | (28 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (28 | )
Dividends declared |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (60,540 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (60,540 | )
Balances at December 31, 2017 |  |  | 279,980 |  |  |  | (63,248 | ) |  |  | 119,941 |  |  |  | 95,210 |  |  |  | 608,966 |  |  |  | 1,963 |  |  |  | 1,042,812 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

| F-7 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated statements of cash flows
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(In US$ thousand)

|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Profit for the year |  |  | 81,999 |  |  |  | 87,045 |  |  |  | 103,984 |
Adjustments to reconcile profit for the year to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Activities of derivative financial instruments used for hedging |  |  | (26,363 | ) |  |  | 21,333 |  |  |  | (2,279 | )
Depreciation of equipment and leasehold improvements |  |  | 1,578 |  |  |  | 1,457 |  |  |  | 1,371 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  |  | 838 |  |  |  | 629 |  |  |  | 596 |
Loss for disposal of equipment and leasehold improvements |  |  | 2,205 |  |  |  | 140 |  |  |  | 32 |
Loss for disposal of intangible assets |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1 |
Impairment loss from expected credit losses |  |  | 9,439 |  |  |  | 35,115 |  |  |  | 18,090 |
Net (gain) loss on sale of financial assets at fair value through OCI |  |  | (249 | ) |  |  | 356 |  |  |  | (363 | )
Compensation cost - share-based payment |  |  | 296 |  |  |  | 3,063 |  |  |  | 3,296 |
Interest income |  |  | (226,079 | ) |  |  | (245,898 | ) |  |  | (220,312 | )
Interest expense |  |  | 106,264 |  |  |  | 90,689 |  |  |  | 74,833 |
Net decrease (increase) in operating assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net decrease (increase) in pledged deposits |  |  | 8,571 |  |  |  | (29,148 | ) |  |  | 6,546 |
Financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | 53,411 |  |  |  | 2,545 |
Net decrease (increase) in loans at amortized cost |  |  | 479,226 |  |  |  | 650,217 |  |  |  | (7,410 | )
Other assets |  |  | (269 | ) |  |  | (39 | ) |  |  | (7,738 | )
Net increase (decrease) in operating liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net increase due to depositors |  |  | 125,992 |  |  |  | 7,383 |  |  |  | 288,775 |
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  |  | (24 | ) |  |  | (65 | ) |  |  | 37 |
Other liabilities |  |  | (4,695 | ) |  |  | (1,774 | ) |  |  | 6,398 |
Cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 558,745 |  |  |  | 673,914 |  |  |  | 268,402 |
Interest received |  |  | 239,394 |  |  |  | 247,167 |  |  |  | 223,033 |
Interest paid |  |  | (107,051 | ) |  |  | (91,802 | ) |  |  | (71,972 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 691,088 |  |  |  | 829,279 |  |  |  | 419,463 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquisition of equipment and leasehold improvements |  |  | (2,654 | ) |  |  | (3,973 | ) |  |  | (615 | )
Acquisition of intangible assets |  |  | (3,370 | ) |  |  | (3,111 | ) |  |  | - |
Proceeds from the redemption of of financial instruments at fair value through OCI |  |  | - |  |  |  | 107,088 |  |  |  | 151,131 |
Proceeds from the sale of financial instruments at fair value through OCI |  |  | 17,040 |  |  |  | 102,655 |  |  |  | 118,210 |
Proceeds from maturities of financial instruments at amortized cost |  |  | 18,258 |  |  |  | 55,240 |  |  |  | 44,923 |
Purchases of financial instruments at fair value through OCI |  |  | (8,402 | ) |  |  | (84,153 | ) |  |  | (86,629 | )
Purchases of financial instruments at amortized cost |  |  | (9,978 | ) |  |  | (24,600 | ) |  |  | (96,920 | )
Net cash provided by investing activities |  |  | 10,894 |  |  |  | 149,146 |  |  |  | 130,100 |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net decrease in short-term borrowings and debt and securities sold under repurchase agreements |  |  | (397,352 | ) |  |  | (1,074,366 | ) |  |  | (448,615 | )
Proceeds from long-term borrowings and debt |  |  | 219,905 |  |  |  | 403,489 |  |  |  | 946,084 |
Repayments of long-term borrowings and debt |  |  | (857,799 | ) |  |  | (508,564 | ) |  |  | (462,559 | )
Dividends paid |  |  | (60,605 | ) |  |  | (60,135 | ) |  |  | (59,943 | )
Exercised stock options |  |  | 4,977 |  |  |  | 1,575 |  |  |  | 1,467 |
Repurchase of common stock |  |  | (27 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Net cash used in financing activities |  |  | (1,090,901 | ) |  |  | (1,238,001 | ) |  |  | (23,566 | )
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (388,919 | ) |  |  | (259,576 | ) |  |  | 525,997 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year |  |  | 1,007,726 |  |  |  | 1,267,302 |  |  |  | 741,305 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of the year |  |  | 618,807 |  |  |  | 1,007,726 |  |  |  | 1,267,302 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

| F-8 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 1. | Corporate information

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. (“Bladex Head Office” and together with its subsidiaries “Bladex” or the “Bank”), headquartered in Panama City, Republic of Panama, is a specialized multinational bank established to support the financing of trade and economic integration in Latin America and the Caribbean (the “Region”). The Bank was established pursuant to a May 1975 proposal presented to the Assembly of Governors of Central Banks in the Region, which recommended the creation of a multinational organization to increase the foreign trade financing capacity of the Region. The Bank was organized in 1977, incorporated in 1978 as a corporation pursuant to the laws of the Republic of Panama, and officially initiated operations on January 2, 1979. Under a contract law signed in 1978 between the Republic of Panama and Bladex, the Bank was granted certain privileges by the Republic of Panama, including an exemption from payment of income taxes in Panama.

The Bank operates under a general banking license issued by the National Banking Commission of Panama, predecessor of the Superintendency of Banks of Panama (the “SBP”).

In the Republic of Panama, banks are regulated by the SBP through Executive Decree No. 52 of April 30, 2008, which adopts the unique text of the Law Decree No. 9 of February 26, 1998, modified by the Law Decree No. 2 of February 22, 2008. Banks are also regulated by resolutions and agreements issued by this entity. The main aspects of this law and its regulations include: the authorization of banking licenses, minimum capital and liquidity requirements, consolidated supervision, procedures for management of credit and market risks, measures to prevent money laundering, the financing of terrorism and related illicit activities, and procedures for banking intervention and liquidation, among others.

Bladex Head Office’s subsidiaries are the following:

| - | Bladex Holdings Inc. a wholly owned subsidiary, incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware, United States of America (USA), on May 30, 2000. Bladex Holdings Inc. has ownership in Bladex Representacao Ltda.

| - | Bladex Representaçao Ltda., incorporated under the laws of Brazil on January 7, 2000, acts as the Bank’s representative office in Brazil. Bladex Representacao Ltda. is 99.999% owned by Bladex Head Office and the remaining 0.001% owned by Bladex Holdings Inc.

| - | Bladex Investimentos Ltda. was incorporated under the laws of Brazil on May 3, 2011. Bladex Head Office owned 99% of Bladex Investimentos Ltda., and Bladex Holdings Inc. owned the remaining 1%. This company had invested substantially all of its assets in an investment fund, Alpha 4x Latam Fundo de Investimento Multimercado, incorporated in Brazil (“the Brazilian Fund”), registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission of Brazil (“CVM”, for its acronym in Portuguese). Bladex Investimentos Ltda. merged with Bladex Representacao Ltda. on April 2016, being the former the extinct company under Brazilian law and prevailing the acquiring company Bladex Representacao Ltda.

| - | Bladex Development Corp. was incorporated under the laws of Panama on June 5, 2014. Bladex Development Corp. is 100% owned by Bladex Head Office.

| - | BLX Soluciones, S.A. de C.V., SOFOM, E.N.R. was incorporated under the laws of Mexico on June 13, 2014. BLX Soluciones is 99.9% owned by Bladex Head Office, and Bladex Development Corp. owns the remaining 0.1%. The company specializes in offering financial leasing and other financial products such as loans and factoring.

Bladex Head Office has an agency in New York City, USA (the “New York Agency”), which began operations on March 27, 1989. The New York Agency is principally engaged in financing transactions related to international trade, mostly the confirmation and financing of letters of credit for customers in the Region. The New York Agency also has authorization to book transactions through an International Banking Facility (“IBF”).

| F-9 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 1. | Corporate information (continued)

The Bank has representative offices in Buenos Aires, Argentina; in Mexico City; in Lima, Peru; and in Bogota, Colombia.

The consolidated financial statements have been authorized for issue by resolution of the Board of Directors dated February 06, 2018.

| 2. | Basis of preparation of the consolidated financial statements

| 2.1 | Statement of compliance

The consolidated financial statements of Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and its subsidiaries have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS") as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ("IASB"), and Interpretations issued by the IFRS Interpretation Committee (formerly known as IFRIC).

| 2.2 | Basis of valuation and presentation currency

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the basis of fair value for financial assets and liabilities through profit or loss, derivative financial instruments, investments and other financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income. The carrying values of recognized assets and liabilities that are designated as hedged items in fair value hedges, that would otherwise be carried at amortized cost, are adjusted to record changes in the fair values attributable to the risks that are being hedged in effective hedge relationships. Other financial assets and liabilities and other non-financial assets and liabilities are presented at amortized cost or on a historical cost basis.

All amounts presented in the consolidated financial statements and notes are expressed in United States of America dollars

(US dollar), which is the functional currency of the Bank.

| 2.3 | Basis of consolidation

The consolidated financial statements comprise the financial statements of Bladex and its subsidiaries. Bladex consolidates its subsidiaries from the date on which control is transferred to the Bank. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated for consolidation purposes. Specifically, the Bank controls an investee if, and only if, the Bank has:

| - | Power over the investee. Existing rights that give it the current ability to direct the relevant activities of the investee.

| - | Exposure, or rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee.

| - | The ability to use its power over the investee to affect its return.

Generally, there is a presumption that a majority of voting rights results in control. To support this presumption and when the Bank has less than the majority of the voting or similar rights of an investee, the Bank considers all relevant facts and circumstances in assessing whether it has power over an investee, including:

| - | The contractual arrangement(s) with the other vote holders of the investee

| - | Rights arising from other contractual arrangements

| - | The Bank’s voting rights and potential voting rights.

The Bank re-assesses whether or not it controls an investee if facts and circumstances indicate that there are changes to one or more of the three elements of control. Consolidation of a subsidiary begins when the Bank obtains control over the subsidiary and ceases when the Bank loses control of the subsidiary. Assets, liabilities, income and expenses of a subsidiary acquired or disposed of during the year are included in the consolidated financial statements from the date the Bank gains control until the date the Bank ceases to control the subsidiary.

Profit or loss and each component of other comprehensive income (“OCI”) are attributed to the equity holders of the parent of the Bank and to the non-controlling interests, even if this results in the non-controlling interests having a deficit balance. When necessary, adjustments are made to the financial statements of subsidiaries to bring their accounting policies in line with the Bank’s accounting policies.

| F-10 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 2. | Basis of preparation of the consolidated financial statements (continued)

| 2.3 | Basis of consolidation (continued)

A change in the ownership interest of a subsidiary, without a loss of control, is accounted for as an equity transaction. If the Bank loses control over a subsidiary, it derecognizes the related assets, liabilities, non-controlling interest and other components of equity, while any resultant gain or loss is recognized in the consolidated statement of profit or loss. Any investment retained is recognized at fair value.

When loses control of a subsidiary, the gain/loss on disposal recognised in profit or loss is calculated as the difference between:

| - | The aggregate of the fair value of the consideration received and the fair value of any retained interest, and

| - | The previous carrying amount of the assets (including goodwill), less liabilities of the subsidiary and any Non- Controlling Interest (NCI)

All amounts previously recognised in other comprehensive income (loss) in relation to that subsidiary are accounted for as if had directly disposed of the related assets or liabilities of the subsidiary (i.e. reclassified to profit or loss or transferred to another category of equity as specified/permitted by applicable IFRSs).

The fair value of any investment retained in the former subsidiary at the date when control is lost is regarded as the fair value on initial recognition for subsequent accounting under IFRS 9 – “Financial Instruments” when applicable, the cost on initial recognition of an investment in an associate or a joint venture.

| 3. | Summary of significant accounting policies

The following are the significant accounting policies applied consistently by the Bank to all years presented in these consolidated financial statements.

| 3.1 | Currency and foreign currency transactions

| 3.1.1 | Foreign currency transactions

For the purpose of consolidation of the financial statements, the Bank applies IAS 21- “The Effect of Change in Foreign Exchange Rates” to financial assets and financial liabilities that are monetary items and denominated in a foreign currency. This standard requires any foreign exchange gains and losses on monetary assets and monetary liabilities to be recognised in profit or loss. An exception is a monetary item that is designated as a hedging instrument in a cash flow hedge, a hedge of a net investment or a fair value hedge of an equity instrument for which an entity has elected to present changes in fair value in other comprehensive income (loss).

For each entity, the Bank determines the functional currency, and items included in the consolidated financial statements of each entity are measured using the functional currency.

| 3.1.2 | Transactions and balances

Assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries, whose local currency is considered their functional currency, are translated into the reporting currency, US dollars, using month-end spot foreign exchange rates. The Bank uses monthly-averaged exchange rates to translate revenues and expenses from local functional currency into US dollars. The effects of those translations adjustments are reported as a component of the accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated statement of changes in equity.

Transactions whose terms are denominated in a currency other than the functional currency, including transactions denominated in local currency of the foreign entity with the US dollar as their functional currency, are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing at the date of the transaction. Assets and liabilities in foreign currency are translated into US dollar using month-end spot foreign exchange rates. The effects of translation of monetary assets and liabilities into US dollar are included in current year’s earnings in the gain (loss) on foreign currency exchange line item.

| F-11 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 3. | Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

| 3.1 | Currency and foreign currency transactions (continued)

| 3.1.2 | Transactions and balances (continued)

Differences arising on settlement or translation of monetary items are recognized in the consolidated statement of profit or loss with the exception of monetary items that are designated as part of the hedge of the Bank’s net investment in a foreign operation. These are recognized in consolidated statements of other comprehensive income until the net investment is disposed of, at which time, the cumulative amount is classified to the consolidated statement of profit or loss. Tax charges and credits attributable to exchange differences on those monetary items are also recorded in consolidated statements of other comprehensive income, if applicable.

Non-monetary assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated into the functional currency at the spot exchange rate at the date on which the fair value is determined. Non-monetary items that are measured based on historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the spot exchange rate at the date of the transaction.

| 3.2 | Cash and cash equivalents

Cash equivalents include demand deposits in banks and interest-bearing deposits in banks with original maturities of three months or less, excluding pledged deposits.

| 3.3 | Financial instruments

| 3.3.1 | Date of recognition

All financial assets and liabilities are initially recognized on the trade date, the date that the Bank becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. This includes regular way trades: purchases or sales of financial assets that require delivery of assets within the time frame generally established by regulation or convention in the market place.

| 3.3.2 | Initial measurement of financial instruments

Recognised financial assets and financial liabilities are initially measured at fair value. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities (other than financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss ( FVTPL) are added to or deducted from the fair value of the financial assets or financial liabilities, as appropriate, on initial recognition. Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets or financial liabilities at FVTPL are recognised immediately in profit or loss.

Debt instruments that are held within a business model whose objective is to collect the contractual cash flows, and that have contractual cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding (SPPI), are subsequently measured at amortized cost; debt instruments that are held within a business model whose objective is both to collect the contractual cash flows and to sell the debt instruments, and that have contractual cash flows that are SPPI, are subsequently measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI); all other debt instruments (e.g. debt instruments managed on a fair value basis, or held for sale) and equity investments are subsequently measured at FVTPL.

However, may make the following irrevocable election / designation at initial recognition of a financial asset on an asset-by-asset basis:

| - | It may irrevocably elect to present subsequent changes in fair value of an equity investment that is neither held for trading nor contingent consideration recognised by an acquirer in a business combination to which IFRS 3 – “Business Combinations” applies, in other comprehensive income (loss); and

| - | It may irrevocably designate a debt instrument that meets the amortized cost or at FVTOCI criteria as measured at FVTPL if doing so eliminates or significantly reduces an accounting mismatch.

| F-12 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 3. | Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

| 3.3 | Financial instruments (continued)

| 3.3.3 | Classification

The Bank classifies its financial assets as subsequently measured at amortized cost, fair value through other comprehensive income or fair value through profit or loss on the basis of the Bank’s business model for managing the financial assets and the contractual cash flow characteristics of these financial assets.

The Bank classifies all financial liabilities as subsequently measured at amortized costs, except for those liabilities measured at fair value through profit or loss as a result of hedge accounting, as well as liabilities measured at fair value in the case of undesignated derivatives.

| 3.3.4 | Business model assessment

The Bank makes an assessment of the objective of the business model in which the financial asset is held at a portfolio level, because this reflects the way the business is managed, and information is provided to management. The information considers the following:

| - | The Bank’s policies and objectives for the portfolio and the operation of those policies in practice. In particular, whether management’s strategy focuses on earning contractual interest revenue, maintaining a particular interest rate profile, matching the duration of the financial assets to the duration of the liabilities that are funding those assets or realizing cash flows through the sale of the assets;

| - | How the performance of the portfolio is evaluated and reported to the Bank’s management;

| - | The risk that affect the performance of the business model and how those risks are managed;

| - | The frequency, volume and timing of sales in prior periods, the reason for such sales and its expectations about future sales activity. However, information about sales activity is not considered in isolation, but as part of an overall assessment of how the Bank’s stated objective for managing the financial assets is achieved and how cash flows are realized.

| 3.3.5 | Assessment whether contractual cash flows are solely payments of principal and interest

For the purposes of this assessment, ‘principal’ is defined as the fair value of the financial asset on initial recognition. ‘Interest’ is defined as consideration for the time value of money and for the credit risk associated with the principal amount outstanding during a particular period of time and for other basic lending risks and costs as well as profit margin.

Contractual cash flows that are SPPI are consistent with a basic lending arrangement. Contractual terms that introduce exposure to risks or volatility in the contractual cash flows that are unrelated to a basic lending arrangement, such as exposure to changes in equity prices or commodity prices, do not give rise to contractual cash flows that are SPPI. An originated or an acquired financial asset can be a basic lending arrangement irrespective of whether it is a loan in its legal form.

In assessing whether the contractual cash flows are solely payments of principal and interest, the Bank considers the contractual terms of the instrument. This includes assessing whether the financial asset contains a contractual term that could change the timing or amount of contractual cash flows such that it would not meet this condition. In making the assessment, the Bank considers the following:

| - | Contingent events that would change the amount and timing of cash flows;

| - | Leverage features;

| - | Prepayment and extension terms;

| - | Terms that limit the Bank’s claim to cash flows from specified assets (e.g. non-recourse asset arrangements); and features that modify consideration of the time value of money (e.g. periodical reset of interest rates).

| F-13 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 3. | Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

| 3.3 | Financial instruments (continued)

| 3.3.6 | Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI)

These securities consist of debt instruments not classified as either securities at FVTPL or securities at amortized cost, and are subject to the same approval criteria as the rest of the credit portfolio. These securities are carried at fair value if both of the following conditions are met:

| - | The financial asset is held according to a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets; and,

| - | The contractual terms of the financial assets give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

Unrealized gains and losses are reported as net increases or decreases to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”) in the consolidated statement of changes in equity until they are realized. Realized gains and losses from the sale of securities which are included in net gain on sale of securities are determined using the specific identification method.

For an equity investment designated as measured at FVTOCI, the cumulative gain/loss previously recognized in OCI is not subsequently reclassified to profit or loss but transferred within equity.

| 3.3.7 | Financial assets at amortized cost

Financial assets classified at amortized cost represent securities and loans whose objective is to hold them in order to collect contractual cash flows over the life of the instrument. These securities and loans are measured at amortized cost if both of the following conditions are met:

| - | The financial asset is held according to a business model whose objective is to hold the financial assets in order to collect the contractual cash flows, and

| - | The contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

| 3.3.8 | Financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL)

Financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss include a) assets with contractual cash flows that are not SPPI; or/and b) assets designated at FVTPL using the fair value option; and payables (unrealized losses) related to derivative financial instruments which are not designated as hedges or which do not qualify for hedge accounting.

Unrealized and realized gains and losses on assets and liabilities at FVTPL are recorded in the consolidated statement of profit or loss as net gain (loss) from financial instruments at FVTPL.

| 3.3.9 | Reclassification

If the business model under which the Bank holds financial assets changes, the financial assets affected are reclassified. The classification and measurement requirements related to the new category apply prospectively from the first day of the first reporting period following the change in business model that results in reclassifying the Bank’s financial assets.

During the current financial year and previous accounting period there was no change in the business model under which the Bank holds financial assets and therefore no reclassifications were made. Changes in contractual cash flows are considered under the accounting policy on modification and derecognition of financial assets described below.

| F-14 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 3. | Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

| 3.3 | Financial instruments (continued)

| 3.3.10 | Derecognition of financial assets and financial liabilities

Financial assets

A financial asset (or, where applicable, a part of a financial asset or part of a group of similar financial assets) is derecognized when:

| - | The rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired.

| - | The Bank has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from the asset and either has transferred substantially all risk and rewards of the asset, or has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but has transferred control of the asset.

| - | The Bank retains the right to receive cash flows from the asset, but has assumed an obligation to pay the received cash flows in full without material delay to a third party under a ‘pass–through’ arrangement.

| - | When the Bank has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from an asset or has entered into a pass–through arrangement, and has neither transferred nor retained substantially all of the risks and rewards of the asset nor transferred control of the asset, the asset is recognized to the extent of the Bank’s continuing involvement in the asset. In that case, the Bank also recognizes an associated liability. The transferred asset and the associated liability are measured on a basis that reflects the rights and obligations that the Bank has retained.

Continuing involvement that takes the form of a guarantee over the transferred asset is measured at the lower of the original carrying amount of the asset and the maximum amount of consideration that the Bank could be required to repay.

The Bank enters into transactions whereby it transfers assets recognized on its statement of financial position, but retains either all or substantially all of the risks and rewards of the transferred asset or portion of them. In such cases, the transferred assets are not derecognized. Examples of such transactions are securities lending and sale-and-repurchase transactions.

Financial liabilities

A financial liability is derecognized when the obligation under the liability is extinguished, when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged or cancelled or expires.

Where an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as a an extinguishment of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability.

The difference between the carrying value of the original financial liability and the consideration paid, including any non-cash assets transferred or liabilities assumed, is recognized in the consolidated statements of profit or loss.

| F-15 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 3. | Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

| 3.3 | Financial instruments (continued)

| 3.3.10 | Derecognition of financial assets and financial liabilities (continued)

Impairment of financial assets – investment securities

The Bank conducts periodic reviews for all of its securities. The Bank recognizes a loss allowance for expected credit losses on investment securities measured at fair value through other comprehensive income and investment securities measured at amortized cost. If at the reporting date, the credit risk of these financial instruments has not increased significantly since initial recognition, the Bank will measure the loss allowance for those financial instruments at an amount equal to 12-month expected credit losses. However, if the Bank determines that the credit risk of those financial instruments has increased significantly since initial recognition, then it measures a loss allowance at an amount equal to the lifetime expected credit losses. If the Bank has measured a loss allowance for a financial instrument at an amount equal to lifetime expected credit losses in the previous reporting year because of a significant increase in credit risk, but determines at the current reporting date that this presumption is no longer met; then it will measure the loss allowance at an amount equal to 12-month expected credit losses at the current reporting date. The Bank recognizes in the consolidated statement of profit or loss, as an impairment gain or loss, the amount of expected credit losses (or reversal) that is required to adjust the loss allowance to the amount that is required to be recognized at the reporting date.

The Bank maintains a system of internal credit quality indicators. . The table below provides a mapping of the Bank’s internal credit risk grades to external ratings.

Internal Rating |  | External Rating (1) |  | Description
1 a 4 |  | Aaa – Ba1 |  | Clients with payment ability to satisfy their financial commitments
5 a 6 |  | Ba2 – B3 |  | Clients with payment ability to satisfy their financial commitments, but with more frequent reviews.
7 |  | Caa1 |  | Clients exposed to systemic risks specific to the country or the industry in which they are located, facing adverse situations in their operation or financial condition. At this level, access to new funding is uncertain.
8 |  | Caa2 – Caa3 |  | Clients whose primary source of payment (operating cash flow) is inadequate, and who show evidence of deterioration in their working capital that does not allow them to satisfy payments on the agreed terms, endangering recovery of unpaid balances.
9 |  | Ca |  | Clients whose operating cash flow continuously shows insufficiency to service the debt on the originally agreed terms. Due to the fact that the borrower presents an impaired financial and economic situation, the likelihood of recovery is low.
10 |  | C |  | Clients with operating cash flow that does not cover their costs, are in suspension of payments, presumably will also have difficulties fulfilling possible restructuring agreements, are in a state of insolvency, or have filed for bankruptcy, among others.

| (1) | External rating in accordance to Moody’s

For financial instruments measured at fair value through OCI, the expected credit losses do not reduce the carrying amount in the consolidated statement of financial position, which remains at fair value. Instead, an amount equal to the allowance that would arise if the asset was measured at amortized cost is recognized in the consolidated statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income as the accumulated impairment amount. Impairment gains or losses are accounted for as an adjustment of the revaluation reserve in the accumulated other comprehensive income, with a corresponding charge to the consolidated statement of profit or loss.

Impairment on securities is evaluated considering numerous factors, and their relative significance varies case by case. Factors considered in determining whether a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of a financial asset has occurred include, but are not limited to: significant financial difficulty of the issuer; high probability of bankruptcy; granting a concession to the issuer; disappearance of an active market because of financial difficulties; breach of contract, such as default

| F-16 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 3. | Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

| 3.3 | Financial instruments (continued)

| 3.3.10 | Derecognition of financial assets and financial liabilities (continued)

Impairment of financial assets – investment securities

or delinquency in interest or principal; and, observable data indicating there is a measurable decrease in the estimated future cash flows since initial recognition.

If a security is no longer publicly traded or the entity´s credit rating is downgraded, this is not, by itself, evidence of impairment, but should be considered for impairment together with other information. A decline in the fair value of an investment security below its amortized cost is not necessarily evidence of impairment, as it may be due to an increase in market interest rates. Whether a decline in fair value below cost is considered significant or prolonged, must be assessed on an instrument-by-instrument basis and should be based on both qualitative and quantitative factors. However, the assessment of prolonged decline should not be compared to the entire period that the investment has been or is expected to be held.

| 3.4 | Non-financial assets

A non-financial asset is an asset with a physical or intangible value and it is subject to the impairment guidelines prescribed in IAS 36 – Impairment of assets.

| 3.4.1 | Impairment of non-financial assets

A non-financial asset is impaired when an entity will not be able to recover that asset’s carrying value, either through using it or selling it. If circumstances arise which indicate that a non-financial asset might be impaired, a review should be undertaken of its cash generating abilities through use or sale. This review will produce an amount which should be compared with the asset’s carrying value, and if the carrying value is higher, the difference must be written off as impairment in the consolidated statement of profit or loss. On the other hand, if there is any indication that previously recognized impairment losses may no longer exists or may have decreased, the Bank makes an estimate of the recoverable amount. In that case, the carrying amount of the asset is increased to its recoverable amount. This increase cannot exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation, had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prior years. Such reversal is recognized in the consolidated statement of profit or loss.

| 3.5 | Loans - at amortized cost

Loans are reported at their amortized cost considering the principal outstanding amounts net of unearned interest, and deferred fees and allowance for expected credit losses. Interest income is recognized using the effective interest rate method. This shall be calculated by applying the effective interest rate to the gross carrying amount of the loan, except for: a) purchased or originated credit-impaired loans. For these financial assets, the Bank applies the credit-adjusted effective interest rate to the amortized cost of the financial asset from initial recognition; and b) loans that have subsequently become credit-impaired financial assets. For these loans, the Bank shall apply the effective interest rate to the amortized cost of the financial asset in subsequent reporting years.

The amortization of net unearned interest and deferred fees are recognized as an adjustment to the related loan yield using the effective interest rate method.

Purchased loans are recorded at acquisition cost. The difference between the principal and the acquisition cost of loans, the premiums and discounts, is amortized over the life of the loan as an adjustment to the yield. All other costs related to acquisition of loans are expensed when incurred.

| F-17 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 3. | Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

| 3.5 | Loans - at amortized cost (continued)

Definition of Default

The Bank considers a financial asset to be in default when it presents any of the following characteristics:

| - | The debtor is past due for more than 90 days in any of its obligations to the bank, either in the loan principal or interest; or when the principal balance with one single balloon payment was due for more than 30 days;

| - | Deterioration in the financial condition of the client, or the existence of other factors with the administration to estimate the possibility that the balance of principal and interest on customer loans is not fully recovered.

The above presumptions regarding past due loans may be rebuttable if the Bank has reasonable and supportable information that is available without undue cost or effort, that demonstrate that the credit risk has not increased significantly since initial recognition even though the contractual payments are more than 30 or 90 days past due.

In assessing whether a borrower is in default, the Bank considers indicators that are qualitative and quantitative based on data developed internally and obtained from external sources. Inputs into the assessment of whether a financial instrument is in default and their significance may vary over time to reflect changes in circumstances.

Modified loan

A modified or renegotiated loan is a loan whose borrower is experiencing financial difficulties and the renegotiation constitutes a concession to the borrower. A concession may include modification of terms such as an extension of maturity date, reduction in the stated interest rate, rescheduling of future cash flows, and reduction in the face amount of the loan or reduction of accrued interest, among others.

When a financial asset is modified the Bank assesses whether this modification results in derecognition. In accordance with the Bank’s policy a modification results in derecognition when it gives rise to substantially different terms. To determine if the modified terms are substantially different from the original contractual terms the Bank considers the following:

| - | Qualitative factors, such as contractual cash flows after modification are no longer SPPI, change in currency or change of counterparty, the extent of change in interest rates, maturity, covenants. If these do not clearly indicate a substantial modification, then;

| - | A quantitative assessment is performed to compare the present value of the remaining contractual cash flows under the original terms with the contractual cash flows under the revised terms, both amounts discounted at the original effective interest.

If the difference in present value is greater than 10% the Bank deems the arrangement is substantially different leading to derecognition.

In the case where the financial asset is derecognised the loss allowance for ECL is remeasured at the date of derecognition to determine the net carrying amount of the asset at that date. The difference between this revised carrying amount and the fair value of the new financial asset with the new terms will lead to a gain or loss on derecognition. The new financial asset will have a loss allowance measured based on 12-month ECL except in the rare occasions where the new loan is considered to be originated credit impaired. This applies only in the case where the fair value of the new loan is recognised at a significant discount to its revised par amount because there remains a high risk of default which has not been reduced by the modification. The Bank monitors credit risk of modified financial assets by evaluating qualitative and quantitative information, such as if the borrower is in past due status under the new terms.

| F-18 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 3. | Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

| 3.5 | Loans - at amortized cost (continued)

Modified loan (continued)

When the contractual terms of a financial asset are modified and the modification does not result in derecognition, the Group determines if the financial asset’s credit risk has increased significantly since initial recognition by comparing:

| - | The remaining lifetime PD estimated based on data at initial recognition and the original contractual terms; with

| - | The remaining lifetime PD at the reporting date based on the modified terms.

In the renegotiation or modification of the contractual cash flows of the loan, the Bank shall:

| - | Continue with its current accounting treatment for the existing loan that has been modified.

| - | Record a modification gain or loss by recalculating the gross carrying amount of the financial asset as the present value of the renegotiated or modified contractual cash flows, discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate.

| - | Assess whether there has been a significant increase in the credit risk of the financial instrument, by comparing the risk of a default occurring at the reporting date (based on the modified contractual terms) and the risk of a default occurring at initial recognition (based on the original, unmodified contractual terms). The loan that is modified is not automatically considered to have a lower credit risk. The assessment should consider credit risk over the expected life of the asset based on the historical and forward-looking information, including information about the circumstances that led to the modification. Evidence that the criteria for the recognition of lifetime expected credit losses are subsequently no longer met may include a history of up-to-date and timely payment in subsequent periods. A minimum period of observation will be necessary before a financial asset may qualify to return to a 12-month expected credit loss measurement.

| - | Make the appropriate quantitative and qualitative disclosures required for renegotiated or modified assets to reflect the nature and effect of such modifications (including the effect on the measurement of expected credit losses) and how the Bank monitors these loans that have been modified.

The Bank recognizes a loss allowance for expected credit losses (ECL) on a loan that is measured at amortized cost at each reporting date at an amount equal to the lifetime expected credit losses if the credit risk on that loan has increased significantly since initial recognition. If at the reporting date, the credit risk of that loan has not increased significantly since initial recognition, an entity shall measure the loss allowance for that loan at an amount equal to 12-month expected credit losses.

The Bank's lending portfolio is comprised of the following segments: corporations, sovereign, middle-market companies and banking and financial institutions. The distinction between corporations and middle-market companies depends on the client’s level of annual sales in relation to the country risk, among other criteria. Except for the sovereign segment, segments are broken down into state-owned and private.

The Bank's lending policy is applicable to all types of loans.

| F-19 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 3. | Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

| 3.6 | Allowance for expected credit losses

The allowance for expected credit losses is provided for losses derived from the credit extension process, inherent in the loan portfolio and loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts, using the reserve methodology to determine expected credit losses. Additions to the allowance for expected credit losses are made by debiting earnings. Credit losses are deducted from the allowance, and subsequent recoveries are added. The allowance is also decreased by reversals of the allowance back to earnings. The allowance for expected credit losses for loans at amortized cost is reported as a deduction of loans and, as a liability, the allowance for expected credit losses on loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts, such as, letters of credit and guarantees.

The Bank maintains a system of internal credit quality indicators. These indicators are assigned depending on several factors which include: profitability, quality of assets, liquidity and cash flows, capitalization and indebtedness, economic environment and positioning, regulatory framework and/or industry, sensitivity scenarios and the quality of borrower’s management and shareholders, among others.

The Bank maintains a system of internal credit quality indicators. The table below provides a mapping of the Bank’s internal credit risk grades to external ratings.

Internal Rating |  | External Rating (1) |  | Description
1 a 4 |  | Aaa – Ba1 |  | Clients with payment ability to satisfy their financial commitments
5 a 6 |  | Ba2 – B3 |  | Clients with payment ability to satisfy their financial commitments, but with more frequent reviews.
7 |  | Caa1 |  | Clients exposed to systemic risks specific to the country or the industry in which they are located, facing adverse situations in their operation or financial condition. At this level, access to new funding is uncertain.
8 |  | Caa2 – Caa3 |  | Clients whose primary source of payment (operating cash flow) is inadequate, and who show evidence of deterioration in their working capital that does not allow them to satisfy payments on the agreed terms, endangering recovery of unpaid balances.
9 |  | Ca |  | Clients whose operating cash flow continuously shows insufficiency to service the debt on the originally agreed terms. Due to the fact that the borrower presents an impaired financial and economic situation, the likelihood of recovery is low.
10 |  | C |  | Clients with operating cash flow that does not cover their costs, are in suspension of payments, presumably will also have difficulties fulfilling possible restructuring agreements, are in a state of insolvency, or have filed for bankruptcy, among others.

| (2) | External rating in accordance to Moody’s

In order to maintain periodical monitoring of the quality of the portfolio, clients are reviewed within a frequency of time between 3 and 12 months, depending on the risk rating.

The Bank measures expected credit losses (ECLs) in a way that reflects: a) an unbiased and probability-weighted amount that is determined by evaluating a range of possible outcomes; b) the time value of money; and c) reasonable and supportable information that is available without undue cost or effort at the reporting date about past events, current conditions and forecast of future economic conditions.

| F-20 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 3. | Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

| 3.6 | Allowance for expected credit losses (continued)

The expected credit loss model reflects the general pattern of deterioration or improvement in the credit quality of the loans. The amount of ECLs recognized as a loss allowance or provision depends on the extent of credit deterioration since initial recognition. There are two measurement bases:

| - | 12-month ECLs (Stage 1), which applies to all loans (from initial recognition) as long as there is no significant deterioration in credit quality,

| - | Lifetime ECLs (Stages 2 and 3), which applies when a significant increase in credit risk has occurred on an individual or collective basis. In Stages 2 and 3 interest revenue is recognized. Under Stage 2 (as under Stage 1), there is a full decoupling between interest recognition and impairment and interest revenue is calculated on the gross carrying amount. Under Stage 3, when a loan subsequently becomes credit impaired (when a credit event has occurred), interest revenue is calculated on the amortized cost, net of impairment, i.e. the gross carrying amount after deducting the impairment allowance. In subsequent reporting years, if the credit quality of the financial asset improves so that the financial asset is no longer credit-impaired and the improvement can be related objectively to the occurrence of an event (such as an improvement in the borrower’s credit rating), then the Bank will once again calculate the interest revenue on a gross basis.

The allowance for expected credit losses includes an asset-specific component and a formula-based component. The asset-specific component, or specific allowance, relates to the provision for losses on credits considered impaired and measured individually case-by-case. A specific allowance is established when the discounted cash flows (or observable fair value of collateral) of the credit is lower than the carrying value of that credit. The formula-based component (collective assessment basis), covers the Bank’s performing credit portfolio and it is established based in a process that estimates the probable loss inherent in the portfolio, based on statistical analysis and management’s qualitative judgment. This analysis considers comprehensive information that incorporates not only past-due data, but other relevant credit information, such as forward looking macro-economic information.

ECLs are a probability-weighted estimate of the present value of credit losses. These are measured as the present value of the difference between the cash flows due to the Group under the contract and the cash flows that the Bank expects to receive arising from the weighting of multiple future economic scenarios, discounted at the asset’s effective interest rate (EIR). For undrawn loan commitments, the ECL is the difference between the present value of the difference between the contractual cash flows that are due to the Bank if the holder of the commitment draws down the loan and the cash flows that the Bank expects to receive if the loan is drawn down; and for financial guarantee contracts, the ECL is the difference between the expected payments to reimburse the holder of the guaranteed debt instrument less any amounts that the Bank expects to receive from the holder, the debtor or any other party.

The Bank determines the ECLs using two methodologies to determine if there is objective evidence of impairment:
- Individually Evaluated Loans
The expected credit losses on individually assessed loans are determined by an evaluation of the exposures on a case-by-case basis. This procedure is applied to all loans that are individually significant or not. If it is determined that there is no objective evidence of impairment for an individual loan, it is included in a group of loans with similar characteristics and is evaluated collectively to determine whether there is impairment.
The impairment loss is calculated by comparing the present value of the future expected flows, discounted at the original effective rate of the loan, with its current carrying amount and the amount of any loss is charged as a provision for losses in the consolidated statement of profit or loss. The carrying amount of the impaired loans is reduced through the use of a reserve account.

| F-21 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 3. | Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

| 3.6 | Allowance for expected credit losses (continued)

- Collectively Evaluated Loans
For the purposes of a collective assessment of impairment, loans are grouped according to similar characteristics of credit risk. These characteristics are relevant for the estimation of future cash flows for the groups of such assets, being indicative of the debtors' ability to pay the amounts owed according to the contractual terms of the assets that are evaluated.
Future cash flows in a group of loans that are evaluated collectively to determine whether there is impairment are estimated according to the contractual cash flows of the assets in the group, the historical loss experience for assets with risk characteristics. Similar credit to the group and in experienced management views on whether the current economy and credit conditions can change the real level of historical inherent losses suggested.

Significant increase in credit risk

When assessing whether the credit risk on a loan has increased significantly, the Bank considers the change in the risk of default occurring since initial recognition. For a loan to be considered in “default”, management considers criteria used in the internal credit risk model and qualitative factors, such as financial covenants, when appropriate.

Additionally, the Bank to determine that there has been a significant increase in risk applies an alert model that considers the international economic environment, the specific financial situation by country and the economic analysis of the industry where the credit generates its income. The model defines a consolidated calculation of Risk Severity depending on the weighting of the Severity to Risk of each one of the analysis contexts. Also, this depends on the context of the variables or the ratings constructed for each one (International Context: by market ratings, Context Country: by country / Context Economic Sector: by economic sector).

At each reporting date, the Bank assesses significant increases in credit risk based on the change in the risk of a default occurring over the expected life of the credit instrument. In order to make the assessment of whether there has been significant credit deterioration, the Bank considers reasonable and supportable information that is available without undue cost or effort and comparing:

| - | The risk of a default occurring on the financial instrument as at the reporting date, and

| - | The risk of a default occurring on the financial instrument as at the date of initial recognition.

For loan commitments, the Bank considers changes in the risk of a default occurring on the ‘potential’ loan to which a loan commitment relates, and for financial guarantee contracts, changes in the risk that the specified debtor will default, are taken into consideration. In order to determine whether there has been a significant increase in the credit risk of the financial instrument, the assessment is based on quantitative information and qualitative information. The Bank considers the following factors though not exhaustive, when measuring significant increase in credit risk:

| - | Significant changes in internal price indicators of credit risk as a result of a change in credit risk since inception;

| - | Significant changes in external market indicators of credit risk for a particular financial instrument or similar financial instruments with the same expected life;

| - | An actual or expected significant change in the financial instrument’s external credit rating;

| - | Existing or forecast adverse changes in business, financial or economic conditions;

| - | An actual or expected significant change in the operating results of the borrower;

| - | An actual or expected significant adverse change in the regulatory environment, economic, or technological environment of the borrower;

| - | Significant changes in the value of the collateral supporting the obligation;

| - | Significant changes, such as reductions, in financial support from a parent entity or other affiliate or an actual or expected significant change in the quality of credit enhancements, among other factors incorporated in the Bank’s ECLs model.

| F-22 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 3. | Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

| 3.6 | Allowance for expected credit losses (continued)

Significant increase in credit risk (continued)

The reserve balances, for exposures on loans at amortized cost and loan commitments and financial guarantees contracts, are calculated applying the following formula:

Reserves = ∑(E x PD x LGD); where:

| - | Exposure (E) = the total accounting balance at the end of the period under review.

| - | Probabilities of Default (PD) = one-year probability of default applied to the portfolio to account for 12-month expected credit losses and lifetime probability of default to account for more than 12-month. Default rates are based on Bladex’s historical portfolio performance per rating category, complemented by International Rating Agency’s probabilities of default for categories 6, 7 and 8, in view of the greater robustness of data for such cases.

| - | Loss Given Default (LGD) = a factor is utilized, based on historical information, same as based on best practices in the banking industry, volatility and simulated scenarios based on forward-looking information. Management applies judgment and historical loss experience. Management also applies complementary judgment to capture elements of prospective nature or loss expectations based on risks identified in the environment that are not necessarily reflected in the historical data. The allowance policy is applicable to all classes of loans and, loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts of the Bank.

Write-off

When the Bank has no reasonable expectations of recovering the loan, then the gross carrying amount of the loan is directly reduced in its entirety; thus, constituting a derecognition event. This is generally the case when the Bank determines that the borrower does not have assets or sources of income that could generate sufficient cash flows to repay the amounts subject to the write-off. Nevertheless, the financial assets that are written off could still be subject to enforcement activities in order to comply with the Bank’s procedures for recovery of amounts due.

If the amount of loss on write-off is greater than the accumulated loss allowance, the differences will be recognized as an additional impairment loss.

| 3.7 | Derivative financial instruments for risk management purposes and hedge accounting

Derivatives embedded in financial liabilities or other non-financial asset host contracts are treated as separate derivatives when their risks and characteristics are not closely related to those of the host contracts and the host contracts are not measured at FVTPL.

The Bank applies IFRS 9- “Financial Instruments” the hedge accounting rules in full.

Derivatives held for risk management purposes include all derivative assets and liabilities that are not classified as trading assets or liabilities. Derivatives held for risk management purposes are measured at fair value in the consolidated statement of financial position. Derivatives are initially recognised at fair value at the date a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently remeasured to their fair value at each balance sheet date. The resulting gain/loss is recognised in profit or loss immediately unless the derivative is designated and effective as a hedging instrument, in which event the timing of the recognition in profit or loss depends on the nature of the hedge relationship.

| F-23 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 3. | Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

| 3.7 | Derivative financial instruments and hedge accounting (continued)

On initial designation of the hedge, the Bank formally documents the relationship between the hedging instrument(s) and hedged item(s), including the risk management objective and strategy in undertaking the hedge, together with the method that will be used to assess the effectiveness of the hedging relationship. The Bank makes an assessment, both at inception of the hedge relationship and on an ongoing basis, of whether the hedging instrument(s) is(are) expected to be highly effective in offsetting the changes in the fair value or cash flows of the respective hedged item(s) during the period for which the hedge is designated.

The Bank uses derivative financial instruments for its management of interest rate and foreign exchange risks. Interest rate swap contracts, cross-currency swap contracts and foreign exchange forward contracts have been used to manage interest rate and foreign exchange risks respectively associated with debt securities and borrowings with fixed and floating rates, and loans and borrowings in foreign currency.

These derivatives contracts can be classified as fair value and cash flow hedges. In addition, foreign exchange forward contracts are used to hedge exposures to changes in foreign currency in subsidiary companies with functional currencies other than the US dollar. These contracts are classified as net investment hedges.

The accounting for changes in value of a derivative depends on whether the contract is for trading purposes or has been designated and qualifies for hedge accounting.

Derivatives held for trading purposes include interest rate swap, cross-currency swap, foreign exchange forward and future contracts used for risk management purposes that do not qualify for hedge accounting. These derivatives are reported as asset or liabilities, as applicable. Changes in realized and unrealized gains and losses and interest from these financial instruments are included in gain or loss per financial instrument at fair value through profit or loss.

Derivatives for hedging purposes primarily include foreign exchange forward contracts and interest rate swap contracts in US dollar and cross-currency swaps. Derivative contracts designated and qualifying for hedge accounting are reported in the consolidated statement of financial position as derivative financial instruments used for hedging - receivable and payable, as applicable, and hedge accounting is applied. In order to qualify for hedge accounting, a derivative must be considered highly effective at reducing the risk associated with the exposure being hedged. Each derivative must be designated as a hedge, with documentation of the risk management objective and strategy, including identification of the hedging instrument, the hedged item and the risk exposure, as well as how effectiveness will be assessed prospectively. The extent to which a hedging instrument is effective at achieving offsetting changes in fair value or cash flows must be assessed at least quarterly. Any ineffectiveness must be reported in current-year earnings.

Economic relationship

As the Bank enters into a hedging relationship, the first requirement is that the hedging instrument and the hedged item must be expected to move in the opposite direction as a result of the change in the hedged risk. This should be based on an economic rationale, as could be the case if the relationship is based only on a statistical correlation. This requirement is fulfilled for many of the hedging relationships carried by the Bank as the underlying of the hedging instrument matches, or is closely aligned with the hedged risk. Even when there are differences between the hedged item and the hedging instrument, the economic relationship will often be capable of being demonstrated using a qualitative assessment. The assessment considers, whether qualitative or quantitative, the following: a) maturity; b) nominal amount; c) cash flow dates; d) interest rate basis; and e) credit risk, including the effect of collateral, among others.

Hedge ratio

The hedge ratio is the ratio between the amount of hedged item and the amount of the hedging instrument. For most of the hedging relationships, the hedge ratio is 1:1 as the underlying of the hedging instrument perfectly matches the designated hedged risk. For a hedging relationship with a correlation between the hedged item and the hedging instrument that is not 1:1 relationship, generally set the hedge ratio so as to adjust for the type of relation in order to improve effectiveness.

| F-24 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 3. | Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

| 3.7 | Derivative financial instruments and hedge accounting (continued)

Discontinuation of hedge accounting

The Bank discontinues hedge accounting prospectively in the following situations:

| 1. | It is determined that the derivative is no longer effective in offsetting changes in the fair value or cash flows of a hedged item.

| 2. | The derivative expires or is sold, terminated or exercised.

| 3. | It is determined that designation of the derivative as a hedging instrument is no longer appropriate.

The Bank carries all derivative financial instruments in the consolidated statement of financial position at fair value.

Fair value hedges

When a derivative is designated as the hedging instrument in a hedge of the change in fair value of a recognized asset or liability or a firm commitment that could affect profit or loss, changes in the fair value of the derivative are recognized in the consolidated statement of profit or loss together with changes in the fair value of the hedged item that are attributable to the hedged risk, except when the hedging instrument hedges an equity instrument designated at FVTOCI in which case it is recognized in OCI. The carrying amount of a hedged item not already measured at fair value is adjusted for the fair value change attributable to the hedged risk with a corresponding entry in profit or loss. For debt instruments measured at FVTOCI, the carrying amount is not adjusted as it is already at fair value, but the part of the fair value gain or loss on the hedged item associated with the hedged risk is recognized in profit or loss instead of OCI, except when the hedged item is an equity instrument designated at FVTOCI, the hedging gain/loss remains in OCI to match that of the hedging instrument.

If the hedge relationship is terminated or exercised, or the hedge no longer meets the criteria for fair value hedge accounting, or the hedge designation is revoked, then hedge accounting is discontinued prospectively and the fair value adjustment to the hedged item continues to be reported as part of the basis of the item and is amortized to earnings as a yield adjustment where hedging gains/losses are recognized in profit or loss, they are recognized in the same line as the hedged item.

Cash flow hedges

When a derivative is designated as the hedging instrument in a hedge of variability in cash flows attributable to a particular risk associated with a recognized asset or liability that could affect profit or loss, the effective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative is recognized in OCI and it is presented in the hedging reserve within equity and recognized in the consolidated statement of profit or loss when the hedged cash flows affect earnings. The ineffective portion is recognized in the consolidated statement of profit or loss as activities of derivative financial instruments and hedging. If the cash flow hedge relationship is terminated or exercised, or the hedge no longer meets the criteria for fair value hedge accounting, or the hedge designation is revoked, then hedge accounting is discontinued prospectively and the related amounts in OCI are reclassified into earnings when hedged cash flows occur.

Net investment hedges

When a derivative instrument or a non-derivative financial liability is designated as the hedging instrument in a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation, the effective portion of changes in the fair value of the hedging instrument is recognized in OCI and presented in the translation reserve within equity. Any ineffective portion of the changes in the fair value of the derivative is recognized in the consolidated statement of profit or loss. The amount recognized in OCI is reclassified to profit or loss as a reclassification adjustment on disposal of the foreign operation.

| F-25 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 3. | Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

| 3.7 | Derivative financial instruments and hedge accounting (continued)

| 3.8 | Repurchase agreements

Repurchase agreements are transactions in which the Bank sells a security and simultaneously agrees to repurchase it (or an asset that is substantially the same) at a fixed price on a future date. The Bank continues to recognize the securities in their entirety in the statement of financial position because it retains substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership. The cash consideration received is recognized as a financial asset and a financial liability is recognized for the obligation to pay the repurchase price. Because the Bank sells the contractual rights to the cash flows of the securities, it does not have the ability to use the transferred assets during the term of the arrangement.

| 3.9 | Borrowings and debt

Short and long-term borrowings and debt are accounted for at amortized cost.

3.10 Recognition of income and expenses

Fee and commission income

The Bank earns fee and commission income from a diverse range of services it provides to its customers.

Income is recognized to the extent that is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Bank and it is reliably measured, regardless of when the payment is made. This income is measured at fair value of the consideration received or receivable, taking into account contractually defined terms of payment an excluding taxes or duty.

Fee income can be divided into the following two categories:

| - | Fee income earned from services that are provided over a certain period of time.

| - | Fees earned for the provision of services over a period of time are accrued over that period. These fees include commission income and other management and advisory fees.

Fee income from providing transaction services

Fees arising from negotiating or participating in the negotiation of a transaction for a third party, are recognized on completion of the underlying transaction. Fees or components of fees that are linked to a certain performance are recognized after fulfilling the corresponding criteria.

Net trading income

Results arising from trading activities include all gains and losses from changes in fair value and related interest income or expense and dividends for financial assets and financial liabilities held for trading.

Fees and commissions on loans at amortized cost

Loan commitment fees for loans that are likely to be drawn down and other credit related fees are deferred (together with any incremental costs) and recognized as an adjustment to the effective interest rate on the loan. When it is unlikely that a loan will be drawn down, the loan commitment fees are recognized over the commitment period on an effective interest rate basis. These fees are regarded as compensation for an ongoing involvement with the acquisition of a financial instrument. If the commitment expires without the Bank making the loan, the fee is recognized as revenue on expiration.

Loan origination fees, net of direct loan origination costs, are deferred, and the net amount is recognized as revenue over the contractual term of the loans as an adjustment to the yield. When there are concerns about the realization of loan principal or interest, these net fees are recognized as revenue at the credit-adjusted effective interest rate for credit-impaired financial assets.

| F-26 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 3. | Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

3.10 Recognition of income and expenses (continued)

Fees and commissions on loans at amortized cost (continued)

Underwriting fees are recognized as revenue when the Bank has rendered all services to the issuer and is entitled to collect the fee from the issuer, when there are no contingencies related to the fee. Underwriting fees are recognized net of syndicate expenses. In addition, the Bank recognizes credit arrangement and syndication fees as revenue after satisfying certain retention, timing and yield criteria.

Fees received in connection with a modification of terms of a loan at amortized cost are applied as a reduction of the recorded investment in the loan. Fees earned on letters of credit, financial guarantees and other commitments are amortized using the straight-line method over the life of such instruments.

3.11 Property and equipment

Property and equipment is stated at cost excluding the costs of day–to–day servicing, less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment in value. Changes in the expected useful life are accounted for by changing the amortization period or method, as appropriate, and treated as changes in accounting estimates.

Depreciation is calculated using the straight–line method to write down the cost of property and equipment to their residual values over their estimated useful lives. Land is not depreciated. The estimated useful lives are as follows:

|  | Useful life in Years
Furniture and equipment |  | 3 to 5 years
Hardware |  | 3 years
Other Equipments |  | 2 to 4 years
Leasehold improvements |  | 3 to 15 years or up to the lease term

Improvements to leased properties, under operating leases are amortized on a straight line calculated without exceeding the length of the respective lease contracts.

Property and equipment is derecognized on disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use. Any gain or loss arising on derecognition of the asset (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) is recognized in other income or other expenses in the consolidated statement of profit or loss in the year that the asset is derecognized.

3.12 Intangible assets

An intangible asset is recognized only when its cost can be measured reliably and it is probable that the expected future economic benefits that are attributable to it will flow to the Bank.

The useful lives of intangible assets are assessed to be either finite or indefinite. Intangible assets with finite useful life are amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of assets which are reviewed annually by the Bank. Changes in the expected useful life or the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset are accounted for by changing the amortization period or method, as appropriate, and they are treated as changes in accounting estimates. The amortization expense on intangible assets with finite lives is presented as a separate line item in the consolidated statement of profit or loss.

Bank’s intangible assets include the value of computer software. Amortization is calculated using the straight–line method to write down the cost of intangible assets to their residual values over their estimated useful lives of 5 years. Gains or losses arising from the derecognition of an intangible asset is determined by the Bank as the difference between proceeds from the sale or disposal and the net carrying amount of the intangible asset and recognizing them in the results for the year in which the transaction occurs.

| F-27 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 3. | Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

3.13 Offsetting of financial instruments

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount reported in the consolidated statement of financial position if, and only if, there is a currently enforceable legal right to offset the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously. This is generally not the case with master netting agreements; therefore, the related assets and liabilities are presented gross in the consolidated statement of financial position.

Income and expenses are presented on a net basis only when permitted under IFRS, or for gains or losses arising from a group of similar transactions.

3.14 Operating leases

The determination of whether an arrangement is a lease, or contains a lease, is based on the substance of the arrangement and requires an assessment of whether the fulfillment of the arrangement is dependent on the use of a specific asset or assets and the arrangement conveys a right to use the asset.

Banks as a lessee

Leases where the lessor do not transfer to the Bank substantially all the risks and benefits incidental to ownership of the leased items are classified as operating leases. Operating lease payments are recognized as an expense in the consolidated statement of profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Contingent rental payable is recognized as an expense in the period in which they are incurred.

Bank as a sub-lessor

Leases where the Bank does not transfer substantially all of the risk and benefits of ownership of the asset are classified as operating leases. Initial direct costs incurred in negotiating operating leases are added to the carrying amount of the leased asset and recognized over the lease term on the same basis as rental income. Contingent rents are recognized as revenue in the year in which they are earned. In the event that the contract is cancelable, they are recognized as income over the term of the lease.

3.15 Provisions

Provisions are recognized when the Bank has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, and it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. The expense relating to any provision is presented in the consolidated statement of profit or loss, net of any reimbursement.

3.16 Capital reserves

Capital reserves are established as an appropriation of retained earnings and are, as such, a form of retained earnings. Reductions of capital reserves require the approval of the Bank’s Board of Directors and the SBP. Other capital reserves include:

| - | Translation reserve: The translation reserve comprises all foreign currency differences arising from the translation of the consolidated financial statements of foreign operations as well as the effective portion of any foreign currency differences arising from hedges of a net investment in a foreign operation.

| - | Hedging reserve: The hedging reserve comprises the effective portion of the cumulative net change in the fair value of hedging instruments used in cash flow hedges pending subsequent recognition in profit or loss as the hedged cash flows affect profit or loss.

| - | Fair value reserve: The fair value reserve comprises the cumulative net change in the fair value of investment securities measured at FVOCI, less the ECL allowance recognized in profit or loss.

| F-28 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 3. | Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

3.17 Share–based payment transactions

The Bank applies IFRS 2 for share–based payment transactions to account for compensation costs on restricted stock, restricted stock units and stock option plans. Compensation cost is based on the grant date fair value of both stock and options and is recognized over the requisite service period of the employee, using the accelerated method. The fair value of each option is estimated at the grant date using a binomial option-pricing model. When stocks options and restricted stock units vested are exercised, the Bank’s policy is to reissue shares from treasury stock.

3.18 Income taxes

Current tax assets and liabilities for the current and prior years are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities. The tax laws and regulations used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date.

| - | Bladex Head Office is exempted from payment of income taxes in Panama in accordance with the contract law signed between the Republic of Panama and Bladex.

| - | Bladex Representacao Ltda. and Bladex Investimentos Ltda., are subject to income taxes in Brazil.

| - | Bladex Development Corp. is subject to income taxes in Panama.

| - | BLX Soluciones, S.A. de C.V., SOFOM, is subject to income taxes in Mexico.

| - | The New York Agency and Bladex Holdings, Inc. incorporated in USA are subject to federal and local taxation in USA based on the portion of income that is effectively connected with its operations in that country.

Deferred tax

Deferred tax is calculated based on the liability method, on temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities reported for financial purposes and the amounts used for taxation purposes. The amount of deferred tax is based on the embodiment of assets and liabilities using the rate of income tax in effect on the date of the consolidated statement of financial position.

3.19 Earnings per share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing the profit for the year (the numerator) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding (the denominator) during the year. Diluted earnings per share measure performance incorporating the effect that potential common shares, such as stock options and restricted stock units outstanding during the same period, would have on net earnings per share. The computation of diluted earnings per share is similar to the computation of basic earnings per share, except for the denominator, which is increased to include the number of additional common shares that would have been issued if the beneficiaries of stock purchase options and restricted stock units plans could exercise their options. The number of potential common shares that would be issued is determined using the treasury stock method.

3.20 Treasury shares and contracts on own shares

The own equity instruments of the Bank which are acquired by it or by any of its subsidiaries (treasury shares) are deducted from equity and accounted for at weighted average cost. Consideration paid or received on the purchase, sale, issue or cancellation of the Bank’s own equity instruments is recognized directly in equity.

No gain or loss is recognized in the consolidated statement of profit or loss on the purchase, sale, issue or cancellation of own equity instruments.

| F-29 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 3. | Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

3.21 Segment reporting

The Bank’s segment reporting is based on the following business segments: Commercial, which incorporates the Bank’s core business of financial intermediation and fee generation activities relating to the Bank’s Commercial Portfolio; and Treasury, which is responsible for the Bank’s funding and liquidity management, along with the management of its activities in investment securities, as well as the management of the Bank’s interest rate, liquidity, price, and currency risks.

3.22 Judgments, estimates and significant accounting assumptions

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and use assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the year. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant changes relate to the determination of the allowances for expected credit losses, impairment of securities, and the fair value of financial instruments. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Management believes these estimates are adequate.

Judgments

In the process of applying the Bank’s accounting policies, management has made the following judgments, which have the most significant effect on the amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements:

Business model assessment: Classification and measurement of financial assets depends on the results of the SPPI and the business model test. The Bank determines the business model at a level that reflects how groups of financial assets are managed together to achieve a particular business objective. This assessment includes judgement reflecting all relevant evidence including how the performance of the assets is evaluated and their performance measured, the risks that affect the performance of the assets and how these are managed. The Group monitors financial assets measured at amortised cost or fair value through other comprehensive income that are derecognised prior to their maturity to understand the reason for their disposal and whether the reasons are consistent with the objective of the business for which the asset was held.

Significant increase of credit risk: For the financial assets in stage 1, ECL are measured as an allowance equal to 12-month ECL for stage 1 assets, or lifetime ECL assets for stage 2 or stage 3 assets. An asset moves to stage 2 when its credit risk has increased significantly since initial recognition. In assessing whether the credit risk of an asset has significantly increased the Bank takes into account qualitative and quantitative reasonable and supportable forward looking information.

Establishing groups of assets with similar credit risk characteristics: When ECLs are measured on a collective basis, the financial instruments are grouped on the basis of shared risk characteristics.

The Bank monitors the appropriateness of the credit risk characteristics on an ongoing basis to assess whether they continue to be similar. This is required in order to ensure that should credit risk characteristics change there is appropriate re-segmentation of the assets. This may result in new portfolios being created or assets moving to an existing portfolio that better reflects the similar credit risk characteristics of that group of assets. Re-segmentation of portfolios and movement between portfolios is more common when there is a significant increase in credit risk (or when that significant increase reverses) and so assets move from 12-month to lifetime ECLs, or vice versa, but it can also occur within portfolios that continue to be measured on the same basis of 12-month or lifetime ECLs but the amount of ECL changes because the credit risk of the portfolios differ.

Models and assumptions used: The Bank uses various models and assumptions in measuring fair value of financial assets as well as in estimating ECL. Judgement is applied in identifying the most appropriate model for each type of asset, as well as for determining the assumptions used in these models, including assumptions that relate to key drivers of credit risk.

| F-30 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 3. | Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

3.22 Judgments, estimates and significant accounting assumptions (continued)

Fair value measurement

When the fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities recorded on the consolidated statement of financial position cannot be derived from active markets, they are determined using a variety of valuation techniques that include the use of mathematical models. The inputs to these models are derived from observable market data where possible, but if this is not available, judgment is required to establish fair values. The judgments include considerations of liquidity and model inputs such as volatility for longer–dated derivatives and discount rates, prepayment rates and default rate assumptions for asset-backed securities. The valuation of financial instruments is described in more detail in Note 18.

Estimates and assumptions

The key assumptions concerning the future and other key sources of estimating uncertainty at the reporting date, that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year, are described below. The Bank based its assumptions and estimates on parameters available when the consolidated financial statements were prepared. Existing circumstances and assumptions about future developments; however, may change due to market changes or circumstances beyond the control of the Bank. Such changes are reflected in the assumptions when they occur.

Going concern

The Bank’s management has made an assessment of its ability to continue as a going concern and is satisfied that it has the resources to continue in business for the foreseeable future. Furthermore, management is not aware of any material uncertainties that may cast significant doubt upon the Bank’s ability to continue as a going concern. Therefore, the consolidated financial statements continue to be prepared on a going concern basis.

Impairment losses on loans at amortized cost

The Bank reviews its individually significant loans at amortized cost at each consolidated statement of financial position date to assess whether an impairment loss should be recorded in the consolidated statement of profit or loss. In particular, management’s judgment is required in the estimation of the amount and timing of future cash flows when determining the impairment loss. These estimates are based on assumptions about a number of factors and actual results may differ, resulting in future changes to the allowance. Loans at amortized cost that have been assessed individually (and found not to be impaired) are assessed together with all individually insignificant loans and advances in groups of assets with similar risk characteristics.

This is to determine whether provision should be made due to incurred loss events for which there is objective evidence, but the effects of which are not yet evident. The collective assessment takes account of data from the loan portfolio (such as levels of arrears, credit utilization, loan-to-collateral ratios, etc.), and judgments on the effect of concentrations of risks and economic data (including levels of unemployment, real estate prices indices, country risk and the performance of different individual groups).

Impairment of investments securities measured at fair value through OCI and investment securities at amortized cost

The Bank reviews its debt securities classified as investments at fair value through OCI and investments at amortized cost at each reporting date to assess whether they are impaired. This requires similar judgment as applied to the individual assessment of the investment securities. The Bank records impairment charges when there has been a significant or prolonged decline in the fair value below their cost. The determination of what is ‘significant’ or ‘prolonged’ requires judgment. In making this judgment, the Bank evaluates, among other factors, historical price movements and duration and extent to which the fair value of an investment is less than its cost.

| F-31 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 3. | Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

3.23 Future changes in applicable accounting policies

The standards and interpretations that are issued, but not yet effective, up to the date of issuance of the consolidated financial statements are disclosed below. The Bank intends to adopt these standards, if applicable, when they become effective.

Amendments to IFRS 2 Classification and Measurement of Share-based Payment Transactions

The amendments clarify the following:

| 1. | In estimating the fair value of a cash-settled share-based payment, the accounting for the effects of vesting and non-vesting conditions should follow the same approach as for equity-settled share-based payments.

| 2. | Where tax law or regulation requires an entity to withhold a specified number of equity instruments equal to the monetary value of the employee´s tax obligation to meet the employee´s tax liability which is then remitted to the tax authority, i.e the share-based payment arrangement has a net settlement feature, such as arrangement should be classified as equity-settled in its entirely, provided that the share-based payment would have been classified as equity-settled had it not included the net settlement feature.

| 3. | A modification of a share-based payment that changes the transaction from cash-settled to equity-settled should be accounted for as follows:

| - | The original liability is de-recognized;

| - | The equity-settled share-based payment is recognized at the modification date fair value of the equity instrument granted to the extent that services have been rendered up to the modification date; and

| - | Any difference between the carrying amount of the liability at the modification date and the amount recognized in equity should be recognized in profit or loss immediately.

The amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2018 with earlier application permitted. The Bank is evaluating this new standard in its consolidated financial statements and does not anticipate material impacts on the adoption of said standard.

IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers

IFRS 15 was issued in May 2014 and establishes a five-step model to account for revenue arising from contracts with customers. Under IFRS 15, revenue is recognized at an amount that reflects the consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring goods or services to a customer.

The new revenue standard will replace all current requirements for revenue recognition under IFRS. Either a full retroactive application or a modified retroactive application is required for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018. Early application is allowed. The Bank plans to adopt the new standard on the effective date required and, if any impact is identified, it will use a modified retroactive method in its initial application.
During 2017, the Bank performed the preliminary assessment of the five steps for all credit products and does not anticipate material impacts on the adoption of this standard.

| F-32 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 3. | Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

3.23 Future changes in applicable accounting policies (continued)

IFRS 16 Leases

IFRS 16 was issued in January 2016 and sets out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases. The objective is to ensure that lessees and lessors provide relevant information in a manner that faithfully represents those transactions. IFRS 16 introduces a single lessee accounting model and requires a lessee to recognize assets and liabilities for all leases with a term of more than 12 months, unless the underlying asset is of low value.

IFRS 16 is effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019. Earlier application is permitted for entities that apply IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers at or before the date of initial application of IFRS 16. IFRS 16 supersedes IAS 17 – Leases. The Bank is evaluating the potential impact of this new standard in its consolidated financial statements.

IFRIC 22 Foreign Currency Transactions and Advance Consideration

On 8 December 2016, the IFRS interpretations Committee of the International Accounting Standards Boards (IASB) issued IFRS Interpretation, IFRIC 22, Foreign Currency Transactions and Advance Considerations.

IFRIC 22 addresses how to determine the “date of transaction” for the purpose of determining the exchange rate to use on initial recognition of an asset, expense or income, when consideration for the item has been paid or received in advance in a foreign currency which resulted in the recognition of a non-monetary asset or non-monetary liability.

The Interpretation specifies that the date of transactions is the date on which the entity initially recognizes the non-monetary asset or non-monetary liability arising from the payment or receipt of advance consideration. If there are multiple payments or receipts in advance, the Interpretation requires an entity to determine the date of transaction for each payment or receipt advance consideration.

The Interpretation is effective for annual periods beginning on or 1 January 2018 with earlier application permitted. The Bank is evaluating this new standard in its consolidated financial statements and does not anticipate material impacts on the adoption of said standard.

| F-33 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 4. | Cash and cash equivalents

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |
Cash and due from banks |  |  | 11,032 |  |  |  | 89,656 |
Interest-bearing deposits in banks |  |  | 661,016 |  |  |  | 979,882 |
Total |  |  | 672,048 |  |  |  | 1,069,538 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pledged deposits |  |  | 53,241 |  |  |  | 61,812 |
Total cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 618,807 |  |  |  | 1,007,726 |

The following table presents the details on interest-bearing deposits in banks and pledged deposits:

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |
|  | Amount |  |  | Range Interest rate |  |  | Amount |  |  | Range Interest rate |
Interest-bearing deposits in banks: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand deposits(1) |  |  | 661,016 |  |  |  | 0.25% a 1.55 | % |  |  | 854,882 |  |  |  | 0.01% to 0.77 | %
Time deposits(2) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 125,000 |  |  |  | 0.83% to 0.88 | %
Total |  |  | 661,016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 979,882 |  |  |  |  |
Pledged deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New York(3) |  |  | 3,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,800 |  |  |  | - |
Panama(4) |  |  | 50,241 |  |  |  | 1.42 | % |  |  | 59,012 |  |  |  | 0.66 | %
Total |  |  | 53,241 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 61,812 |  |  |  |  |

| (1) | Demand deposits with bearing interest based on the daily rates determined by banks.

| (2) | Time deposits “overnight” calculated on an average interest rate.

| (3) | The New York Agency had a pledged deposit with the New York State Banking Department, as required by law since March 1994.

| (4) | The Bank had pledged deposits to secure derivative financial instruments transactions.

| 5. | Financial instruments

| 5.1 | Financial instruments at FVTPL - Fair value through profit or loss

The fair value of financial liabilities at FVTPL is as follows:

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange forward |  |  | - |  |  |  | 24 |
Total |  |  | - |  |  |  | 24 |

| F-34 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 5. | Financial instruments (continued)

| 5.1 | Financial instruments at FVTPL - Fair value through profit or loss (continued)

The information on the nominal amounts of derivative financial instruments at FVTPL is as follows:

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |
|  | Nominal |  |  | Fair value |  |  | Nominal |  |  | Fair value |
|  | amount |  |  | Asset |  |  | Liability |  |  | amount |  |  | Asset |  |  | Liability |
Foreign exchange forward |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,274 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 24 |
Total |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,274 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 24 |

| 5.2 | Financial instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income

The amortized cost, related unrealized gross gain (loss) and fair value of financial instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income by country risk and type of debt are as follows:

Equity Investment at FVOCI

|  | December 31, 2017 |
|  |  |  |  | Unrealized |  |  |  |
|  | Amortized cost |  |  | Gain |  |  | Loss |  |  | Fair value |
Equity investments (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Brazil |  |  | 8,630 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 228 |  |  |  | 8,402 |
|  |  | 8,630 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 228 |  |  |  | 8,402 |

Securities at FVOCI

|  | December 31, 2017 |
|  |  |  |  | Unrealized |  |  |  |
|  | Amortized cost |  |  | Gain |  |  | Loss |  |  | Fair value |
Sovereign debt: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Brazil |  |  | 2,937 |  |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 2,954 |
Chile |  |  | 5,182 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 5,147 |
Trinidad and Tobago |  |  | 8,843 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 211 |  |  |  | 8,632 |
|  |  | 16,962 |  |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | 258 |  |  |  | 16,733 |
|  |  | 25,592 |  |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | 486 |  |  |  | 25,135 |

| (1) | Equity instruments were initially recognized at fair value. These equity instruments correspond to equity securities classified with the irrevocable option of changes in OCI.

| F-35 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 5. | Financial instruments (continued)

| 5.2 | Financial instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income (continued)

Securities at FVOCI (continued)

|  | December 31, 2016 |
|  |  |  |  | Unrealized |  |  |  |
|  | Amortized cost |  |  | Gain |  |  | Loss |  |  | Fair value |
Corporate debt: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Brazil |  |  | 3,144 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 62 |  |  |  | 3,082 |
Venezuela |  |  | 10,810 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 10,827 |
|  |  | 13,954 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 65 |  |  |  | 13,909 |
Sovereign debt: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Brazil |  |  | 2,926 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 140 |  |  |  | 2,786 |
Chile |  |  | 5,229 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 59 |  |  |  | 5,170 |
Trinidad and Tobago |  |  | 9,283 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 541 |  |  |  | 8,742 |
|  |  | 17,438 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 740 |  |  |  | 16,698 |
|  |  | 31,392 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 805 |  |  |  | 30,607 |

As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, there were no securities at fair value through OCI guaranteeing repurchase transactions.

The following table discloses those securities that had unrealized losses for a period less than 12 months and for 12 months or longer:

|  | December 31, 2017 |
|  | Less than 12 months |  |  | 12 months or longer |  |  | Total |
|  | Fair value |  |  | Unrealized gross losses |  |  | Fair value |  |  | Unrealized gross losses |  |  | Fair value |  |  | Unrealized gross losses |
Sovereign debt |  |  | 5,147 |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 9,616 |  |  |  | 223 |  |  |  | 14,763 |  |  |  | 258 |
Total |  |  | 5,147 |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 9,616 |  |  |  | 223 |  |  |  | 14,763 |  |  |  | 258 |

|  | December 31, 2016 |
|  | Less than 12 months |  |  | 12 months or longer |  |  | Total |
|  | Fair value |  |  | Unrealized gross losses |  |  | Fair value |  |  | Unrealized gross losses |  |  | Fair value |  |  | Unrealized gross losses |
Corporate debt |  |  | 1,805 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 3,082 |  |  |  | 62 |  |  |  | 4,887 |  |  |  | 65 |
Sovereign debt |  |  | 5,170 |  |  |  | 59 |  |  |  | 11,528 |  |  |  | 681 |  |  |  | 16,698 |  |  |  | 740 |
Total |  |  | 6,975 |  |  |  | 62 |  |  |  | 14,610 |  |  |  | 743 |  |  |  | 21,585 |  |  |  | 805 |

| F-36 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 5. | Financial instruments (continued)

| 5.2 | Financial instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income (continued)

Securities at FVOCI (continued)

The following table presents the realized gains and losses on sale of securities at fair value through other comprehensive income:

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |  |  | December 31, 2015 |
Realized gain on sale of securities |  |  | 766 |  |  |  | 221 |  |  |  | 469 |
Realized loss on sale of securities |  |  | (517 | ) |  |  | (577 | ) |  |  | (106 | )
Net gain (loss) on sale of securities at fair value through other comprehensive income |  |  | 249 |  |  |  | (356 | ) |  |  | 363 |

Securities at fair value through other comprehensive income classified by issuer’s credit quality indicators are as follows:

Rating(1) |  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |
1-4 |  |  | 16,733 |  |  |  | 30,607 |
5-6 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
7 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
8 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
9 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
10 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total |  |  | 16,733 |  |  |  | 30,607 |

(1) Current ratings as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

The amortized cost and fair value of securities at fair value through other comprehensive income by contractual maturity are shown in the following tables:

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |
|  | Amortized cost |  |  | Fair value |  |  | Amortized cost |  |  | Fair value |
Due within 1 year |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
After 1 year but within 5 years |  |  | 16,962 |  |  |  | 16,733 |  |  |  | 17,656 |  |  |  | 16,994 |
After 5 years but within 10 years |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13,736 |  |  |  | 13,613 |
|  |  | 16,962 |  |  |  | 16,733 |  |  |  | 31,392 |  |  |  | 30,607 |

| F-37 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 5. | Financial instruments (continued)

| 5.3 | Financial instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income (continued)

Securities at FVOCI (continued)

The allowance for expected credit losses relating to securities at fair value through other comprehensive income, which is recorded in equity under accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), is as follow:

|  | Stage 1 (1) |  |  | Stage 2 (2) |  |  | Stage 3 (3) |  |  | Total |
Allowance for expected credit losses as of December 31, 2016 |  |  | 42 |  |  |  | 263 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 305 |
Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Transfer to credit-impaired financial assets |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Transfer to 12-month expected credit losses |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Net effect of changes in reserve for expected credit losses |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | (65 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (71 | )
Financial assets that have been derecognized during the year |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (12 | )
Changes due to financial instruments recognized as of December 31, 2016: |  |  | (18 | ) |  |  | (65 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (83 | )
New financial assets originated or purchased |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Write-offs |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Allowance for expected credit losses as of December 31, 2017 |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 198 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 222 |

|  | Stage 1 (1) |  |  | Stage 2 (2) |  |  | Stage 3 (3) |  |  | Total |
Allowance for expected credit losses as of December 31, 2015 |  |  | 234 |  |  |  | 178 |  |  |  | 6,737 |  |  |  | 7,149 |
Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses |  |  | (31 | ) |  |  | 456 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 425 |
Transfer to credit-impaired financial assets |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Transfer to 12-month expected credit losses |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Net effect of changes in reserve for expected credit losses |  |  | (15 | ) |  |  | (168 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (183 | )
Financial assets that have been derecognized during the year |  |  | (174 | ) |  |  | (203 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (377 | )
Changes due to financial instruments recognized as of December 31, 2015: |  |  | (220 | ) |  |  | 85 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (135 | )
New financial assets originated or purchased |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 28 |
Write-offs |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (6,737 | ) |  |  | (6,737 | )
Allowance for expected credit losses as of December 31, 2016 |  |  | 42 |  |  |  | 263 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 305 |

| (1) | 12-month expected credit losses.

| (2) | Lifetime expected credit losses.

| (3) | Credit-impaired financial assets (lifetime expected credit losses).

| F-38 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 5. | Financial instruments (continued)

| 5.3 | Investment securities- at amortized cost

The amortized cost, related unrealized gross gain (loss) and fair value of these securities by country risk and type of debt are as follows:

|  | December 31, 2017 |
|  |  |  |  | Unrealized |  |  |  |
|  | Amortized cost (1) |  |  | Gross gain |  |  | Gross loss |  |  | Fair value |
Corporate debt: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Brazil |  |  | 1,485 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,488 |
Panama |  |  | 9,978 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9,978 |
|  |  | 11,463 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 11,466 |
Sovereign debt: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Colombia |  |  | 29,006 |  |  |  | 67 |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 29,057 |
Mexico |  |  | 20,203 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 167 |  |  |  | 20,036 |
Panama |  |  | 8,458 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 8,447 |
|  |  | 57,667 |  |  |  | 67 |  |  |  | 194 |  |  |  | 57,540 |
|  |  | 69,130 |  |  |  | 70 |  |  |  | 194 |  |  |  | 69,006 |

|  | December 31, 2016 |
|  |  |  |  | Unrealized |  |  |  |
|  | Amortized cost (2) |  |  | Gross gain |  |  | Gross loss |  |  | Fair value |
Corporate debt: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Brazil |  |  | 4,614 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 146 |  |  |  | 4,468 |
Panama |  |  | 3,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,000 |
|  |  | 7,614 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 146 |  |  |  | 7,468 |
Sovereign debt: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Brazil |  |  | 11,179 |  |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | 194 |  |  |  | 11,022 |
Colombia |  |  | 29,812 |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 280 |  |  |  | 29,566 |
Mexico |  |  | 20,541 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,059 |  |  |  | 19,482 |
Panama |  |  | 8,670 |  |  |  | 198 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,868 |
|  |  | 70,202 |  |  |  | 269 |  |  |  | 1,533 |  |  |  | 68,938 |
|  |  | 77,816 |  |  |  | 269 |  |  |  | 1,679 |  |  |  | 76,406 |

| (1) | Amounts do not include allowance for expected credit losses of US196.

| (2) | Amounts do not include allowance for expected credit losses of US$602.

| F-39 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 5. | Financial instruments (continued)

| 5.3 | Investment securities - at amortized cost (continued)

The amortized cost and fair value of securities at amortized cost by contractual maturity are shown in the following tables:

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |
|  | Amortized cost |  |  | Fair value |  |  | Amortized cost |  |  | Fair value |
Due within 1 year |  |  | 7,978 |  |  |  | 7,978 |  |  |  | 3,988 |  |  |  | 4,025 |
After 1 year but within 5 years |  |  | 61,152 |  |  |  | 61,028 |  |  |  | 68,537 |  |  |  | 67,358 |
After 5 years but within 10 years |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,291 |  |  |  | 5,023 |
|  |  | 69,130 |  |  |  | 69,006 |  |  |  | 77,816 |  |  |  | 76,406 |

As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, there were no securities at amortized cost, guaranteeing repurchase transactions.

Securities at amortized cost classified by issuer’s credit quality indicators are as follows:

Rating(1) |  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |
1-4 |  |  | 57,667 |  |  |  | 76,333 |
5-6 |  |  | 11,463 |  |  |  | 1,483 |
7 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
8 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
9 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
10 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total |  |  | 69,130 |  |  |  | 77,816 |

| (1) | Current ratings as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

| F-40 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 5. | Financial instruments (continued)

| 5.3 | Investment securities- at amortized cost (continued)

The allowance for expected credit losses relating to securities at amortized cost is as follow:

|  | Stage 1 (1) |  |  | Stage 2 (2) |  |  | Stage 3 (3) |  |  | Total |
Allowance for expected credit losses as of December 31, 2016 |  |  | 99 |  |  |  | 503 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 602 |
Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Transfer to credit-impaired financial assets |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Transfer to 12-month expected credit losses |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Net effect of changes in reserve for expected credit losses |  |  | (16 | ) |  |  | (29 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (45 | )
Financial assets that have been derecognized during the year |  |  | (18 | ) |  |  | (422 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (440 | )
Changes due to financial instruments recognized as of December 31, 2016: |  |  | (34 | ) |  |  | (451 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (485 | )
New financial assets originated or purchased |  |  | 79 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 79 |
Allowance for expected credit losses as of December 31, 2017 |  |  | 144 |  |  |  | 52 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 196 |

|  | Stage 1 (1) |  |  | Stage 2 (2) |  |  | Stage 3 (3) |  |  | Total |
Allowance for expected credit losses as of December 31, 2015 |  |  | 348 |  |  |  | 178 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 526 |
Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses |  |  | (43 | ) |  |  | 444 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 401 |
Transfer to credit-impaired financial assets |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Transfer to 12-month expected credit losses |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Net effect of changes in reserve for expected credit losses |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | (91 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (96 | )
Financial assets that have been derecognized during the year |  |  | (317 | ) |  |  | (28 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (345 | )
Changes due to financial instruments recognized as of December 31, 2015: |  |  | (365 | ) |  |  | 325 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (40 | )
New financial assets originated or purchased |  |  | 116 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 116 |
Allowance for expected credit losses as of December 31, 2016 |  |  | 99 |  |  |  | 503 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 602 |

| (1) | 12-month expected credit losses.

| (2) | Lifetime expected credit losses.

| (3) | Credit-impaired financial assets (lifetime expected credit losses).

| F-41 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 5. | Financial instruments (continued)

| 5.4 | Recognition and derecognition of financial assets

During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Bank sold loans at amortized cost in the secondary market. These sales were made on the basis of compliance with the Bank's strategy to optimize the loan portfolio.

The amounts and gains arising from the derecognition of these financial instruments are presented in the following table. These gains are presented within the line “gain on sale of loans at amortized cost” in the consolidated statement of profit or loss.

|  | Assignments and participations |  |  | Gains |
For the year ended December 31, 2017 |  |  | 77,400 |  |  |  | 181 |
For the year ended December 31, 2016 |  |  | 157,242 |  |  |  | 730 |
For the year ended December 31, 2015 |  |  | 92,438 |  |  |  | 422 |

During the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 the Bank entered into a master participation agreement with the International Finance Corp. to sale participation in credit facilities which resulted in revenues of $76 and $425, respectively.

| 5.5 | Loans – at amortized cost

The following table set forth details of the Bank’s gross loan portfolio:

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |
Corporations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private |  |  | 1,882,846 |  |  |  | 2,655,910 |
State-owned |  |  | 723,267 |  |  |  | 786,900 |
Banking and financial institutions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private |  |  | 2,083,795 |  |  |  | 1,738,999 |
State-owned |  |  | 573,649 |  |  |  | 544,877 |
Middle-market companies: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private |  |  | 242,101 |  |  |  | 294,045 |
Total |  |  | 5,505,658 |  |  |  | 6,020,731 |

The composition of the gross loan portfolio by industry is as follows:

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |
Banking and financial institutions |  |  | 2,657,444 |  |  |  | 2,283,876 |
Industrial |  |  | 772,238 |  |  |  | 1,242,441 |
Oil and petroleum derived products |  |  | 735,413 |  |  |  | 788,186 |
Agricultural |  |  | 501,241 |  |  |  | 1,007,139 |
Services |  |  | 430,717 |  |  |  | 419,440 |
Mining |  |  | 231,687 |  |  |  | 54,000 |
Others |  |  | 176,918 |  |  |  | 225,649 |
Total |  |  | 5,505,658 |  |  |  | 6,020,731 |

| F-42 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 5. | Financial instruments (continued)

| 5.5 | Loans – at amortized cost (continued)

Loans are reported at their amortized cost considering the principal outstanding amounts net of unearned interest, deferred fees and allowance for expected credit losses.

The amortization of net unearned interest and deferred fees are recognized as an adjustment to the related loan yield using the effective interest rate method.

The unearned discount interest and deferred commission amounted to $4,985 and $7,249 at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Loans classified by borrower’s credit quality indicators are as follows:

December 31, 2017
|  | Corporations |  |  | Banking and financial institutions |  |  | Middle-market companies |  |  |  |
Rating(1) |  | Private |  |  | State-owned |  |  | Private |  |  | State-owned |  |  | Private |  |  | Total |
1-4 |  |  | 1,336,032 |  |  |  | 563,877 |  |  |  | 1,729,592 |  |  |  | 361,236 |  |  |  | 147,212 |  |  |  | 4,137,949 |
5-6 |  |  | 523,055 |  |  |  | 159,390 |  |  |  | 354,203 |  |  |  | 212,413 |  |  |  | 59,889 |  |  |  | 1,308.950 |
7 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
8 |  |  | 23,759 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 23,759 |
9 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
10 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 35,000 |  |  |  | 35,000 |
Total |  |  | 1,882,846 |  |  |  | 723,267 |  |  |  | 2,083,795 |  |  |  | 573,649 |  |  |  | 242,101 |  |  |  | 5,505,658 |

December 31, 2016
|  | Corporations |  |  | Banking and financial institutions |  |  | Middle-market companies |  |  |  |
Rating(1) |  | Private |  |  | State-owned |  |  | Private |  |  | State-owned |  |  | Private |  |  | Total |
1-4 |  |  | 1,714,936 |  |  |  | 646,797 |  |  |  | 1,457,984 |  |  |  | 259,981 |  |  |  | 174,107 |  |  |  | 4,253,805 |
5-6 |  |  | 863,937 |  |  |  | 140,103 |  |  |  | 281,015 |  |  |  | 284,896 |  |  |  | 84,938 |  |  |  | 1,654,889 |
7 |  |  | 58,673 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 58,673 |
8 |  |  | 4,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,000 |
9 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 35,000 |  |  |  | 35,000 |
10 |  |  | 14,364 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 14,364 |
Total |  |  | 2,655,910 |  |  |  | 786,900 |  |  |  | 1,738,999 |  |  |  | 544,877 |  |  |  | 294,045 |  |  |  | 6,020,731 |

| (1) | Current ratings as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

| F-43 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 5. | Financial instruments (continued)

| 5.5 | Loans – at amortized cost (continued)

The following table provides a breakdown of gross loans by country risk:

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |
Country: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Argentina |  |  | 294,613 |  |  |  | 325,321 |
Belgium |  |  | 11,368 |  |  |  | 4,180 |
Bolivia |  |  | 15,000 |  |  |  | 18,318 |
Brazil |  |  | 1,019,466 |  |  |  | 1,163,825 |
Chile |  |  | 170,827 |  |  |  | 69,372 |
Colombia |  |  | 829,136 |  |  |  | 653,012 |
Costa Rica |  |  | 356,459 |  |  |  | 400,371 |
Dominican Republic |  |  | 249,926 |  |  |  | 243,696 |
Ecuador |  |  | 94,315 |  |  |  | 129,269 |
El Salvador |  |  | 55,110 |  |  |  | 104,723 |
Germany |  |  | 37,500 |  |  |  | 50,000 |
Guatemala |  |  | 309,024 |  |  |  | 315,911 |
Honduras |  |  | 74,476 |  |  |  | 72,319 |
Jamaica |  |  | 24,435 |  |  |  | 7,399 |
Luxembourg |  |  | 19,924 |  |  |  | 14,722 |
Mexico |  |  | 850,463 |  |  |  | 927,041 |
Nicaragua |  |  | 29,804 |  |  |  | 36,949 |
Panama |  |  | 500,134 |  |  |  | 498,651 |
Paraguay |  |  | 59,536 |  |  |  | 108,068 |
Peru |  |  | 211,846 |  |  |  | 467,408 |
Singapore |  |  | 54,500 |  |  |  | 70,204 |
Switzerland |  |  | 3,687 |  |  |  | 46,000 |
Trinidad and Tobago |  |  | 175,000 |  |  |  | 184,389 |
United States of America |  |  | 44,109 |  |  |  | 73,083 |
Uruguay |  |  | 15,000 |  |  |  | 36,500 |
Total |  |  | 5,505,658 |  |  |  | 6,020,731 |

| F-44 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 5. | Financial instruments (continued)

| 5.5 | Loans – at amortized cost (continued)

The remaining loan maturities are summarized as follows:

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |
Current: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Up to 1 month |  |  | 846,993 |  |  |  | 896,310 |
From 1 month to 3 months |  |  | 1,079,793 |  |  |  | 1,300,675 |
From 3 months to 6 months |  |  | 1,175,801 |  |  |  | 1,267,194 |
From 6 months to 1 year |  |  | 922,711 |  |  |  | 551,794 |
From 1 year to 2 years |  |  | 392,456 |  |  |  | 631,629 |
From 2 years to 5 years |  |  | 989,222 |  |  |  | 1,211,847 |
More than 5 years |  |  | 39,923 |  |  |  | 95,918 |
|  |  | 5,446,899 |  |  |  | 5,955,367 |
Impaired |  |  | 58,759 |  |  |  | 65,364 |
Total |  |  | 5,505,658 |  |  |  | 6,020,731 |

As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the range of interest rates on loans fluctuates from 1.35% and 11.52% (2016: 1.21% y 12.69%).

The fixed and floating interest rate distribution of the loan portfolio is as follows:

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |
Fixed interest rates |  |  | 2,378,509 |  |  |  | 2,709,555 |
Floating interest rates |  |  | 3,127,149 |  |  |  | 3,311,176 |
Total |  |  | 5,505,658 |  |  |  | 6,020,731 |

As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, 85% and 93%, of the loan portfolio at fixed interest rates has remaining maturities of less than 180 days.

An analysis of credit-impaired balances is detailed as follows:

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | 2017 |
|  | Recorded investment |  |  | Past due principal balance |  |  | Related allowance Stage 3 |  |  | Average principal loan balance |  |  | Balance interest recognized |
With an allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private corporations |  |  | 23,759 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7,468 |  |  |  | 5,988 |  |  |  | 229 |
Middle-market companies |  |  | 35,000 |  |  |  | 35,000 |  |  |  | 20,527 |  |  |  | 35,000 |  |  |  | 3,028 |
Total |  |  | 58,759 |  |  |  | 35,000 |  |  |  | 27,995 |  |  |  | 40,988 |  |  |  | 3,257 |

| F-45 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 5. | Financial instruments (continued)

| 5.5 | Loans – at amortized cost (continued)

|  | December 31, 2016 |  |  | 2016 |
|  | Recorded investment |  |  | Past due principal balance |  |  | Related allowance Stage 3 |  |  | Average principal loan balance |  |  | Balance interest recognized |
With an allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private corporations |  |  | 30,364 |  |  |  | 18,364 |  |  |  | 23,174 |  |  |  | 12,500 |  |  |  | 408 |
Middle-market companies |  |  | 35,000 |  |  |  | 35,000 |  |  |  | 12,179 |  |  |  | 17,705 |  |  |  | 1,679 |
Total |  |  | 65,364 |  |  |  | 53,364 |  |  |  | 35,353 |  |  |  | 30,205 |  |  |  | 2,087 |

The following is a summary of information of interest amounts recognized on an effective interest basis on net carrying amount for those financial assets in Stage 3:

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |  |  | December 31, 2015 |
Interest revenue calculated on the net carrying amount (net of credit allowance) |  |  | 1,170 |  |  |  | 1,808 |  |  |  | 91 |

The following table presents an aging analysis of the loan portfolio:

December 31, 2017
|  | 91-120 days |  |  | 121-150 days |  |  | 151-180 days |  |  | Greater than 180 days |  |  | Total Past due |  |  | Delinquent |  |  | Current |  |  | Total |
Corporations |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,606,113 |  |  |  | 2,606,113 |
Banking and financial institutions |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,657,444 |  |  |  | 2,657,444 |
Middle-market companies |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 35,000 |  |  |  | 35,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 207,101 |  |  |  | 242,101 |
Total |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 35,000 |  |  |  | 35,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,470,658 |  |  |  | 5,505,658 |

December 31, 2016
|  | 91-120 days |  |  | 121-150 days |  |  | 151-180 days |  |  | Greater than 180 days |  |  | Total Past due |  |  | Delinquent |  |  | Current |  |  | Total |
Corporations |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,000 |  |  |  | 14,364 |  |  |  | 18,364 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,424,446 |  |  |  | 3,442,810 |
Banking and financial institutions |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,283,876 |  |  |  | 2,283,876 |
Middle-market companies |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 35,000 |  |  |  | 35,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 259,045 |  |  |  | 294,045 |
Total |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,000 |  |  |  | 49,364 |  |  |  | 53,364 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,967,367 |  |  |  | 6,020,731 |

| F-46 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 5. | Financial instruments (continued)

| 5.5 | Loans – at amortized cost (continued)

As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Bank had credit transactions in the normal course of business with 21% and 16%, respectively, of its Class “A” and “B” stockholders. All transactions were made based on arm’s-length terms and subject to prevailing commercial criteria and market rates and were subject to all of the Bank’s Corporate Governance and control procedures. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, approximately 14% and 10%, respectively, of the outstanding loan portfolio was placed with the Bank’s Class “A” and “B” stockholders and their related parties. As of December 31, 2017, the Bank was not directly or indirectly owned or controlled by another corporation or any foreign government, and no Class “A” or “B” shareholder was the registered owner of more than 3.5% of the total outstanding shares of the voting capital stock of the Bank.

Modified financial assets

The following table refer to modified financial assets, where modification does not result in de-recognition:

Modified financial assets (with loss allowance based on lifetime ECL) modified during the period |  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |
Gross carrying amount before modification |  |  | 8,855 |  |  |  | - |
Loss allowance before modification |  |  | (3,344 | ) |  |  | - |
Net amortized cost before modification |  |  | 5,511 |  |  |  | - |
Gross carrying amount after modification |  |  | 4,484 |  |  |  | - |
Loss allowance after modification |  |  | (4,484 | ) |  |  | - |
Net amortized cost after modification |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |

For the modified financial assets during the year 2017, were received other real estate owned for $ 5,119.

During the year 2017, a financial asset with a nominal value of $ 37,817 was restructured. As part of the restructuration The Bank received Equity Instrument with a fair value of $8,630 and a new originated credit impaired loans with a fair value of $19,274. The remaining balance was written off against allowance for loans losses.

| F-47 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 5. | Financial instruments (continued)

| 5.5 | Loans – at amortized cost (continued)

The significant changes in the gross carrying amount of financial assets during the period that contributed to changes in the loss allowance, is provided at the table below:

Loans

|  | Stage 1 |  |  | Stage 2 |  |  | Stage 3 |  |  | Total |
Gross carrying amount as of December 31, 2016 |  |  | 5,019,368 |  |  |  | 935,999 |  |  |  | 65,364 |  |  |  | 6,020,731 |
Transfer in book value to stage 2 |  |  | (41,167 | ) |  |  | 41,167 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses - credit-impaired |  |  | - |  |  |  | (46,673 | ) |  |  | 46,673 |  |  |  | - |
Transfer in book value to stage 1 |  |  | 8,000 |  |  |  | (8,000 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Financial assets that have been derecognised during the year |  |  | (4,214,697 | ) |  |  | (313,394 | ) |  |  | (21,667 | ) |  |  | (4,549,758 | )
Changes due to financial instruments recognized as of December 31, 2016 |  |  | (4,247,864 | ) |  |  | (326,900 | ) |  |  | 25,006 |  |  |  | (4,549,758 | )
New financial assets originated or purchased |  |  | 4,067,723 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,067,723 |
Write-offs |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,427 | ) |  |  | (31,611 | ) |  |  | (33,038 | )
Gross carrying amount as of December 31, 2017 |  |  | 4,839,227 |  |  |  | 607,672 |  |  |  | 58,759 |  |  |  | 5,505,658 |

Loans

|  | Stage 1 |  |  | Stage 2 |  |  | Stage 3 |  |  | Total |
Gross carrying amount as of December 31, 2015 |  |  | 6,282,752 |  |  |  | 356,668 |  |  |  | 52,329 |  |  |  | 6,691,749 |
Transfer in book value to stage 2 |  |  | (828,589 | ) |  |  | 828,589 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses – not credit-impaired |  |  | (12,000 | ) |  |  | (45,056 | ) |  |  | 57,056 |  |  |  | - |
Transfer in book value to stage 1 |  |  | 90,770 |  |  |  | (90,770 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Financial assets that have been derecognized during the year |  |  | (4,577,890 | ) |  |  | (113,432 | ) |  |  | (25,214 | ) |  |  | (4,716,536 | )
Changes due to financial instruments recognized as of December 31, 2015 |  |  | (5,327,709 | ) |  |  | 579,331 |  |  |  | 31,842 |  |  |  | (4,716,536 | )
New financial assets originated or purchased |  |  | 4,064,325 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,064,325 |
Write-offs |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (18,807 | ) |  |  | (18,807 | )
Gross carrying amount as of December 31, 2016 |  |  | 5,019,368 |  |  |  | 935,999 |  |  |  | 65,364 |  |  |  | 6,020,731 |

| F-48 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 5. | Financial instruments (continued)

| 5.5 | Loans – at amortized cost (continued)

The allowances for expected credit losses related to loans at amortized cost are as follows:

|  | Stage 1 (1) |  |  | Stage 2 (2) |  |  | Stage 3 (3) |  |  | Total |
Allowance for expected credit losses as of December 31, 2016 |  |  | 29,036 |  |  |  | 41,599 |  |  |  | 35,353 |  |  |  | 105,988 |
Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses – not credit-impaired |  |  | (672 | ) |  |  | 672 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses - credit-impaired |  |  | - |  |  |  | (12,845 | ) |  |  | 12,845 |  |  |  | - |
Transfer to 12-month expected credit losses |  |  | 1,428 |  |  |  | (1,428 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Net effect of changes in reserve for expected credit losses |  |  | (2,900 | ) |  |  | 18,227 |  |  |  | 20,257 |  |  |  | 35,584 |
Financial assets that have been derecognized during the year |  |  | (24,434 | ) |  |  | (11,321 | ) |  |  | (8,333 | ) |  |  | (44,088 | )
Changes due to financial instruments recognized as of December 31, 2016 |  |  | (26,578 | ) |  |  | (6,695 | ) |  |  | 24,769 |  |  |  | (8,504 | )
New financial assets originated or purchased |  |  | 17,363 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 17,363 |
Write-offs |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,427 | ) |  |  | (32,126 | ) |  |  | (33,553 | )
Recoveries of amounts previously written off |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Allowance for expected credit losses as of December 31, 2017 |  |  | 19,821 |  |  |  | 33,477 |  |  |  | 27,996 |  |  |  | 81,294 |

|  | Stage 1 (1) |  |  | Stage 2 (2) |  |  | Stage 3 (3) |  |  | Total |
Allowance for expected credit losses as of December 31, 2015 |  |  | 59,214 |  |  |  | 9,609 |  |  |  | 21,151 |  |  |  | 89,974 |
Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses – not credit-impaired |  |  | (9,117 | ) |  |  | 9,119 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2 |
Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses – not credit-impaired |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | (6,317 | ) |  |  | 6,324 |  |  |  | - |
Transfer to 12-month expected credit losses |  |  | 2,038 |  |  |  | (2,077 | ) |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | (1 | )
Net effect of changes in reserve for expected credit losses |  |  | (39,621 | ) |  |  | 48,021 |  |  |  | 26,491 |  |  |  | 34,891 |
Financial assets that have been derecognized during the year |  |  | (65,640 | ) |  |  | (16,756 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (82,396 | )
Changes due to financial instruments recognized as of December 31, 2015 |  |  | (112,347 | ) |  |  | 31,990 |  |  |  | 32,853 |  |  |  | (47,504 | )
New financial assets originated or purchased |  |  | 82,169 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 82,169 |
Write-offs |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (18,807 | ) |  |  | (18,807 | )
Recoveries of amounts previously written off |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 156 |  |  |  | 156 |
Allowance for expected credit losses as of December 31, 2016 |  |  | 29,036 |  |  |  | 41,599 |  |  |  | 35,353 |  |  |  | 105,988 |

| (1) | 12-month expected credit losses.

| (2) | Lifetime expected credit losses.

| (3) | Credit-impaired financial assets (lifetime expected credit losses).

| F-49 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 5. | Financial instruments (continued)

| 5.6 | Derivative financial instruments for hedging purposes

Quantitative information on derivative financial instruments held for hedging purposes is as follows:

|  | December 31, 2017 |
|  | Nominal |  |  | Carrying amount of the hedging instrument |  |  | Changes in fair value used for calculating hedge |
|  | Amount |  |  | Asset |  |  | Liability |  |  | ineffectiveness |
Fair value hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  |  | 367,500 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (4,361 | ) |  |  | (2,394 | )
Cross-currency swaps |  |  | 306,961 |  |  |  | 3,672 |  |  |  | (30,154 | ) |  |  | 15,900 |
Cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  |  | 595,000 |  |  |  | 127 |  |  |  | (428 | ) |  |  | 995 |
Cross-currency swaps |  |  | 23,025 |  |  |  | 879 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,132 |
Foreign exchange forward |  |  | 225,388 |  |  |  | 8,610 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 11,835 |
Net investment hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange forward |  |  | 9,243 |  |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 181 |
Total |  |  | 1,527,117 |  |  |  | 13,338 |  |  |  | (34,943 | ) |  |  | 28,649 |

|  | December 31, 2016 |
|  | Nominal |  |  | Carrying amount of the hedging instrument |  |  | Changes in fair value used for calculating hedge |
|  | Amount |  |  | Asset |  |  | Liability |  |  | ineffectiveness |
Fair value hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  |  | 796,202 |  |  |  | 40 |  |  |  | (2,005 | ) |  |  | (2,199 | )
Cross-currency swaps |  |  | 291,065 |  |  |  | 2,561 |  |  |  | (44,944 | ) |  |  | (19,316 | )
Cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  |  | 752,000 |  |  |  | 323 |  |  |  | (1,699 | ) |  |  | 696 |
Cross-currency swaps |  |  | 23,025 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,254 | ) |  |  | (1,313 | )
Foreign exchange forward |  |  | 352,553 |  |  |  | 6,428 |  |  |  | (9,653 | ) |  |  | (5,093 | )
Net investment hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange forward |  |  | 3,780 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (131 | ) |  |  | (415 | )
Total |  |  | 2,218,625 |  |  |  | 9,352 |  |  |  | (59,686 | ) |  |  | (27,640 | )

The hedging instruments presented in the tables above are located in the line item in the statement of financial position at fair value - Derivative financial instruments used for hedging – receivable or at fair value – Derivative financial instruments used for hedging – payable.

| F-50 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 5. | Financial instruments (continued)

| 5.6 | Derivative financial instruments for hedging purposes (continued)

The gains and losses resulting from activities of derivative financial instruments and hedging recognized in the consolidated statements of profit or loss are presented below:

|  | December 31, 2017 |
|  | Gain (loss) recognized in OCI (effective portion) |  |  | Classification of gain (loss) |  | Gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated OCI to the consolidated statement of profit or loss |  |  | Gain (loss) recognized on derivatives (ineffective portion) |
Derivatives – cash flow hedge |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  |  | (834 | ) |  | Gain (loss) on interest rate swap |  |  | - |  |  |  | 242 |
Cross-currency swaps |  |  | (1,924 | ) |  | Gain (loss) on foreign currency exchange |  |  | - |  |  |  | 26 |
|  |  |  |  |  | Interest income – loans |  |  | 7,611 |  |  |  | - |
Foreign exchange forward |  |  | (2,708 | ) |  | Interest income – securities at FVOCI |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
|  |  |  |  |  | Interest income – loans |  |  | 3,991 |  |  |  | - |
|  |  |  |  |  | Interest expense – borrowings and debt |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
|  |  |  |  |  | Interest expenses – deposits |  |  | (190 | ) |  |  | - |
|  |  |  |  |  | Gain (loss) on foreign currency exchange |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total |  |  | (5,466 | ) |  |  |  |  | 11,412 |  |  |  | 268 |
Derivatives – net investment hedge |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward foreign exchange |  |  | (277 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total |  |  | (277 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| F-51 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 5. | Financial instruments (continued)

| 5.6 | Derivative financial instruments for hedging purposes (continued)

|  | December 31, 2016 |
|  | Gain (loss) recognized in OCI (effective portion) |  |  | Classification of gain (loss) |  | Gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated OCI to the consolidated statement of profit or loss |  |  | Gain (loss) recognized on derivatives (ineffective portion) |
Derivatives – cash flow hedge |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  |  | 627 |  |  | Gain (loss) on interest rate swap |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,258 | )
Cross-currency swaps |  |  | (1,299 | ) |  | Gain (loss) on foreign currency exchange |  |  | - |  |  |  | 16 |
|  |  |  |  |  | Interest income – loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | (110 | )
Foreign exchange forward |  |  | 233 |  |  | Interest income – securities at FVOCI |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
|  |  |  |  |  | Interest income – loans |  |  | (4,751 | ) |  |  | - |
|  |  |  |  |  | Interest expense – borrowings and debt |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
|  |  |  |  |  | Interest expenses – deposits |  |  | 1,672 |  |  |  | - |
|  |  |  |  |  | Gain (loss) on foreign currency exchange |  |  | 9,097 |  |  |  | - |
Total |  |  | (439 | ) |  |  |  |  | 6,018 |  |  |  | (1,352 | )
Derivatives – net investment hedge |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward foreign exchange |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| F-52 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 5. | Financial instruments (continued)

| 5.6 | Derivative financial instruments for hedging purposes (continued)

|  | December 31, 2015 |
|  | Gain (loss) recognized in OCI (effective portion) |  |  | Classification of gain (loss) |  | Gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated OCI to the consolidated statement of profit or loss |  |  | Gain (loss) recognized on derivatives (ineffective portion) |
Derivatives – cash flow hedge |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  |  | 35 |  |  | Gain (loss) on interest rate swap |  |  | - |  |  |  | (229 | )
Cross-currency swaps |  |  | 5,367 |  |  | Gain (loss) on foreign exchange |  |  | - |  |  |  | 84 |
|  |  |  |  |  | Interest income – loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Forward foreign exchange |  |  | 3,511 |  |  | Interest income – securities at FVOCI |  |  | (694 | ) |  |  | - |
|  |  |  |  |  | Interest income – loans |  |  | (1,821 | ) |  |  | - |
|  |  |  |  |  | Interest expense – borrowings and debt |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
|  |  |  |  |  | Interest expenses – deposits |  |  | 166 |  |  |  | - |
|  |  |  |  |  | Gain (loss) on foreign currency exchange |  |  | 12,539 |  |  |  | - |
Total |  |  | 8,913 |  |  |  |  |  | 10,190 |  |  |  | (145 | )
Derivatives – net investment hedge |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward foreign exchange |  |  | (901 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total |  |  | (901 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| F-53 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 5. | Financial instruments (continued)

| 5.6 | Derivative financial instruments for hedging purposes (continued)

The Bank recognized in the consolidated statement of profit or loss the gain (loss) on derivative financial instruments and the gain (loss) of the hedged asset or liability related to qualifying fair value hedges, as follows:

|  | December 31, 2017
|  | Classification in consolidated statement of profit or loss |  | Gain (loss) on derivatives |  |  | Gain (loss) on hedge item |  |  | Net gain (loss) |
Derivatives – fair value hedge |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  | Interest income – securities at FVOCI |  |  | (126 | ) |  |  | 476 |  |  |  | 350 |
|  | Interest income – loans |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  | 160 |  |  |  | 148 |
|  | Interest expenses – borrowings and debt |  |  | 1,387 |  |  |  | (16,233 | ) |  |  | (14,846 | )
|  | Derivative financial instruments and hedging |  |  | (2,270 | ) |  |  | 2,371 |  |  |  | 101 |
Cross-currency swaps |  | Interest income – loans |  |  | (1,496 | ) |  |  | 2,442 |  |  |  | 946 |
|  | Interest expenses – borrowings and debt |  |  | 1,848 |  |  |  | (10,265 | ) |  |  | (8,417 | )
|  | Derivative financial instruments and hedging |  |  | 14,950 |  |  |  | (16,709 | ) |  |  | (1,759 | )
Total |  |  |  |  | 14,281 |  |  |  | (37,758 | ) |  |  | (23,477 | )

|  | December 31, 2016
|  | Classification in consolidated statement of profit or loss |  | Gain (loss) on derivatives |  |  | Gain (loss) on hedge item |  |  | Net gain (loss) |
Derivatives – fair value hedge |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  | Interest income – securities at FVOCI |  |  | (617 | ) |  |  | 1,593 |  |  |  | 976 |
|  | Interest income – loans |  |  | (25 | ) |  |  | 2,023 |  |  |  | 1,998 |
|  | Interest expenses – borrowings and debt |  |  | 4,558 |  |  |  | (28,261 | ) |  |  | (23,703 | )
|  | Derivative financial instruments and hedging |  |  | (2,077 | ) |  |  | 2,178 |  |  |  | 101 |
Cross-currency swaps |  | Interest income – loans |  |  | (372 | ) |  |  | 928 |  |  |  | 556 |
|  | Interest expenses – borrowings and debt |  |  | 195 |  |  |  | (6,183 | ) |  |  | (5,988 | )
|  | Derivative financial instruments and hedging |  |  | 17,673 |  |  |  | (16,752 | ) |  |  | 921 |
Total |  |  |  |  | 19,335 |  |  |  | (44,474 | ) |  |  | (25,139 | )

| F-54 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 5. | Financial instruments (continued)

| 5.6 | Derivative financial instruments for hedging purposes (continued)

|  | December 31, 2015
|  | Classification in consolidated statement of profit or loss |  | Gain (loss) on derivatives |  |  | Gain (loss) on hedge item |  |  | Net gain (loss) |
Derivatives – fair value hedge |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  | Interest income – securities at FVOCI |  |  | (1,047 | ) |  |  | 1,514 |  |  |  | 467 |
|  | Interest income at amortized cost |  |  | (376 | ) |  |  | 3,987 |  |  |  | 3,611 |
|  | Interest expenses – borrowings and debt |  |  | 6,268 |  |  |  | (24,026 | ) |  |  | (17,758 | )
|  | Derivative financial instruments and hedging |  |  | (1,841 | ) |  |  | 1,688 |  |  |  | (153 | )
Cross-currency swaps |  | Interest income loans at amortized cost |  |  | (135 | ) |  |  | 348 |  |  |  | 213 |
|  | Interest expenses – borrowings and debt |  |  | 744 |  |  |  | (3,785 | ) |  |  | (3,041 | )
|  | Derivative financial instruments and hedging |  |  | (19,522 | ) |  |  | 20,550 |  |  |  | 1,028 |
Total |  |  |  |  | (15,909 | ) |  |  | 276 |  |  |  | (15,633 | )

Derivatives financial position and performance

The following tables details the changes of the market value of the underlying item in the statement of financial position related to fair value hedges:

|  | December 31, 2017
Fair value hedges |  | Carrying amount |  |  | Thereof accumulated fair value adjustments |  |  | Line item in the statement of financial position
Interest rate risk |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | Loans
Issuances |  |  | 355,000 |  |  |  | (4,411 | ) |  | Short and long term borrowings and debt
Foreign exchange rate risk and FX |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities at FVOCI |  |  | 12,369 |  |  |  | (32 | ) |  | Financial instruments at FVOCI
Loans |  |  | 25,027 |  |  |  | 744 |  |  | Loans
Issuances |  |  | (249,328 | ) |  |  | (2,301 | ) |  | Short and long term borrowings and debt

| F-55 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 5. | Financial instruments (continued)

| 5.6 | Derivative financial instruments for hedging purposes (continued)

Derivatives financial position and performance (continued)

|  | December 31, 2016
Fair value hedges |  | Carrying amount |  |  | Thereof accumulated fair value adjustments |  |  | Line item in the statement of financial position
Interest rate risk |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans |  |  | 18,502 |  |  |  | 12 |  |  | Loans
Issuances |  |  | 755,000 |  |  |  | 2,089 |  |  | Short and long term borrowings and debt
Foreign exchange rate risk and FX |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities at FVOCI |  |  | 22,188 |  |  |  | (232 | ) |  | Financial instruments at FVOCI
Loans |  |  | 9,252 |  |  |  | 706 |  |  | Loans
Issuances |  |  | (308,739 | ) |  |  | (49 | ) |  | Short and long term borrowings and debt

The following tables detail the profile of the timing of the nominal amount of the hedging instrument:

|  | December 31, 2017 |
Risk type |  | Foreign Exchange risk |  |  | Interest rate risk |  |  | Foreign exchange and Interest rate risk |  |  | Total |
Up to 1 month |  |  | 69,459 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 69,459 |
31 to 60 days |  |  | 26,104 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 26,104 |
61 to 90 days |  |  | 1,729 |  |  |  | 185,000 |  |  |  | 16,821 |  |  |  | 203,550 |
91 to 180 days |  |  | 16,567 |  |  |  | 137,500 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 154,067 |
181 to 365 days |  |  | 68,952 |  |  |  | 202,500 |  |  |  | 8,127 |  |  |  | 279,579 |
1 to 2 years |  |  | 178,331 |  |  |  | 21,500 |  |  |  | 73,193 |  |  |  | 273,024 |
2 to 5 years |  |  | 4,413 |  |  |  | 416,000 |  |  |  | 24,872 |  |  |  | 445,285 |
More than 5 years |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 76,049 |  |  |  | 76,049 |
Total |  |  | 365,555 |  |  |  | 962,500 |  |  |  | 199,062 |  |  |  | 1,527,117 |

| F-56 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 5. | Financial instruments (continued)

| 5.6 | Derivative financial instruments for hedging purposes (continued)

Derivatives financial position and performance (continued)

Analysis of maturity of the derivatives by type of risk covered:

|  | December 31, 2016 |
Risk type |  | Foreign Exchange risk |  |  | Interest rate risk |  |  | Foreign exchange and Interest rate risk |  |  | Total |
Up to 1 month |  |  | 66,149 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 66,149 |
31 to 60 days |  |  | 33,393 |  |  |  | 85,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 118,393 |
61 to 90 days |  |  | 24,093 |  |  |  | 60,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 84,093 |
91 to 180 days |  |  | 71,533 |  |  |  | 745,080 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 816,613 |
181 to 365 days |  |  | 109,228 |  |  |  | 160,422 |  |  |  | 189 |  |  |  | 269,839 |
1 to 2 years |  |  | 92,115 |  |  |  | 50,000 |  |  |  | 24,948 |  |  |  | 167,063 |
2 to 5 years |  |  | 73,311 |  |  |  | 434,500 |  |  |  | 96,218 |  |  |  | 604,029 |
More than 5 years |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13,200 |  |  |  | 79,246 |  |  |  | 92,446 |
Total |  |  | 469,822 |  |  |  | 1,548,202 |  |  |  | 200,601 |  |  |  | 2,218,625 |

The following tables detail the sources of ineffectiveness for our cash flow hedge positions:

|  | December 31, 2017 |
Type of risk hedge |  | USD-OIS |  |  | Tenor |  |  | Xccy basis |  |  | Credit spread |  |  | Total Ineffectiveness |
Interest rate risk |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 296 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (16 | ) |  |  | 302 |
Foreign exchange risk |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 8 |
Total |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 296 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | (17 | ) |  |  | 310 |

|  | December 31, 2016 |
Type of risk hedge |  | USD-OIS |  |  | Tenor |  |  | Xccy basis |  |  | Credit spread |  |  | Total Ineffectiveness |
Interest rate risk |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 604 |  |  |  | 623 |
Foreign exchange risk |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | 16 |
Total |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | 599 |  |  |  | 639 |

| F-57 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 5. | Financial instruments (continued)

| 5.6 | Derivative financial instruments for hedging purposes (continued)

For control purposes, derivative instruments are recorded at their nominal amount (“notional amount”) in memorandum accounts. Interest rate swaps are made either in a single currency or cross currency for a prescribed period to exchange a series of interest rate flows, which involve fixed for floating interest payments, and vice versa. The Bank also engages in certain foreign exchange trades to serve customers’ transaction needs and to manage foreign currency risk. All such positions are hedged with an offsetting contract for the same currency.

The Bank manages and controls the risks on these foreign exchange trades by establishing counterparty credit limits by customer and by adopting policies that do not allow for open positions in the credit and investment portfolio. The Bank also uses foreign currency exchange contracts to hedge the foreign exchange risk associated with the Bank’s equity investment in a non-U.S. dollar functional currency foreign subsidiary. Derivative and foreign exchange instruments negotiated by the Bank are executed mainly over-the-counter (OTC). These contracts are executed between two counterparties that negotiate specific agreement terms, including notional amount, exercise price and maturity.

The maximum length of time over which the Bank has hedged its exposure to the variability in future cash flows on forecasted transactions is 6.19 years.

The Bank estimates that approximately $610 reported as losses in OCI as of December 31, 2017, related to foreign exchange forward contracts, are expected to be reclassified into interest income as an adjustment to yield of hedged loans during the twelve-month year ending December 31, 2018.

The Bank estimates that approximately $645 of losses reported in OCI as of December 31, 2017, related to forward foreign exchange contracts are expected to be reclassified into interest expense as an adjustment to yield of hedged available-for-sale securities during the twelve-month year ending December 31, 2018.

Types of Derivatives and Foreign Exchange Instruments

Interest rate swaps are contracts in which a series of interest rate flows in a single currency are exchanged over a prescribed period. The Bank has designated a portion of these derivative instruments as fair value hedges and a portion as cash flow hedges. Cross currency swaps are contracts that generally involve the exchange of both interest and principal amounts in two different currencies. The Bank has designated a portion of these derivative instruments as fair value hedges and a portion as cash flow hedges. Foreign exchange forward contracts represent an agreement to purchase or sell foreign currency at a future date at agreed-upon terms. The Bank has designated these derivative instruments as cash flow hedges and net investment hedges.

In addition to hedging derivative financial instruments, the Bank has derivative financial instruments held for trading purposes as disclosed in Note 5.1.

| 5.7 | Offsetting of financial assets and liabilities

In the ordinary course of business, the Bank enters into derivative financial instrument transactions and securities sold under repurchase agreements under industry standards agreements. Depending on the collateral requirements stated in the contracts, the Bank and counterparties can receive or deliver collateral based on the fair value of the financial instruments transacted between parties. Collateral typically consists of cash deposits and securities. The master netting agreements include clauses that, in the event of default, provide for close-out netting, which allows all positions with the defaulting counterparty to be terminated and net settled with a single payment amount.

The International Swaps and Derivatives Association master agreement (“ISDA”) and similar master netting arrangements do not meet the criteria for offsetting in the consolidated statement of financial position. This is because they create for the parties to the agreement a right of set-off of recognized amounts that is enforceable only following an event of default, insolvency or bankruptcy of the Bank or the counterparties or following other predetermined events.

| F-58 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 5. | Financial instruments (continued)

| 5.7 | Offsetting of financial assets and liabilities (continued)

The following tables summarize financial assets and liabilities that have been offset in the consolidated statement of financial position or are subject to master netting agreements:

| a) | Derivative financial instruments – assets

December 31, 2017
|  |  |  |  | Gross amounts offset in the consolidated |  |  | Net amount of assets presented in the |  |  | Gross amounts not offset in the consolidated statement of financial position |  |  |  |
Description |  | Gross amounts assets |  |  | statement of financial position |  |  | consolidated statement of financial position |  |  | Financial instruments |  |  | Cash collateral received |  |  | Net Amount |
Derivative financial instruments used for hedging – receivable – at fair value |  |  | 13,338 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13,338 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (22,304 | ) |  |  | (8,966 | )
Total |  |  | 13,338 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13,338 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (22,304 | ) |  |  | (8,966 | )

December 31, 2016
|  |  |  |  | Gross amounts offset in the consolidated |  |  | Net amount of assets presented in the |  |  | Gross amounts not offset in the consolidated statement of financial position |  |  |  |
Description |  | Gross amounts assets |  |  | statement of financial position |  |  | consolidated statement of financial position |  |  | Financial instruments |  |  | Cash collateral received |  |  | Net Amount |
Derivative financial instruments used for hedging – receivable – at fair value |  |  | 9,352 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9,352 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9,352 |
Total |  |  | 9,352 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9,352 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9,352 |

| F-59 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 5. | Financial instruments (continued)

| 5.7 | Offsetting of financial assets and liabilities (continued)

| a) | Derivative financial instruments – assets (continued)

The following table presents the reconciliation of assets that have been offset or are subject to master netting agreements to individual line items in the consolidated statement of financial position:

|  | December 31, 2017 |
Description |  | Gross amounts of assets |  |  | Gross amounts offset in the consolidated statement of financial position |  |  | Net amount of assets presented in the consolidated statement of financial position |
Derivative financial instruments used for hedging – receivable – at fair value |  |  | 13,338 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13,338 |
Total |  |  | 13,338 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13,338 |

|  | December 31, 2016 |
Description |  | Gross amounts of assets |  |  | Gross amounts offset in the consolidated statement of financial position |  |  | Net amount of assets presented in the consolidated statement of financial position |
Derivative financial instruments used for hedging – receivable – at fair value |  |  | 9,352 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9,352 |
Total |  |  | 9,352 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9,352 |

| b) | Financial liabilities and derivative financial instruments – liabilities

December 31, 2017
|  |  |  |  | Gross amounts offset in the |  |  | Net amount of liabilities presented in the |  |  | Gross amounts not offset in the consolidated statement of financial position |  |  |  |
Description |  | Gross amounts of liabilities |  |  | consolidated statement of financial position |  |  | consolidated statement of financial position |  |  | Financial instruments |  |  | Cash collateral pledged |  |  | Net Amount |
Derivative financial instruments used for hedging – payable – at fair value |  |  | 34,943 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 34,943 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (50,241 | ) |  |  | (15,298 | )
Total |  |  | 34,943 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 34,943 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (50,241 | ) |  |  | (15,298 | )

| F-60 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 5. | Financial Instruments (continued)

| 5.7 | Offsetting of financial assets and liabilities (continued)

| b) | Financial liabilities and derivative financial instruments – liabilities (continued)

December 31, 2016
|  |  |  |  | Gross amounts offset in the |  |  | Net amount of liabilities presented in the |  |  | Gross amounts not offset in the consolidated statement of financial position |  |  |  |
Description |  | Gross amounts of liabilities |  |  | consolidated statement of financial position |  |  | consolidated statement of financial position |  |  | Financial instruments |  |  | Cash collateral pledged |  |  | Net Amount |
Financial liabilities at FVTPL |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 24 |
Derivative financial instruments used for hedging – payable – at fair value |  |  | 59,686 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 59,686 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (59,012 | ) |  |  | 674 |
Total |  |  | 59,710 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 59,710 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (59,012 | ) |  |  | 698

The following table presents the reconciliation of liabilities that have been offset or are subject to master netting agreements to individual line items in the consolidated statement of financial position:

|  | December 31, 2017 |
Description |  | Gross amounts of liabilities |  |  | Gross amounts offset in the consolidated statement of financial position |  |  | Net amount of liabilities presented in the consolidated statement of financial position |
Derivative financial instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial instruments used for hedging – payable – at fair value |  |  | 34,943 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 34,943 |
Total derivative financial instruments |  |  | 34,943 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 34,943 |

|  | December 31, 2016 |
Description |  | Gross amounts of liabilities |  |  | Gross amounts offset in the consolidated statement of financial position |  |  | Net amount of liabilities presented in the consolidated statement of financial position |
Derivative financial instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial liabilities at FVTPL |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 24 |
Derivative financial instruments used for hedging – payable – at fair value |  |  | 59,686 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 59,686 |
Total derivative financial instruments |  |  | 59,710 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 59,710 |

| F-61 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 6. | Loans commitments and financial guarantees contracts

In the normal course of business, to meet the financing needs of its customers, the Bank is party to loans commitments and financial guarantees contracts. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and market risk in excess of the amount recognized in the consolidated statement of financial position. Credit risk represents the possibility of loss resulting from the failure of a customer to perform in accordance with the terms of a contract.

The Bank’s outstanding loans commitments and financial guarantees contracts are as follows:

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |
Confirmed letters of credit |  |  | 273,449 |  |  |  | 216,608 |
Stand-by letters of credit and guaranteed – Commercial risk |  |  | 168,976 |  |  |  | 176,177 |
Credit commitments |  |  | 45,578 |  |  |  | 10,250 |
Total |  |  | 488,003 |  |  |  | 403,035 |

The remaining maturity profile of the Bank’s outstanding loans commitments and financial guarantees contracts is as follows:

Maturities |  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |
Up to 1 year |  |  | 457,168 |  |  |  | 399,257 |
From 1 to 2 years |  |  | 257 |  |  |  | - |
From 2 to 5 years |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |  | 3,200 |
More than 5 years |  |  | 578 |  |  |  | 578 |
|  |  | 488,003 |  |  |  | 403,035 |

Loans commitments and financial guarantees contracts classified by issuer’s credit quality indicators are as follows:

Rating(1) |  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |
1-4 |  |  | 151,934 |  |  |  | 145,255 |
5-6 |  |  | 336,069 |  |  |  | 193,368 |
7 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 64,412 |
8 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
9 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
10 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total |  |  | 488,003 |  |  |  | 403,035 |

(1) Current ratings as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

| F-62 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 6. | Loans commitments and financial guarantees contracts (continued)

The breakdown of the Bank’s loans commitments and financial guarantees contracts exposure by country risk is as follows:

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |
Country: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Argentina |  |  | 7,546 |  |  |  | - |
Bolivia |  |  | 200 |  |  |  | 190 |
Brazil |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Canada |  |  | 425 |  |  |  | 160 |
Chile |  |  | 15,000 |  |  |  | - |
Colombia |  |  | 91,020 |  |  |  | 78,815 |
Costa Rica |  |  | 19,848 |  |  |  | 2,250 |
Dominican Republic |  |  | - |  |  |  | 26,787 |
Ecuador |  |  | 252,800 |  |  |  | 172,522 |
El Salvador |  |  | 767 |  |  |  | 1,305 |
Guatemala |  |  | 11,788 |  |  |  | 7,000 |
Honduras |  |  | 890 |  |  |  | 1,170 |
Mexico |  |  | 35,643 |  |  |  | 11,118 |
Panama |  |  | 31,260 |  |  |  | 39,756 |
Paraguay |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | - |
Peru |  |  | 17,618 |  |  |  | 42,764 |
Switzerland |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,000 |
United Kingdom |  |  | - |  |  |  | 70 |
Uruguay |  |  | 3,176 |  |  |  | 18,128 |
Total |  |  | 488,003 |  |  |  | 403,035 |

Letters of credit and guarantees

The Bank, on behalf of its client’s base, advises and confirms letters of credit to facilitate foreign trade transactions. When confirming letters of credit, the Bank adds its own unqualified assurance that the issuing bank will pay and that if the issuing bank does not honor drafts drawn on the letter of credit, the Bank will. The Bank provides stand-by letters of credit and guarantees, which are issued on behalf of institutional clients in connection with financing between its clients and third parties. The Bank applies the same credit policies used in its lending process, and once issued the commitment is irrevocable and remains valid until its expiration. Credit risk arises from the Bank's obligation to make payment in the event of a client’s contractual default to a third party. Risks associated with stand-by letters of credit and guarantees are included in the evaluation of the Bank’s overall credit risk.

Credit commitments

Commitments to extend credit are binding legal agreements to lend to clients. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and require payment of a fee to the Bank. As some commitments expire without being drawn down, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements.

| F-63 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 6. | Loans commitments and financial guarantees contracts (continued)

The allowances for credit losses related to loans commitments and financial guarantees contracts are as follows:

|  | Stage 1 (1) |  |  | Stage 2 (2) |  |  | Stage 3 (3) |  |  | Total |
Allowance for expected credit losses as of December 31, 2016 |  |  | 1,143 |  |  |  | 4,633 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,776 |
Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Transfer to credit-impaired instruments |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Transfer to 12-month expected credit losses |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Net effect of changes in reserve for expected credit loss |  |  | (54 | ) |  |  | 853 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 799 |
Instruments that have been derecognized during the year |  |  | (971 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (971 | )
Changes due to instruments recognized as of December 31, 2016: |  |  | (1,026 | ) |  |  | 854 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (172 | )
New instruments originated or purchased |  |  | 1,241 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,241 |
Allowance for expected credit losses as of December 31, 2017 |  |  | 1,358 |  |  |  | 5,487 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,845 |

|  | Stage 1 (1) |  |  | Stage 2 (2) |  |  | Stage 3 (3) |  |  | Total |
Allowance for expected credit losses as of December 31, 2015 |  |  | 2,914 |  |  |  | 2,510 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,424 |
Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses |  |  | (646 | ) |  |  | 693 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 47 |
Transfer to credit-impaired instruments |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Transfer to 12-month expected credit losses |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Net effect of changes in reserve for expected credit loss |  |  | (748 | ) |  |  | 1,756 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,008 |
Instruments that have been derecognized during the year |  |  | (2,631 | ) |  |  | (326 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2,957 | )
Changes due to instruments recognized as of December 31, 2015: |  |  | (4,025 | ) |  |  | 2,123 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,902 | )
New instruments originated or purchased |  |  | 2,254 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,254 |
Allowance for expected credit losses as of December 31, 2016 |  |  | 1,143 |  |  |  | 4,633 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,776 |

| (1) | 12-month expected credit losses.

| (2) | Lifetime expected credit losses.

| (3) | Credit-impaired financial assets (lifetime expected credit losses).

The reserve for expected credit losses on loans commitments and financial guarantees contracts reflects the Bank’s Management estimate of expected credit losses items such as: confirmed letters of credit, stand-by letters of credit, guarantees and credit commitments.

| F-64 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 7. | Property and equipment

A breakdown of cost, accumulated depreciation, additions and disposals for property and equipment is as follows:

|  | IT equipment |  |  | Furniture and fixtures |  |  | Leasehold improvement |  |  | Other equipment |  |  | Total |
Cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of January 1, 2015 |  |  | 3,136 |  |  |  | 2,147 |  |  |  | 7,458 |  |  |  | 460 |  |  |  | 13,201 |
Additions |  |  | 368 |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 179 |  |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | 615 |
Disposals |  |  | (138 | ) |  |  | (175 | ) |  |  | (225 | ) |  |  | (41 | ) |  |  | (579 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2015 |  |  | 3,366 |  |  |  | 2,002 |  |  |  | 7,412 |  |  |  | 457 |  |  |  | 13,237 |
Additions |  |  | 1,436 |  |  |  | 2,137 |  |  |  | 239 |  |  |  | 161 |  |  |  | 3,973 |
Disposals |  |  | (416 | ) |  |  | (361 | ) |  |  | (880 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,657 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2016 |  |  | 4,386 |  |  |  | 3,778 |  |  |  | 6,771 |  |  |  | 618 |  |  |  | 15,553 |
Additions |  |  | 246 |  |  |  | 461 |  |  |  | 39 |  |  |  | 1,908 |  |  |  | 2,654 |
Disposals |  |  | (462 | ) |  |  | (2,255 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (21 | ) |  |  | (2,738 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2017 |  |  | 4,170 |  |  |  | 1,984 |  |  |  | 6,810 |  |  |  | 2,505 |  |  |  | 15,469 |
Accumulated depreciation: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of January 1, 2015 |  |  | 2,397 |  |  |  | 1,339 |  |  |  | 2,202 |  |  |  | 302 |  |  |  | 6,240 |
Depreciation expense of the year |  |  | 388 |  |  |  | 322 |  |  |  | 556 |  |  |  | 105 |  |  |  | 1,371 |
Disposals |  |  | (114 | ) |  |  | (170 | ) |  |  | (222 | ) |  |  | (41 | ) |  |  | (547 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2015 |  |  | 2,671 |  |  |  | 1,491 |  |  |  | 2,536 |  |  |  | 366 |  |  |  | 7,064 |
Depreciation expense of the year |  |  | 483 |  |  |  | 384 |  |  |  | 513 |  |  |  | 77 |  |  |  | 1,457 |
Disposals |  |  | (412 | ) |  |  | (230 | ) |  |  | (875 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,517 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2016 |  |  | 2,742 |  |  |  | 1,645 |  |  |  | 2,174 |  |  |  | 443 |  |  |  | 7,004 |
Depreciation expense of the year |  |  | 587 |  |  |  | 149 |  |  |  | 474 |  |  |  | 368 |  |  |  | 1,578 |
Disposals |  |  | (459 | ) |  |  | (54 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (20 | ) |  |  | (533 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2017 |  |  | 2,870 |  |  |  | 1,740 |  |  |  | 2,648 |  |  |  | 791 |  |  |  | 8,049 |
Carrying amounts as of: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2017 |  |  | 1,300 |  |  |  | 244 |  |  |  | 4,162 |  |  |  | 1,714 |  |  |  | 7,420 |
December 31, 2016 |  |  | 1,644 |  |  |  | 2,133 |  |  |  | 4,597 |  |  |  | 175 |  |  |  | 8,549 |
December 31, 2015 |  |  | 695 |  |  |  | 511 |  |  |  | 4,876 |  |  |  | 91 |  |  |  | 6,173 |

| F-65 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 8. | Intangible assets

A breakdown of cost, accumulated amortization, additions, sales and disposals for intangible assets is as follows:

Costs: |  |  |  |
Balance as of January 1, 2015 |  |  | 10,987 |
Additions |  |  | - |
Disposals |  |  | (211 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2015 |  |  | 10,776 |
Additions |  |  | 3,111 |
Disposals |  |  | (4 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2016 |  |  | 13,883 |
Additions |  |  | 3,370 |
Disposals |  |  | (81 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2017 |  |  | 17,172 |
Accumulated amortization: |  |  |  |
Balance as of January 1, 2015 |  |  | 9,963 |
Disposals |  |  | (210 | )
Amortization expense of the year |  |  | 596 |
Balance as of December 31, 2015 |  |  | 10,349 |
Disposals |  |  | (4 | )
Amortization expense of the year |  |  | 629 |
Balance as of December 31, 2016 |  |  | 10,974 |
Disposals |  |  | (65 | )
Amortization expense of the year |  |  | 838 |
Balance as of December 31, 2017 |  |  | 11,747 |
Carrying amounts as of: |  |  |  |
December 31, 2017 |  |  | 5,425 |
December 31, 2016 |  |  | 2,909 |
December 31, 2015 |  |  | 427 |

Expenses related to the amortization of intangible assets are presented as part of amortization of intangible assets in the consolidated statement of profit or loss.

| 9. | Other assets

Following is a summary of other assets:

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |
Accounts receivable |  |  | 6,793 |  |  |  | 5,413 |
Real estate owned (1) |  |  | 5,119 |  |  |  | - |
IT projects under development |  |  | 1,405 |  |  |  | 4,199 |
Other (2) |  |  | 5,510 |  |  |  | 1,934 |
|  |  | 18,827 |  |  |  | 11,546 |

(1) Other real estate owned.

(2) As of December 31, 2017, $1.7 million corresponds to leasing under development.

| F-66 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 10. | Deposits

The maturity profile of the Bank’s deposits is as follows:

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |
Demand |  |  | 82,064 |  |  |  | 127,014 |
Up to 1 month |  |  | 1,147,772 |  |  |  | 1,201,328 |
From 1 month to 3 months |  |  | 492,205 |  |  |  | 463,479 |
From 3 months to 6 months |  |  | 411,159 |  |  |  | 336,627 |
From 6 months to 1 year |  |  | 571,500 |  |  |  | 436,884 |
From 1 year to 2 years |  |  | 76,422 |  |  |  | 190,000 |
From 2 years to 5 years |  |  | 147,722 |  |  |  | 47,520 |
|  |  | 2,928,844 |  |  |  | 2,802,852 |

The following table presents additional information regarding the Bank’s deposits:

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |
Aggregate amounts of time deposits of $100,000 or more |  |  | 2,928,425 |  |  |  | 2,802,474 |
Aggregate amounts of deposits in the New York Agency |  |  | 266,158 |  |  |  | 250,639 |

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |  |  | December 31, 2015 |
Interest expense to deposits in the New York Agency |  |  | 3,519 |  |  |  | 2,094 |  |  |  | 1,228 |

| 11. | Securities sold under repurchase agreements

As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Bank does not have financing transactions under repurchase agreements.

As of December 31, 2017, the Bank did not incur interest expense generated by financing transactions under repurchase agreements. During the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, interest expense related to financing transactions under repurchase agreements totaled $971 and $1,800, respectively, corresponding to interest expense generated by the financing contracts under repurchase agreements. These expenses are included in the interest expense – short-term borrowings and debt line in the consolidated statements of profit or loss.

| F-67 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 12. | Borrowings and debt

| 12.1 | Short-term borrowings and debt

The breakdown of short-term (original maturity of less than one year) borrowings and debt, together with contractual interest rates, is as follows:

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |
Short-term Borrowings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
At fixed interest rates |  |  | 429,069 |  |  |  | 788,075 |
At floating interest rates |  |  | 633,154 |  |  |  | 657,000 |
Total borrowings |  |  | 1,062,223 |  |  |  | 1,445,075 |
Short-term Debt: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
At fixed interest rates |  |  | 10,500 |  |  |  | 25,000 |
At floating interest rates |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total debt |  |  | 10,500 |  |  |  | 25,000 |
Total short-term borrowings and debt |  |  | 1,072,723 |  |  |  | 1,470,075 |
Average outstanding balance during the year |  |  | 710,021 |  |  |  | 1,348,230 |
Maximum balance at any month-end |  |  | 1,072,723 |  |  |  | 1,876,322 |
Range of fixed interest rates on borrowing and debt in U.S. dollars |  |  | 1.60% to 1.95 | % |  |  | 1.10% to 1.50 | %
Range of floating interest rates on borrowing in U.S. dollars |  |  | 1.77% to 2.08 | % |  |  | 1.14% to 1.48 | %
Range of fixed interest rates on borrowing in Mexican pesos |  |  | 7.92 | % |  |  | 6.16 | %
Range of floating interest rate on borrowing in Mexican pesos |  |  | 7.68% to 7.89 | % |  |  | 5.72 | %
Weighted average interest rate at end of the year |  |  | 2.16 | % |  |  | 1.30 | %
Weighted average interest rate during the year |  |  | 1.66 | % |  |  | 1.10 | %

The balances of short-term borrowings and debt by currency, is as follows:

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |
Currency |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US dollar |  |  | 1,044,500 |  |  |  | 1,470,000 |
Mexican peso |  |  | 28,223 |  |  |  | 75 |
Total |  |  | 1,072,723 |  |  |  | 1,470,075 |

| F-68 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 12. | Borrowings and debt (continued)

| 12.2 | Long-term borrowings and debt

Borrowings consist of long-term and syndicated loans obtained from international banks. Debt instruments consist of public and private issuances under the Bank's Euro Medium Term Notes Program (“EMTN”) as well as public issuances in the Mexican market. The breakdown of borrowings and long-term debt (original maturity of more than one year), together with contractual interest rates gross of prepaid commission of $4,211 and $5,133 as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, is as follows:

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |
Long-term Borrowings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
At fixed interest rates with due dates from October 2017 to February 2022 |  |  | 44,011 |  |  |  | 61,148 |
At floating interest rates with due dates from November 2017 to March 2021 |  |  | 379,000 |  |  |  | 631,326 |
Total borrowings |  |  | 423,011 |  |  |  | 692,474 |
Long-term Debt: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
At fixed interest rates with due dates from March 2018 to March 2024 |  |  | 532,305 |  |  |  | 921,479 |
At floating interest rates with due dates from January 2018 to March 2022 |  |  | 187,739 |  |  |  | 167,918 |
Total long-term debt |  |  | 720,044 |  |  |  | 1,089,397 |
Total long-term borrowings and debt |  |  | 1,143,055 |  |  |  | 1,781,871 |
Less: Prepaid commission |  |  | (4,211 | ) |  |  | (5,133 | )
Total long-term borrowings and debt, net |  |  | 1,138,844 |  |  |  | 1,776,738 |
Net average outstanding balance during the year |  |  | 1,477,788 |  |  |  | 1,874,435 |
Maximum outstanding balance at any month – end |  |  | 2,010,078 |  |  |  | 2,054,138 |
Range of fixed interest rates on borrowing and debt in U.S. dollars |  |  | 1.35% to 3.25 | % |  |  | 2.85% to 3.75 | %
Range of floating interest rates on borrowing and debt in U.S. dollars |  |  | 2.61% to 3.01 | % |  |  | 1.66% to 2.49 | %
Range of fixed interest rates on borrowing in Mexican pesos |  |  | 4.89% to 9.09 | % |  |  | 4.75% to 8.90 | %
Range of floating interest rates on borrowing and debt in Mexican pesos |  |  | 7.99% to 8.00 | % |  |  | 6.19% to 6.54 | %
Range of fixed interest rate on debt in Japanese yens |  |  | 0.46% to 0.81 | % |  |  | 0.46% to 0.81 | %
Range of fixed interest rate on debt in Euros |  |  | 3.75 | % |  |  | 3.75 | %
Range of fixed interest rate on debt in Australian dollar |  |  | 3.33 | % |  |  | 3.33 | %
Weighted average interest rate at the end of the year |  |  | 3.60 | % |  |  | 2.98 | %
Weighted average interest rate during the year |  |  | 3.43 | % |  |  | 2.84 | %

| F-69 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 12. | Borrowings and debt (continued)

12.2 Long-term borrowings and debt (continued)

The balances of long-term borrowings and debt by currency, is as follows:

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |
Currency |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US dollar |  |  | 753,981 |  |  |  | 1,392,995 |
Mexican peso |  |  | 206,750 |  |  |  | 219,347 |
Japanese yen |  |  | 98,711 |  |  |  | 95,238 |
Euro |  |  | 60,178 |  |  |  | 52,574 |
Australian dollar |  |  | 23,435 |  |  |  | 21,717 |
Total |  |  | 1,143,055 |  |  |  | 1,781,871 |

The Bank's funding activities include: (i) EMTN, which may be used to issue notes for up to $2.3 billion, with maturities from 7 days up to a maximum of 30 years, at fixed or floating interest rates, or at discount, and in various currencies. The notes are generally issued in bearer or registered form through one or more authorized financial institutions; (ii) Short-and Long-Term Notes “Certificados Bursatiles” Program (the “Mexico Program”) in the Mexican local market, registered with the Mexican National Registry of Securities maintained by the National Banking and Securities Commission in Mexico (“CNBV”, for its acronym in Spanish), for an authorized aggregate principal amount of 10 billion Mexican pesos with maturities from one day to 30 years.

Some borrowing agreements include various events of default and covenants related to minimum capital adequacy ratios, incurrence of additional liens, and asset sales, as well as other customary covenants, representations and warranties. As of December 31, 2017 the Bank was in compliance with all covenants.

The future payments of long-term borrowings and debt outstanding as of December 31, 2017, are as follows:

Payments |  | Outstanding |
2018 |  |  | 139,070 |
2019 |  |  | 357,434 |
2020 |  |  | 375,592 |
2021 |  |  | 200,731 |
2022 |  |  | 10,050 |
2024 |  |  | 60,178 |
|  |  | 1,143,055 |

| F-70 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 13. | Other liabilities

Following is a summary of other liabilities:

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |
Accruals and other accumulated expenses |  |  | 8,018 |  |  |  | 4,170 |
Accounts payable |  |  | 9,307 |  |  |  | 11,179 |
Others |  |  | 3,226 |  |  |  | 2,979 |
|  |  | 20,551 |  |  |  | 18,328 |

| 14. | Earnings per share

The following table presents a reconciliation of the income and share data used in the basic and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) computations for the dates indicated:

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |  |  | December 31, 2015 |
(Thousands of U.S. dollars) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Profit for the year |  |  | 81,999 |  |  |  | 87,045 |  |  |  | 103,984 |
(U.S. dollars) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per share |  |  | 2.09 |  |  |  | 2.23 |  |  |  | 2.67 |
Diluted earnings per share |  |  | 2.08 |  |  |  | 2.22 |  |  |  | 2.66 |
(Share units) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares outstanding - applicable to basic |  |  | 39,311 |  |  |  | 39,085 |  |  |  | 38,925 |
Effect of diluted securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock options and restricted stock units plans |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 125 |  |  |  | 188 |
Adjusted weighted average common shares outstanding applicable to diluted EPS |  |  | 39,329 |  |  |  | 39,210 |  |  |  | 39,113 |

| F-71 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 15. | Capital and Reserves

15.1 Common stock

The Bank’s common stock is divided into four categories:

| 1) | “Class A”; shares may only be issued to Latin American Central Banks or banks in which the state or other government agency is the majority shareholder.

| 2) | “Class B”; shares may only be issued to banks or financial institutions.

| 3) | “Class E”; shares may be issued to any person whether a natural person or a legal entity.

| 4) | “Class F”; may only be issued to state entities and agencies of non-Latin American countries, including, among others, central banks and majority state-owned banks in those countries, and multilateral financial institutions either international or regional institutions.

The holders of “Class B” shares have the right to convert or exchange their “Class B” shares, at any time, and without restriction, for “Class E” shares, at a rate of one-to-one.

The following table provides detailed information on the Bank’s common stock activity per class for each of the periods in the three-years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:

(Share units) |  | “Class A” |  |  | “Class B” |  |  | “Class E” |  |  | “Class F” |  |  | Total |
Authorized |  |  | 40,000,000 |  |  |  | 40,000,000 |  |  |  | 100,000,000 |  |  |  | 100,000,000 |  |  |  | 280,000,000 |
Outstanding at January 1, 2015 |  |  | 6,342,189 |  |  |  | 2,479,050 |  |  |  | 29,956,100 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 38,777,339 |
Conversions |  |  | - |  |  |  | (4,581 | ) |  |  | 4,581 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Repurchase common stock |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Restricted stock issued – directors |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 57,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 57,000 |
Exercised stock options - compensation plans |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 70,358 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 70,358 |
Restricted stock units – vested |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 64,208 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 64,208 |
Outstanding at December 31, 2015 |  |  | 6,342,189 |  |  |  | 2,474,469 |  |  |  | 30,152,247 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 38,968,905 |
Conversions |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Restricted stock issued – directors |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 57,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 57,000 |
Exercised stock options - compensation plans |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 68,785 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 68,785 |
Restricted stock units – vested |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 65,358 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 65,358 |
Outstanding at December 31, 2016 |  |  | 6,342,189 |  |  |  | 2,474,469 |  |  |  | 30,343,390 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 39,160,048 |
Conversions |  |  | - |  |  |  | (64,663 | ) |  |  | 64,663 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Repurchase common stock |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,000 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,000 | )
Restricted stock issued – directors |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 57,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 57,000 |
Exercised stock options - compensation plans |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 142,268 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 142,268 |
Restricted stock units – vested |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 70,519 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 70,519 |
Outstanding at December 31, 2017 |  |  | 6,342,189 |  |  |  | 2,408,806 |  |  |  | 30,677,840 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 39,428,835 |

| F-72 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 15. | Capital and Reserves (continued)

15.1 Common stock (continued)

The following table presents information regarding shares repurchased but not retired by the Bank and accordingly classified as treasury stock:

|  | “Class A” |  |  | “Class B” |  |  | “Class E” |  |  | Total |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |
Outstanding at January 1, 2015 |  |  | 318,140 |  |  |  | 10,708 |  |  |  | 589,174 |  |  |  | 16,242 |  |  |  | 2,295,186 |  |  |  | 50,677 |  |  |  | 3,202,500 |  |  |  | 77,627 |
Repurchase of common stock |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Restricted stock issued – directors |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (57,000 | ) |  |  | (1,259 | ) |  |  | (57,000 | ) |  |  | (1,259 | )
Exercised stock options - compensation plans |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (70,358 | ) |  |  | (1,553 | ) |  |  | (70,358 | ) |  |  | (1,553 | )
Restricted stock units – vested |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (64,208 | ) |  |  | (1,418 | ) |  |  | (64,208 | ) |  |  | (1,418 | )
Outstanding at December 31, 2015 |  |  | 318,140 |  |  |  | 10,708 |  |  |  | 589,174 |  |  |  | 16,242 |  |  |  | 2,103,620 |  |  |  | 46,447 |  |  |  | 3,010,934 |  |  |  | 73,397 |
Repurchase of common stock |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Restricted stock issued – directors |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (57,000 | ) |  |  | (1,259 | ) |  |  | (57,000 | ) |  |  | (1,259 | )
Exercised stock options - compensation plans |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (68,785 | ) |  |  | (1,519 | ) |  |  | (68,785 | ) |  |  | (1,519 | )
Restricted stock units – vested |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (65,358 | ) |  |  | (1,443 | ) |  |  | (65,358 | ) |  |  | (1,443 | )
Outstanding at December 31, 2016 |  |  | 318,140 |  |  |  | 10,708 |  |  |  | 589,174 |  |  |  | 16,242 |  |  |  | 1,912,477 |  |  |  | 42,226 |  |  |  | 2,819,791 |  |  |  | 69,176 |
Repurchase of common stock |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,000 |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,000 |  |  |  | 28 |
Restricted stock issued - directors |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (57,000 | ) |  |  | (1,259 | ) |  |  | (57,000 | ) |  |  | (1,259 | )
Exercised stock options - compensation plans |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (142,268 | ) |  |  | (3,140 | ) |  |  | (142,268 | ) |  |  | (3,140 | )
Restricted stock units - vested |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (70,519 | ) |  |  | (1,557 | ) |  |  | (70,519 | ) |  |  | (1,557 | )
Outstanding at December 31, 2017 |  |  | 318,140 |  |  |  | 10,708 |  |  |  | 590,174 |  |  |  | 16,270 |  |  |  | 1,642,690 |  |  |  | 36,270 |  |  |  | 2,551,004 |  |  |  | 63,248 |

15.2 Reserves

The Banking Law in the Republic of Panama requires banks with general banking license to maintain a total capital adequacy index that shall not be lower than 8% of total assets and off-balance sheet irrevocable contingency transactions, weighted according to their risk; and primary capital equivalent that shall not be less than 4.5% of its assets and loans commitments and financial guarantees contracts, weighted according to their risk. As of December 31, 2017, the Bank’s total capital adequacy ratio is 18.71% which is in compliance with the minimum capital adequacy ratios required by the Banking Law in the Republic of Panama.

| F-73 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 15. | Capital and Reserves (continued)

15.3 Restriction on retained earnings

The Bank does not have restrictions on its ability to access its retained earnings other than those resulting from the supervisory framework which the Bank is subject to, in order to operate. The supervisory framework requires banks to keep an additional reserve as part of equity to cover credit risk of their lending facilities. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, $129,254 and $62,459, respectively, of the Bank’s retained earnings are restricted from dividend distribution for purposes of complying with local regulatory requirements.

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |
Dynamic provision |  |  | 108,756 |  |  |  | 43,826 |
Regulatory reserve |  |  | 20,498 |  |  |  | 18,633 |
|  |  | 129,254 |  |  |  | 62,459 |

15.4 Additional paid-in capital

As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the additional paid-in capital consists of additional cash contributions to the common capital paid by shareholders.

| 16. | Cash and stock-based compensation plans

The Bank has established equity compensation plans under which it manages restricted stock, restricted stock units and stock purchase option plans to attract, retain and motivate directors and top employees and compensate them for their contributions to the growth and profitability of the Bank. Vesting conditions for each of the Bank’s plans are only comprised of specified requisite service periods.

A. 2008 Stock Incentive Plan – Directors and Executives

In February 2008, the Board of Directors of the Bank approved an incentive plan for directors and executives allowing the Bank to grant restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock purchase options, and/or other similar compensation instruments. The maximum aggregate number of shares which may be granted under this plan is three million “Class E” common shares. The 2008 Stock Incentive Plan is administered by the Board of Directors which has the authority in its discretion to select the directors and executives to whom the awards may be granted; to determine whether and to what extent awards are granted, and to amend the terms of any outstanding award under this plan.

Restricted stocks are issued at the grant date, but are withheld by the Bank until the vesting date. Restricted stocks are entitled to receive dividends. A restricted stock unit is a grant valued in terms of the Bank’s stock, but no stock is issued at the grant date. Restricted stock units are not entitled to dividends. The Bank issues and delivers common stock at the vesting date of the restricted stock units.

During 2017 and 2016, the Board of Directors approved the grant of restricted stock to directors and stock options and restricted stock units to certain executives of the Bank, as follows:

Restricted stock – Directors

During the years 2017 and 2016 the Board of Directors granted 57,000 of “Class E” common shares. The fair value of restricted stock granted was based on the stock closing price in the New York Stock Exchange of the “Class E” shares on April 19, 2017 and April 13, 2016. The fair value of restricted stock granted totaled $1,585 in 2017 and $1,376 in 2016, of which $788 y $617 were charged against income during 2017 and 2016, respectively.

| F-74 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 16. | Cash and stock-based compensation plans (continued)

A. 2008 Stock Incentive Plan – Directors and Executives (continued)

Restricted stock – Directors (continued)

The total expense recorded during 2017, 2016 and 2015 of restricted stock – directors $1,697, $1,548 and $1,553. The remaining cost pending amortization of $1,033 at December 31, 2017 will be amortized over 2.3 years.

The stocks lose their restriction from the year following the anniversary date, as follows: 35% in the first and second year, and 30% in the third year.

A summary of the restricted stock granted to Directors is presented below:

|  | Shares |  |  | Weighted average grant date fair value |
Outstanding at January 1, 2015 |  |  | 78,336 |  |  |  | 24.37 |
Granted |  |  | 57,000 |  |  |  | 33.78 |
Vested |  |  | (39,015 | ) |  |  | 22.69 |
Outstanding at December 31, 2015 |  |  | 96,321 |  |  |  | 30.62 |
Granted |  |  | 57,000 |  |  |  | 24.14 |
Vested |  |  | (56,421 | ) |  |  | 28.80 |
Outstanding at December 31, 2016 |  |  | 96,900 |  |  |  | 27.86 |
Granted |  |  | 57,000 |  |  |  | 27.80 |
Vested |  |  | (61,950 | ) |  |  | 28.50 |
Outstanding at December 31, 2017 |  |  | 91,950 |  |  |  | 27.40 |
Expected to vest |  |  | 91,950 |  |  |  |  |

The fair value of vested stock during the years 2017 and 2016 was $1,765 and $1,625, respectively.

Restricted Stock Units and Stock Purchase Options granted to certain Executives

The Board of Directors approved the grant of stock purchase options and restricted stock units to certain executives of the Bank with a grant date fair value of $650 in 2017 and $1,670 in 2016. The distribution of the fair value was in units of restricted shares.

Restricted stock units

The fair value of the stock units was based on the “Class E” stock closing price in the New York Stock Exchange on the grants date. These stock units vest 25% each year on the grant date’s anniversary. The restricted stock units are exchanged at a ratio of 1: 1 for common shares "Class E".

Compensation costs of the restricted stock units are amortized during the period of restriction by accelerated method. Costs charged against income during 2017, 2016 and 2015 due to the amortization of these grants totaled $811, $1,295 and $1,282, respectively. The remaining compensation cost pending amortization of $381 in 2017 will be amortized over 2.5 years.

| F-75 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 16. | Cash and stock-based compensation plans (continued)

A. 2008 Stock Incentive Plan – Directors and Executives (continued)

Restricted Stock Units and Stock Purchase Options granted to certain Executives (continued)

Restricted stock units (continued)

A summary of the restricted stock units granted to certain executives is presented below:

|  | Shares |  |  | Weighted average grand date fair value |  |  | Weighted average remaining contractual term |  |  | Aggregate Intrinsic value |
Outstanding at January 1, 2015 |  |  | 163,712 |  |  |  | 18.18 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  |  | 63,244 |  |  |  | 21.67 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Vested |  |  | (64,208 | ) |  |  | 17.67 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at December 31, 2015 |  |  | 162,748 |  |  |  | 19.74 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  |  | 91,454 |  |  |  | 18.26 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited |  |  | (21,408 | ) |  |  | 17.69 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Vested |  |  | (65,358 | ) |  |  | 18.83 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at December 31, 2016 |  |  | 167,436 |  |  |  | 19.35 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  |  | 25,289 |  |  |  | 25.70 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited |  |  | (71,401 | ) |  |  | 18.61 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Vested |  |  | (70,519 | ) |  |  | 19.76 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at December 31, 2017 |  |  | 50,805 |  |  |  | 21.07 |  |  |  | 2.02 years |  |  | $ | 518 |
Expected to vest |  |  | 50,805 |  |  |  | 21.07 |  |  |  | 2.02 years |  |  | $ | 296 |

The fair value of vested stock during the years 2017 and 2016 is $1,394, and $1,230, respectively.

Stock purchase options

The fair value of stock purchase options granted to certain Executives during 2017 was estimated using a binomial option-pricing model, based on the following factors:

|  | Measuring unit |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Weighted average fair value per option |  | $ |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1.95 - 2.06 |
Weighted average expected term, in years |  | Year |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5.5 |
Expected volatility |  | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 22 | %
Risk-free rate |  | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 0.02 – 1.52 |
Expected dividend |  | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5.00 | %

These options expire seven years after the grant date and are exercisable at a rate of 25% each year on the grant date’s anniversary.

| F-76 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 16. | Cash and stock-based compensation plans (continued)

A. 2008 Stock Incentive Plan – Directors and Executives (continued)

Restricted Stock Units and Stock Purchase Options granted to certain Executives (continued)

Stock purchase options (continued)

Related cost charged against income during 2017, 2016 and 2015 as a result of the amortization of these plans amounted to $118, $251 and $454, respectively. The remaining compensation cost pending amortization of $30 in 2017 will be amortized over a period of 1.11 years.

A summary of stock options granted is presented below:

|  | Options |  |  | Weighted average exercise price |  |  | Weighted average remaining contractual term |  |  | Aggregate Intrinsic value |
Outstanding at January 1, 2015 |  |  | 391,696 |  |  |  | 23.65 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  |  | 233,418 |  |  |  | 29.25 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  |  | (70,358 | ) |  |  | 20.86 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at December 31, 2015 |  |  | 554,756 |  |  |  | 26.36 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited |  |  | (126 | ) |  |  | 18.93 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  |  | (68,785 | ) |  |  | 22.78 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at December 31, 2016 |  |  | 485,845 |  |  |  | 26.87 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited |  |  | (69,934 | ) |  |  | 28.63 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  |  | (142,268 | ) |  |  | 24.84 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at December 31, 2017 |  |  | 273,643 |  |  |  | 27.48 |  |  |  | 3.66 years |  |  | $ | 242 |
Exercisable |  |  | 121,840 |  |  |  | 27.73 |  |  |  | 3.70 years |  |  | $ | 115 |
Expected to vest |  |  | 151,803 |  |  |  | 27.28 |  |  |  | 3.63 years |  |  | $ | 128 |

The intrinsic value of exercised options during the years 2017 and 2016 was $593 and $412, respectively. During the years 2017 and 2016 the Bank received $3,533 and $1,565, respectively, from exercised options.

B. Other plans - Expatriate Top Executives Plan

The Bank sponsors a defined contribution plan for its expatriate top executives based in Panama, which are not eligible to participate in the Panamanian social security system. The Bank’s contributions are determined as a percentage of the annual salaries of top executives eligible for the plan, each contributing an additional amount withheld from their salary. Contributions to this plan are managed by a fund manager through a trust. The executives are entitled to the Bank’s contributions after completing at least three years of service in the Bank. During the years 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Bank charged to salaries expense $163, $121 and $171, respectively, that correspond to the Bank’s contributions to this plan.

| F-77 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 17. | Business segment information

The Bank’s activities are managed and executed in two business segments: Commercial and Treasury. The business segment results are determined based on the Bank’s managerial accounting process as defined by IFRS 8 – Operating Segments, which assigns consolidated statement of financial positions, revenue and expense items to each business segment on a systematic basis. The Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM), represented by the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and the Management Committee reviews internal management reports from each division at least quarterly. Segment profit, as included in the internal management reports is used to measure performance as management believes that this information is the most relevant in evaluating the results of the respective segments relative to other entities that operate within the same industry.

The Bank’s net interest income represents the main driver of profits; therefore, the Bank presents its interest-earning assets by business segment, to give an indication of the size of business generating net interest income. Interest-earning assets also generate gains and losses on sales, such as for financial instruments at fair value through OCI and financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss, which are included in net other income, in the Treasury Segment. The Bank also discloses its other assets and contingencies by business segment, to give an indication of the size of business that generates net fees and commissions, also included in net other income, in the Commercial Business Segment.

The Commercial Business Segment incorporates all of the Bank’s financial intermediation and fees generated by the commercial portfolio. The commercial portfolio includes book value of loans at amortized cost, acceptances, loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts. Profits from the Commercial Business Segment include net interest income from loans at amortized cost, fee income, gain on sale of loans at amortized cost, impairment loss from expected credit losses on loans at amortized cost, impairment loss from expected credit losses on loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts, and allocated expenses.

The Treasury Business Segment incorporates deposits in banks and all of the Bank’s financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss, financial instruments at fair value through OCI and securities at amortized cost. Profits from the Treasury Business Segment include net interest income from deposits with banks, financial instruments at fair value through OCI and securities at amortized cost, derivative financial instruments foreign currency exchange, gain (loss) for financial instrument at fair value through profit or loss, gain (loss) for financial instrument at fair value through OCI, impairment loss for expected credit losses on investment securities, other income and allocated expenses.

| F-78 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 17. | Business segment information (continued)

The following table provides certain information regarding the Bank’s operations by segment:

|  | Years ended December 31, |
|  | 2017(1) |  |  | 2016(1) |  |  | 2015(1) |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  |  | 213,326 |  |  |  | 236,392 |  |  |  | 209,858 |
Interest expense |  |  | (92,745 | ) |  |  | (96,017 | ) |  |  | (82,697 | )
Net interest income |  |  | 120,581 |  |  |  | 140,375 |  |  |  | 127,161 |
Net other income (2) |  |  | 18,926 |  |  |  | 16,333 |  |  |  | 21,492 |
Total income |  |  | 139,507 |  |  |  | 156,708 |  |  |  | 148,653 |
Impairment loss from expected credit losses on loans and impairment loss from expected credit losses on loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts |  |  | (9,928 | ) |  |  | (35,112 | ) |  |  | (12,800 | )
Expenses, less impairment loss from expected credit losses |  |  | (35,916 | ) |  |  | (34,599 | ) |  |  | (40,429 | )
Profit for the year |  |  | 93,663 |  |  |  | 86,997 |  |  |  | 95,424 |
Commercial assets and loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts (end of year balances): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-earning assets (3 and 5) |  |  | 5,500,673 |  |  |  | 6,013,482 |  |  |  | 6,682,445 |
Other assets and loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts (4) |  |  | 493,794 |  |  |  | 422,422 |  |  |  | 437,436 |
Total interest-earning assets, other assets and loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts |  |  | 5,994,467 |  |  |  | 6,435,904 |  |  |  | 7,119,881 |
Treasury |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  |  | 12,753 |  |  |  | 9,506 |  |  |  | 10,454 |
Interest expense |  |  | (13,519 | ) |  |  | 5,328 |  |  |  | 7,864 |
Net interest income |  |  | (766 | ) |  |  | 14,834 |  |  |  | 18,318 |
Net other income (2) |  |  | (428 | ) |  |  | (3,568 | ) |  |  | 6,887 |
Total income |  |  | (1,194 | ) |  |  | 11,266 |  |  |  | 25,205 |
Impairment loss for expected credit losses on investment securities |  |  | 489 |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | (5,290 | )
Expenses, less impairment loss for expected credit losses |  |  | (10,959 | ) |  |  | (11,216 | ) |  |  | (11,355 | )
Profit (loss) for the year |  |  | (11,664 | ) |  |  | 47 |  |  |  | 8,560 |
Treasury assets (end of year balances): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-earning assets (3 and 5) |  |  | 757,911 |  |  |  | 1,177,961 |  |  |  | 1,603,921 |
Total interest-earning assets |  |  | 757,911 |  |  |  | 1,177,961 |  |  |  | 1,603,921 |

| F-79 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 17. | Business segment information (continued)

|  | Years ended December 31, |
|  | 2017(1) |  |  | 2016(1) |  |  | 2015(1) |
Combined business segment total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  |  | 226,079 |  |  |  | 245,898 |  |  |  | 220,312 |
Interest expense |  |  | (106,264 | ) |  |  | (90,689 | ) |  |  | (74,833 | )
Net interest income |  |  | 119,815 |  |  |  | 155,209 |  |  |  | 145,479 |
Net other income (2) |  |  | 18,498 |  |  |  | 12,765 |  |  |  | 28,379 |
Total income |  |  | 138,313 |  |  |  | 167,974 |  |  |  | 173,858 |
Impairment loss from expected credit losses on loans and impairment loss from expected credit losses on loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts |  |  | (9,928 | ) |  |  | (35,112 | ) |  |  | (12,800 | )
Impairment loss from expected credit losses on investment securities |  |  | 489 |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | (5,290 | )
Expenses, less impairment loss from expected credit losses |  |  | (46,875 | ) |  |  | (45,814 | ) |  |  | (51,784 | )
Profit for the year |  |  | 81,999 |  |  |  | 87,045 |  |  |  | 103,984 |

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |
Total assets and loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts (end of year balances): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-earning assets (3 and 5) |  |  | 6,258,584 |  |  |  | 7,191,443 |
Other assets and loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts (4) |  |  | 493,794 |  |  |  | 422,422 |
Total interest-earning assets, other assets and loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts |  |  | 6,752,378 |  |  |  | 7,613,865 |

| (1) | The numbers set out in these tables have been rounded and accordingly may not total exactly.

| (2) | Net other income consists of other income including gains on sale of loans, gains (loss) per financial instrument at FVTPL and FVOCI, derivative instruments and foreign currency exchange.

| (3) | Includes deposits and loans, net of unearned interest and deferred fees.

| (4) | Includes customers’ liabilities under acceptances, loans commitments and financial guarantees contracts.

| (5) | Includes cash and cash equivalents, interest-bearing deposits with banks, financial instruments at fair value through OCI, financial instruments at amortized cost and financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss.

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |
Reconciliation of total assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-earning assets – business segment |  |  | 6,258,584 |  |  |  | 7,191,443 |
Equity instruments |  |  | 8,402 |  |  |  | - |
Allowance for expected credit losses on loans |  |  | (81,294 | ) |  |  | (105,988 | )
Allowance for expected credit losses on securities at amortized cost |  |  | (196 | ) |  |  | (602 | )
Customers’ liabilities under acceptances |  |  | 6,369 |  |  |  | 19,387 |
Intangibles, net |  |  | 5,425 |  |  |  | 2,909 |
Accrued interest receivable |  |  | 30,872 |  |  |  | 44,187 |
Property and equipment, net |  |  | 7,420 |  |  |  | 8,549 |
Derivative financial instruments used for hedging - receivable |  |  | 13,338 |  |  |  | 9,352 |
Other assets |  |  | 18,827 |  |  |  | 11,546 |
Total assets – consolidated financial statements |  |  | 6,267,747 |  |  |  | 7,180,783 |

| F-80 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 18. | Fair value of financial instruments

The Bank determines the fair value of its financial instruments using the fair value hierarchy established in IFRS 13 - Fair Value Measurements and Disclosure, which requires the Bank to maximize the use of observable inputs (those that reflect the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on market information obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity) and to minimize the use of unobservable inputs (those that reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available in the circumstances) when measuring fair value. Fair value is used on a recurring basis to measure assets and liabilities in which fair value is the primary basis of accounting. Additionally, fair value is used on a non-recurring basis to evaluate assets and liabilities for impairment or for disclosure purposes. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Depending on the nature of the asset or liability, the Bank uses some valuation techniques and assumptions when estimating fair value. The Bank applied the following fair value hierarchy:

Level 1 – Assets or liabilities for which an identical instrument is traded in an active market, such as publicly-traded instruments or futures contracts.

Level 2 – Assets or liabilities valued based on observable market data for similar instruments, quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other observable inputs that can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

Level 3 – Assets or liabilities for which significant valuation assumptions are not readily observable in the market; instruments measured based on the best available information, which might include some internally-developed data, and considers risk premiums that a market participant would require.

When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities that are required or permitted to be recorded at fair value, the Bank considers the principal or most advantageous market in which it would transact and considers the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability. When possible, the Bank uses active and observable markets to price identical assets or liabilities. When identical assets and liabilities are not traded in active markets, the Bank uses observable market information for similar assets and liabilities. However, certain assets and liabilities are not actively traded in observable markets and the Bank must use alternative valuation techniques to determine the fair value measurement. The frequency of transactions, the size of the bid-ask spread and the size of the investment are factors considered in determining the liquidity of markets and the relevance of observed prices in those markets.

When there has been a significant decrease in the volume or level of activity for a financial asset or liability, the Bank uses the present value technique which considers market information to determine a representative fair value in usual market conditions.

A description of the valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, including the general classification of such assets and liabilities under the fair value hierarchy is presented below:

Financial instruments at FVTPL and FVOCI

Financial instruments at FVTPL are carried at fair value, which is based upon quoted prices when available, or if quoted market prices are not available, on discounted expected cash flows using market rates commensurate with the credit quality and maturity of the security.

Financial instruments at FVOCI are carried at fair value, based on quoted market prices when available, or if quoted market prices are not available, based on discounted expected cash flows using market rates commensurate with the credit quality and maturity of the security.

When quoted prices are available in an active market, financial instruments at FVOCI and financial instruments at FVTPL are classified in level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. If quoted market prices are not available or they are available in markets that are not active, then fair values are estimated based upon quoted prices of similar instruments, or where these are not available, by using internal valuation techniques, principally discounted cash flows models. Such securities are classified within level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

| F-81 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 18. | Fair value of financial instruments (continued)

Derivative financial instruments

The valuation techniques and inputs depend on the type of derivative and the nature of the underlying instrument. Exchange-traded derivatives that are valued using quoted prices are classified within level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.

For those derivative contracts without quoted market prices, fair value is based on internal valuation techniques using inputs that are readily observable and that can be validated by information available in the market. The principal technique used to value these instruments is the discounted cash flows model and the key inputs considered in this technique include interest rate yield curves and foreign exchange rates. These derivatives are classified within level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

The fair value adjustments applied by the Bank to its derivative carrying values include credit valuation adjustments (“CVA”), which are applied to OTC derivative instruments, in which the base valuation generally discounts expected cash flows using the Overnight Index Swap (“OIS”) interest rate curves. Because not all counterparties have the same credit risk as that implied by the relevant OIS curve, a CVA is necessary to incorporate the market view of both, counterparty credit risk and the Bank’s own credit risk, in the valuation.

Derivative financial instruments (continued)

Own-credit and counterparty CVA is determined using a fair value curve consistent with the Bank’s or counterparty credit rating. The CVA is designed to incorporate a market view of the credit risk inherent in the derivative portfolio. However, most of the Bank’s derivative instruments are negotiated bilateral contracts and are not commonly transferred to third parties. Derivative instruments are normally settled contractually, or if terminated early, are terminated at a value negotiated bilaterally between the counterparties. Therefore, the CVA (both counterparty and own-credit) may not be realized upon a settlement or termination in the normal course of business. In addition, all or a portion of the CVA may be reversed or otherwise adjusted in future periods in the event of changes in the credit risk of the Bank or its counterparties or due to the anticipated termination of the transactions.

Transfer of financial assets

Gains or losses on sale of loans depend in part on the carrying amount of the financial assets involved in the transfer, and its fair value at the date of transfer. The fair value of instruments is determined based upon quoted market prices when available, or are based on the present value of future expected cash flows using information related to credit losses, prepayment speeds, forward yield curves, and discounted rates commensurate with the risk involved.

| F-82 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 18. | Fair value of financial instruments (continued)

Financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis by caption on the consolidated statement of financial positions using the fair value hierarchy are described below:

|  | December 31, 2017 |
|  | Level 1(a) |  |  | Level 2(b) |  |  | Level 3(c) |  |  | Total |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities at fair value through OCI: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity investments |  |  | 8,402 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,402 |
Sovereign debt (1) |  |  | 16,733 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 16,733 |
Total securities at fair value through OCI |  |  | 25,135 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 25,135 |
Derivative financial instruments used for hedging – receivable: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  |  | - |  |  |  | 129 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 129 |
Cross-currency interest rate swaps |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,550 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,550 |
Foreign exchange forward |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,659 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,659 |
Total derivative financial instrument used for hedging – receivable |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13,338 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13,338 |
Total financial assets at fair value |  |  | 25,135 |  |  |  | 13,338 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 38,473 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial instruments used for hedging – payable: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,789 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,789 |
Cross-currency interest rate swaps |  |  | - |  |  |  | 30,154 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 30,154 |
Total derivative financial instruments used for hedging – payable |  |  | - |  |  |  | 34,943 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 34,943 |
Total financial liabilities at fair value |  |  | - |  |  |  | 34,943 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 34,943 |

| (1) | At December 31, 2017, securities at fair value through OCI for $2,955 were reclassified from level 2 to level 1 of the fair value hierarchy given that Bloomberg's valuation "BVAL" for these values increased from 7 (in 2016) to 10 (in 2017).

| (a) | Level 1: Quoted market prices in an active market.

| (b) | Level 2: Quoted market prices in an inactive market or internally developed models with significant observable market.

| (c) | Level 3: Internally developed models with significant unobservable market information.

| F-83 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 18. | Fair value of financial instruments (continued)

|  | December 31, 2016 |
|  | Level 1(a) |  |  | Level 2(b) |  |  | Level 3(c) |  |  | Total |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities at fair value through OCI: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate debt |  |  | 13,909 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13,909 |
Sovereign debt |  |  | 13,912 |  |  |  | 2,786 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 16,698 |
Total securities at fair value through OCI |  |  | 27,821 |  |  |  | 2,786 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 30,607 |
Derivative financial instruments used for hedging – receivable: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  |  | - |  |  |  | 363 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 363 |
Cross-currency interest rate swaps |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,561 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,561 |
Foreign exchange forward |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,428 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,428 |
Total derivative financial instrument used for hedging – receivable |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9,352 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9,352 |
Total financial assets at fair value |  |  | 27,821 |  |  |  | 12,138 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 39,959 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial instruments at FVTPL: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange forward |  |  | - |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 24 |
Total financial instruments at FVTPL |  |  | - |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 24 |
Derivative financial instruments used for hedging – payable: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,704 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,704 |
Cross-currency interest rate swaps |  |  | - |  |  |  | 46,198 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 46,198 |
Foreign exchange forward |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9,784 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9,784 |
Total derivative financial instruments used for hedging – payable |  |  | - |  |  |  | 59,686 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 59,686 |
Total financial liabilities at fair value |  |  | - |  |  |  | 59,710 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 59,710 |

| (a) | Level 1: Quoted market prices in an active market.

| (b) | Level 2: Quoted market prices in an inactive market or internally developed models with significant observable market.

| (c) | Level 3: Internally developed models with significant unobservable market information.

The following information should not be interpreted as an estimate of the fair value of the Bank. Fair value calculations are only provided for a limited portion of the Bank’s financial assets and liabilities. Due to a wide range of valuation techniques and the degree of subjectivity used in making the estimates, comparison of fair value information of the Bank and other companies may not be meaningful for comparative analysis.

As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, there was no reclassification from one level to another in the fair value hierarchy in financial instruments.

The following methods and assumptions were used by the Bank’s management in estimating the fair values of financial instruments whose fair value is not measured on a recurring basis:

Financial instruments with carrying value that approximates fair value

The carrying value of certain financial assets, including cash and due from banks, interest-bearing deposits in banks, customers’ liabilities under acceptances, accrued interest receivable and certain financial liabilities including customer’s demand and time deposits, securities sold under repurchase agreements, accrued interest payable, and acceptances outstanding, as a result of their short-term nature, are considered to approximate fair value. These instruments are classified in Level 2.

| F-84 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 18. | Fair value of financial instruments (continued)

Securities at amortized cost

The fair value has been based upon current market quotations, where available. If quoted market prices are not available, fair value has been estimated based upon quoted price of similar instruments, or where these are not available, on discounted expected cash flows using market rates commensurate with the credit quality and maturity of the security. These securities are classified in Levels 1, 2 and 3.

Loans at amortized cost

The fair value of the loan portfolio, including impaired loans, is estimated by discounting future cash flows using the current rates at which loans would be made to borrowers with similar credit ratings and for the same remaining maturities, considering the contractual terms in effect as of December 31 of the relevant year. These assets are classified in Level 2.

Short and long-term borrowings and debt

The fair value of short and long-term borrowings and debt is estimated using discounted cash flow analysis based on the current incremental borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements, taking into account the changes in the Bank’s credit margin. These liabilities are classified in Level 2.

The following table provides information on the carrying value and estimated fair value of the Bank’s financial instruments that are not measured on a recurring basis:

|  | December 31, 2017 |
|  | Carrying value |  |  | Fair value |  |  | Level 1(a) |  |  | Level 2(b) |  |  | Level 3(c) |
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Instruments with carrying value that approximates fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and deposits on banks |  |  | 672,048 |  |  |  | 672,048 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 672,048 |  |  |  | - |
Acceptances |  |  | 6,369 |  |  |  | 6,369 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,369 |  |  |  | - |
Interest receivable |  |  | 30,872 |  |  |  | 30,872 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 30,872 |  |  |  | - |
Securities at amortized cost (2) |  |  | 68,934 |  |  |  | 69,006 |  |  |  | 50,581 |  |  |  | 8,447 |  |  |  | 9,978 |
Loans, net (1) |  |  | 5,419,379 |  |  |  | 5,520,604 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,520,604 |  |  |  | - |
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Instruments with carrying value that approximates fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  |  | 2,928,844 |  |  |  | 2,928,844 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,928,844 |  |  |  | - |
Acceptances |  |  | 6,369 |  |  |  | 6.369 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,369 |  |  |  | - |
Interest payable |  |  | 15,816 |  |  |  | 15,816 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 15,816 |  |  |  | - |
Short-term borrowings and debt |  |  | 1,072,723 |  |  |  | 1,072,483 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,072,483 |  |  |  | - |
Long-term borrowings and debt, net |  |  | 1,138,844 |  |  |  | 1,158,534 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,158,534 |  |  |  | - |

| (a) | Level 1: Quoted market prices in an active market.

| (b) | Level 2: Quoted market prices in an inactive market or internally developed models with significant observable market.

| (c) | Level 3: Internally developed models with significant unobservable market information.

| F-85 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 18. | Fair value of financial instruments (continued)

The following table provides information on the carrying value and estimated fair value of the Bank’s financial instruments that are not measured on a recurring basis:

|  | December 31, 2016 |
|  | Carrying value |  |  | Fair value |  |  | Level 1(a) |  |  | Level 2(b) |  |  | Level 3(c) |
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Instruments with carrying value that approximates fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and deposits on banks |  |  | 1,069,538 |  |  |  | 1,069,538 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,069,538 |  |  |  | - |
Acceptances |  |  | 19,387 |  |  |  | 19,387 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 19,387 |  |  |  | - |
Interest receivable |  |  | 44,187 |  |  |  | 44,187 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 44,187 |  |  |  | - |
Securities at amortized cost (2) |  |  | 77,214 |  |  |  | 76,406 |  |  |  | 73,406 |  |  |  | 3,000 |  |  |  | - |
Loans , net (1) |  |  | 5,907,494 |  |  |  | 6,021,006 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,021,006 |  |  |  | - |
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Instruments with carrying value that approximates fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  |  | 2,802,852 |  |  |  | 2,802,852 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,802,852 |  |  |  | - |
Acceptances |  |  | 19,387 |  |  |  | 19,387 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 19,387 |  |  |  | - |
Interest payable |  |  | 16,603 |  |  |  | 16,603 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 16,603 |  |  |  | - |
Short-term borrowings and debt |  |  | 1,470,075 |  |  |  | 1,470,045 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,470,045 |  |  |  | - |
Long-term borrowings and debt, net |  |  | 1,776,738 |  |  |  | 1,808,228 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,808,228 |  |  |  | - |

| (a) | Level 1: Quoted market prices in an active market.

| (b) | Level 2: Quoted market prices in an inactive market or internally developed models with significant observable market.

| (c) | Level 3: Internally developed models with significant unobservable market information.

| (1) | The carrying value of loans at amortized cost is net of the allowance for expected credit losses of $81.3 million and unearned interest and deferred fees of $5.0 million for December 31, 2017; allowance for expected credit losses of $106.0 million and unearned interest and deferred fees of $7.2 million for December 31, 2016.

| (2) | The carrying value of securities at amortized cost is net of the allowance for expected credit losses of $0.2 million for December 31, 2017 and $0.6 million for December 31, 2016.

| F-86 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 19. | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)

The breakdown of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) related to financial instruments at FVOCI, derivative financial instruments, and foreign currency translation is as follows:

|  | Financial instruments at FVOCI |  |  | Derivative financial instruments |  |  | Foreign currency translation adjustment NIIF |  |  | Total |
Balance as of January 1, 2015 |  |  | (6,817 | ) |  |  | (1,020 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (7,837 | )
Net unrealized gain (loss) arising from the year |  |  | (6,267 | ) |  |  | (4,942 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (11,209 | )
Reclassification adjustment for (gains) loss included in the profit of the year (1) |  |  | 4,153 |  |  |  | 4,212 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,365 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) from the year |  |  | (2,114 | ) |  |  | (730 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2,844 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2015 |  |  | (8,931 | ) |  |  | (1,750 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (10,681 | )
Balance as of January 1, 2016 |  |  | (8,931 | ) |  |  | (1,750 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (10,681 | )
Net unrealized gain (loss) arising from the year |  |  | 7,048 |  |  |  | 4,383 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11,431 |
Reclassification adjustment for (gains) loss included in the profit of the year (1) |  |  | 1,030 |  |  |  | (4,581 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3,551 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) from the year |  |  | 8,078 |  |  |  | (198 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7,880 |
Balance as of December 31, 2016 |  |  | (853 | ) |  |  | (1,948 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2,801 | )
Balance as of January 1, 2017 |  |  | (853 | ) |  |  | (1,948 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2,801 | )
Change in fair value for revaluation by debt instrument, net of hedging |  |  | 612 |  |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 604 |
Change in fair value for revaluation by equity instrument, net of hedging |  |  | (228 | ) |  |  | 415 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 187 |
Reclassification adjustment for (gains) loss included in the profit of the year (1) |  |  | 84 |  |  |  | 2,399 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,483 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (60 | ) |  |  | (60 | )
Exchange difference in conversion of foreign operating currency |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,550 |  |  |  | 1,550 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) from the year |  |  | 468 |  |  |  | 2,806 |  |  |  | 1,490 |  |  |  | 4,764 |
Balance as of December 31, 2017 |  |  | (385 | ) |  |  | 858 |  |  |  | 1,490 |  |  |  | 1,963 |

(1) Reclassification adjustments include amounts recognized in profit of the year that had been part of other comprehensive income (loss) in this and previous years.

| F-87 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 19. | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (continued)

The following table presents amounts reclassified from other comprehensive income to the profit of the year:

December 31, 2017
Details about accumulated other comprehensive income components |  | Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income |  |  | Affected line item in the consolidated statement of profit or loss where net income is presented
Realized gains (losses) on financial instruments at FVOCI: |  |  | - |  |  | Interest income – financial instruments at FVOCI
|  |  | 24 |  |  | Net gain on sale of financial instruments at FVOCI
|  |  | (108 | ) |  | Derivative financial instruments and hedging
|  |  | (84 | ) |  |
Gains (losses) on derivative financial instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange forward |  |  | (7,611 | ) |  | Interest income – loans at amortized cost
|  |  | (2,102 | ) |  | Interest expense – borrowings and deposits
|  |  | 7,216 |  |  | Net gain (loss) on foreign currency exchange
Interest rate swaps |  |  | 86 |  |  | Net gain (loss) on interest rate swaps
Cross-currency interest rate swap |  |  | 12 |  |  | Net gain (loss) on cross-currency interest rate swap
|  |  | (2,399 | ) |  |

December 31, 2016
Details about accumulated other comprehensive income components |  | Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income |  |  | Affected line item in the consolidated statement of profit or loss where net income is presented
Realized gains (losses) on financial instruments at FVOCI: |  |  | - |  |  | Interest income – financial instruments at FVOCI
|  |  | (7,243 | ) |  | Net gain on sale of financial instruments at FVOCI
|  |  | 6,213 |  |  | Derivative financial instruments and hedging
|  |  | (1,030 | ) |  |
Gains (losses) on derivative financial instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange forward |  |  | (4,750 | ) |  | Interest income – loans at amortized cost
|  |  | 1,679 |  |  | Interest expense – borrowings and deposits
|  |  | 6,060 |  |  | Net gain (loss) on foreign currency exchange
Interest rate swaps |  |  | 1,104 |  |  | Net gain (loss) on interest rate swaps
Cross-currency interest rate swap |  |  | 488 |  |  | Net gain (loss) on cross-currency interest rate swap
|  |  | 4,581 |  |  |

| F-88 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 19. | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (continued)

December 31, 2015
Details about accumulated other comprehensive income components |  | Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income |  |  | Affected line item in the consolidated statement of profit or loss where net income is presented
Realized gains (losses) on financial instruments at FVOCI: |  |  | 240 |  |  | Interest income – financial instruments at FVOCI
|  |  | 393 |  |  | Net gain on sale of financial instruments at FVOCI
|  |  | (4,786 | ) |  | Derivative financial instruments and hedging
|  |  | (4,153 | ) |  |
Gains (losses) on derivative financial instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange forward |  |  | (1,822 | ) |  | Interest income – loans at amortized cost
|  |  | - |  |  | Interest expense – borrowings and deposits
|  |  | (2,390 | ) |  | Net gain (loss) on foreign currency exchange
|  |  | (4,212 | ) |  |
Interest rate swaps |  |  | (229 | ) |  | Net gain (loss) on interest rate swaps
Cross-currency interest rate swap |  |  | 84 |  |  | Net gain (loss) on cross-currency interest rate swap

| 20. | Related party transactions

During the reporting years, total compensation paid to directors and the executives of Bladex as representatives of the Bank amounted to:

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |  |  | December 31, 2015 |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation costs paid to directors |  |  | 884 |  |  |  | 880 |  |  |  | 949 |
Compensation costs paid to executives |  |  | 2,370 |  |  |  | 4,055 |  |  |  | 4,601 |

| 21. | Fees and commissions, net

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |  |  | December 31, 2015 |
Commission income – Loans & commitments, net |  |  | 476 |  |  |  | 1,126 |  |  |  | 2,988 |
Commission income - Letters of credit |  |  | 10,430 |  |  |  | 7,458 |  |  |  | 9,332 |
Commission income - Arrangements |  |  | 6,608 |  |  |  | 5,722 |  |  |  | 6,880 |
Total |  |  | 17,514 |  |  |  | 14,306 |  |  |  | 19,200 |

| F-89 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 22. | Net gain or (loss) on financial instruments at FVTPL

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |  |  | December 31, 2015 |
Net (loss) gain on financial instruments at FVTPL |  |  | (732 | ) |  |  | 1,481 |  |  |  | 645 |
Net (loss) gain on investment funds |  |  | - |  |  |  | (4,364 | ) |  |  | 5,086 |
|  |  | (732 | ) |  |  | (2,883 | ) |  |  | 5,731 |

| 23. | Salaries and other employee expenses

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |  |  | December 31, 2015 |
Wages and salaries |  |  | 16,191 |  |  |  | 16,132 |  |  |  | 15,500 |
Payroll taxes |  |  | 2,629 |  |  |  | 2,244 |  |  |  | 2,264 |
Personnel benefits |  |  | 5,442 |  |  |  | 3,090 |  |  |  | 8,613 |
Share–based payments |  |  | 3,391 |  |  |  | 3,730 |  |  |  | 4,058 |
Total |  |  | 27,653 |  |  |  | 25,196 |  |  |  | 30,435 |

| 24. | Other expenses

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |  |  | December 31, 2015 |
Advertising and marketing |  |  | 683 |  |  |  | 785 |  |  |  | 829 |
Regulatory fees |  |  | 977 |  |  |  | 1,348 |  |  |  | 1,565 |
Rental - office and equipment |  |  | 2,394 |  |  |  | 2,681 |  |  |  | 3,019 |
Administrative |  |  | 6,846 |  |  |  | 7,468 |  |  |  | 7,469 |
Professional services |  |  | 3,911 |  |  |  | 4,255 |  |  |  | 4,621 |
Maintenance and repairs |  |  | 1,673 |  |  |  | 1,866 |  |  |  | 1,635 |
Other |  |  | 322 |  |  |  | 129 |  |  |  | 244 |
Total |  |  | 16,806 |  |  |  | 18,532 |  |  |  | 19,382 |

| 25. | Commitments and contingencies

Leasing arrangements

Operating lease commitments – Bank as lessee

Future minimum lease payments under cancellable operating leases as follows:

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |  |  | December 31, 2015 |
Within 1 year |  |  | 2,006 |  |  |  | 1,984 |  |  |  | 2,055 |
After 1 year but not more than 5 years |  |  | 7,335 |  |  |  | 7,362 |  |  |  | 6,731 |
More than 5 years |  |  | 8,814 |  |  |  | 10,638 |  |  |  | 14,128 |
Total |  |  | 18,155 |  |  |  | 19,984 |  |  |  | 22,914 |

The total amount of expenses recognized in connection with such leases in 2017, 2016 and 2015 are $2,332, $2,605 and $2,930, respectively.

| F-90 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 25. | Commitments and contingencies (continued)

Leasing arrangements (continued)

Operating leases – Bank as sub-lessor

Future minimum lease payments under cancellable operating leases as follows:

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |  |  | December 31, 2015 |
Within 1 year |  |  | 300 |  |  |  | 289 |  |  |  | 455 |
After 1 year but not more than 5 years |  |  | 243 |  |  |  | 646 |  |  |  | 822 |
Total |  |  | 543 |  |  |  | 935 |  |  |  | 1,277 |

The total amount of income recognized in connection with such leases in 2017, 2016 and 2015 are $275, $436 y $661, respectively.

| 26. | Litigation

Bladex is not engaged in any litigation that is material to the Bank’s business or, to the best of the knowledge of the Bank’s management that is likely to have an adverse effect on its business, financial condition or results of operations.

| 27. | Risk management

Risk is inherent in the Bank’s activities, but it is managed through a process of ongoing identification, measurement and monitoring, subject to risk limits and other controls. This process of risk management is critical to the Bank’s continuing profitability and each individual within the Bank is accountable for the risk exposures relating to his or her responsibilities. The Bank is exposed to market, credit, compliance and liquidity risk. It is also subject to country risk and various operating risks.

The Board of Directors is responsible for the overall risk management approach and for approving the risk management strategies and principles. The Board has appointed an Administration Committee which has the responsibility to monitor the overall risk process within the Bank.

The Risk Committee has the overall responsibility for the development of the risk strategy and implementing principles, frameworks, policies and limits. The Risk Committee is responsible for managing risk decisions and monitoring risk levels and reports on a weekly basis to the Supervisory Board.

The Risk Management Unit is responsible for implementing and maintaining risk related procedures to ensure an independent control process is maintained. The unit works closely with the Risk Committee to ensure that procedures are compliant with the overall framework.

The Risk Management Unit is responsible for monitoring compliance with risk principles, policies and limits across the Bank. This unit also ensures the complete capture of the risks in risk measurement and reporting systems. Exceptions are reported on a daily basis, where necessary, to the Risk Committee, and the relevant actions are taken to address exceptions and any areas of weakness.

The Bank‘s Assets/Liabilities Committee (ALCO) is responsible for managing the Bank’s assets and liabilities and the overall financial structure. It is also primarily responsible for the funding and liquidity risks of the Bank. The Bank’s policy is that risk management processes throughout the Bank are audited annually by the Internal Audit function, which examines both the adequacy of the procedures and the Bank’s compliance with the procedures. Internal Audit discusses the results of all assessments with management, and reports its findings and recommendations to the Audit Committee.

| F-91 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 27. | Risk management (continued)

Risk measurement and reporting systems

The Bank’s risks are measured using a method that reflects both the expected loss likely to arise in normal circumstances and unexpected losses, which are an estimate of the ultimate actual loss based on statistical models. The models make use of probabilities derived from historical experience, adjusted to reflect the economic environment. The Bank also runs worst-case scenarios that would arise in the event that extreme events which are unlikely to occur do, in fact, occur.

Monitoring and controlling risks is primarily performed based on limits established by the Bank. These limits reflect the business strategy and market environment of the Bank as well as the level of risk that the Bank is willing to accept, with additional emphasis on selected industries. In addition, the Bank’s policy is to measure and monitor the overall risk bearing capacity in relation to the aggregate risk exposure across all risk types and activities. Information compiled from all the businesses is examined and processed in order to analyze, control and identify risks on a timely basis. This information is presented and explained to the Board of Directors, the Risk Committee, and the head of each business division. The report includes aggregate credit exposure, credit metric forecasts, market risk sensitivities, stop losses, liquidity ratios and risk profile changes. On a monthly basis, detailed reporting of industry, customer and geographic risks takes place. Senior management assesses the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses on a monthly basis. The Supervisory Board receives a comprehensive risk report once a quarter which is designed to provide all the necessary information to assess and conclude on the risks of the Bank. For all levels throughout the Bank, specifically tailored risk reports are prepared and distributed in order to ensure that all business divisions have access to extensive, necessary and up–to–date information.

Risk mitigation

As part of its overall risk management, the Bank uses derivatives and other instruments to manage exposures resulting from changes in interest rates, foreign currencies, equity risks, credit risks, and exposures arising from forecast transactions.

In accordance with the Bank’s policy, its risk profile is assessed before entering into hedge transactions, which are authorized by the appropriate level of seniority within the Bank. The effectiveness of hedges is assessed by the Risk Controlling Unit (based on economic considerations rather than the IFRS hedge accounting regulations). The effectiveness of all the hedge relationships is monitored by the Risk Controlling Unit quarterly. In situations of ineffectiveness, the Bank will enter into a new hedge relationship to mitigate risk on a continuous basis.

Risk concentration

Concentrations arise when a number of counterparties are engaged in similar business activities, or activities in the same geographical region, or have similar economic features that would cause their ability to meet contractual obligations to be similarly affected by changes in economic, political or other conditions. Concentrations indicate the relative sensitivity of the Bank’s performance to developments affecting a particular industry or geographical location. In order to avoid excessive concentrations of risk, the Bank’s policies and procedures include specific guidelines to focus on maintaining a diversified portfolio. Identified concentrations of credit risks are controlled and managed accordingly. Selective hedging is used within the Bank to manage risk concentrations at both the relationship and industry levels.

The Bank has exposure to the following risk from financial instruments:

27.1 Credit risk

Credit risk is the risk that the Bank will incur a loss because its customers or counterparties fail to discharge their contractual obligations. The Bank manages and controls credit risk by setting limits on the amount of risk it is willing to accept for individual counterparties and for geographical and industry concentrations, and by monitoring exposures in relation to such limits.

| F-92 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 27. | Risk management (continued)

27.1 Credit risk (continued)

The Bank has established a credit quality review process to provide early identification of possible changes in the creditworthiness of counterparties, including regular collateral revisions. Counterparty limits are established by the use of a credit risk classification system, which assigns each counterparty a risk rating. Risk ratings are subject to regular revision. The credit quality review process aims to allow the Bank to assess the potential loss as a result of the risks to which it is exposed and take corrective action.

Individually assessed allowances

The Bank determines the allowances appropriate for each individually significant loan or advance on an individual basis, taking into account any overdue payments of interests, credit rating downgrades, or infringement of the original terms of the contract. Items considered when determining allowance amounts include the sustainability of the counterparty’s business plan, its ability to improve performance if it is in a financial difficulty, projected receipts and the expected payout should bankruptcy ensue, the availability of other financial support, the realizable value of collateral and the timing of the expected cash flows. Allowances for losses are evaluated at each reporting date, unless unforeseen circumstances require more careful attention.

Collectively assessed allowances

Allowances are assessed collectively for losses on loans and advances and for debt investments at amortized costs that are not individually significant and for individually significant loans and advances that have been assessed individually and found not to be impaired. The Bank generally bases its analyses on historical experience and prospective information. However, when there are significant market developments, regional and/or global, the Bank would include macroeconomic factors within its assessments. These factors include, depending on the characteristics of the individual or collective assessment: unemployment rates, current levels of bad debt, changes in the law, changes in regulation, bankruptcy trends, and other consumer data. The Bank may use the aforementioned factors as appropriate to adjust the impairment allowances.

Allowances are evaluated separately at each reporting date with each portfolio. The collective assessment is made for groups of assets with similar risk characteristics, in order to determine whether provision should be made due to incurred loss events for which there is objective evidence, but the effects of which are not yet evident in the individual loans assessments. The collective assessment takes account of data from the loan portfolio (such as historical losses on the portfolio, levels of arrears, credit utilization, loan to collateral ratios and expected receipts and recoveries once impaired) or economic data (such as current economic conditions, unemployment levels and local or industry–specific problems). The approximate time when a loss is likely to have been incurred and the time it will be identified as requiring an individually assessed impairment allowance is also taken into consideration. The impairment allowance is then reviewed by credit management to ensure alignment with the Bank’s overall policy.

Financial guarantees and letters of credit are assessed in a similar manner as for loans.

Derivative financial instruments

Credit risk arising from derivative financial instruments is, at any time, limited to those with positive fair values, as recorded on the statement of financial position at fair value.

With gross–settled derivatives, the Bank is also exposed to a settlement risk, being the risk that the Bank honors its obligation, but the counterparty fails to deliver the counter value.

Credit–related commitments risks

The Bank makes available to its customers guarantees that may require that the Bank makes payments on their behalf and enters into commitments to extend credit lines to secure their liquidity needs. Letters of credit and guarantees (including standby letters of credit) commit the Bank to make payments on behalf of customers in the event of a specific act, generally related to the import or export of goods. Such commitments expose the Bank to similar risks to loans and are mitigated by the same control processes and policies.

| F-93 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 27. | Risk management (continued)

27.1 Credit risk (continued)

Collateral and other credit enhancements

The amount and type of collateral required depends on an assessment of the credit risk of the counterparty. Guidelines are in place covering the acceptability and valuation of each type of collateral.

The main types of collateral obtained are, as follows:

| - | For commercial lending, charges over real estate properties, inventory and trade receivables.

The Bank also obtains guarantees from parent companies for loans to their subsidiaries. Management monitors the market value of collateral and will request additional collateral in accordance with the underlying agreement. It is the Bank’s policy to dispose of repossessed properties in an orderly fashion. The proceeds are used to reduce or repay the outstanding claim. In general, the Bank does not occupy repossessed properties for business use.

The Bank also makes use of master netting agreements with counterparties with whom a significant volume of transactions are undertaken. Such arrangements provide for single net settlement of all financial instruments covered by the agreements in the event of default on any one contract. Master netting arrangements do not normally result in an offset of balance–sheet assets and liabilities unless certain conditions for offsetting.

Although master netting arrangements may significantly reduce credit risk, it should be noted that:

| - | Credit risk is eliminated only to the extent that amounts due to the same counterparty will be settled after the assets are realized.

| - | The extent to which overall credit risk is reduced may change substantially within a short period because the exposure is affected by each transaction subject to the arrangement.

27.2 Liquidity risk

Liquidity refers to the Bank’s ability to maintain adequate cash flows to fund operations and meet obligations and other commitments on a timely basis.

As established by the Bank’s liquidity policy, the Bank’s liquid assets are held in overnight deposits with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York or in the form of interbank deposits with reputable international banks that have A1, P1, or F1 ratings from two of the major internationally – recognized rating agencies and are primarily located outside of the Region. In addition, the Bank’s liquidity policy allows for investing in negotiable money market instruments, including Euro certificates of deposit, commercial paper, and other liquid instruments with maturities of up to three years. These instruments must be of investment grade quality A or better, must have a liquid secondary market and be considered as such according to Basel III rules.

The Bank performs daily reviews, controls and periodic stress tests on its liquidity position, including the application of a series of limits to restrict its overall liquidity risk and to monitor the liquidity level according to the macroeconomic environment. The Bank determines the level of liquid assets to be held on a daily basis, adopting a Liquidity Coverage Ratio methodology referencing the Basel Committee guidelines. Additionally, the Liquidity Coverage Ratio is complemented with the use of the Net Stable Funding Ratio to maintain an adequate long-term funding structure. According to the Bank's liquidity guidelines, it is established that a minimum level of 1.0 of LCR and NSFR must be met. The Bank maintained a liquidity index between 1.25 and 1.53, with an average of 1.42 for 2017; and between 0.94 and 2.60, with an average of 1.15 for 2016.

Specific limits have been established to control (1) cumulative maturity “gaps” between assets and liabilities, for each maturity classification presented in the Bank’s internal liquidity reports, and (2) concentrations of deposits taken from any client or economic group maturing in one day and total maximum deposits maturing in one day.

| F-94 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 27. | Risk management (continued)

27.2 Liquidity risk (continued)

The Bank follows a Contingent Liquidity Plan. The plan contemplates the regular monitoring of several quantified internal and external reference benchmarks (such as deposit level, Emerging Markets Bonds Index Plus, LIBOR-OIS spread and market interest rates), which in cases of high volatility would trigger implementation of a series of precautionary measures to reinforce the Bank’s liquidity position. In the Bank’s opinion, its liquidity position is adequate for the Bank’s present requirements.

The following table shows the Bank’s liquid assets, by principal geographic area:

(in millions US$) |  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |
United States of America |  |  | 612 |  |  |  | 591 |
Other O.E.C.D. |  |  | - |  |  |  | 409 |
Multilateral |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Latin America |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 8 |
Total |  |  | 619 |  |  |  | 1,008 |

As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Bank’s 24-hour deposits from customers (demand deposit accounts and call deposits) amounted to $478 million and $227 million, respectively; representing 16% and 8% of the Bank’s total deposits, for each year reported. The liquidity requirement resulting from these maturities is satisfied by the Bank’s liquid assets, which as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 were $619 million and $1,008 million, respectively (representing 21% and 36% of total deposits, respectively) of which $609 million, or 98% and $591 million, or 59%, as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, of liquid assets were deposited at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The remaining liquid assets consisted of short-term funds deposited with other banks.

While the Bank’s liabilities generally mature over somewhat shorter periods than its assets, the associated liquidity risk is diminished by the short-term nature of the loan portfolio, as the Bank is engaged primarily in the financing of foreign trade. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Bank’s short-term loan and investment securities portfolio (maturing within one year based on original contractual term) totaled $3,746 million and $3,577 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, it had an average original term to maturity of 203 and 184 days, respectively and an average remaining term to maturity of 112 days and 89 days, respectively.

Medium-term assets (loans and investment securities maturing beyond one year based on original contractual term) totaled $1,872 millions and $2,552 millions as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Of that amount, $86 millions and $105 millions corresponded to the Bank’s investment securities as of December 31, 2017 and 2016. The remaining $1,786 millions and $2,447 millions in medium-term assets corresponded to the Bank’s loan portfolio as of December 31, 2017 and 2016. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the medium-term assets had an average original term to maturity of four years and three years and nine months, respectively; and an average remaining term to maturity of one year and nine months (655 days), and one year and seven months (588 days), respectively.

| F-95 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 27. | Risk management (continued)

27.2 Liquidity risk (continued)

The following table details the Banks’s assets and liabilities grouped by its remaining maturity with respect to the contractual maturity:

|  | December 31, 2017 |
Description |  | Up to 3 months |  |  | 3 to 6 months |  |  | 6 months to 1 year |  |  | 1 to 5 years |  |  | More than 5 years |  |  | Without maturity |  |  | Total |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalent |  |  | 672,048 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 672,048 |
Investment securities |  |  | 700 |  |  |  | 279 |  |  |  | 7,000 |  |  |  | 77,688 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 85,667 |
Equity investments |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,402 |  |  |  | 8,402 |
Loans at amortized cost |  |  | 1,926,787 |  |  |  | 1,175,801 |  |  |  | 922,711 |  |  |  | 1,386,161 |  |  |  | 94,198 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,505,658 |
Unearned interest and deferred fees |  |  | (472 | ) |  |  | (479 | ) |  |  | (223 | ) |  |  | (3,546 | ) |  |  | (248 | ) |  |  | (17 | ) |  |  | (4,985 | )
Allowance for expected credit losses |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (81,294 | ) |  |  | (81,294 | )
Other assets |  |  | 31,282 |  |  |  | 8,635 |  |  |  | 13,175 |  |  |  | 3,819 |  |  |  | 9,398 |  |  |  | 15,942 |  |  |  | 82,251 |
Total |  |  | 2,630,345 |  |  |  | 1,184,236 |  |  |  | 942,663 |  |  |  | 1,464,122 |  |  |  | 103,348 |  |  |  | (56,967 | ) |  |  | 6,267,747 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  |  | 1,722,041 |  |  |  | 411,158 |  |  |  | 571,500 |  |  |  | 224,145 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,928,844 |
Other liabilities |  |  | 806,547 |  |  |  | 151,090 |  |  |  | 291,694 |  |  |  | 979,958 |  |  |  | 66,802 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,296,091 |
Total |  |  | 2,528,588 |  |  |  | 562,248 |  |  |  | 863,194 |  |  |  | 1,204,103 |  |  |  | 66,802 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,224,935 |
Confirmed letters of credit |  |  | 169,042 |  |  |  | 101,403 |  |  |  | 3,004 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 273,449 |
Stand-by letters of credit and guaranteed – Commercial risk |  |  | 18,687 |  |  |  | 72,080 |  |  |  | 77,952 |  |  |  | 257 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 168,976 |
Credit commitments |  |  | - |  |  |  | 15,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |  | 578 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 45,578 |
Total |  |  | 187,729 |  |  |  | 188,483 |  |  |  | 80,956 |  |  |  | 30,257 |  |  |  | 578 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 488,003 |
Net position |  |  | (85,972 | ) |  |  | 433,505 |  |  |  | (1,487 | ) |  |  | 229,762 |  |  |  | 35,968 |  |  |  | (56,967 | ) |  |  | 554,809 |

| F-96 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 27. | Risk management (continued)

27.2 Liquidity risk (continued)

|  | December 31, 2016 |
Description |  | Up to 3 months |  |  | 3 to 6 months |  |  | 6 months to 1 year |  |  | 1 to 5 years |  |  | More than 5 years |  |  | Without maturity |  |  | Total |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalent |  |  | 1,069,538 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,069,538 |
Investment securities |  |  | 1,024 |  |  |  | 3,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 83,643 |  |  |  | 20,756 |  |  |  | (602 | ) |  |  | 107,821 |
Loans at amortized cost |  |  | 2,262,349 |  |  |  | 1,267,194 |  |  |  | 551,794 |  |  |  | 1,843,476 |  |  |  | 95,918 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,020,731 |
Unearned interest and deferred fees |  |  | (663 | ) |  |  | (906 | ) |  |  | (258 | ) |  |  | (4,762 | ) |  |  | (660 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (7,249 | )
Allowance for expected credit losses |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (105,988 | ) |  |  | (105,988 | )
Other assets |  |  | 55,445 |  |  |  | 6,587 |  |  |  | 3,721 |  |  |  | 6,399 |  |  |  | 642 |  |  |  | 23,136 |  |  |  | 95,930 |
Total |  |  | 3,387,693 |  |  |  | 1,275,875 |  |  |  | 555,257 |  |  |  | 1,928,756 |  |  |  | 116,656 |  |  |  | (83,454 | ) |  |  | 7,180,783 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  |  | 2,306,413 |  |  |  | 173,288 |  |  |  | 275,631 |  |  |  | 47,520 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,802,852 |
Other liabilities |  |  | 884,453 |  |  |  | 744,135 |  |  |  | 346,294 |  |  |  | 1,330,515 |  |  |  | 61,220 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,366,617 |
Total |  |  | 3,190,866 |  |  |  | 917,423 |  |  |  | 621,925 |  |  |  | 1,378,035 |  |  |  | 61,220 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,169,469 |
Confirmed letters of credit |  |  | 146,755 |  |  |  | 173,192 |  |  |  | 63,813 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 383,760 |
Stand-by letters of credit and guaranteed – commercial risk |  |  | 70 |  |  |  | 8,595 |  |  |  | 360 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9,025 |
Credit commitments |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,073 |  |  |  | 2,399 |  |  |  | 3,200 |  |  |  | 578 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 10,250 |
Total |  |  | 146,825 |  |  |  | 185,860 |  |  |  | 66,572 |  |  |  | 3,200 |  |  |  | 578 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 403,035 |
Net position |  |  | 50,002 |  |  |  | 172,592 |  |  |  | (133,240 | ) |  |  | 547,521 |  |  |  | 54,858 |  |  |  | (83,454 | ) |  |  | 608,279 |

| F-97 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 27. | Risk management (continued)

27.3 Market risk

Market risk generally represents the risk that values of assets and liabilities or revenues will be adversely affected by changes in market conditions. Market risk is inherent in the financial instruments associated with many of the Bank’s operations and activities, including loans, deposits, securities held to maturity and financial instruments through OCI, short- and long-term borrowings and debt, derivatives and financial liabilities through profit or loss. This risk may result from fluctuations in different parameters: interest rates, currency exchange rates, inflation rates and changes in the implied volatility. Accordingly, depending on the instruments or activities impacted, market risks can have wide ranging, complex adverse effects on the Bank’s financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and business.

Interest rate risk

The Bank endeavors to manage its assets and liabilities in order to reduce the potential adverse effects on the net interest income that could be produced by interest rate changes. The Bank’s interest rate risk is the exposure of earnings (current and potential) and capital to adverse changes in interest rates and is managed by attempting to match the term and repricing characteristics of the Bank’s interest rate sensitive assets and liabilities. The Bank’s policy with respect to interest rate risk provides that the Bank establishes limits with regards to: (1) changes in net interest income due to a potential impact, given certain movements in interest rates and (2) changes in the amount of available equity funds of the Bank, given a one basis point movement in interest rates.

The following summary table presents a sensitivity analysis of the effect on the Bank’s results of operations derived from a reasonable variation in interest rates which its financial obligations are subject to, based on change in points.

|  |  | Change in interest rate |  | Effect on income |
| December 31, 2017 |  |  | +200 bps |  |  | 18,282 |
|  |  |  | -200 bps |  |  | (8,879 | )
| December 31, 2016 |  |  | +200 bps |  |  | 24,603 |
|  |  |  | -200 bps |  |  | (11,382 | )
| December 31, 2015 |  |  | +200 bps |  |  | 18,723 |
|  |  |  | -200 bps |  |  | (3,480 | )

This analysis is based on the prior year changes in interest rates and assesses the impact on income, with balances as of December 31, 2017 and 2016. This sensitivity provides an idea of the changes in interest rates, taking as example the volatility of the interest rate of the previous year.

| F-98 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 27. | Risk management (continued)

27.3 Market risk (continued)

Interest rate risk (continued)

The table below summarizes the Bank's exposure based on the terms of repricing of interest rates on financial assets and liabilities.

|  | December 31, 2017 |
Description |  | Up to 3 months |  |  | 3 to 6 months |  |  | 6 months to 1 year |  |  | 1 to 5 years |  |  | More than 5 years |  |  | Total |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments securities |  |  | 700 |  |  |  | 279 |  |  |  | 7,000 |  |  |  | 77,688 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 85,667 |
Equity investments |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,402 |  |  |  | 8,402 |
Loans at amortized cost |  |  | 4,067,639 |  |  |  | 952,542 |  |  |  | 301,334 |  |  |  | 173,550 |  |  |  | 10,593 |  |  |  | 5,505,658 |
Total |  |  | 4,068,339 |  |  |  | 952,821 |  |  |  | 308,334 |  |  |  | 251,238 |  |  |  | 18,995 |  |  |  | 5,599,727 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  |  | 2,242,220 |  |  |  | 305,415 |  |  |  | 197,060 |  |  |  | 102,085 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,846,780 |
Short and long term borrowings and debt, net |  |  | 1,585,145 |  |  |  | 2,538 |  |  |  | 85,232 |  |  |  | 482,814 |  |  |  | 55,838 |  |  |  | 2,211,567 |
Total |  |  | 3,827,365 |  |  |  | 307,953 |  |  |  | 282,292 |  |  |  | 584,899 |  |  |  | 55,838 |  |  |  | 5,058,347 |
Total interest rate sensibility |  |  | 240,974 |  |  |  | 644,868 |  |  |  | 26,042 |  |  |  | (333,661 | ) |  |  | (36,843 | ) |  |  | 541,380 |

|  | December 31, 2016 |
Description |  | Up to 3 months |  |  | 3 to 6 months |  |  | 6 months to 1 year |  |  | 1 to 5 years |  |  | More than 5 years |  |  | Total |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Time deposit |  |  | 125,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 125,000 |
Securities and other financial assets |  |  | 9,025 |  |  |  | 3,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 72,094 |  |  |  | 18,200 |  |  |  | 102,319 |
Loans at amortized cost |  |  | 4,350,913 |  |  |  | 1,445,290 |  |  |  | 140,609 |  |  |  | 83,919 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,020,731 |
Total |  |  | 4,484,938 |  |  |  | 1,448,290 |  |  |  | 140,609 |  |  |  | 156,013 |  |  |  | 18,200 |  |  |  | 6,248,050 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  |  | 2,179,399 |  |  |  | 173,288 |  |  |  | 275,631 |  |  |  | 47,520 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,675,838 |
Short and long term borrowings and debt, net |  |  | 2,168,964 |  |  |  | 402,643 |  |  |  | 133,190 |  |  |  | 495,883 |  |  |  | 46,133 |  |  |  | 3,246,813 |
Total |  |  | 4,348,363 |  |  |  | 575,931 |  |  |  | 408,821 |  |  |  | 543,403 |  |  |  | 46,133 |  |  |  | 5,922,651 |
Total interest rate sensibility |  |  | 136,575 |  |  |  | 872,359 |  |  |  | (268,212 | ) |  |  | (387,390 | ) |  |  | (27,933 | ) |  |  | 325,399 |

| F-99 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 27. | Risk management (continued)

27.3 Market risk (continued)

Currency risk

Currency risk is the risk that the value of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in exchange rates of foreign currencies, and other financial variables, as well as the reaction of market participants to political and economic events. For purposes of accounting standards this risk does not come from financial instruments that are not monetary items, or for financial instruments denominated in the functional currency. Exposure to currency risk is low since the Bank’s has maximum exposure limits established by the Board.

Most of the Bank’s assets and most of its liabilities are denominated in US American Dollars and hence the Bank does not incur a significant currency exchange risk. The currency exchange rate risk is mitigated by the use of derivatives, which, although perfectly covered economically, may generate a certain accounting volatility.

The following table details the maximum to foreign currency, where all assets and liabilities are presented based on their book value, except for derivatives, which are included within other assets and other liabilities based on its value nominal.

|  | December 31, 2017 |
|  | Brazilian Real expressed in US$ |  |  | European Euro expressed in US$ |  |  | Japanese Yen expressed in US$ |  |  | Colombian Peso expressed in US$ |  |  | Mexican Peso expressed in US$ |  |  | Other currencies expressed in US$(1) |  |  | Total |
Exchange rate |  |  | 3.31 |  |  |  | 1.20 |  |  |  | 112.66 |  |  |  | 2,985.78 |  |  |  | 19.67 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalent |  |  | 87 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 91 |  |  |  | 369 |  |  |  | 75 |  |  |  | 628 |
Equity investments |  |  | 168 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 168 |
Loans at amortized cost |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 143,182 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 143,182 |
Total |  |  | 255 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 91 |  |  |  | 143,551 |  |  |  | 75 |  |  |  | 143,978 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Borrowings and deposit placements |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 143,661 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 143,661 |
Other liabilities |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 143,661 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 143,661 |
Net currency position |  |  | 255 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 91 |  |  |  | (110 | ) |  |  | 75 |  |  |  | 317 |

| (1) | It includes other currencies such as: Argentine pesos, Australian- dollar, Swiss franc, Pound sterling, Peruvian soles and Remimbis.

| F-100 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 27. | Risk management (continued)

27.3 Market risk (continued)

Currency risk (continued)

|  | December 31, 2016 |
|  | Brazilian Real expressed in US$ |  |  | European Euro expressed in US$ |  |  | Japanese Yen expressed in US$ |  |  | Colombian Peso expressed in US$ |  |  | Mexican Peso expressed in US$ |  |  | Other currencies expressed in US$(1) |  |  | Total |
Exchange rate |  |  | 3.25 |  |  |  | 1.06 |  |  |  | 116.68 |  |  |  | 3,002.00 |  |  |  | 20.6139 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalent |  |  | 4,014 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 55 |  |  |  | 2,339 |  |  |  | 74 |  |  |  | 6,494 |
Investments and other financial assets |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Loans at amortized cost |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 295,580 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 295,580 |
Other assets |  |  | - |  |  |  | 52,800 |  |  |  | 94,279 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 79,104 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 226,183 |
Total |  |  | 4,014 |  |  |  | 52,806 |  |  |  | 94,285 |  |  |  | 55 |  |  |  | 377,023 |  |  |  | 74 |  |  |  | 528,257 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Borrowings and deposit placements |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 94,279 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 280,557 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 374,836 |
Other liabilities |  |  | 3,933 |  |  |  | 52,800 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 96,951 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 153,684 |
Total |  |  | 3,933 |  |  |  | 52,800 |  |  |  | 94,279 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 377,508 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 528,520 |
Net currency position |  |  | 81 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 55 |  |  |  | (485 | ) |  |  | 74 |  |  |  | (263 | )

| (1) | It includes other currencies such as: Argentine pesos, Australian- dollar, Canadian dollar, Swiss franc, Peruvian soles and Remimbis.

| F-101 |

Banco Latinoamericano de Comercio Exterior, S. A. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(Amounts expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except when otherwise indicated)

| 27. | Risk management (continued)

27.4 Operational Risk

Operational risk is the risk of loss arising from systems failure, human error, fraud or external events. When controls fail to operate effectively, operational risks can cause damage to reputation, have legal or regulatory implications, or lead to financial loss. Bladex, like all financial institutions, is exposed to operational risks, including the risk of fraud by employees and outsiders, failure to obtain proper internal authorizations, failure to properly document transactions, equipment failures, and errors by employees, and any failure, interruption or breach in the security or operation of the Bank’s information technology systems could result in interruptions in such activities. Operational problems or errors may occur, and their occurrence may have a material adverse impact on the Bank’s business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. The Bank cannot expect to eliminate all operational risks, but it endeavors to manage these risks through a control framework and by monitoring and responding to potential risks. Controls include effective segregation of duties, access, authorization and reconciliation procedures, staff education and assessment processes, such as the use of internal audit.

Capital management

The primary objectives of the Bank’s capital management policy are to ensure that the Bank complies with externally imposed capital requirements and maintains strong credit ratings and healthy capital ratios in order to support its business and to maximize shareholder value.

The Bank manages its capital structure and makes adjustments to it according to changes in economic conditions and the risk characteristics of its activities. In order to maintain or adjust the capital structure, the Bank may adjust the amount of dividend payment to shareholders, return capital to shareholders or issue capital securities. No changes have been made to the objectives, policies and processes from the previous years. However, they are under constant review by the Board.

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |
Tier 1 capital |  |  | 1,048,304 |  |  |  | 1,054,719 |
Risk weighted assets |  |  | 5,601,518 |  |  |  | 6,350,544 |
Tier 1 capital ratio |  |  | 18.71 | % |  |  | 16.61 | %

| 28. | Subsequent Events

Bladex announced a quarterly cash dividend of $15,180 which represents $0.385 US dollar cent per share corresponding to the 4th quarter of 2017. The cash dividend was approved by the Board of Directors at its meeting held on January 16, 2018 and it is payable on February 21, 2018 to the Bank’s stockholders as of February 2, 2018 record date. Additionally, during the first quarter of 2018, the Bank approved variable compensation for the amount of $5,500.

| F-102 |